Literary critics argue that the artistic system created by the classic changed the poetics of the novel in the second half of the 19th century. Ivan Turgenev was the first to feel the emergence of a “new man” - a man of the sixties - and showed him in his essay “Fathers and Sons”. Thanks to the realist writer, the term "nihilist" was born in the Russian language. Ivan Sergeevich introduced the image of a compatriot, which received the definition of "Turgenev's girl", into use.
Childhood and youth
One of the pillars of classical Russian literature was born in Orel, in an old noble family. Ivan Sergeyevich spent his childhood in his mother's estate, Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, not far from Mtsensk. He became the second son of three born to Varvara Lutovinova and Sergei Turgenev.
The family life of the parents did not work out. The father, who had spent his fortune as a handsome cavalry guard, according to calculation, married not a beauty, but a wealthy girl Varvara, who was 6 years older than him. When Ivan Turgenev turned 12, his father left the family, leaving three children in the care of his wife. After 4 years, Sergei Nikolaevich died. Soon the youngest son Sergei died of epilepsy.
Nikolai and Ivan had a hard time - the mother had a despotic character. A smart and educated woman drank a lot of grief in her childhood and youth. Varvara Lutovinova's father died when her daughter was a child. Mother, an absurd and despotic lady, whose image readers saw in Turgenev's story "Death", remarried. The stepfather drank and did not hesitate to beat and humiliate his stepdaughter. The mother did not treat her daughter in the best way. Because of the cruelty of her mother and the beatings of her stepfather, the girl fled to her uncle, who left her niece after her death a legacy of 5,000 serfs.
Although her mother, who did not know affection in childhood, loved children, especially Vanya, she treated them in the same way as her parents treated her in childhood - the sons forever remembered mother's heavy hand. Despite her absurd disposition, Varvara Petrovna was an educated woman. She spoke exclusively in French with her family, demanding the same from Ivan and Nikolai. Spasskoye kept a rich library, consisting mainly of French books.
Ivan Turgenev at the age of 7 When Ivan Turgenev turned 9, the family moved to the capital, to a house on Neglinka. Mom read a lot and instilled in her children a love of literature. Preferring French writers, Lutovinova-Turgeneva followed literary novelties, and was friends with Mikhail Zagoskin. Varvara Petrovna thoroughly knew creativity, and quoted them in correspondence with her son.
Ivan Turgenev was educated by tutors from Germany and France, on whom the landowner spared no expense. The wealth of Russian literature was discovered to the future writer by the serf valet Fyodor Lobanov, who became the prototype of the hero of the story "Punin and Baburin".
After moving to Moscow, Ivan Turgenev was assigned to the Ivan Krause boarding school. At home and in private boarding schools, the young gentleman completed a high school course, at the age of 15 he became a student at the capital's university. At the Faculty of Literature, Ivan Turgenev studied a course, then transferred to St. Petersburg, where he received a university education at the Faculty of History and Philosophy.
In his student years, Turgenev translated poetry and lord and dreamed of becoming a poet.
Having received a diploma in 1838, Ivan Turgenev continued his education in Germany. In Berlin, he attended a course of university lectures on philosophy and philology, and wrote poetry. After the Christmas holidays in Russia, Turgenev went to Italy for six months, from where he returned to Berlin.
In the spring of 1841, Ivan Turgenev arrived in Russia and a year later passed the exams, receiving a master's degree in philosophy from St. Petersburg University. In 1843, he entered the Ministry of the Interior, but the love of writing and literature outweighed.
Literature
Ivan Turgenev first appeared in print in 1836, publishing a review of Andrey Muravyov's book Journey to Holy Places. A year later, he wrote and published the poems "Calm at Sea", "Phantasmagoria on a Moonlit Night" and "Dream".
Fame came in 1843, when Ivan Sergeevich composed the poem "Parasha", approved by Vissarion Belinsky. Soon Turgenev and Belinsky became close so that the young writer became the godfather of the son of a famous critic. Rapprochement with Belinsky and Nikolai Nekrasov influenced the creative biography of Ivan Turgenev: the writer finally said goodbye to the genre of romanticism, which became apparent after the publication of the poem "The Landowner" and the stories "Andrei Kolosov", "Three Portraits" and "Breter".
Ivan Turgenev returned to Russia in 1850. He lived either in the family estate, then in Moscow, then in St. Petersburg, where he wrote plays that were successfully staged in the theaters of the two capitals.
In 1852, Nikolai Gogol died. Ivan Turgenev responded to the tragic event with an obituary, but in St. Petersburg, at the behest of the chairman of the censorship committee, Alexei Musin-Pushkin, they refused to publish it. The Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper dared to publish Turgenev's note. The censor did not forgive disobedience. Musin-Pushkin called Gogol a "lackey writer" who was not worthy of mention in society, and besides, he saw in the obituary a hint of a violation of an unspoken ban - not to recall Alexander Pushkin and those who died in a duel in the open press.
The censor wrote a report to the emperor. Ivan Sergeevich, who was under suspicion due to frequent trips abroad, communication with Belinsky and Herzen, radical views on serfdom, incurred even greater anger from the authorities.
Ivan Turgenev with colleagues from Sovremennik In April of the same year, the writer was taken into custody for a month, and then sent under house arrest on the estate. For a year and a half, Ivan Turgenev stayed in Spassky without a break, for 3 years he did not have the right to leave the country.
Turgenev's fears about the censorship ban on the release of the Hunter's Notes as a separate book did not materialize: a collection of short stories, previously published in Sovremennik, was published. For allowing the book to be printed, the official Vladimir Lvov, who served in the censorship department, was fired. The cycle includes the stories "Bezhin Meadow", "Biryuk", "Singers", "County Doctor". Separately, the novels did not pose a danger, but, taken together, they were anti-serfdom in nature.
Collection of stories by Ivan Turgenev "Notes of a hunter" Ivan Turgenev wrote for both adults and children. For young readers, the prose writer presented fairy tales and observational stories "Sparrow", "Dog" and "Doves", written in rich language.
In rural solitude, the classic wrote the story “Mumu”, as well as the novels “The Noble Nest”, “On the Eve”, “Fathers and Sons”, “Smoke”, which became an event in the cultural life of Russia.
Ivan Turgenev went abroad in the summer of 1856. In winter, in Paris, he completed the gloomy story "A Trip to Polissya". In Germany in 1857 he wrote "Asya" - a story translated during the life of the writer into European languages. Critics consider Turgenev's daughter Polina Brewer and illegitimate half-sister Varvara Zhitova to be the prototype of Asya, the daughter of a master and a peasant woman born out of wedlock.
Ivan Turgenev's novel "Rudin" Abroad, Ivan Turgenev closely followed the cultural life of Russia, corresponded with writers who remained in the country, and communicated with emigrants. Colleagues considered the prose writer a controversial personality. After an ideological disagreement with the editors of Sovremennik, which became the mouthpiece of revolutionary democracy, Turgenev broke with the magazine. But, having learned about the temporary ban on Sovremennik, he spoke out in his defense.
During his life in the West, Ivan Sergeevich entered into long conflicts with Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky and Nikolai Nekrasov. After the release of the novel Fathers and Sons, he quarreled with the literary community, which was called progressive.
Ivan Turgenev was the first Russian writer to receive recognition in Europe as a novelist. In France, he became close to the realist writers, the Goncourt brothers, and Gustave Flaubert, who became his close friend.
In the spring of 1879, Turgenev arrived in St. Petersburg, where the youth met him as an idol. The authorities did not share the enthusiasm for the visit of the famous writer, letting Ivan Sergeevich understand that a long stay of a writer in the city was undesirable.
