Architecture. Giuseppe Piermarini La Scala (Italian: LaScala, short for TeatroallaScala) is an opera house in Milan, founded in 1778.
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Sculpture.The work of Antonio Canova (1757-1822) - Italian sculptor, the most significant representative of classicism and academism in European sculpture, a role model for academicians of the 19th century. "Three Graces" (1), "Elena the Beautiful" (2), "Cupid and Psyche" (3). Works by Canova from the Accademia Gallery in Venice (4-8)
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Academicism(fr. academisme) - a trend in European painting of the 17th-19th centuries. It took shape in the art academies of the 16th-19th centuries. and was based on following the forms of classical art of antiquity and the Renaissance. Academism contributed to the systematization of art education, the study and consolidation of the traditions of classical art, but cultivated conditional idealized images, abstract norms of beauty that did not express the spirit of modernity.
Painting.The work of Antonio Canaletto (1697-1768) - Italian artist, head of the Venetian school of the Veduta genre, master of urban landscapes in the academic style.
Veduta -(Italian veduta - seen, view of the area), a detailed urban landscape, masterfully executed. The term originated in Venice, where the views of this city and its environs, depicted with topographical accuracy, were called veduta. The heyday of the veduta is the 18th century. Among the masters of veduta, Antonio Canaletto is especially famous - he is a classic of this genre, in which, within the framework of academicism, the landscape already sought to reflect reality. Veduta becomes the forerunner of a realistic urban landscape.. In the landscapes, which represented squares and canals, which served as the "city on the water" as streets, truthfulness, poetry and at the same time documentary accuracy were combined. They feel the air of Venice saturated with sea moisture, a special, theatrical atmosphere of the life of the “city of eternal festivities”. The ghostly lighting turns the cathedrals and buildings into living scenery, as if created on the stage of a huge natural scene. The artist’s favorite plot is the annual Venetian ceremony “Feast of the Doge’s Betrothal to the Sea” (1): the future ruler of the Venetian Republic throws a precious ring into the waves at the confluence of all the people as a sign of loyalty to the sea - the source of wealth and prosperity of the commercial republic. Canaletto preserved in his paintings the lifestyles of the people of the 18th century in many European cities with their majestic architecture.
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In the 18th century, perceptual perspective was not known, but Antonio Canaletto invents his own way to convey Venetian views by combining several points of view. Depicting St. Mark's Square, Canaletto worked on parts of the landscape separately. Each part has its own perspective building and its own horizon line. Having drawn them, he skillfully connected them, introducing staffing in the foreground at the place of their most unpleasant junction - a lot of entourage canopies and figures of people. At the same time, the middle part (also with a normal viewing angle) turned into the third connecting picture.
Mannerism(from Italian maniera, manner) -appeared in Italy (Florence, Rome, etc.) in the 16th - first third of the 17th century. It is characterized by the loss of Renaissance harmony between the physical and spiritual, nature and man. Some researchers (especially literary critics) are not inclined to consider Mannerism as an independent style and see it as an early phase of the Baroque. An important feature of Mannerism as a style was its aristocracy, non-democratic character, focus on the tastes of wealthy owners, and, in general, court character. The main customers and consumers of Mannerist art were the ecclesiastical and secular aristocracy.
Characteristic features of the artistic solution of works related to the style of Mannerism can be considered eroticism, inflated and broken lines, elongated or even deformed figures, tension in poses, unusual or bizarre effects associated with size, lighting or perspective, the use of a caustic chromatic scale, congestion of the composition, almost complete rejection of the classical canons in architecture, in the compositions of paintings, the loss of harmony for the sake of dissonance, anxiety, asymmetry, an extraordinary impact on the feelings and consciousness of the customer and the viewer.
The Mannerist painters include Francesco Parmigianino ("Self-portrait in a convex mirror"), Jacopo Pontormo ("Meeting of Mary and Elizabeth"), Giorgio Vasari ("Perseus and Andromeda").
The leading Mannerist sculptors include Benvenuto Cellini ("Saliera").
Mannerism in architecture expresses itself in violations of the Renaissance balance; the use of structural solutions that cause the viewer to feel uneasy, elements of the grotesque. The most significant achievements of Mannerist architecture include the Palazzo del Te in Mantua (by Giulio Romano) and the Laurentian Library in Florence, designed by Michelangelo.
