Definition - a minor member of the proposal. The definition answers the question what? whose? and denotes an attribute of an object. Definitions explain the members of the sentence.

Definitions are of 2 types

1) Agreed

2) Inconsistent

Agreed definitions

Agreed definitions are combined with the word being defined in the form (number, case, gender). And they can be expressed:

1) Adjective: I bought an orange T-shirt.

2) Pronoun: Our road.

3) Numerals: Give me the second volume.

4) Communion: Green forest

Agreed definitions most often come before the word being defined.

The meanings of agreed definitions vary. Depend on the meaning of the words (lexical) they are.

Definitions that denote the quality of an object are expressed by qualitative adjectives. Definitions that designate a sign of an object in terms of time and place of its location are expressed by relative adjectives. Definitions that are expressed by possessive adjectives or possessive pronouns indicate possession.

Definitions that indicate the indeterminacy of the subject in relation to property, quality, belonging, are expressed by indefinite pronouns. Definitions that are expressed by ordinal numbers indicate the order in counting. Definitions that can denote a sign associated with an action are expressed by participles.

Inconsistent definitions

Inconsistent definitions are combined with the main adjunction (they are an invariable part of speech or form) or control (placed with the main word and in a certain case). And they can be expressed:

1) A noun with and without a preposition in the indirect case: Climate in St. Petersburg. Pilot flight.

2) Infinitive: The desire to see. I have a desire to learn.

3) Adverb: I was served soft-boiled eggs. I love walking.

4) Comparative adjective: Smaller house.

5) Possessive pronoun of his, her, them: His sister. Their apartment.

6) In a single phrase: Mom saw a girl about fourteen years old.

Inconsistent attributions can indicate ownership if they are expressed by a noun without a preposition in the genitive case.

Inconsistent definitions can mean different features

• - sign by material;
• - a sign that indicates that the object has any external features, details;
• - a sign that characterizes the object in relation to space;
• - a sign indicating the contents of the subject;
• - a sign indicating the purpose of the subject, if they are expressed by a noun with prepositions in oblique cases.

Inconsistent definitions can mean a sign in relation to direction, quality, time, mode of action, if they are expressed by an adverb. Inconsistent definitions, which are expressed by the infinitive, serve to reveal the content of the subject

If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or explanatory circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dull. The entire population of the planet would speak in a business or official style, there would be no art books, and fairy-tale heroes would not expect children before going to bed.

What colorizes speech is precisely the isolated definition contained in it. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech and in fiction.

Definition concept

The definition is part of the sentence and describes the attribute of the subject. It answers the questions “what-th, -th, -th?”, Defining the object or “whose, th, th?”, indicating its belonging to someone.

Most often, the function of definition is performed by adjectives, for example:

• good (what?) heart;
• gold (what?) nugget;
• bright (what?) Appearance;
• old (what?) friends.

In addition to adjectives, definitions in a sentence can be pronouns denoting that an object belongs to a person:

• the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
• mother irons (whose?) her blouse;
• my brother sent home (whose?) my friends;
• father watered (whose?) my tree.

In a sentence, a definition is underlined by a wavy line and always refers to the subject expressed by the noun or other part of speech. This part of the sentence may consist of one word or be combined with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with isolated definitions. Examples:

• "Joyful, she reported the news." In this sentence, a single adjective is isolated.
• "The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state." A separate definition is participial turnover.

• "Satisfied with the success of her son, mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy." Here, the adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.

The examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.

Separate definitions

Definitions that provide additional information about the subject or clarify its belonging to any person are considered isolated. The meaning of the sentence will not change if a separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:

• "Mother carried the child, who fell asleep on the floor, to his crib" - "Mother carried the child to his crib."

• "Excited by the first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."

As you can see, sentences with isolated definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since the additional explanation conveys the state of the object.

Separate definitions can be consistent and inconsistent.

Agreed definitions

Definitions that agree with the word, the quality of which is determined in case, gender and number, are called agreed. In the offer they can be presented:

• adjective - a yellow leaf (what?) fell from a tree;
• pronoun - (whose?) My dog ​​fell off the leash;
• numerals - give him (what?) A second chance;
• communion - in the front garden (what?) green grass was visible.

The same properties in relation to the defined word have a separate definition. Examples:

• "Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone." The participle "said" is in the feminine, singular, nominative case, as is the word "speech", which it defines.
• "We went outside (what?), still wet from the rain." The adjective "wet" is in the same number, gender and case as the word "street" it defines.
• "People (what?), Joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, went to the theater." Since the word being defined is in the plural and the nominative case, the definition agrees with it in this.

A separate agreed definition (examples have shown this) can stand both before the word being defined, and after it, or in the middle of a sentence.

Inconsistent definition

When a definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the word being defined in 2 ways:

1. Adjacency is a combination of stable word forms or an invariable part of speech. For example: "He likes eggs (what?) Soft-boiled."
2. Control is the setting of a definition in a case, which is required by the word being defined. Often they indicate a sign by material, purpose or location of an object. For example: "the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood."

Several parts of speech can express an inconsistent isolated definition. Examples:

• A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions "with" or "in". Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya after the exam (which one?), In chalk, but satisfied with her grade. (“in mele” is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
• A verb in an indefinite form that answers the question "what?", "what to do?", "what to do?". In Natasha's life there was one great joy (what?) - to give birth to a child.
• Comparative degree of an adjective with dependent words. From a distance we spotted a friend in a dress (what?) brighter than she usually wears.

Each isolated definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.

Structure of definitions

In terms of their structure, definitions can consist of:

• from a separate word, for example, a delighted grandfather;
• adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
• from several separate definitions - grandfather, delighted with the news.

Separation of definitions depends on which word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often by a dash (for example, the biggest luck (what?) is to hit the jackpot in the lottery).

Separation of the sacrament

The most popular isolated definition, examples of which are most common, is a single participle (participial turnover). Commas with this type of definition are placed if it comes after the word that defines.

• The girl (what?), frightened, silently walked forward. In this example, the participle defines the state of the object and comes after it, so it is separated from both sides by commas.
• The painting (what?), painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here, the participle with a dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.

If the participle or participial turnover comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not put:

• The frightened girl silently walked forward.
• Painted in Italy, the picture became his favorite creation.

You should be aware of the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:

• when creating a valid sacrament in the present. tense from verb 1 conjugation, the suffix -usch -yusch is written (thinks - thinking, write - writing);
• when creating in present. the time of real communion 2 ref., use -asch-box (smoke - fuming, sting - stinging);
• in the past tense, real participles are formed using the suffix -vsh (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
• passive participles are created with the addition of suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and -em, -om-im and -t in the present (leads - led, love - beloved).

In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.

Separation of the adjective

Single or dependent adjectives are separated in the same way as participles. If a separate definition (examples and the rule are similar to a participle) is after the word being defined, then a comma is placed, and if before, then no.

• The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (The gray and foggy morning did not favor a walk.)

• Mom, angry, can be silent for several hours. (An angry mother may be silent for several hours).