In the summer of the same year, Ivan Turgenev visited Britain - at Oxford University, the Russian prose writer was given the title of an honorary doctor.
The penultimate time Turgenev came to Russia in 1880. In Moscow, he attended the opening of a monument to Alexander Pushkin, whom he considered a great teacher. The classic called the Russian language support and support "in the days of painful thoughts" about the fate of the motherland.
Personal life
Heinrich Heine compared the femme fatale, who became the love of the writer's life, with a landscape "both monstrous and exotic." The Spanish-French singer Pauline Viardot, a short and stooping woman, had large masculine features, a large mouth and bulging eyes. But when Polina sang, she fabulously transformed. At such a moment, Turgenev saw the singer and fell in love for life, for the remaining 40 years.
The personal life of the prose writer before meeting Viardot was like a rollercoaster. The first love, about which Ivan Turgenev bitterly told in the story of the same name, painfully wounded the 15-year-old boy. He fell in love with his neighbor Katenka, the daughter of Princess Shakhovskaya. What a disappointment befell Ivan when he found out that his “pure and immaculate” Katya, who captivated with her childish spontaneity and girlish blush, was the mistress of her father, Sergei Nikolaevich, a seasoned womanizer.
The young man was disappointed in the "noble" girls and turned his eyes to the simple girls - serfs. One of the undemanding beauties - seamstress Avdotya Ivanova - gave birth to Ivan Turgenev's daughter Pelageya. But, traveling around Europe, the writer met Viardot, and Avdotya remained in the past.
Ivan Sergeevich met the singer's husband, Louis, and became a member of their house. Turgenev's contemporaries, the writer's friends and biographers disagreed about this union. Some call it sublime and platonic, others talk about the considerable sums that the Russian landowner left in the house of Polina and Louis. Viardot's husband looked through his fingers at Turgenev's relationship with his wife and allowed him to live in their house for months. It is believed that the biological father of Paul, the son of Polina and Louis, is Ivan Turgenev.
The writer's mother did not approve of the relationship and dreamed that her beloved offspring would settle down, marry a young noblewoman and give legitimate grandchildren. Pelageya Varvara Petrovna did not favor, she saw in her a serf. Ivan Sergeevich loved and pitied his daughter.
Pauline Viardot, listening to the bullying of a despotic grandmother, was imbued with sympathy for the girl and took her to her house. Pelageya turned into Polinet and grew up with Viardot's children. In fairness, it should be noted that Pelageya-Polinet Turgeneva did not share her father's love for Viardot, believing that the woman stole the attention of her loved one from her.
Cooling in the relationship between Turgenev and Viardot came after a three-year separation, which happened due to the house arrest of the writer. Ivan Turgenev made attempts to forget the fatal passion twice. In 1854, the 36-year-old writer met the young beauty Olga, the daughter of a cousin. But when a wedding dawned on the horizon, Ivan Sergeevich yearned for Polina. Not wanting to break the life of an 18-year-old girl, Turgenev confessed his love for Viardot.
The last attempt to escape from the arms of a Frenchwoman happened in 1879, when Ivan Turgenev was 61 years old. Actress Maria Savina was not afraid of the age difference - her lover was twice as old. But when the couple went to Paris in 1882, Masha saw a lot of things and trinkets in the home of her future spouse, reminiscent of her rival, and realized that she was superfluous.
Death
In 1882, after parting with Savinova, Ivan Turgenev fell ill. Doctors made a disappointing diagnosis - cancer of the bones of the spine. The writer died in a foreign land for a long time and painfully.
In 1883, Turgenev was operated on in Paris. The last months of his life, Ivan Turgenev was happy, how happy a person tormented by pain can be - next to him was his beloved woman. After her death, she inherited Turgenev's property.
Classic died on August 22, 1883. His body was brought to St. Petersburg on September 27. From France to Russia, Ivan Turgenev was accompanied by Polina's daughter, Claudia Viardot. The writer was buried at the St. Petersburg Volkov cemetery.
Calling Turgenev "a thorn in his own eye", he reacted to the death of the "nihilist" with relief.
Bibliography
- 1855 - "Rudin"
- 1858 - "Noble Nest"
- 1860 - "On the Eve"
- 1862 - "Fathers and Sons"
- 1867 - "Smoke"
- 1877 - "Nov"
- 1851-73 - "Notes of a hunter"
- 1858 - "Asya"
- 1860 - "First Love"
- 1872 - "Spring Waters"
Turgenev's chronological table is an excellent tool for studying and consolidating knowledge on the topic. The life and work of Turgenev in a chronological table will allow the student to get acquainted with the important stages of the writer's creative path.
For the convenience of users, Turgenev's biography in the table (by date) divides the author's life into specific periods of his life. Each of them left its mark on the works of the author, ranging from youthful minimalism to more mature works.
Those who have read the information briefly can go to the appropriate section, which contains the full version of Turgenev's biography.
1818 October 28 (November 9) Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, famous Russian writer, was born.
1827 - The Turgenev family, in order to give their children a decent education, moved to Moscow, where their father bought a house.
1833 - Ivan Turgenev became a student of the famous Moscow University at the Faculty of Literature.
1834 - The elder brother entered the military service of the Guards Artillery Regiment, and the family moved to St. Petersburg;
Ivan Turgenev transferred to St. Petersburg University at the Faculty of Philosophy;
the dramatic poem "The Wall" was written.
1836 – Completed the course with a valid student degree
1837 – Created more than a hundred small poems;
there was a short and unexpected meeting with A.S. Pushkin.
1838 - Turgenev's poetic debut took place, who published his poem "Evening" in the Sovremennik magazine;
Turgenev passed the exam for a Ph.D. and went to Germany. Here he became close to Stankevich.
1839 - Returned to Russia.
1840 - I went abroad again, visited Germany, Italy and Austria.
1841 - He returned to Lutovinovo, here he became interested in the seamstress Dunyasha.
1842 - Turgenev applied for admission to the exams for a master's degree in philosophy at Moscow University, but the request was rejected;
passed the exam for a master of philosophy at the University of St. Petersburg;
Dunyasha had a daughter, Pelageya (Polina), from Turgenev;
at the insistence of his mother, Turgenev began to serve in the office of the Ministry of the Interior. But the clerical service did not appeal to him, and the official did not work out of him. And so, after serving for a year and a half, he retired.
1843 - Turgenev wrote the poem "Parasha", which was highly appreciated by Belinsky. Since then, a friendship has developed between the writer and the critic.
1843, autumn- Turgenev met Polina Viardot, who came to St. Petersburg on tour.
1846 - Participates with Nekrasov in updating Sovremennik;
written novels "Brether" and "Three portraits".
1847 - Together with Belinsky, he goes abroad;
finally stops writing poetry and switches to prose.
1848 - Being in Paris, the writer finds himself in the epicenter of revolutionary events.
1849 - "Bachelor".
1850-1852 - Lives either in Russia or abroad. Lives in the Viardot Family, Polina brings up his daughter.
1852 - "Notes of a hunter" published.
1856 - Rudin.
1859 - The novel "The Nest of Nobles" was created.
1860 - "The day before";
the story "First Love" was written;
Sovremennik published an article written by N. Dobrolyubov “When will the real day come?”, in which criticism of the novel “On the Eve” and Turgenev’s work as a whole was voiced;
Turgenev stopped working with Sovremennik and stopped communicating with Nekrasov.
1862 - "Fathers and Sons".
1867 - The novel "Smoke" was published.
1874 - In the restaurants of Rich or Pele, the notorious bachelor dinners are held with the participation of Edmond Goncourt, Flaubert, Emile Zola, Daudet and Turgenev.