Classicism- artistic style in European art of the 17th - early 19th centuries, one of the most important features of which was the appeal to the forms of ancient art as an ideal aesthetic standard. The ideological inspirer of the classical direction and the "father" of art history is Winckelmann, who approached the study of ancient architectural monuments from a scientific point of view in his works on ancient arts. The spread of the ideas of classicism was facilitated by the works of the famous master of architectural landscapes Giovanni Piranesi, who devoted a whole series of etchings to the views of Roman ruins, as well as the perspective painting of Panini and the extraordinary compositions of the "painter of ruins" Hubert Robert.
The main founder of classicism in the architecture of Italy is considered Palladio.Palladio himself, who actively used the ancient order in his buildings, relied on the works of the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius, who wrote in the 1st century. BC. Ten Books on Architecture. The most significant work of Palladio, in which the master fully uses the forms of ancient temples, is the Villa Rotunda.
Despite the presence of monuments of ancient and renaissance architecture, the development of classicism architecture in Italy is rather slow due to the difficult political and, as a result, economic situation in the country, because of which most Italian architects prefer to be active in construction activities in Russia and Europe.
In many Italian buildings, one can see a combination of typical baroque elements with the classical order system of ancient Greece, present both in the form of columns and pilasters. In addition, the use of arches, colonnades, porticos and rotunda compositions becomes common.
The main conductor of Italian classicism is Piermarini, who designed the famous La Scala theater, which in its artistic language is closer to the works of the Renaissance than to antiquity.
It has fallen into complete disrepair. Architecture develops only in Rome, where the baroque style was especially pronounced in the construction of religious buildings. Baroque is characterized by the complexity of plans, the splendor of interiors with unexpected spatial and lighting effects, the abundance of curves, plastically curving lines and surfaces. Painting, sculpture, painted wall surfaces are widely used in architecture.
In the 17th century completion of construction work St. Peter's Basilica (). In the second half of the century, the architect Bernini built a colonnade on the square in front of the cathedral, completing the formation of the composition of St. Peter's Square. Typical examples of baroque ensembles in Rome are the Spanish Steps (early 18th century) leading to the Cathedral of Santa Trinita dei Monti, as well as the Palazzo Poli ensemble with the famous Trevi Fountain (second half of the 18th century).
In addition to Rome, magnificent baroque works were created in Venice (Veneto). At the end of the XVII century. was erected on the arrow of the Grand Canal - a picturesque octagonal building with a powerful dome.
City Turin(Piedmont), founded by the Romans, in the XVI century. became the residence of the Duke of Savoy, who transferred the capital of the duchy from France. Here in the XVII-XVIII centuries. a whole complex of baroque palaces, castles and country residences was created, demonstrating the power of the Savoy dynasty. In Turin, in 1829, the future king of a united Italy, Victor Emmanuel II, was born, and in 1861, the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed here.
As a result of the earthquake of 1693, eight cities (including Catania) were destroyed in the area in the southeast of the island of Sicily. Restored at the same time in the late baroque style, they have become a unique complex of architecture and urban development. For example, in Catania there is a magnificent Dome Cathedral and the Cathedral of St. Agatha, and the Elephant Fountain is a symbol of the city.
In the middle of the XVIII century. the Neapolitan king decided to create a residence that is not inferior in splendor and luxury (). Not far from Naples, in (Campania) a huge palace complex was built with a park inscribed in the natural landscape surrounding it. The park has a regular layout, here you can see fountains, numerous flower beds and even a waterfall framed by sculptures. The palace and park complex in Caserta was created in the style of classicism. Like the architecture of the Renaissance, classicism returns to the order systems of antiquity. Classicism is a style of symmetrical, strict and slender forms with a clear and simple composition, often accompanied by brilliance and splendor of interiors.
Chronologically, the latest monument of Italian culture is a factory village (Lombardy), built at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. Such settlements, convenient and rationally thought out, were built by enlightened industrialists for their workers not only in Europe, but also in North America.
Classicism gave the world the architecture of such cities as London, Paris, Venice and St. Petersburg. Classicism in architecture dominated for more than three hundred years, from the 16th to the 19th centuries, and it was loved for its harmony, simplicity, rigor and at the same time elegance. Turning to the forms of ancient architecture, classicism in architecture is characterized by clear three-dimensional forms, symmetrical-axial compositions, monumentality, direct and spacious city planning system.
The origin of classicism in architecture, Italy
Classicism in architecture originated at the end of the Renaissance, in the 16th century, and the great Italian, Venetian architect Andrea Palladio is considered to be the father of this architectural style. As the writer Peter Vail said about Palladio in his book The Genius of Place:
“In order not to go into architectural details, the easiest way is to conjure up the Bolshoi Theater or the regional House of Culture - they are such thanks to Palladio. And if you were to make a list of people whose efforts the world - at least the world of the Hellenic-Christian tradition from California to Sakhalin - looks like it looks, and not otherwise, Palladio would take first place.