Isolation with a defined personal pronoun

When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:

• Frustrated, she went into the yard.
• They were tired and went straight to bed.
• He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.

When the word being defined is separated by other words, the isolated definition (examples from fiction demonstrate this) is also separated by commas. For example, “Suddenly the whole steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling blue light, expanded (M. Gorky).

Other segregation definitions

A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey a meaning by kinship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For example:

• The professor, a handsome young man, looked at his new entrants.

• Mom, in her usual dressing gown and apron, has not changed at all this year.

In such constructions, separate definitions carry additional messages about the object.

The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, then the material is well absorbed.

Separate agreed and inconsistent definitions

Separate members of the sentence

1. As a rule, isolated (separated by a comma, and in the middle of a sentence are separated by commas on both sides) agreed common definitions expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the word being defined, for example: Poplars covered with dew filled the air with a delicate aroma(Chekhov).

Note. Agreed common definitions are not isolated:

a) standing before the noun being defined (if they do not have additional adverbial shades of meaning), for example: The detachment that came out early in the morning had already covered four versts(L. Tolstoy);

b) standing after the noun being defined, if the latter in itself in this sentence does not express the desired meaning and needs to be defined, for example: He could hear things rather unpleasant for himself, if Grushnitsky unequally guessed the truth(Lermontov) (the combination could hear things does not express the desired concept); Chernyshevsky created a highly original and extremely remarkable work.(Pisarev); It was an unusually kind smile, wide and soft, like that of an awakened child.(Chekhov); Division is the opposite of multiplication; We often fail to notice the more essential things;

c) related in meaning and grammatically to both the subject and the predicate, for example: The moon rose very crimson and gloomy, as if sick(Chekhov); Even birches and mountain ash stood sleepy in the sultry languor that surrounded them.(Mamin-Sibiryak); Foliage from under the feet comes out tightly adherent, gray(Prishvin); The sea at his feet lay silent and white against a cloudy sky(Paustovsky). Usually such constructions are formed with verbs of motion and state, acting as a significant connective, for example: Returned home tired; In the evening, Ekaterina Dmitrievna came running from the Law Club excited and joyful.(A.N. Tolstoy). If the verb of this type itself serves as a predicate, then the definition is isolated, for example: Trifon Ivanovich won two rubles from me and left, very pleased with his victory.(Turgenev);

d) expressed by a complex form of the comparative or superlative degree of the adjective, since such forms do not form a turnover and act as an indivisible member of the sentence, for example: The guest watched with a wariness much more convincing than the hospitality shown by the host; The author suggested a shorter version; The most urgent messages are published. Wed (if there is turnover): In the circle closest to the bride were her two sisters(L. Tolstoy).

2. Participles and adjectives with dependent words after an indefinite pronoun are usually not separated, since they form one whole with the preceding pronoun, for example: Her large eyes, full of inexplicable sadness, seemed to be searching in mine for something resembling hope.(Lermontov). But if the semantic connection between the pronoun and the definition following it is less close and when reading after the pronoun there is a pause, then isolation is possible, for example: And someone, sweaty and out of breath, runs from store to store...(V. Panova) (two single definitions are separated).

3. Definitive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns are not separated by a comma from the participial phrase following them, closely adjacent to it, for example: All factual data published in the book have been verified by the author; In this corner forgotten by people, I rested all summer; Your handwritten lines were hard to read. Wed: Everything laughing, cheerful, marked with the stamp of humor was little available to him.(Korolenko); Dasha was waiting for everything, but not this obediently bowed head.(A.N. Tolstoy).

But if the definitive pronoun is substantivized or if the participial turnover has the character of clarification or explanation, then the definition is isolated, for example: Everything related to the railway is still fanned for me by the poetry of travel.(Paustovsky); I wanted to distinguish myself in front of this, dear to me, person ...(Bitter).

Note. It is not uncommon for sentences with agreed definitions to allow variant punctuation. Wed: That middle one over there plays better than the others (That- definition with a substantiated word average). – That one, the middle one, plays better than the others.(substantiated word That- subject, with it a separate definition average).

A common definition is not separated by a comma from the preceding negative pronoun, for example: No one admitted to the Olympiad solved the last problem; None of these dishes can be compared to anything served under the same name in vaunted taverns.(although such designs are very rare).

4. Two or more agreed single definitions are separated after the noun being defined, if the latter is preceded by another definition, for example: ... Beloved faces, dead and alive, come to mind...(Turgenev); ...Long clouds, red and purple, guarded him[sun] peace...(Chekhov).

In the absence of a previous definition, two subsequent single definitions are separated or not separated depending on the author's intonation-semantic load, as well as their location (definitions standing between the subject and the predicate are separated). Wed:

1) ... I especially liked the eyes, big and sad e (Turgenev); And the Cossacks, both on foot and on horseback, marched on three roads to three gates(Gogol); Mother, sad and anxious, sat on a thick bundle and was silent ...(Gladkov);

2) Under this thick gray overcoat beat a passionate and noble heart.(Lermontov); I walked along the clean, smooth path, I did not inherit(Yesenin); Led a bow on the violin of an old gypsy, lean and gray-haired(Marshak).

5. An agreed single (non-spread) definition is separated:

1) if it carries a significant semantic load and can be equated in meaning with a subordinate clause, for example: At his cry, the caretaker appeared, sleepy(Turgenev);

2) if it has an additional circumstantial value, for example: It’s impossible for a young man in love not to blurt out, and I confessed everything to Rudin.(Turgenev) (cf .: "if he's in love"); Lyubochka's veil clings again, and two young ladies, excited, run up to her.(Chekhov);

3) if the definition is torn off in the text from the noun being defined, for example: Eyes closed and, half-closed, also smiled(Turgenev);

4) if the definition has a clarifying meaning, for example: And five minutes later it was already pouring heavy rain(Chekhov).

Note. A separate definition may refer to a noun that is absent in this sentence, but perceived from the context, for example: Look - out, dark, running through the steppe (Bitter).

6. Agreed common or single definitions standing directly before the noun being defined are isolated if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, temporary), for example: Accompanied by an officer, the commandant entered the house(Pushkin); Stunned by the blow of the cargo fist, Bulanin at first staggered in place, not understanding anything.(Kuprin); Tired to the last degree, the climbers could not continue their ascent; Left to their own devices, children will find themselves in a difficult position; Wide, free, alley into the distance attracts(Bryusov); Disheveled, unwashed, Nejdanov looked wild and strange.(Turgenev); Knowing real village life well, Bunin literally became furious at the far-fetched, unreliable portrayal of the people.(L. Krutikova); Tired of their mother's cleanliness, the guys learned to be cunning(V. Panova); Embarrassed, Mironov bowed at his back.(Bitter).

7. An agreed common or single definition is isolated if it is torn off from the noun being defined by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether the definition is in front of or after the word being defined), for example: And again, cut off from the tanks by fire, the infantry lay down on a bare slope ...(Sholokhov); Spread out on the grass, well-deserved shirts and trousers were drying ...(V. Panova); Behind the noise, they did not immediately hear a knock on the window. – persistent, solid(Fedin) (several isolated definitions, more often at the end of a sentence, can be separated by a dash).