1877 - The novel "Nov" was created.
1879 The writer was awarded an honorary doctorate from Oxford University.
1880 – Turgenev participated in the celebrations dedicated to the opening in Moscow of the first monument to the great Russian poet A. S. Pushkin.
1883, August 22 (September 3) Turgenev died of myxosarcoma. His body, according to the will, was transported to St. Petersburg and buried at the Volkovo cemetery.
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Russian writer, corresponding member of the Puturburg Academy of Sciences (1880). In the cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter" (1847 52) he showed the high spiritual qualities and talent of the Russian peasant, the poetry of nature. In the socio-psychological novels Rudin (1856), The Noble Nest (1859), On the Eve (1860), Fathers and Sons (1862), the stories Asya (1858), Spring Waters (1872) ) created images of the outgoing noble culture and new heroes of the era - raznochintsy and democrats, images of selfless Russian women. In the novel "Smoke" (1867) and "Nov" (1877) he depicted the life of Russian peasants abroad, the populist movement in Russia. On the slope of his life he created the lyric-philosophical Poems in Prose (1882). Master of Language and Psychological Analysis. Turgenev had a significant impact on the development of Russian and world literature.
Biography
Born October 28 (November 9 n.s.) in Orel in a noble family. Father, Sergei Nikolaevich, a retired hussar officer, came from an old noble family; mother, Varvara Petrovna, from a wealthy landowning family of the Lutovinovs. Turgenev's childhood passed in the family estate of Spasskoe-Lutovinovo. He grew up in the care of "tutors and teachers, Swiss and Germans, homegrown uncles and serf nannies."
With the family moving to Moscow in 1827, the future writer was sent to a boarding school and spent about two and a half years there. Further education continued under the guidance of private teachers. Since childhood, he knew French, German, English.
In the autumn of 1833, before reaching the age of fifteen, he entered Moscow University, and the following year he transferred to St. Petersburg University, from which he graduated in 1936 in the verbal department of the philosophical faculty.
In May 1838 he went to Berlin to listen to lectures on classical philology and philosophy. He met and became friends with N. Stankevich and M. Bakunin, meetings with whom were of much greater importance than the lectures of Berlin professors. He spent more than two academic years abroad, combining studies with long trips: he traveled around Germany, visited Holland and France, and lived in Italy for several months.
Returning to his homeland in 1841, he settled in Moscow, where he prepared for the master's exams and attended literary circles and salons: he met Gogol, Aksakov, Khomyakov. On one of the trips to St. Petersburg with Herzen.
In 1842, he successfully passed the master's exams, hoping to get a professorship at Moscow University, but since philosophy was taken under suspicion by the Nikolaev government, the departments of philosophy were abolished at Russian universities, and it was not possible to become a professor.
In 1843, Turgenev entered the service of an official in the "special office" of the Minister of the Interior, where he served for two years. In the same year, an acquaintance with Belinsky and his entourage took place. Turgenev's social and literary views during this period were determined mainly by the influence of Belinsky. Turgenev published his poems, poems, dramatic works, novels. The critic guided his work with his assessments and friendly advice.
In 1847, Turgenev went abroad for a long time: love for the famous French singer Pauline Viardot, whom he met in 1843 during her tour in St. Petersburg, took him away from Russia. He lived for three years in Germany, then in Paris and on the estate of the Viardot family. Even before leaving, he submitted an essay "Khor and Kalinich" to Sovremennik, which was a resounding success. The following essays from folk life were published in the same magazine for five years. In 1852 they came out as a separate book called Notes of a Hunter.
In 1850, the writer returned to Russia, as an author and critic he collaborated in Sovremennik, which became a kind of center of Russian literary life.
Impressed by Gogol's death in 1852, he published an obituary banned by the censors. For this he was arrested for a month, and then sent to his estate under the supervision of the police without the right to travel outside the Oryol province.
In 1853 it was allowed to come to St. Petersburg, but the right to travel abroad was returned only in 1856.
Along with the "hunting" stories, Turgenev wrote several plays: "The Freeloader" (1848), "The Bachelor" (1849), "A Month in the Country" (1850), "Provincial Girl" (1850). During his arrest and exile, he created the stories "Mumu" (1852) and "Inn" (1852) on a "peasant" theme. However, he was increasingly occupied with the life of the Russian intelligentsia, to whom the story "The Diary of a Superfluous Man" (1850) is dedicated; "Yakov Pasynkov" (1855); "Correspondence" (1856). Work on stories facilitated the transition to the novel.
In the summer of 1855, the novel "Rudin" was written in Spassky, and in subsequent years, novels: in 1859 "The Noble Nest"; in 1860 "On the Eve", in 1862 "Fathers and Sons".
The situation in Russia was changing rapidly: the government announced its intention to free the peasants from serfdom, preparations for the reform began, giving rise to numerous plans for the upcoming reorganization. Turgenev took an active part in this process, became Herzen's unspoken collaborator, sending accusatory material to the Kolokol magazine, and collaborated with Sovremennik, which gathered around itself the main forces of advanced literature and journalism. At first, writers of different trends acted as a united front, but sharp disagreements soon appeared. There was a break between Turgenev and the Sovremennik magazine, the cause of which was Dobrolyubov's article "When will the real day come?" Dedicated to Turgenev's novel "On the Eve", in which the critic predicted the imminent appearance of the Russian Insarov, the approaching day of the revolution. Turgenev did not accept such an interpretation of the novel and asked Nekrasov not to publish this article. Nekrasov took the side of Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky, and Turgenev left Sovremennik. By 1862 1863 he had a polemic with Herzen on the question of the further paths of development of Russia, which led to a divergence between them. Pinning hopes on reforms "from above", Turgenev considered Herzen's faith in the revolutionary and socialist aspirations of the peasantry unfounded.
Since 1863, the writer settled with the Viardot family in Baden-Baden. At the same time, he began to collaborate with the liberal-bourgeois Vestnik Evropy, in which all his subsequent major works were published, including his last novel, Nov (1876).
Following the Viardot family, Turgenev moved to Paris. During the days of the Paris Commune, he lived in London, after its defeat he returned to France, where he remained until the end of his life, spending the winters in Paris, and the summer months outside the city, in Bougival, and making short trips to Russia every spring.
The public upsurge of the 1870s in Russia, associated with the attempts of the populists to find a revolutionary way out of the crisis, the writer met with interest, became close to the leaders of the movement, and provided financial assistance in the publication of the collection Vperyod. His long-standing interest in the folk theme was awakened again, he returned to the "Notes of a Hunter", supplementing them with new essays, wrote the stories "Punin and Baburin" (1874), "Hours" (1875), etc.
A social revival began among the student youth, among the general strata of society. Turgenev's popularity, once shaken by his break with Sovremennik, has now recovered again and is growing rapidly. In February 1879, when he arrived in Russia, he was honored at literary evenings and ceremonial dinners, strenuously inviting him to stay in his homeland. Turgenev was even inclined to stop his voluntary exile, but this intention was not carried out. In the spring of 1882, the first signs of a serious illness appeared, which deprived the writer of the opportunity to move (cancer of the spine).
On August 22 (September 3, n.s.), 1883, Turgenev died in Bougival. According to the writer's will, his body was transported to Russia and buried in St. Petersburg.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. Born October 28 (November 9), 1818 in Orel - died August 22 (September 3), 1883 in Bougival (France). Russian realist writer, poet, publicist, playwright, translator. One of the classics of Russian literature, who made the most significant contribution to its development in the second half of the 19th century. Corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of Russian language and literature (1860), honorary doctor of Oxford University (1879).