The city where Andrea Palladio lived and worked is the Italian Vicenza, located in the north-east of Italy near Venice. Now Vicenza is widely known in the world as the city of Palladio, who created many beautiful villas. In the second half of his life, the architect moved to Venice, where he designed and built wonderful churches, palazzos and other public buildings. Andrea Palladio was awarded the title of "the most prominent citizen of Venice".
Cathedral of San Giorgio Mangiore, Andrea Palladio
Villa Rotunda by Andrea Palladio
Loggia del Capagno, Andrea Palladio
Teatro Olimpico, Andrea Palladio and Vincenzo Scamozzi
A follower of Andrea Palladio was his talented student Vincenzo Scamozzi, who, after the death of his teacher, completed work on the Teatro Olimpico.
The works and ideas of Palladio in the field of architecture fell in love with his contemporaries and were continued in the works of other architects of the 16-17th century. The architecture of classicism received the most powerful impetus in its development from England, Italy, France and Russia.
Further development of classicism
Classicism in England
Classicism literally swept into England, becoming the royal architectural style. A whole galaxy of the most talented architects of England of those times studied and continued the ideas of Palladio: Inigo Jones, Christopher Wren, Earl of Burlington, William Kent.
The English architect Inigo Jones, an admirer of the work of Andrea Palladio, brought the architectural legacy of Palladio to England in the 17th century. It is believed that Jones was one of the architects who laid the foundation for the English school of architecture.
Queens House in Greenwich, Inigo Jones
House of Banquets, Inigo Jones
England was rich in classicist architects - along with Jones, such masters as Christopher Wren, Lord Burlington and William Kent brought a huge contribution to the architecture of England.
Sir Christopher Wren, architect and professor of mathematics at Oxford, rebuilt the center of London after the great fire in 1666, created the national English classicism "Wren Classicism".
Royal Chelsea Hospital Christopher Wren
Richard Boyle, Earl Architect of Burlington, philanthropist and patron of architects, poets and composers. The Count Architect studied and collected the manuscripts of Andrea Palladio.
Burlington House, Earl Architect of Burlington
The English architect and gardener William Kent collaborated with the Earl of Burlington, for whom he designed gardens and furniture. In horticulture, he created the principle of harmony of form, landscape and nature.
palace complex in golkham
Classicism in French architecture
In France, classicism has been the dominant style since the French Revolution, when the desire for conciseness arose in architecture.
It is believed that the beginning of classicism in France was laid by the construction of the church of Saint Genevieve in Paris. , designed by French self-taught architect Jacques Germain Soufflot in 1756, later called the Pantheon.
Temple of Saint Genevieve in Paris (Pantheon), Jacques Germain Soufflot
Classicism brought serious changes to the planning system of the city; winding medieval streets were replaced by majestic, spacious avenues and squares, at the intersection of which architectural monuments were placed. At the end of the 18th century, a unified urban planning concept appeared in Paris. An example of a new urban planning concept of classicism was Rivoli Street in Paris.
Rivoli street in Paris
The architects of the imperial palace, prominent representatives of architectural classicism in France, are Charles Percier and Pierre Fontaine. Together they created a number of majestic architectural monuments - the Arc de Triomphe on Carruzel Square in honor of Napoleon's victory in the battle of Austerlitz. They own the construction of one of the wings of the Louvre, the Marchand Pavilion. Charles Percier participated in the restoration of the Compiègne Palace, created the interiors of Malmaison, Saint-Cloud Castle and Fontainebleau Palace.
Arc de Triomphe in honor of Napoleon's victory at the Battle of Autherlitz, Charles Percier and Pierre Fontaine
Wing of the Louvre, Marchand Pavilion, Charles Percier and Pierre Fontaine
Classicism in Russia
In 1780, at the invitation of Catherine II, Giacomo Quaregi arrived in St. Petersburg as "Her Majesty's architect". Giacomo himself was from Bergamo, Italy, studied architecture and painting, his teacher was the largest German painter of the Classical era, Anton Raphael Mengs.
The authorship of Quarenghi belongs to several dozen of the most beautiful buildings in St. Petersburg and its environs, including the English Palace in Peterhof, the pavilion in Tsarskoye Selo, the building of the Hermitage Theater, the Academy of Sciences, the Assignation Bank, the summer palace of Count Bezborodko, the Horse Guards Manege, the Catherine Institute of Noble Maidens and a lot others.