8. Agreed definitions related to the personal pronoun are separated, regardless of the degree of prevalence and location of the definition, for example: Lulled by sweet hopes, he slept soundly(Chekhov); He turned and left, and I, confused, remained next to the girl in the empty hot steppe.(Paustovsky); From him, jealous, having locked himself in a room, you remember me, lazy, with a kind word(Simonov).

Note. Definitions with a personal pronoun are not isolated:

b) if the definition is semantically and grammatically related to both the subject and the predicate, for example: We dispersed satisfied with our evening(Lermontov); He comes out of the back rooms already completely upset ...(Goncharov); We ran to the hut soaking wet(Paustovsky); She came home upset, but not discouraged.(G Nikolaeva);

b) if the definition is in the form of the accusative case (such a construction, with a touch of obsolescence, can be replaced by a modern construction with instrumental case), for example: I found him ready to go(Pushkin) (cf. "I found it ready ..."); And then he saw him lying on a hard bed in a poor neighbor's house(Lermontov); Also: And the police beat her drunk on the cheeks(Bitter);

c) in exclamatory sentences like: Oh you're cute! Oh, I'm clueless!

9. Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns (more often with a preposition) are usually isolated in artistic speech if the meaning they express is emphasized, for example: Officers, in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulettes, flaunted the streets and the boulevard.(L. Tolstoy); Some plump woman, with her sleeves rolled up and her apron raised, was standing in the middle of the yard...(Chekhov); Five, without frock coats, in the same waistcoats, played ...(Goncharov). But compare: The best man in a top hat and white gloves, out of breath, throws off his coat in front(Chekhov); In another picture, above the carcass of a dead wild boar, there was a man with a mustache and slick hair.(Bogomolov).

In the neutral style of speech, there is a steady tendency towards the absence of isolation of such definitions, for example: teenagers in knitted hats and down jackets, permanent residents of underground passages.

Note. Inconsistent definitions can also appear before the noun being defined, for example: In a white tie, in a smart overcoat open, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in the loop of his tailcoat, the general was returning from dinner, alone(Turgenev).

Typically, such inconsistent definitions are pegged (the pegging of inconsistent definitions in all of the following cases is affected by their location):

c) if they refer to a proper name, for example: Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, in a cap on the back of her head and in a shawl, was sitting on a sofa(Goncharov); Elizaveta Kievna never left her memory, with red hands, in a man's dress, with a miserable smile and meek eyes.(A.N. Tolstoy); Fair-haired, with a curly head, without a hat and with a shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed handsome and unusual.(Chekhov);

b) if they refer to a personal pronoun, for example: I'm surprised that you, with your kindness, don't feel it.(L. Tolstoy); ... Today she, in a new blue hood, was especially young and impressively beautiful.(Bitter);

c) if separated from the word being defined by any other members of the sentence, for example: After dessert, everyone moved to the buffet, where, in a black dress, with a black mesh on her head, Karolina sat and watched with a smile as they looked at her.(Goncharov) (regardless of whether the word being defined is expressed by a proper or common name); On his ruddy face, with a straight large nose, bluish eyes (Gorky);

d) if they form a series of homogeneous members with previous or subsequent separate agreed definitions, for example: I saw a man, wet, in rags, with a long beard(Turgenev); With bony shoulder blades, with a bump under his eye, bent over and clearly afraid of the water, he was a funny figure.(Chekhov) (regardless of what part of speech the defined word is expressed).

Inconsistent definitions are often isolated in the names of persons by degree of kinship, profession, position, etc., since due to the significant specificity of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message, for example: Grandfather, in grandmother's katsaveyka, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiles at something(Bitter); The headman, in boots and an overcoat, with tags in his hand, noticing the priest from afar, took off his bright hat(L. Tolstoy).

The isolation of an inconsistent definition can serve as a means of deliberately separating a given turnover from a neighboring predicate, to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and referring it to the subject, for example. The women, with a long rake in their hands, wander into the field(Turgenev); The painter, drunk, drank a tea glass of lacquer instead of beer(Bitter). Wed Also: ... It seemed to Mercury Avdeevich that the stars were growing in the sky and the whole courtyard, with buildings, rose and went soundlessly to the sky(Fedin) (without isolation, the combination with buildings would not play the role of a definition).

10. Inconsistent definitions are separated, expressed by a turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective, if the noun being defined is usually preceded by an agreed definition, for example: A force stronger than his will threw him out of there.(Turgenev); A short beard, slightly darker than the hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin(A.K. Tolstoy); Another room, almost twice as large, was called the hall...(Chekhov).

In the absence of a previous agreed definition, the inconsistent definition expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective is not isolated, for example: But at another time there was no man more active than him(Turgenev).

11. Inconsistent definitions are isolated and separated with a dash, expressed by an indefinite form of the verb, before which words can be put without prejudice to the meaning "namely", For example: ...I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire - to do good!(Chekhov); But this lot is beautiful – shine and die(Bryusov).

If such a definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is highlighted with a dash on both sides, for example: ... Each of them solved this issue – leave or stay – for yourself, for your loved ones(Ketlinskaya). But if, according to the context, there should be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted, for example: Since there was only one choice left - to lose the army and Moscow or one Moscow, the field marshal had to choose the latter(L. Tolstoy).

Standalone Applications

1. A common application is isolated, expressed by a common noun with dependent words and related to a common noun (usually such an application is after the word being defined, less often in front of it), for example: The mother spoke more, the lady with gray hair(Turgenev); The good-natured old man, the hospital watchman, immediately let him in(L. Tolstoy); Miners, immigrants from the central Russian provinces and from Ukraine, settled in farms with the Cossacks, became related to them(Fadeev).

Constructions in sentences like: The editor-in-chief, who is also the deputy director of the publishing house, spoke about the plans of the publishing house.

2. A single non-common application, standing after a common noun, is isolated if the noun being defined has explanatory words with it, for example: He left his horse, raised his head and saw his correspondent, the deacon(Turgenev); One girl took care of me, Polish(Bitter).

Less commonly, an uncommon application is isolated with a single defined noun in order to strengthen the semantic role of the application, to prevent it from merge intonation with the word being defined, for example: Father, a drunkard, fed from an early age and herself(Bitter); And the enemies, fools, think that we are afraid of death(Fadeev).

Note 1. A single application is usually attached to the defined common noun with a hyphen, for example: hero city, oil geologists, teenage girls, sorceress winter, melancholy villain, research engineer, lone canoe, field nurse, cosmonaut pilot, frost governor, operator programmer, deceased father(But: father archpriest), pans-gentry(But: pan hetman), song bird, innovator worker, bomber plane, giant slalom, musician neighbor, old watchman, excellent student(But: excellent students...– heterogeneous applications), physiologist, French teacher, organic chemist, battle painter.