The artistic system he created influenced the poetics of not only Russian, but also Western European novels in the second half of the 19th century. Ivan Turgenev was the first in Russian literature to begin to study the personality of the "new man" - the sixties man, his moral qualities and psychological characteristics, thanks to him the term "nihilist" began to be widely used in the Russian language. He was a propagandist of Russian literature and dramaturgy in the West.
The study of the works of I. S. Turgenev is an obligatory part of the general education school programs in Russia. The most famous works are the cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter", the story "Mumu", the story "Asya", the novels "The Noble Nest", "Fathers and Sons".
The family of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev came from an ancient family of Tula nobles, the Turgenevs. In a memorial book, the mother of the future writer wrote: “On October 28, 1818, on Monday, the son Ivan was born, 12 inches tall, in Orel, in his house, at 12 o’clock in the morning. Baptized on the 4th of November, Feodor Semenovich Uvarov with his sister Fedosya Nikolaevna Teplovoy.
Ivan's father Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev (1793-1834) served at that time in the cavalry regiment. The careless lifestyle of the handsome cavalry guard upset his finances, and in order to improve his position, he entered into a marriage of convenience in 1816 with an elderly, unattractive, but very wealthy Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova (1787-1850). In 1821, with the rank of colonel of the cuirassier regiment, my father retired. Ivan was the second son in the family.
The mother of the future writer, Varvara Petrovna, came from a wealthy noble family. Her marriage to Sergei Nikolayevich was not happy.
The father died in 1834, leaving three sons - Nikolai, Ivan and Sergei, who died early from epilepsy. Mother was a domineering and despotic woman. She herself lost her father early, suffered from the cruel attitude of her mother (whom the grandson later portrayed as an old woman in the essay "Death"), and from a violent, drinking stepfather, who often beat her. Due to constant beatings and humiliation, she later moved in with her uncle, after whose death she became the owner of a magnificent estate and 5,000 souls.
Varvara Petrovna was a difficult woman. Serfdom habits coexisted in her with erudition and education, she combined care for the upbringing of children with family despotism. Ivan was also subjected to maternal beatings, despite the fact that he was considered her beloved son. The boy was taught literacy by frequently changing French and German tutors.
In the family of Varvara Petrovna, everyone spoke exclusively in French among themselves, even prayers in the house were pronounced in French. She traveled a lot and was an enlightened woman, she read a lot, but also mostly in French. But her native language and literature were not alien to her either: she herself had an excellent figurative Russian speech, and Sergei Nikolayevich demanded that the children write letters to him in Russian during their father's absences.
The Turgenev family maintained ties with V. A. Zhukovsky and M. N. Zagoskin. Varvara Petrovna followed the latest in literature, was well aware of the work of N. M. Karamzin, V. A. Zhukovsky, and whom she willingly quoted in letters to her son.
Love for Russian literature was also instilled in young Turgenev by one of the serf valets (who later became the prototype of Punin in the story "Punin and Baburin"). Until the age of nine, Ivan Turgenev lived in his mother's hereditary estate, Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, 10 km from Mtsensk, Oryol province.
In 1827, the Turgenevs, in order to educate their children, settled in Moscow, buying a house on Samotyok. The future writer studied first at the Weidenhammer boarding house, then became a boarder with the director of the Lazarev Institute, I. F. Krause.
In 1833, at the age of 15, Turgenev entered the verbal department of Moscow University. At the same time, they studied here. A year later, after Ivan's elder brother entered the Guards Artillery, the family moved to St. Petersburg, where Ivan Turgenev moved to the Faculty of Philosophy at St. Petersburg University. At the university, T. N. Granovsky, the future famous historian of the Western school, became his friend.
At first, Turgenev wanted to become a poet. In 1834, as a third-year student, he wrote a dramatic poem in iambic pentameter "Wall". The young author showed these tests of the pen to his teacher, professor of Russian literature P. A. Pletnev. During one of the lectures, Pletnev analyzed this poem quite strictly, without disclosing its authorship, but at the same time he also admitted that “there is something” in the writer.
These words prompted the young poet to write a number of more poems, two of which Pletnev published in 1838 in the Sovremennik magazine, of which he was the editor. They were published under the signature "....v". The debut poems were "Evening" and "To Venus Mediciy". Turgenev's first publication appeared in 1836 - in the "Journal of the Ministry of Public Education" he published a detailed review "On a Journey to Holy Places" by A. N. Muravyov.
By 1837, he had already written about a hundred small poems and several poems (the unfinished "The Old Man's Tale", "Calm at Sea", "Phantasmagoria on a Moonlit Night", "Dream").
In 1836 Turgenev graduated from the university with the degree of a real student. Dreaming of scientific activity, the following year he passed the final exam and received a Ph.D.
In 1838 he went to Germany, where he settled in Berlin and took up his studies in earnest. At the University of Berlin he attended lectures on the history of Roman and Greek literature, and at home he studied the grammar of ancient Greek and Latin. Knowledge of ancient languages allowed him to freely read the ancient classics.
In May 1839, the old house in Spassky burned down, and Turgenev returned to his homeland, but already in 1840 he again went abroad, visiting Germany, Italy and Austria. Impressed by a meeting with a girl in Frankfurt am Main, Turgenev later wrote a story "Spring Waters".
In 1841 Ivan returned to Lutovinovo.
In early 1842, he applied to Moscow University for admission to the examination for the degree of Master of Philosophy, but at that time there was no full-time professor of philosophy at the university, and his request was rejected. Not settling in Moscow, Turgenev satisfactorily passed the exam for a master's degree in Greek and Latin philology in Latin at St. Petersburg University and wrote a dissertation for the verbal department. But by this time, the craving for scientific activity had cooled down, and literary creativity began to attract more and more.
Refusing to defend his dissertation, he served until 1844 as a collegiate secretary in the Ministry of the Interior.
In 1843 Turgenev wrote the poem Parasha. Not really hoping for a positive review, he nevertheless took the copy to V. G. Belinsky. Belinsky highly appreciated Parasha, publishing his review in Fatherland Notes two months later. Since that time, their acquaintance began, which later grew into a strong friendship. Turgenev was even godfather to Belinsky's son, Vladimir.
In November 1843, Turgenev wrote a poem "Misty Morning", set in different years to music by several composers, including A.F. Gedike and G.L. Catuar. The most famous, however, is the romance version, which was originally published under the title "Music of Abaza". Its belonging to V. V. Abaza, E. A. Abaza or Yu. F. Abaza has not been finally established. Upon publication, the poem was seen as a reflection of Turgenev's love for Pauline Viardot, whom he met during this time.
A poem was written in 1844 "Pop", which the writer himself described rather as fun, devoid of any "deep and significant ideas." Nevertheless, the poem attracted public interest for its anti-clerical orientation. The poem was curtailed by Russian censorship, but it was printed in its entirety abroad.
In 1846, the novels Breter and Three Portraits were published. In Breter, which became Turgenev's second story, the writer tried to present the struggle between Lermontov's influence and the desire to discredit posturing. The plot for his third story, Three Portraits, was drawn from the Lutovinov family chronicle.
Since 1847, Ivan Turgenev participated in the reformed Sovremennik, where he became close to N. A. Nekrasov and P. V. Annenkov. His first feuilleton "Modern Notes" was published in the journal, and the first chapters began to be published. "Hunter's Notes". In the very first issue of Sovremennik, the story "Khor and Kalinich" was published, which opened countless editions of the famous book. The subtitle "From the notes of a hunter" was added by the editor I. I. Panaev in order to draw the attention of readers to the story. The success of the story turned out to be enormous, and this led Turgenev to the idea of writing a number of others of the same kind.