Alexander Palace, Giacomo Quarenghi
The most famous projects of Giacomo Quarenghi are the buildings of the Smolny Institute in St. Petersburg and the Alexander Palace in Tsarskoe Selo.
Smolny Institute, Giacomo Quarenghi
An admirer of the traditions of the Palladian and the new Italian school of architecture, Quarenghi designed amazingly elegant, noble and harmonious buildings. The city of St. Petersburg owes much of its beauty to the talent of Giacomo Quaregi.
Russia in the 18th and 19th centuries was rich in talented architects who worked in the style of classicism along with Giacomo Quarenghi. In Moscow, the most famous masters of architecture were Vasily Bazhenov and Matvey Kazakov, and Ivan Starov in St. Petersburg.
The artist and architect, teacher, Vasily Bazhenov, a graduate of the Academy of Arts and a student of the French professor of architecture Charles Devayi, created projects for the Tsaritsyna Palace and Park Ensemble and the Grand Kremlin Palace, which remained unrealized, since the architect fell into disfavor with Catherine II. The objects were completed by M.Kazakov.
Plan of the architectural ensemble of Tsaritsino, Vasily Bazhenov
Russian architect Matvey Kazakov during the reign of Catherine the Great worked in the center of Moscow in the Palladian style. His work belongs to such architectural ensembles as the Senate Palace in the Kremlin, the Petrovsky Travel Palace, the Grand Tsaritsy Palace.
Petrovsky Travel Palace, Matvey Kazakov
Tsarina's Palace, Vasily Bazhenov and Matvey Kazakov
Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Ivan Starov is the author of such architectural structures as the Trinity Cathedral in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, St. Sophia Cathedral near Tsarskoye Selo, the Pellinsky Palace, the Tauride Palace and other beautiful buildings.
Classicism gave the world the architecture of such cities as London, Paris, Venice and St. Petersburg. Classicism in architecture dominated for more than three hundred years, from the 16th to the 19th centuries, and it was loved for its harmony, simplicity, rigor and at the same time elegance. Turning to the forms of ancient architecture, classicism in architecture is characterized by clear three-dimensional forms, symmetrical-axial compositions, monumentality, direct and spacious city planning system.
The origin of classicism in architecture, Italy
Classicism in architecture originated at the end of the Renaissance, in the 16th century, and the great Italian, Venetian architect Andrea Palladio is considered to be the father of this architectural style. As the writer Peter Vail said about Palladio in his book The Genius of Place:
“In order not to go into architectural details, the easiest way is to conjure up the Bolshoi Theater or the regional House of Culture - they are such thanks to Palladio. And if you were to make a list of people whose efforts the world - at least the world of the Hellenic-Christian tradition from California to Sakhalin - looks like it looks, and not otherwise, Palladio would take first place.
The city where Andrea Palladio lived and worked is the Italian Vicenza, located in the north-east of Italy near Venice. Now Vicenza is widely known in the world as the city of Palladio, who created many beautiful villas. In the second half of his life, the architect moved to Venice, where he designed and built wonderful churches, palazzos and other public buildings. Andrea Palladio was awarded the title of "the most prominent citizen of Venice".
Cathedral of San Giorgio Mangiore, Andrea Palladio
Villa Rotunda by Andrea Palladio
Loggia del Capagno, Andrea Palladio
Teatro Olimpico, Andrea Palladio and Vincenzo Scamozzi
A follower of Andrea Palladio was his talented student Vincenzo Scamozzi, who, after the death of his teacher, completed work on the Teatro Olimpico.
The works and ideas of Palladio in the field of architecture fell in love with his contemporaries and were continued in the works of other architects of the 16-17th century. The architecture of classicism received the most powerful impetus in its development from England, Italy, France and Russia.
Further development of classicism
Classicism in England
Classicism literally swept into England, becoming the royal architectural style. A whole galaxy of the most talented architects of England of those times studied and continued the ideas of Palladio: Inigo Jones, Christopher Wren, Earl of Burlington, William Kent.
The English architect Inigo Jones, an admirer of the work of Andrea Palladio, brought the architectural legacy of Palladio to England in the 17th century. It is believed that Jones was one of the architects who laid the foundation for the English school of architecture.
Queens House in Greenwich, Inigo Jones
House of Banquets, Inigo Jones
England was rich in classicist architects - along with Jones, such masters as Christopher Wren, Lord Burlington and William Kent brought a huge contribution to the architecture of England.