Note 2. In some cases, hyphenated spelling is also possible in the presence of an explanatory word (definition), which in meaning can refer to or to the entire combination ( famous experimenter-inventor, dexterous acrobat juggler), or only to the word being defined ( demobilized military conscript, original self-taught artist, my teacher neighbor), or only to the application ( experienced female doctor). However, in these cases, double punctuation is possible; compare: The lecture will be read by a well-known professor-chemist. – The lecture will be read by a famous professor, chemist; The assignment was given to one philology student. – The assignment was given to one student, a philologist.

A hyphen is also written after a proper name (most often a geographical name acting as an application for a generic name), for example: Moskva-river, Baikal-lake, Kazbek-gora, Astrakhan-gorod(but without the hyphen in reverse word order: the Moscow River, Lake Baikal, Mount Kazbek, the city of Astrakhan; expressions like mother Rus', mother earth have the character of stable combinations). After the proper name of a person, a hyphen is placed only if the noun being defined and the application merge into one complex intonation-semantic whole, for example: Ivan Tsarevich, Ivanushka the Fool, Anika the Warrior, Dumas the Father, Rockefeller Sr.

The hyphen is not written:

a) if the preceding one-word application can be equated in meaning to the definition of an adjective, for example: handsome man(cf.: handsome man), old man father, giant factory(but when rearranging words: giant plant), a poor tailor, a hero horseman, a little orphan, a predatory wolf, an expert cook;

b) if in a combination of two common nouns the first of them denotes a generic concept, and the second - a specific one, for example: magnolia flower, baobab tree, boletus mushroom, finch bird, cockatoo parrot, macaque monkey, silver steel, carbon gas, floss thread, zipper, tweed fabric, Roquefort cheese, kharcho soup. But if such a combination is a composite scientific term (in which the second part does not serve as an independent specific designation), the name of the specialty, etc., then the hyphen is written, for example: European hare, goshawk, stag beetle, hermit crab, field mouse, cabbage butterfly, general practitioner, toolmaker;

c) if the noun or application being defined is itself written with a hyphen, for example: female surgeons, civil engineer designer, mechanical designer, Volga-mother river; but (in separate terms): rear admiral-engineer, captain-lieutenant-engineer;

a) if the noun being defined has two uncommon applications connected by the conjunction And, For example: students of philology and journalists, MPs Conservatives and Liberals; the same if there is a common application for two definable nouns, for example: students and graduate students of philology;

e) if the first element of the combination are words citizen, master, comrade, our brother, your brother(in meaning “I and others like me”, “you and others like you”), For example: citizen judge, mister envoy, comrade secretary, our brother student.

3. An application related to a proper name is isolated if it comes after the noun being defined, for example: My brother Petya, a teacher, sings wonderfully(Chekhov); Sergei Ivanovich, the head of the family, a tall, round-shouldered man who shaved his head, was a good carpenter(Soloukhin).

Before a proper name, an application is isolated only if it has an additional adverbial value, for example: A renowned scout, Travkin remained the same quiet and modest young man that he was when they first met.(Kazakevich) (cf .: "although he was a famous intelligence officer" - with a concessive meaning). But: The lieutenant of the tsarist army Vasily Danilovich Dibich made his way from German captivity to his homeland ...(Fedin) (without additional adverbial value).

4. The proper name of a person or the nickname of an animal acts as a separate application if it serves to explain or clarify a common noun (you can insert words before such an application without changing the meaning “and his name is”, “namely”, “that is”), For example: The daughter of Darya Mikhailovna, Natalya Alekseevna, at first sight might not like(Turgenev); At the door, in the sun, with his eyes closed, lay his father's favorite greyhound dog. – Milka(L. Tolstoy); And the brothers Anya, Petya and Andryusha, schoolboys, pulled him[father] behind the tailcoat and whispered embarrassed ...(Chekhov).

Note. In many cases, double punctuation is possible, depending on the presence or absence of an explanatory shade of meaning and the corresponding intonation when reading. Wed:

G) Only one Cossack, Maxim Golodukha, escaped from Tatar hands along the way.(Gogol); Elizaveta Alekseevna went to visit her brother, Arkady Alekseevich(she has only one brother; if there were several, then when expressing the same thought, her own name should not be isolated); He reminded me of my son Borka(same basis);

b) His sister Mary entered; Today my friend Valentin and I are leaving for Moscow; The head of the course Dima Shilov informed; Belov, Ivan Petrovich, a mathematics teacher, appeared in the corridor.

5. Application attached by the union How(with an additional meaning of causality), as well as words by name, by surname, nickname, family, etc., is usually isolated if it is at the beginning or middle of a sentence, for example: Ilyusha sometimes, like a frisky boy, just wants to rush and redo everything himself(Goncharov); As a person of high rank, it is not fitting for me to ride a horse...(Chekhov); Like an old gunner I despise this kind of cold decoration(Sholokhov) (regardless of what part of speech the defined word is expressed); ... A little dark-haired lieutenant, by the name of Zhuk, led the battalion to the backyards of that street ...(Simonov) (pay attention to the intonation of isolation).

Note. Union Attached Application How with meaning "as", as well as words by name, by surname, by nickname, by birth, etc., is not isolated if it is at the end of a sentence, for example: The response received is considered as consent.(Azhaev); He got himself a teddy bear named Yasha(Paustovsky); We met a German doctor named Schultz(without intonation of isolation).

6. The application is always isolated with a personal pronoun, for example: Should he, a dwarf, compete with a giant?(Pushkin); Doctrinaire and somewhat pedant, he liked to instruct(Herzen); Tears of humiliation, they were caustic(Fedin); Here is the explanation(L. Tolstoy).

In sentences like the last example, double punctuation is possible, depending on the nature of intonation, the presence or absence of a pause after the 3rd person pronoun (in demonstrative function) with the preceding particle here (out); compare:

A) Here they are, bunny dreams!(Saltykov-Shchedrin); Here they are, workers!(Troepolsky);

b) Here is the reality(Sukhovo-Kobylin); That's pride(Gorbunov); Here it is the triumph of virtue and truth(Chekhov).

It is not put in such sentences when following a demonstrative particle with a pronoun after a noun, for example: Spring is over there, in the yard(B. Field).

7. A separate application may refer to a word missing in this sentence, if the latter is suggested by the context, for example: What about before lunch? – I, brother, have a court waiter in mind: so, the dog, will feed you that you just won’t get up(Gogol); Everything is getting smarter...(Gorky. Artamonov case: Peter about Alexei).

The missing pronoun may be suggested by the personal form of the verb-predicate, for example: I never drink, sinner, but through such a case I will drink(Chekhov).

8. Instead of a comma, when separating applications, a dash is used:

a) if before the application it is possible to insert words without changing the meaning "namely", For example: A new state flag of the Russian Federation has been approved - a tricolor flag with white, blue and red longitudinal stripes;

b) before a common or single application at the end of a sentence, if independence is emphasized or an explanation of such an application is given, for example: I don't like this tree too much – aspen(Turgenev); We drove around some old dam sunk in nettles, and a long-dry pond – deep yaruga, overgrown with weeds taller than human height(Bunin); Nearby was a closet – directory storage(Granin).