In 1847, Turgenev went abroad with Belinsky and in 1848 lived in Paris, where he witnessed revolutionary events.
As an eyewitness to the killing of hostages, the many attacks, the construction and the fall of the barricades of the February French Revolution, he endured forever a deep loathing for revolutions in general. A little later, he became close to A. I. Herzen, fell in love with Ogaryov's wife N. A. Tuchkova.
The end of the 1840s - the beginning of the 1850s became the time of the most intensive activity of Turgenev in the field of dramaturgy and the time of reflection on questions of history and theory of drama.
In 1848, he wrote such plays as "Where it is thin, there it breaks" and "The Freeloader", in 1849 - "Breakfast at the Leader" and "The Bachelor", in 1850 - "A Month in the Country", in 1851 -m - "Provincial". Of these, "The Freeloader", "The Bachelor", "The Provincial Girl" and "A Month in the Country" were successful due to their excellent productions on stage.
To master the literary techniques of dramaturgy, the writer also worked on translations of Shakespeare. At the same time, he did not try to copy Shakespeare's dramatic techniques, he only interpreted his images, and all the attempts of his contemporary playwrights to use Shakespeare's work as a role model, to borrow his theatrical techniques only caused Turgenev's irritation. In 1847 he wrote: “The shadow of Shakespeare hangs over all dramatic writers, they cannot get rid of memories; these unfortunates read too much and lived too little.
In 1850, Turgenev returned to Russia, but he never saw his mother, who died that same year. Together with his brother Nikolai, he shared a large fortune of his mother and, if possible, tried to alleviate the hardships of the peasants he inherited.
After Gogol's death, Turgenev wrote an obituary, which the St. Petersburg censors did not let through. The reason for her dissatisfaction was that, as the chairman of the St. Petersburg Censorship Committee M. N. Musin-Pushkin put it, “it is criminal to speak so enthusiastically about such a writer.” Then Ivan Sergeevich sent the article to Moscow, V.P. Botkin, who published it in Moskovskie Vedomosti. The authorities saw a rebellion in the text, and the author was placed on the exit, where he spent a month. On May 18, Turgenev was sent to his native village, and only thanks to the efforts of Count A.K. Tolstoy, two years later, the writer again received the right to live in the capitals.
There is an opinion that the real reason for the exile was not an obituary to Gogol, but the excessive radicalism of Turgenev's views, manifested in sympathy for Belinsky, suspiciously frequent trips abroad, sympathetic stories about serfs, a laudatory review of an emigrant Herzen about Turgenev.
The censor Lvov, who let the "Notes of a Hunter" go to print, was dismissed from service by personal order of Nicholas I and deprived of his pension.
Russian censorship has also imposed a ban on the re-publication of the "Hunter's Notes", explaining this step by the fact that Turgenev, on the one hand, poeticized the serfs, and on the other hand, portrayed “that these peasants are oppressed, that the landlords behave indecently and illegally ... finally, that the peasant lives in freedom more freely ".
During his exile in Spasskoye, Turgenev went hunting, read books, wrote stories, played chess, listened to Beethoven's Coriolanus performed by A.P. Tyutcheva and his sister, who lived at that time in Spasskoye, and from time to time was subjected to raids by the bailiff .
Most of the "Notes of a Hunter" was created by the writer in Germany.
"Notes of a Hunter" in 1854 was published in Paris as a separate edition, although at the beginning of the Crimean War this publication was in the nature of anti-Russian propaganda, and Turgenev was forced to publicly protest against the poor quality French translation by Ernest Charrière. After the death of Nicholas I, four of the most significant works of the writer were published one after another: Rudin (1856), The Noble Nest (1859), On the Eve (1860) and Fathers and Sons (1862).
In the autumn of 1855, Turgenev's circle of friends expanded. In September of the same year, Tolstoy's story "The Cutting of the Forest" was published in Sovremennik with a dedication to I. S. Turgenev.
Turgenev took an ardent part in the discussion of the upcoming Peasant Reform, participated in the development of various collective letters, draft addresses addressed to the sovereign, protests, and so on.
In 1860, Sovremennik published an article “When will the real day come?” In which the critic spoke very flatteringly about the new novel “On the Eve” and Turgenev’s work in general. Nevertheless, Turgenev was not satisfied with the far-reaching conclusions of Dobrolyubov, made by him after reading the novel. Dobrolyubov connected the idea of Turgenev's work with the events of the approaching revolutionary transformation of Russia, with which the liberal Turgenev could not come to terms.
At the end of 1862, Turgenev was involved in the process of the 32nd in the case of "persons accused of having relations with London propagandists." After the authorities ordered him to immediately appear in the Senate, Turgenev decided to write a letter to the sovereign, trying to convince him of the loyalty of his convictions, "quite independent, but conscientious." He asked interrogation points to be sent to him in Paris. In the end, he was forced to leave for Russia in 1864 for a Senate interrogation, where he managed to avert all suspicions from himself. The Senate found him not guilty. Turgenev's appeal to Emperor Alexander II personally caused Herzen's bilious reaction in Kolokol.
In 1863 Turgenev settled in Baden-Baden. The writer actively participated in the cultural life of Western Europe, establishing contacts with the greatest writers of Germany, France and England, promoting Russian literature abroad and acquainting Russian readers with the best works of contemporary Western authors. Among his acquaintances or correspondents were Friedrich Bodenstedt, William Thackeray, Henry James, Charles Saint-Beuve, Hippolyte Taine, Prosper Mérimée, Ernest Renan, Theophile Gauthier, Edmond Goncourt, Alphonse Daudet,.
Despite living abroad, all Turgenev's thoughts were still connected with Russia. He wrote a novel "Smoke"(1867), which caused a lot of controversy in Russian society. According to the author, everyone scolded the novel: "both red and white, and from above, and from below, and from the side - especially from the side."
In 1868, Turgenev became a permanent contributor to the liberal journal Vestnik Evropy and severed ties with M. N. Katkov.
Since 1874, famous bachelor's "dinners of five" - Flaubert, Edmond Goncourt, Daudet, Zola and Turgenev. The idea belonged to Flaubert, but Turgenev played the main role in them. Lunches were held once a month. They raised various topics - about the features of literature, about the structure of the French language, told stories and simply enjoyed delicious food. Lunches were held not only at the Parisian restaurateurs, but also at the writers' houses.
In 1878, at the international literary congress in Paris, the writer was elected vice-president.
On June 18, 1879, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Oxford University, despite the fact that the university had not given such an honor to any novelist before him.
The fruit of the writer's reflections in the 1870s was the largest of his novels in terms of volume - "Nov"(1877), which was also criticized. So, for example, he regarded this novel as a service to the autocracy.
In April 1878, Leo Tolstoy invited Turgenev to forget all the misunderstandings between them, to which Turgenev happily agreed. Friendship and correspondence resumed. Turgenev explained the meaning of modern Russian literature, including Tolstoy's work, to the Western reader. In general, Ivan Turgenev played a big role in promoting Russian literature abroad.
However, in the novel "Demons" he portrayed Turgenev in the form of "the great writer Karmazinov" - a noisy, small, scribbled and practically mediocre writer who considers himself a genius and sits out abroad. A similar attitude towards Turgenev by the ever-needy Dostoevsky was caused, among other things, by Turgenev’s secure position in his noble life and by the highest literary fees at that time: “To Turgenev for his“ Noble Nest ”(I finally read it. Extremely well) Katkov himself (who I ask for 100 rubles per sheet) gave 4,000 rubles, that is, 400 rubles per sheet. My friend! I know very well that I write worse than Turgenev, but not too worse, and finally, I hope to write not worse at all. Why am I, with my needs, taking only 100 rubles, and Turgenev, who has 2,000 souls, 400 each?