Sir Christopher Wren, architect and professor of mathematics at Oxford, rebuilt the center of London after the great fire in 1666, created the national English classicism "Wren Classicism".
Royal Chelsea Hospital Christopher Wren
Richard Boyle, Earl Architect of Burlington, philanthropist and patron of architects, poets and composers. The Count Architect studied and collected the manuscripts of Andrea Palladio.
Burlington House, Earl Architect of Burlington
The English architect and gardener William Kent collaborated with the Earl of Burlington, for whom he designed gardens and furniture. In horticulture, he created the principle of harmony of form, landscape and nature.
palace complex in golkham
Classicism in French architecture
In France, classicism has been the dominant style since the French Revolution, when the desire for conciseness arose in architecture.
It is believed that the beginning of classicism in France was laid by the construction of the church of Saint Genevieve in Paris. , designed by French self-taught architect Jacques Germain Soufflot in 1756, later called the Pantheon.
Temple of Saint Genevieve in Paris (Pantheon), Jacques Germain Soufflot
Classicism brought serious changes to the planning system of the city; winding medieval streets were replaced by majestic, spacious avenues and squares, at the intersection of which architectural monuments were placed. At the end of the 18th century, a unified urban planning concept appeared in Paris. An example of a new urban planning concept of classicism was Rivoli Street in Paris.
Rivoli street in Paris
The architects of the imperial palace, the brightest representatives of architectural classicism in France, are Charles Percier and Pierre Fontaine. Together they created a number of majestic architectural monuments - the Arc de Triomphe on Carruzel Square in honor of Napoleon's victory in the battle of Austerlitz. They own the construction of one of the wings of the Louvre, the Marchand Pavilion. Charles Percier participated in the restoration of the Compiègne Palace, created the interiors of Malmaison, Saint-Cloud Castle and Fontainebleau Palace.
Arc de Triomphe in honor of Napoleon's victory at the Battle of Autherlitz, Charles Percier and Pierre Fontaine
Wing of the Louvre, Marchand Pavilion, Charles Percier and Pierre Fontaine
Classicism in Russia
In 1780, at the invitation of Catherine II, Giacomo Quaregi arrived in St. Petersburg as "Her Majesty's architect". Giacomo himself was from Bergamo, Italy, studied architecture and painting, his teacher was the largest German painter of the Classical era, Anton Raphael Mengs.
The authorship of Quarenghi belongs to several dozen of the most beautiful buildings in St. Petersburg and its environs, including the English Palace in Peterhof, the pavilion in Tsarskoye Selo, the building of the Hermitage Theater, the Academy of Sciences, the Assignation Bank, the summer palace of Count Bezborodko, the Horse Guards Manege, the Catherine Institute of Noble Maidens and a lot others.
Alexander Palace, Giacomo Quarenghi
The most famous projects of Giacomo Quarenghi are the buildings of the Smolny Institute in St. Petersburg and the Alexander Palace in Tsarskoe Selo.
Smolny Institute, Giacomo Quarenghi
An admirer of the traditions of the Palladian and the new Italian school of architecture, Quarenghi designed amazingly elegant, noble and harmonious buildings. The beauty of the city of St. Petersburg is largely due to the talent of Giacomo Quaregi.
Russia in the 18th and 19th centuries was rich in talented architects who worked in the style of classicism along with Giacomo Quarenghi. In Moscow, the most famous masters of architecture were Vasily Bazhenov and Matvey Kazakov, and Ivan Starov in St. Petersburg.
The artist and architect, teacher, Vasily Bazhenov, a graduate of the Academy of Arts and a student of the French professor of architecture Charles Devayi, created projects for the Tsaritsyna Palace and Park Ensemble and the Grand Kremlin Palace, which remained unrealized, since the architect fell into disfavor with Catherine II. The objects were completed by M.Kazakov.
Plan of the architectural ensemble of Tsaritsino, Vasily Bazhenov
Russian architect Matvey Kazakov during the reign of Catherine the Great worked in the center of Moscow in the Palladian style. His work belongs to such architectural ensembles as the Senate Palace in the Kremlin, the Petrovsky Travel Palace, the Grand Tsaritsy Palace.
Petrovsky Travel Palace, Matvey Kazakov
Tsarina's Palace, Vasily Bazhenov and Matvey Kazakov
Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Ivan Starov is the author of such architectural structures as the Trinity Cathedral in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, St. Sophia Cathedral near Tsarskoye Selo, the Pellinsky Palace, the Tauride Palace and other beautiful buildings.
Tauride Palace, Ivan Starov