Wed single application after common proper name: Welcome to the capital of Ukraine - Kyiv!

c) to highlight on both sides applications that are of an explanatory nature (usually in artistic speech), for example: Some unnatural greenery – the creation of boring incessant rains – covered the fields and cornfields with a liquid net ...(Gogol); Light spasms - a sign of a strong feeling - ran through his wide lips ...(Turgenev); The overseer of the rooming house, a retired soldier from the Skobelev era, followed the owner(Fedin).

The second dash is omitted:

1) if, according to the conditions of the context, a comma is placed after a separate application, for example: Using a special device for breathing a person under water - scuba gear, you can dive to a depth of tens of meters;

2) if the application expresses a more specific meaning, and the preceding word being defined has a more general meaning, for example: At the meeting of the leaders of the countries-participants of the Commonwealth of Independent States, topical problems of economic development were considered;

3) if in such a construction the application precedes the word being defined, for example: The most deceitful, hypocritical and most influential of all the "teachers of life" - the church, preaching "love for your neighbor as for yourself", in the past burned tens of thousands of people at the stake, blessed "religious" wars(Bitter); One of the outsiders of the national championship – Athletes of the club "Fili" won the third victory in a row(From newspapers);

a) for clarity, if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members of the proposal, for example: At the table sat the mistress of the house, her sister - a friend of my wife, two faces unfamiliar to me, my wife and I. The second dash is not put in these cases; compare: I began to talk about conditions, about inequality, about people who are victims of life and about people who are the masters of it.(Bitter);

b) to separate prepositive (standing in front) homogeneous applications from the word being defined, for example: The author of wonderful works for children, a brilliant translator, poet and playwright - Marshak took a prominent place in Russian literature;

c) in constructions like: Mephistopheles - Chaliapin was inimitable. Wed: Ernani - Gorev is as bad as a shoemaker(from a letter to A.P. Chekhov).

What is a separate definition?

Irina Robertovna Makhrakova

If you are only interested in the term itself, then a separate definition is a definition that is distinguished in pronunciation by voice, and in writing by punctuation marks, more often commas, and sometimes dashes.
A separate definition is most often expressed:
a) participle with dependent words (participial turnover) - Squeaky carts filled with black grapes stretched along the dusty road leading to the gardens (L.T.);
b) an adjective with dependent words - We were surrounded on all sides by a continuous secular forest, equal in size to a good principality (Kupr.);
c) two or more single adjectives or participles - The other shore, flat and sandy, densely and discordantly covered with a close bunch of huts (M. G.)
d) forms of indirect cases of nouns (more often with prepositions) - single or common - Kholop, in brilliant decoration, with sleeves folded back, carried various drinks and edibles right there (G.)

If you are interested in the conditions for separating definitions, then they are discussed in detail [the link is blocked by the decision of the project administration]

A sign might help with this.

Knot for memory

A definition distinguished in speech by pauses and intonations, and in writing by commas. Usually expressed by homogeneous adjectives or participles.
Separate definitions are: a) agreed and b) inconsistent.

Detached Members:
- clarify the idea being expressed;
- specify the description of the action;
- give a more in-depth description of a person or object;
- add expressive coloring to the sentence.

General conditions for separation of definitions:
1) stand after the word being defined;
2) refer to a personal pronoun;
3) have additional circumstantial significance.
4) remoteness of the definition from the word being defined

What is a stand-alone agreed common definition? Preferably detailed and with example(s)

Tamara

Anya Magomedova

The rule is long. In short, it is a participial turnover. Separation is the placement of commas at the beginning and end of a turnover. As a rule, common agreed definitions are isolated, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the noun being defined, for example: A cloud hanging over the high tops of poplars was already raining (Kor.); Sciences alien to music were disgusting to me (P.).

Agreed definitions are expressed by adjective participles, pronominal adjectives, ordinal numbers: Your joy and sorrow Joy and sorrow for me Goncharov. The meaning of the agreed definition as a secondary member of the sentence is determined by the lexical meaning of the word by which it is expressed. In modern Russian, the most common definitions are expressed by qualitative and relative adjectives.

If this work does not suit you, there is a list of similar works at the bottom of the page. You can also use the search button

Definition agreed and inconsistent

Agreed definitionsare expressed by parts of speech related to the word being defined, and are able to become like it in number and case, and in the singular and in gender. Agreed definitions are expressed by adjectives, participles, pronominal adjectives, ordinal numbers: yours joy and sorrow joy and sorrow for me (Goncharov). An adjective that is part of a phraseological unit (White Sea, New Year) should not be considered a definition.

The meaning of the agreed definition as a secondary member of the sentence is determined by the lexical meaning of the word by which it is expressed. In modern Russian, the most common definitions are expressed by qualitative and relative adjectives.

Definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives denote various features of an object, person or phenomenon. They may indicate signs of the spatial relationships of objects: Almost everything that was happening ahead (Simonov) was visible from the wide window; signs of a temporary relationship; properties of things perceived by the senses; physical properties of people, animals, insects.

Definitions expressed by relative adjectives denote various features of an object, person or phenomenon not directly, but through relation to other objects, as well as to place, time (in accordance with the lexical meaning of the adjective). Relative adjectives can designate a sign of an object by material, by location, by time, a sign in its relation to a person, a sign in its relation to a concept.

Definitions expressed by possessive adjectives denote the belonging of the characterized object to a specific person. The meaning of belonging is also expressed by possessive pronouns: My labor is related to any labor (Mayakovsky).

Definitions expressed by demonstrative pronouns indicate the specificity of the object being defined: this the town he came from Moscow (Yu. Kazakov).

Indefinite pronouns in the role of a definition indicate the indefiniteness of the sign of an object (some kind of house).

Definitions expressed by definitive and negative pronouns designate properties and qualities in accordance with their inherent meanings: Almost no noise was heard all around (Turgenev).

Inconsistent definitionis associated with the word being defined using a control (birch branch) or adjunction (Turkish coffee). The inconsistent definition can be expressed in various ways. There is a large group of inconsistent definitions expressed by nouns in all oblique cases with prepositions: There was a threshold in three steps (Bunin).

Inconsistent definitions include definitions expressed by the personal pronoun of the 3rd person in the form of the genitive case in the possessive meaning, as well as the comparative degree of the adjective.

In the definition function, an adverb (for the future) can be used, as well as an infinitive, which serves to explain the sentence member of an abstract noun: He had a weakness think that standing he retains more greatness (Novikov). Phraseological units also become inconsistent definitions (she did not like potatoes in uniform).

Inconsistent definitions denote various features of an object, person or phenomenon. So, an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the genitive case can characterize belonging. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by nouns in oblique cases with prepositions, also denote various features by material, by the presence of an external difference in the subject, by the purpose of the subject.

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by adjectives in a comparative degree, denote a qualitative feature of an object that is more or less characteristic of it than other objects: Baba, in a red skirt, in a white shirt, stands in a thicket of hemp higher her height (Bunin).

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by adverbs, denote a sign with the meaning of quality, image and mode of action, time.