Turgenev, not hiding his dislike for Dostoevsky, in a letter to M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in 1882 (after Dostoevsky's death) also did not spare his opponent, calling him "the Russian Marquis de Sade."
His visits to Russia in 1878-1881 were real triumphs. All the more disturbing in 1882 were the reports of a severe exacerbation of his usual gouty pains.
In the spring of 1882, the first signs of the disease appeared, which soon turned out to be fatal for Turgenev. With temporary relief of pain, he continued to work and a few months before his death he published the first part of "Poems in Prose" - a cycle of lyrical miniatures, which became his kind of farewell to life, homeland and art.
The Parisian doctors Charcot and Jacquet diagnosed the writer with angina pectoris. Soon she was joined by intercostal neuralgia. The last time Turgenev was in Spasskoye-Lutovinovo was in the summer of 1881. The sick writer spent the winters in Paris, and for the summer he was transported to Bougival, on the estate of Viardot.
By January 1883, the pains had intensified so much that he could not sleep without morphine. He underwent an operation to remove a neuroma in the lower part of the abdominal cavity, but the operation did not help much, since it did not alleviate the pain in the thoracic region of the spine. The disease developed, in March and April the writer was so tormented that those around him began to notice momentary clouding of reason, caused in part by morphine.
The writer was fully aware of his imminent death and resigned himself to the consequences of the disease, which made it impossible for him to walk or just stand.
The confrontation between "an unimaginably painful illness and an unimaginably strong organism" (P. V. Annenkov) ended on August 22 (September 3), 1883 in Bougival near Paris. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev died of myxosarcoma (a malignant tumor of the bones of the spine). Doctor S.P. Botkin testified that the true cause of death was clarified only after an autopsy, during which physiologists also weighed his brain. As it turned out, among those whose brains were weighed, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev had the largest brain (2012 grams, which is almost 600 grams more than the average weight).
Turgenev's death was a great shock to his admirers, expressed in a very impressive funeral. The funeral was preceded by mourning celebrations in Paris, in which over four hundred people took part. Among them were at least a hundred Frenchmen: Edmond Abu, Jules Simon, Emile Ogier, Emile Zola, Alphonse Daudet, Juliette Adam, artist Alfred Diedone, composer Jules Massenet. Ernest Renan addressed the mourners with a heartfelt speech.
Even from the border station Verzhbolovo, funeral services were served at stops. On the platform of the St. Petersburg Warsaw railway station, a solemn meeting of the coffin with the body of the writer took place.
There were no misunderstandings either. The day after the funeral of Turgenev's body in the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral on the Rue Daru in Paris, on September 19, the well-known populist emigrant P.L. Lavrov published a letter in the Parisian newspaper Justice, edited by the future socialist prime minister, in which he reported that S. Turgenev, on his own initiative, transferred to Lavrov annually for three years 500 francs to assist in the publication of the revolutionary émigré newspaper Vperyod.
Russian liberals were outraged by this news, considering it a provocation. The conservative press in the person of M. N. Katkov, on the contrary, took advantage of Lavrov’s message for the posthumous persecution of Turgenev in the Russky Vestnik and Moskovskie Vedomosti in order to prevent the deceased writer from being honored in Russia, whose body “without any publicity, with special care” should was to arrive in the capital from Paris for burial.
The following of the ashes of Turgenev was very worried about the Minister of the Interior D. A. Tolstoy, who was afraid of spontaneous rallies. According to the editor of Vestnik Evropy, M. M. Stasyulevich, who accompanied the body of Turgenev, the precautions taken by the officials were as inappropriate as if he had accompanied the Nightingale the Robber, and not the body of the great writer.
Personal life of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev:
The first romantic passion of young Turgenev was falling in love with the daughter of Princess Shakhovskaya - Ekaterina Shakhovskaya(1815-1836), young poetess. The estates of their parents in the suburbs bordered, they often exchanged visits. He was 15, she was 19.
In letters to her son, Varvara Turgeneva called Ekaterina Shakhovskaya a “poet” and a “villain,” because Sergei Nikolayevich himself, Ivan Turgenev’s father, could not resist the charms of the young princess, to whom the girl reciprocated, which broke the heart of the future writer. The episode much later, in 1860, was reflected in the story "First Love", in which the writer endowed some features of Katya Shakhovskaya with the heroine of the story, Zinaida Zasekina.
In 1841, during his return to Lutovinovo, Ivan became interested in the seamstress Dunyasha ( Avdotya Ermolaevna Ivanova). An affair began between the young, which ended in the girl's pregnancy. Ivan Sergeevich immediately expressed a desire to marry her. However, his mother made a serious scandal about this, after which he went to St. Petersburg. Turgenev's mother, having learned about Avdotya's pregnancy, hastily sent her to Moscow to her parents, where Pelageya was born on April 26, 1842. Dunyasha was given in marriage, the daughter was left in an ambiguous position. Turgenev officially recognized the child only in 1857.
Shortly after the episode with Avdotya Ivanova, Turgenev met Tatyana Bakunina(1815-1871), the sister of the future revolutionary emigrant M. A. Bakunin. Returning to Moscow after his stay in Spasskoye, he stopped by the Bakunin estate Premukhino. The winter of 1841-1842 passed in close contact with the circle of Bakunin brothers and sisters.
All of Turgenev's friends - N.V. Stankevich, V.G. Belinsky and V.P. Botkin - were in love with Mikhail Bakunin's sisters, Lyubov, Varvara and Alexandra.
Tatyana was three years older than Ivan. Like all young Bakunins, she was fascinated by German philosophy and perceived her relationships with others through the prism of Fichte's idealistic concept. She wrote letters to Turgenev in German, full of lengthy reasoning and introspection, despite the fact that young people lived in the same house, and she also expected Turgenev to analyze the motives of her own actions and reciprocal feelings. “The ‘philosophical’ novel,” according to G. A. Byaly, “in the vicissitudes of which the entire younger generation of the Premukhin’s nest took a lively part, lasted several months.” Tatyana was truly in love. Ivan Sergeevich did not remain completely indifferent to the love awakened by him. He wrote several poems (the poem "Parasha" was also inspired by communication with Bakunina) and a story dedicated to this sublimely ideal, mostly literary and epistolary hobby. But he could not answer with a serious feeling.
Among other fleeting hobbies of the writer, there were two more that played a certain role in his work. In the 1850s, a fleeting romance broke out with a distant cousin, eighteen Olga Alexandrovna Turgeneva. The love was mutual, and in 1854 the writer was thinking about marriage, the prospect of which at the same time frightened him. Olga later served as a prototype for the image of Tatiana in the novel "Smoke".
Also indecisive was Turgenev with Maria Nikolaevna Tolstaya. Ivan Sergeevich wrote about Leo Tolstoy's sister P. V. Annenkov: “His sister is one of the most attractive creatures that I have ever been able to meet. Sweet, smart, simple - I would not take my eyes off. In my old age (I turned 36 on the fourth day) - I almost fell in love.
For the sake of Turgenev, twenty-four-year-old M. N. Tolstaya had already left her husband, she took the writer's attention to herself for true love. But Turgenev limited himself to a Platonic hobby, and Maria Nikolaevna served him as a prototype of Verochka from the story Faust.
In the autumn of 1843, Turgenev first saw on the stage of the opera house, when the great singer came on tour to St. Petersburg. Turgenev was 25 years old, Viardot - 22 years old. Then, while hunting, he met Pauline's husband, the director of the Italian Theater in Paris, a well-known critic and art critic, Louis Viardot, and on November 1, 1843, he was introduced to Pauline herself.
Among the mass of fans, she did not particularly single out Turgenev, known more as an avid hunter, and not a writer. And when her tour ended, Turgenev, together with the Viardot family, left for Paris against the will of his mother, still unknown to Europe and without money. And this despite the fact that everyone considered him a rich man. But this time, his extremely cramped financial situation was explained precisely by his disagreement with his mother, one of the richest women in Russia and the owner of a huge agricultural and industrial empire.
For attachment to the “damned gypsy”, his mother did not give him money for three years. During these years, his lifestyle did not bear much resemblance to the stereotype of the life of a “rich Russian” that had developed about him.
In November 1845, he returned to Russia, and in January 1847, having learned about Viardot's tour in Germany, he left the country again: he went to Berlin, then to London, Paris, a tour of France and again to St. Petersburg. Without an official marriage, Turgenev lived in the Viardot family "on the edge of someone else's nest," as he himself said.
Pauline Viardot raised Turgenev's illegitimate daughter.
In the early 1860s, the Viardot family settled in Baden-Baden, and with them Turgenev ("Villa Tourgueneff"). Thanks to the Viardot family and Ivan Turgenev, their villa has become an interesting musical and artistic center.
The war of 1870 forced the Viardot family to leave Germany and move to Paris, where the writer also moved.
The true nature of the relationship between Pauline Viardot and Turgenev is still the subject of debate. There is an opinion that after Louis Viardot was paralyzed as a result of a stroke, Polina and Turgenev actually entered into a marital relationship. Louis Viardot was twenty years older than Polina, he died the same year as I. S. Turgenev.
The last love of the writer was the actress of the Alexandrinsky Theater. Their meeting took place in 1879, when the young actress was 25 years old, and Turgenev was 61 years old. The actress at that time played the role of Verochka in Turgenev's play A Month in the Country. The role was so vividly played that the writer himself was amazed. After this performance, he went to the actress backstage with a large bouquet of roses and exclaimed: “Did I really write this Verochka ?!”.
Ivan Turgenev fell in love with her, which he openly admitted. The rarity of their meetings was made up for by regular correspondence, which lasted four years. Despite Turgenev's sincere relationship, for Maria he was rather a good friend. She was going to marry another, but the marriage never took place. The marriage of Savina with Turgenev was also not destined to come true - the writer died in the circle of the Viardot family.
Turgenev's personal life was not entirely successful. Having lived for 38 years in close contact with the Viardot family, the writer felt deeply alone. Under these conditions, Turgenev's image of love was formed, but love is not quite characteristic of his melancholy creative manner. There is almost no happy ending in his works, and the last chord is more often sad. But nevertheless, almost none of the Russian writers paid so much attention to the depiction of love, no one idealized a woman to such an extent as Ivan Turgenev.
Turgenev never got his own family. The writer's daughter from the seamstress Avdotya Ermolaevna Ivanova, married Brewer (1842-1919), from the age of eight she was brought up in the family of Pauline Viardot in France, where Turgenev changed her name from Pelageya to Polina (Polinet, Paulinette), which seemed to him more harmonious.
Ivan Sergeevich arrived in France only six years later, when his daughter was already fourteen. Polinet almost forgot Russian and spoke only French, which touched her father. At the same time, he was upset that the girl had a difficult relationship with Viardot herself. The girl was hostile towards her father's beloved, and soon this led to the fact that the girl was sent to a private boarding school. When Turgenev next came to France, he took his daughter from the boarding house, and they settled together, and for Polinet a governess from England, Innis, was invited.
At the age of seventeen, Polinet met the young businessman Gaston Brewer, who made a good impression on Ivan Turgenev, and he agreed to marry his daughter. As a dowry, the father gave a considerable amount for those times - 150 thousand francs. The girl married Brewer, who soon went bankrupt, after which Polinet, with the assistance of her father, hid from her husband in Switzerland.
Since Turgenev's heiress was Pauline Viardot, his daughter found herself in a difficult financial situation after his death. She died in 1919 at the age of 76 from cancer. Polinet's children - Georges-Albert and Jeanne - had no descendants.
Georges Albert died in 1924. Zhanna Brewer-Turgeneva never married - she lived, earning a living by private lessons, as she was fluent in five languages. She even dabbled in poetry, writing poetry in French. She died in 1952 at the age of 80, and with her the family branch of the Turgenevs along the line of Ivan Sergeevich broke off.
Bibliography of Turgenev:
1855 - "Rudin" (novel)
1858 - "The Noble Nest" (novel)
1860 - "On the Eve" (novel)
1862 - "Fathers and Sons" (novel)
1867 - "Smoke" (novel)
1877 - "Nov" (novel)
1844 - "Andrey Kolosov" (story)
1845 - "Three portraits" (story)
1846 - "The Gide" (story)
1847 - "Breter" (story)
1848 - "Petushkov" (story)
1849 - "The Diary of a Superfluous Man" (story)
1852 - "Mumu" (story)
1852 - "Inn" (story)
"Notes of a hunter": a collection of short stories
1851 - "Bezhin Meadow"
1847 - "Biryuk"
1847 - Burmister
1848 - "Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky district"
1847 - "Two landowners"
1847 - Yermolai and the Miller's Woman
1874 - "Living relics"
1851 - "Kasyan with Beautiful Swords"
1871-72 - "The End of Chertopkhanov"
1847 - "Office"
1847 - "Swan"
1848 - "Forest and steppe"
1847 - "Lgov"
1847 - "Raspberry Water"
1847 - "My neighbor Radilov"
1847 - Ovsyannikov's Odnodvorets
1850 - "The Singers"
1864 - "Pyotr Petrovich Karataev"
1850 - "Date"
1847 - "Death"
1873-74 - "Knocks!"
1847 - "Tatyana Borisovna and her nephew"
1847 - "County doctor"
1846-47 - "Khor and Kalinich"
1848 - "Chertop-hanov and Nedopyuskin"
1855 - "Yakov Pasynkov" (story)
1855 - "Faust" (story)
1856 - "Calm" (story)
1857 - "Trip to Polissya" (story)
1858 - "Asya" (story)
1860 - "First Love" (story)
1864 - "Ghosts" (story)
1866 - "The Brigadier" (story)
1868 - "Unfortunate" (story)
1870 - "A Strange Story" (story)
1870 - "The Steppe King Lear" (story)
1870 - "Dog" (story)
1871 - “Knock ... knock ... knock! ..” (story)
1872 - "Spring Waters" (story)
1874 - "Punin and Baburin" (story)
1876 - "Hours" (story)
1877 - "Dream" (story)
1877 - "The Story of Father Alexei" (story)
1881 - "The Song of Triumphant Love" (story)
1881 - "Own master's office" (story)
1883 - "After death (Clara Milic)" (novel)
1878 - "In memory of Yu. P. Vrevskaya" (prose poem)
1882 - “How good, how fresh the roses were ...” (poem in prose)
18?? - "Museum" (story)
18?? - "Farewell" (story)
18?? - "Kiss" (story)
1848 - “Where it is thin, it breaks there” (play)
1848 - "Freeloader" (play)
1849 - "Breakfast at the leader" (play)
1849 - "The Bachelor" (play)
1850 - "A Month in the Country" (play)
1851 - "Provincial" (play)
1854 - “A few words about the poems of F. I. Tyutchev” (article)
1860 - "Hamlet and Don Quixote" (article)
1864 - "Speech on Shakespeare" (article)
He was born on October 28 (November 9, n.s.), 1818 in Orel in a noble family. Father, Sergei Nikolaevich, a retired hussar officer, came from an old noble family; mother, Varvara Petrovna, is from a wealthy landowning family of the Lutovinovs. Turgenev's childhood passed in the family estate of Spasskoe-Lutovinovo. He grew up in the care of "tutors and teachers, Swiss and Germans, homegrown uncles and serf nannies."