Inconsistent definitions expressed by the infinitive help to reveal the content of the subject, which is indicated by an abstract noun: Having finally abandoned the thought learn his reasonable reading and writing, I began to teach him to sign mechanically (Kuprin).

The inconsistent definition often causes punctuation difficulties. The difficulty lies in the fact that it is not always easy to distinguish it from the agreed one, which will be separated by a comma. It is difficult to find a good text that does not contain these sentence members, because their use enriches speech. However, agreed and inconsistent definitions, examples of which are presented below, are an attribute only of written speech.

Secondary members of the sentence explain the main ones, but can also refer to the same minor ones. If they complement the grammatical basis, they will be called secondary members of the subject or predicate group.

For example:

The high, cloudless sky completely occupied the horizon.

The subject is the sky. Its group: the definitions are high, cloudless. The predicate - occupied. His group: addition horizon, circumstance completely.

Definition, addition, circumstance - these are the three minor members of the sentence. To determine which of them is used in a sentence, you need to ask a question and determine the part of speech. So, additions are most often nouns or pronouns in indirect cases. Definitions - adjectives and parts of speech close to them (pronouns, participles, ordinal numbers, also nouns). Circumstances are adverbs or participles, as well as nouns.

Sometimes there is a polysemy of the secondary term: it answers two questions at the same time. As an example, consider the sentence:

The train to Omsk left without delay.

The secondary member to Omsk can act as a circumstance (train (where?) to Omsk) or as a definition (train (what?) to Omsk).

Another example:

Snow lies on spruce paws.

The secondary member on the paws is both a circumstance (lies (where?) on the paws) and an addition (lies (on what?) on the paws).

What is definition

Definition - such a secondary member of the sentence, to which you can ask questions: “What?”, “What?”, “What?”, “What?”, “Whose?”

Distinguish agreed and inconsistent definitions. Gradation depends on how this member of the sentence is expressed.

A definition can be an adjective, a noun, a numeral, a pronoun, a participle, and even an infinitive. They extend the subject, object, and circumstance.

For example:

The last leaves hung from the frozen branches.

The definition of the latter refers to the subject leaflets; the definition of frozen refers to the addition-circumstance on the branches.

Sometimes these minor members of the sentence can carry the main semantic load of the subject and be included in its composition.

For example:

A villager does not like to get out into a stuffy city.

Here the role of the definition village is very interesting, without which the subject inhabitant would not make sense. That is why it will be part of the main member of the proposal. Thus, in this example, the subject is a villager.

Semantic functions of definitions

Both agreed and non-agreed definitions can express the following meanings:

1. The quality of the item (beautiful dress, interesting book).
2. Quality of action (opened door, thinking student).
3. Place (forest fire - fire in the forest).
4. Time (December holidays - holidays in December).
5. Attitude to another object (clay vase - clay vase).
6. Belonging (mother's heart - mother's heart).

Agreed Definition

Definitions agreed can act as the following parts of speech:

• Adjective name (children's toy, deep lake).
• Pronoun (your car, a certain amount).
• Communion (meowing kitten, waving flag).
• Numerals (eighteenth fighter, first student).

Between this definition and the word to which it refers, there is an agreement in gender, number and case.

Our majestic history spans twenty centuries.

Here are the following agreed definitions:

History (whose?) Ours - pronoun;

History (what?) majestic - adjective;

Centuries (how many?) Twenty - numeral.

As a rule, the agreed definition in the sentence is before the word to which it refers.

Definition inconsistent

Another, more expressive kind is the inconsistent definition. They can be the following parts of speech:

1. Nouns with or without a preposition.

2. Adjectives in the comparative degree.

3. Verb-infinitive.

Let's analyze a sentence with an inconsistent definition:

The meeting with classmates will take place on Friday.

Meeting (what?) With classmates. An inconsistent definition with classmates is expressed by a noun with a preposition.

Next example:

I have never met a friendlier person than you.

The inconsistent definition is expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective: a person (which one?) Is more friendly.

Let's analyze the sentence, where the definition is expressed by the infinitive:

I had a great opportunity to come to the seashore every morning.

There was an opportunity (what?) to come - this is an inconsistent definition.

The examples of sentences discussed above allow us to conclude that this type of definition is most often found after the word to which it refers.

How to distinguish an agreed definition from a non-agreed one

In order not to get confused about which definition is in the sentence, you can follow the algorithm:

1. Find out what part of speech the definition is.
2. Look at the type of connection between the definition and the word to which it refers (agreement - an agreed definition, control and adjacency - an inconsistent definition). Examples: meowing kitten - connection agreement, definition meowing - agreed; a box made of wood - communication control, the definition of wood is inconsistent.
3. Pay attention to where the definition is in relation to the main word. Most often, the main word is preceded by an agreed definition, and after it, an inconsistent definition. Examples: a meeting (what?) with investors - the definition is inconsistent, it is after the main word; deep ravine - the definition is agreed, it stands after the main word.
4. If the definition is expressed by a stable combination or phraseological phrase, it will certainly be inconsistent: it was (what?) Neither fish nor meat. Phraseologism neither fish nor meat acts as an inconsistent definition.

A table will help distinguish between agreed and inconsistent definitions.

The concept of isolation

Situations often arise when in a sentence there are separate agreed and inconsistent definitions that require separation by appropriate punctuation marks (commas or dashes). Separation always implies two identical punctuation marks, it should not be confused, for example, with commas with homogeneous members, where single commas are used. In addition, the use of two different characters in isolation is a gross mistake, which indicates a misunderstanding of this linguistic phenomenon.

Separating agreed definitions with commas is a more frequent phenomenon than separating inconsistent ones. To determine whether a comma is necessary, you need to pay attention to two aspects:

• The position of a separate definition in relation to the word being defined.
• How are the members of the sentence participating in the isolation expressed (the definition itself and the word being defined): history (what?) majestic - adjective; centuries (how many?) twenty - numeral.

Separation of agreed definitions

If the agreed definition is after the word being defined, it must be separated by commas if:

1. It is a participle. For example: A basket of mushrooms, collected the day before, stood in the cellar. Here, the isolated definition collected the day before is a participle turnover, which is located after the word basket being defined.
2. It is an adjective with dependent words. For example: Through the glass, crystal clear, you could see everything that was happening in the yard. Here, the definition of crystal clear is an adjective (pure) and its dependent word (crystal). It is required to put commas, because this revolution is located after the word glass, which is being defined.
3. Definitions are necessarily separated if there is another definition before the word being defined. For example: Autumn days, bright and sunny, soon faded away. The definition of autumn is in front of the defined word days, respectively, the definition of bright and sunny must be separated by commas.
4. Definitions are not common, they are in the sentence after the word being defined. For example: The southern night, black and warm, was full of mysterious sounds. The definition black and warm are two uncommon adjectives connected by the union and. There may be such an option: the southern night, black, warm, was full of mysterious sounds. In this example, the union is absent, but the definition is still isolated.

In the latter case, you need to be more careful, because there are situations when the definition is closely related in meaning to the word to which it refers, so it is not required to separate it with commas. For example:

In a country far from home, loneliness is somehow felt in a special way.