In 1827 the family moved to Moscow; At first, Turgenev studied in private boarding schools and with good home teachers, then, in 1833, he entered the verbal department of Moscow University, and in 1834 he transferred to the Faculty of History and Philology of St. Petersburg University. One of the strongest impressions of early youth (1833), falling in love with Princess E. L. Shakhovskaya, who at that time was having an affair with Turgenev's father, was reflected in the story First Love (1860).
In his student years, Turgenev began to write. His first attempts at poetry were translations, short poems, lyric poems, and the drama The Wall (1834), written in the then fashionable romantic spirit. Among Turgenev's university professors, Pletnev stood out, one of Pushkin's close friends, "a mentor of the old age ... not a scientist, but wise in his own way." Having become acquainted with the first works of Turgenev, Pletnev explained to the young student their immaturity, but singled out and printed 2 of the most successful poems, encouraging the student to continue studying literature.
November 1837 - Turgenev officially graduates and receives a diploma from the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University for the title of candidate.
In 1838-1840. Turgenev continued his education abroad (at the University of Berlin he studied philosophy, history and ancient languages). During his free time from lectures, Turgenev traveled. For more than two years of his stay abroad, Turgenev was able to travel all over Germany, visit France, Holland and even live in Italy. The catastrophe of the steamer "Nikolai I", on which Turgenev sailed, will be described by him in the essay "Fire at Sea" (1883; in French).
In 1841 Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev returned to his homeland and began to prepare for the master's exams. Just at this time, Turgenev met such great people as Gogol and Asakov. Even in Berlin, having met Bakunin, in Russia he visits their Premukhino estate, converges with this family: soon an affair with T. A. Bakunina begins, which does not interfere with communication with the seamstress A. E. Ivanova (in 1842 she will give birth to Turgenev's daughter Pelageya) .
In 1842, he successfully passed the master's exams, hoping to get a professorship at Moscow University, but since philosophy was taken under suspicion by the Nikolaev government, the departments of philosophy were abolished at Russian universities, and it was not possible to become a professor.
But in Turgenev the fever for professional scholarship had already caught cold; he is more and more attracted to literary activity. He publishes small poems in Otechestvennye Zapiski, and in the spring of 1843 he publishes a separate book, under the letters of T. L. (Turgenev-Lutovinov), the poem Parasha.
In 1843 he entered the service of an official in the "special office" of the Minister of the Interior, where he served for two years. In May 1845 I.S. Turgenev retires. By this time, the writer's mother, irritated by his inability to serve and incomprehensible personal life, finally deprives Turgenev of material support, the writer lives in debt and starving, while maintaining the appearance of well-being.
The influence of Belinsky largely determined the formation of Turgenev's social and creative position, Belinsky helped him embark on the path of realism. But this path is difficult at first. Young Turgenev tries himself in a variety of genres: lyrical poems alternate with critical articles, after Parasha, the verse poems Conversation (1844), Andrey (1845) appear. From romanticism, Turgenev turned to the ironic moral descriptive poems "The Landowner" and the prose "Andrey Kolosov" in 1844, "Three Portraits" in 1846, "Breter" in 1847.
1847 - Turgenev brought his story "Khor and Kalinich" to Nekrasov in Sovremennik, to which Nekrasov made a subtitle "From the notes of a hunter." This story began the literary activity of Turgenev. In the same year, Turgenev takes Belinsky to Germany for treatment. Belinsky dies in Germany in 1848.
In 1847, Turgenev went abroad for a long time: love for the famous French singer Pauline Viardot, whom he met in 1843 during her tour in St. Petersburg, took him away from Russia. He lived for three years in Germany, then in Paris and on the estate of the Viardot family. Turgenev lived in close contact with Viardo's family for 38 years.
I.S. Turgenev wrote several plays: "The Freeloader" in 1848, "The Bachelor" in 1849, "A Month in the Country" in 1850, "The Provincial Woman" in 1850.
In 1850 the writer returned to Russia and worked as an author and critic in Sovremennik. In 1852, the essays were published as a separate book called Notes of a Hunter. Impressed by Gogol's death in 1852, Turgenev published an obituary banned by the censors. For this he was arrested for a month, and then exiled to his estate without the right to travel outside the Oryol province. In 1853, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was allowed to come to St. Petersburg, but the right to travel abroad was returned only in 1856.
During his arrest and exile, he created the stories "Mumu" in 1852 and "Inn" in 1852 on a "peasant" theme. However, he was increasingly occupied with the life of the Russian intelligentsia, to whom the novels "The Diary of a Superfluous Man" in 1850, "Yakov Pasynkov" in 1855, and "Correspondence" in 1856 are dedicated.
In 1856, Turgenev received permission to travel abroad, and went to Europe, where he lived for almost two years. In 1858 Turgenev returned to Russia. They argue about his stories, literary critics give opposite assessments of Turgenev's works. After his return, Ivan Sergeevich publishes the story "Asya", around which the controversy of well-known critics unfolds. In the same year, the novel "The Nest of Nobles" was published, and in 1860 the novel "On the Eve" was published.
After "The Eve" and the article by N. A. Dobrolyubov devoted to the novel "When will the real day come?" (1860) there is a break between Turgenev and the radicalized Sovremennik (in particular, with N. A. Nekrasov; their mutual hostility persisted to the end).
In the summer of 1861 there was a quarrel with L. N. Tolstoy, which almost turned into a duel (reconciliation in 1878).
In February 1862, Turgenev published the novel "Fathers and Sons", where he tries to show the Russian society the tragic nature of the growing conflicts. The stupidity and helplessness of all classes in the face of a social crisis threatens to develop into confusion and chaos.
Since 1863, the writer settled with the Viardot family in Baden-Baden. Then he began to cooperate with the liberal-bourgeois Vestnik Evropy, in which all his subsequent major works were published.
In the 60s he published a short story "Ghosts" (1864) and an etude "Enough" (1865), where sad thoughts sounded about the ephemeral nature of all human values. For almost 20 years he lived in Paris and Baden-Baden, being interested in everything that happened in Russia.
1863 - 1871 - Turgenev and Viardot live in Baden, after the end of the Franco-Prussian war they move to Paris. At this time, Turgenev converges with G. Flaubert, the Goncourt brothers, A. Daudet, E. Zola, G. de Maupassant. Gradually, Ivan Sergeevich takes on the function of an intermediary between Russian and Western European literature.
The public upsurge of the 1870s in Russia, associated with the attempts of the populists to find a revolutionary way out of the crisis, the writer met with interest, became close to the leaders of the movement, and provided financial assistance in the publication of the collection Vperyod. His long-standing interest in the folk theme was awakened again, he returned to the "Notes of a Hunter", supplementing them with new essays, wrote the novels "Punin and Baburin" (1874), "Hours" (1875), etc. As a result of living abroad, the largest volume from Turgenev's novels - "Nov" (1877).
Turgenev's worldwide recognition was expressed in the fact that he, together with Victor Hugo, was elected co-chairman of the First International Congress of Writers, which took place in 1878 in Paris. In 1879 he received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University. On the slope of his life, Turgenev wrote his famous "poems in prose", in which almost all the motives of his work are presented.
In 1883 On August 22, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev died. This sad event happened in Bougival. Thanks to the will, Turgenev's body was transported and buried in Russia, in St. Petersburg.