The definition far from home should not be separated by commas, because without it the meaning of the sentence is not clear.

Separation of the agreed definition, which is before the word being defined, is necessary if it has the meaning of cause or concession. For example:

Exhausted by the difficult transition, the tourists were glad to set up camp.

In this case, the definition exhausted by a long transition is isolated, because it is used in the sense of a reason: since the tourists were exhausted by a difficult transition, they were glad to set up camp. Another example:

Not yet greened, the trees are elegant and festive.

Here the definition has a concession that has not yet been planted with greenery: despite the fact that the trees have not yet been planted with greenery, they are elegant and festive.

Separation of inconsistent definitions

Separate inconsistent definitions are a rather rare phenomenon. Usually they are paired with matched ones. Thus, isolated inconsistent definitions are usually used after the word being defined and are associated with the agreed connection by agreement.

For example:

This coat, new, ribbed, suited Natasha very well.

In this example, the inconsistent ribbed definition is related to the agreed new definition, so it needs to be isolated.

Here is another sentence with a separate, inconsistent definition:

Quite by accident we met Andrey, in the dust, tired.

In this case, the inconsistent definition in the dust is related to the consistent definition of tired, so commas are required.

It is not necessary to separate with commas the cases when there are isolated inconsistent definitions before the agreed one. Examples:

From a distance we saw sailors in pressed uniforms, happy and contented.

In this case, it is possible not to isolate the inconsistent definition in a smoothed form, because after it there are agreed: happy, satisfied.

In classical literature, one can find both non-isolated and isolated inconsistent definitions. Examples:

Two stearin candles, in travel silver chandeliers, burned in front of him. (Turgenev I.S.) and Three soldiers in overcoats, with guns on their shoulders, walked in step to replace the company box (Tolstoy L.N.).

In a sentence from Turgenev's work, the inconsistent definition in travel silver chandeliers is isolated, but Tolstoy's sentence of the same construction is not. In the latter there are no punctuation marks in the definitions in overcoats, with guns.

As a rule, inconsistent definitions related to the predicate group are not isolated. Let's look at the last example: they walked (how? in what?) with guns, in overcoats.

Application as a special kind of definition

A special kind of definition is an application. It is always expressed by a noun. Applications and inconsistent definitions should be distinguished. The latter are associated with the word being defined by means of control, while between the application and the main word there is an agreement.

For example, let's compare two sentences:

1. You, as the chief engineer, must oversee this project.

2. This woman in a white coat made the guys grumble.

In the first case, we have an application engineer. Let us prove this by declining the main and the definition of the word. You are an engineer - you are an engineer - you are an engineer - you are an engineer, etc. The connection between the words is clearly visible agreement, respectively, we have an application. Let's try to do the same with the definition from the second sentence. A woman in a white coat - a woman in a white coat - a woman in a white coat. Communication is control, so here we observe an inconsistent definition.

In addition, the application simply names the subject differently, while the inconsistent definition is some kind of its sign.

Application isolation

A single application, as a rule, is written with a hyphen: hostess sister, lord commander. In certain cases, the application will stand apart. Let's sort them out.

The application that refers to the personal pronoun is separated. Examples:

1. Does she, an excellent student, take care of the control.

Here the application of an excellent student refers to the pronoun to her.

2. Here it is, the reason.

We isolate the application reason, because it refers to the pronoun she.

A common application is isolated if it is located after the word being defined. Examples:

1. A brave captain, a thunderstorm of the seas, easily passed any reefs.

The thunderstorm application is a common one (thunderstorm (what?) of the seas), so you need to separate it with commas.

2. The girl, everyone's favorite, received the best gift.

The application universal favorite is used after the word girl being defined.

Applications are separated with the meaning of reason, concession, clarification (with it there is a union like). Example:

You, as an investor, can control the work of employees. - You can control the work of subordinates because you are an investor (reason value).

Here you need to be careful, because the application with the union as in the meaning of "as" is not isolated. For example:

As a school discipline, mathematics develops logical thinking well. - As a school discipline, mathematics develops logical thinking well. Separation is not needed.

If a separate application is at the end of a sentence, it can be distinguished with a dash. For example:

The rest of the sisters are similar to each other - Elizabeth and Sophia.

The application Elizabeth and Sophia is at the end of the sentence, so a dash is separated.

I.V. KHAZANOV,
Moscow

Separation of agreed definitions

Materials for the online lesson

The editors promised to acquaint our readers with the life of the Internet, in particular, with the lessons of the Russian language. Today we are publishing the first such lesson prepared by I.V. Khazanova, an employee of NIIRO (Research Institute for the Development of Education) and a teacher at Lyceum No. 525.
For now, we present a version of the online lesson. It is clear that on the Internet it will be presented in a different form, since this is an interactive lesson in which the next step is based on the answers to previous questions.

Definitions. Separate members of the proposal such secondary members are called that stand out in meaning and intonation. They contain an element of an additional message, therefore they are logically underlined and acquire some syntactic independence as part of a sentence. In writing, separate members are distinguished by commas or dashes.

Agreed definitions expressed by adjectives, participles and other agreed words.

SEPARATION OF COMMON AGREED DEFINITIONS

A common agreed definition is isolated in any position in relation to the word being defined, if it refers to personal pronoun .

She, supported by colleagues, spoke at the meeting.
Supported by colleaguesshe spoke at the meeting.

A common consensus definition relating to to a noun, separates in position after defined word.

Painting, painted by famous artist was in the museum.
Drawn by famous artistpainting was in the museum.

Agreed common and single definitions related to common nouns and proper nouns are isolated if they are torn off from the word being defined, i.e. remotely located.

Right in front of the windows bright and tenacious threw rays to every passerby flashlight.
Narrow and transparent, appears in the sky month.

Test yourself

A. For the highlighted words, select common agreed-upon definitions from the list; put commas where necessary.

1. Comments to the event... do not correspond to the truth. 2. He... I didn't want to do anything myself. 3. ... boy asked for forgiveness from his parents. 4. Wall... had a strange look. 5. Island... was now hiding in the fog. 6. Serves well on the hunt gun... 7. ...he was always in charge of all the cool tricks. 8. ...she hastened to inform all relatives.

Widespread in the press, delighted by the news, spoiled by the servants, red with shame, first on the list, oil-painted, close to the shore, tried and tested for years(gender, case, number can be changed).

B. Set up punctuation marks. In which case is the definition not highlighted?

1. Tired of the windy light (1) he falls in love with a spontaneous, innocent girl with the love of a brother (P. Weil, A. Genis).
2. Finally, the procurator heard both the long-awaited steps and the spanking on the stairs (2) leading to the upper platform of the garden (3) in front of the balcony (M. Bulgakov).
3. Between two marble lions, first a head in a hood appeared, and then a completely wet person (4) in a cloak clinging to the body (5) (M. Bulgakov).
4. Shaken by all this (6), the accountant reached the secretary room (7), which was the threshold of the office of the chairman of the commission, and here he was completely amazed (M. Bulgakov).

Answer: (4), (5), (6) .

SEPARATION OF NON-DIFFERENT AGREED DEFINITIONS

Single agreed definitions (one, two or more) are isolated in any position if they refer to a personal pronoun.
Two (or more) agreed definitions are separated if they come after the noun they define, which, as a rule, already has a definition.

1. After tiresome roads, rocky, broken, dusty, everyone gladly went to wash.
2. Excited, He frightened us with his stories.
3. He, excited, frightened us with his stories.
4. Bright, picturesquesunset already burned out.

Two (or more) agreed definitions are not isolated if they come before the noun being defined.

Test yourself

Match the highlighted words with definitions from the list; put commas where necessary (gender, number, case can be changed).

1. Look it up eye... amazed everyone present. 2. ... it stood out among the verdant young trees. 3. Babushkin cup... got our attention. 4. River... was captured on his landscape.

Deep, calm, majestic; tall, narrow, patterned; old, rotten, rotten; cheerful, mischievous, laughing.

Agreed definitions before the word being defined are isolated if they have additional adverbial meanings.

What additional value do these agreed definitions have?

1. Attached to a new dwelling forcibly, Ivan almost threw up his hands from the swagger of the woman and silently poked his finger into the pajamas from the crimson tale (M. Bulgakov).
2. Cheerful and cheerful by nature, the boy never communicated with his peers, but only with older comrades.
3. Tired of pessimistic observations and heat, the commissioner returned to the ship downcast.

1 - conditions, 2 - concessions, 3 - reasons.

Test yourself

Choose among the examples those that correspond to this rule, and put commas.

1. She looks: forgotten in the hall / Cue was resting on billiards (A. Pushkin).
2. Founded by a glorious warrior, the Swedish dynasty is one of the most glorious in the world.
3. I came two weeks later and was received by some girl with eyes slanted to her nose from constant lies (M. Bulgakov).
4. Alien to military art, Grinev did not suspect that the fate of the campaign was being decided at that moment.
5. Alarmed by these rumors, the guests decided to leave immediately.
6. Exhausted by long idleness behind the mirrored doors of the entrance, the doorman put his whole soul into the whistle ... (M. Bulgakov).

Answer options:

1, 3, 4, 6;
1, 2, 5;
2, 4, 5, 6 .

In this lesson, cases of separation of agreed definitions are considered. They are most often found in the written work of students, and it makes sense to study this material in the first place. Independent work on the analysis of proposals and the formulation of conditions for isolation helps to better understand and assimilate the material. To consolidate the material, it is advisable to invite students to make sentences using the indicated examples.
The theory of isolated members of the sentence was developed by A.M. Peshkovsky. He also introduced the term itself into scientific use.

The scientist and teacher Alexander Matveyevich Peshkovsky (1878–1933) throughout his scientific career reflected on the interaction between science and school. The main book of A.M. Peshkovsky "Russian syntax in scientific coverage" was first published in 1914 with the subtitle "Popular essay. Handbook for self-education and school. This essay by A.M. Peshkovsky wrote after eight years as a teacher in Moscow gymnasiums, seeking to acquaint his students with the real scientific grammar of their native language. The book went through eight editions, the last one came out recently.

It is in this book that the scientist devotes a whole chapter to the theory of isolated members of a sentence.

Peshkovsky was able to present serious scientific problems simply, vividly and interestingly. The scientist never tried to falsify linguistic facts for the sake of a beautifully invented theory and did not simplify the linguistic reality.

For the school of A.M. Peshkovsky wrote a book in three parts, Our Language, where he tries to teach children to observe language. For example, it provides text without spaces between words.

The cold winter has passed..

Questions and tasks are given to the text, for example: why the story is more difficult to read than others; whether it will be clear reading; how many breaks need to be made in the story; what happens to the voice before the break, etc.
The author tries to bring the student to the conclusion about the role of intonation in speech.
In this way, Peshkovsky involved students in an active process of research and discovery.

Deep Learning Resources

1. His face had an expression quite pleasant, but picaresque.
2. A young officer with a face swarthy and remarkably ugly.
3. I was sitting immersed in deep thought.
4. The moon hangs in a clear evening sky full, visible through the branches of the maple (M. Bulgakov).

At first glance, these examples contradict the rules. In such positions, definitions should be isolated, but if we put commas, then the semantic relationships between words will be destroyed. What means face had an expression or officer with a face? Word face in such a context, it necessarily requires a definition - without it, absurdity is obtained, therefore, in such cases it is impossible to separate the definition from the word being defined.
In the 3rd and 4th examples, the definitions are closely related in meaning to both the subject and the predicate, so we do not single them out. So any rule must be used meaningfully, and not mechanically.

Preparing for the Unified State Exam

Which digits should be replaced by commas?

Illuminated by light (1) incorrectly (2) and tremblingly burning (3) they seemed like a wild host of dwarves (4) surrounded by heavy (5) underground steam (6) in the darkness of a deep night (N.Gogol).

Answer options:

1, 2, 5, 6;
1, 3, 4, 5, 6;
1, 3, 4, 6;
3, 4.

Specify a sentence with a punctuation error

(1) At the beginning of the 20th century, an electric tram appeared in the cities of Russia.
(2) Interestingly, in the trams of those years, the sound signaling was not electric, but manual. (3) During the departure, the conductor of the trailer car pulled the rope that stretched to the bell fixed on the ceiling of the rear platform of the motor car. (4) The conductor of the motor car, hearing this signal, pulled his shorter rope, and a bell rang from the front platform. (5) Hearing him, the driver, in turn, pressed the bell with his foot, placed to the right of his seat, and only after all these chimes did the tram move off. (6) On the way, the carriage driver rang his foot bell almost continuously, warning oncoming horse-drawn vehicles and passers-by.
(7) Passengers standing in the carriage held on to soft leather loops fastened on special sticks on both sides of the carriage (J.Rivosh).

Answer: 5.

Lesson summary

So, agreed common and non-common definitions are always isolated if the word being defined is a personal pronoun.
If the word being defined is a noun, then the common definition after it is always isolated.
Before a noun, the definition is isolated under the condition of an additional adverbial meaning.
Two (or more) agreed definitions are separated if they come after the noun they define, which, as a rule, already has a definition.

Lesson vocabulary

Punctuation
Punctuation marks
Dividing punctuation mark
Distinguishing punctuation marks
Agreed Definition
Separate members of the sentence

Punctuation is a collection of rules for the use of punctuation marks.

Punctuation marks- this is a space, period, question and exclamation marks, ellipsis, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, brackets.

Dividing punctuation mark- single, separates the members of a sentence and parts of a complex sentence.

Distinguishing punctuation marks- paired, highlight the members of the sentence, which are given special syntactic significance. Highlighting punctuation marks can be single if the sentence begins or ends with separate members.

Agreed Definition- this is a definition that is in the same case, gender and number as the word being defined. An agreed definition can be expressed by a full adjective, participle, ordinal number, pronoun-adjective.

Separate members of the sentence- those that stand out in meaning and intonation. They contain an element of an additional message and thus are logically underlined, acquire some syntactic independence as part of a sentence. In writing, separate members are distinguished by commas or dashes.

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