How to organize a center of national culture. Ethnocultural center as an effective type of leisure organization

N. M. Bogolyubova, Yu. V. Nikolaeva

FOREIGN CULTURAL CENTERS AS AN INDEPENDENT ACTOR OF FOREIGN CULTURAL POLICY

A feature of the bilateral cultural relations of modern Russia with foreign countries is the creation of favorable conditions for opening branches of various organizations involved in the promotion of national culture and language abroad. In modern scientific and analytical literature, one can find various designations applied to them: “foreign cultural, cultural-educational, cultural-information center”, “foreign institute of culture”, “foreign cultural institution”. Despite the differences in the terminology used, these concepts refer to organizations created to promote the national culture and language of a certain state beyond its borders and maintain its international authority through the development of cultural ties.

The concept of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation "Foreign cultural policy of Russia" notes the special role of such organizations in modern international relations. The document emphasizes the need to provide the cultural centers of foreign countries with maximum opportunities to demonstrate their national culture in Russia. “This process is of great importance not only in terms of acquainting the Russian public with the cultural heritage and cultural values ​​of other countries and peoples, but also for building a reputation appropriate for Russia in the world as an open and democratic state. One of the main tasks of Russia’s foreign cultural policy is to form the image of our country as "one of the world's centers of culture, a venue for reputable international exhibitions, festivals and art competitions, tours of the best foreign groups and performers, meetings of representatives of the creative intelligentsia, days of culture of other countries"2. Many of these events are organized with the direct participation of foreign cultural centers that have opened in our country as a result of democratic reforms.

World practice shows that many countries now have such organizations, but the largest, most authoritative and active are the cultural centers of France, Great Britain, and Germany. It was these countries that were the first to realize the important role of culture as an effective foreign policy tool. At present, foreign cultural centers have been created by many states: Spain, the Netherlands, the Scandinavian countries, the USA. The states of Asia are actively developing their cultural centers: China, Japan, Korea. Thus, in the fall of 2007, the Confucius Institute was opened at St. Petersburg State University. The increasing role of these organizations as participants in modern cultural exchange is confirmed by the constant growth of their number, the expansion of geography and scope of activities,

© N. M. Bogolyubova, Yu. V. Nikolaeva, 2008

an increase in the volume of work, as well as a variety of forms and directions of their activities.

Foreign cultural centers can rightfully be called the most important actors in foreign cultural policy. The activities of such centers, as a rule, are part of the cultural mission carried out by the consulate and diplomatic missions of the country abroad. However, unlike other diplomatic bodies, foreign cultural centers have certain specifics. It is they who most effectively contribute to the formation of a panoramic view of the culture of their own country outside its borders, make a significant contribution to the preservation of a multicultural picture of the world, do a lot of work to foster a respectful attitude towards representatives of other cultures, involve a wide range of participants in a dialogue, cultivating a sense of tolerance for relation to members of other cultures. And, finally, thanks to the events they carry out, they enrich the cultural space of the country in which they work.

From the point of view of scientific issues, the study of foreign cultural centers as an actor in international relations is new and is still under development. We have to admit that in both domestic and foreign science there are no serious, generalizing works on this topic. The theoretical base has not been developed, the question of developing a definition of the concept of "foreign cultural center" is open, their role in modern international relations has not been studied. On the other hand, practice shows that it is foreign cultural centers that are currently doing a significant amount of work to develop intercultural relations and implement the tasks of foreign cultural policy. Based on the experience gained and based on the specifics of the activities of these organizations, the following definition can be proposed: foreign cultural centers are organizations of various status that aim to promote the national culture and language of their country abroad and realize this goal through a variety of cultural and educational programs. These organizations may differ in institutional features, sources of funding, directions and forms of activity. Some of them work closely with the ministries of foreign affairs of their country (for example, the British Council, the French Institute, the Goethe Institute), some are organizations independent of the Foreign Ministry (for example, the Alliance Française, the Dante Society). Despite their differences, they are united by a common goal - to create a positive image of their country abroad, using its cultural potential.

The first cultural centers as an independent actor in international cultural relations appear at the end of the 19th century. In the postwar period, the network of cultural centers in the world was constantly expanding. The scope of their activities began to include numerous events aimed at a wide audience, such as exhibitions, international film and music festivals. During this period, their work in the educational sphere expands and becomes more complicated. Now foreign cultural centers have firmly taken their place in the modern foreign cultural policy of many states. The purpose of these centers correlates with the foreign policy objectives of the country they represent. Cultural centers use education, science and art as a tool to achieve their goals. Despite the different areas and forms of work, as a rule, three main areas can be distinguished in their activities: educational, including linguistic, cultural, and informational. Concerning nature

these organizations among scientists there is no consensus. However, most of them consider foreign cultural centers to be public institutions, one of the functions of which is “the socialization of individuals in the process of mastering the cultural heritage of other countries by accumulating information resources, expanding access to new information technologies and methods of involving people in an active understanding of the surrounding reality in order to form they have intercultural competence and tolerant thinking”3.

The active work of foreign cultural centers in Russia falls on the 90s. XX century, when in the new conditions it became possible to open various public organizations. The analysis of their activities is indicative both in theoretical and practical terms. As a theoretical problem, the phenomenon of foreign cultural centers is of particular interest for understanding the peculiarities of the foreign cultural policy of foreign countries, the mechanisms for its implementation and the development of our own model for the implementation of cultural exchange aimed at creating a positive image of the country and its people abroad. In practical terms, the work of foreign cultural centers can be considered as an example of the implementation of cultural ties and the promotion of one's culture abroad. At present, many centers and institutions have opened in Russia, representing the culture of various countries of the world. There is also a tendency to a constant increase in their number, expansion of geography, areas and forms of work. In St. Petersburg, for example, cultural centers of many countries are currently represented: the British Council, the German Goethe Cultural Center, the Danish Cultural Institute, the Dutch Institute, the Israeli Cultural Center, the Finnish Institute, the French Institute, a branch of the Alliance Francaise Association, etc. It is planned opening of the Instituto Cervantes, representing the culture of Spain. All these organizations carry out work enriching the cultural life of our city and acquainting Petersburgers with the culture of the country they represent.

Among the foreign organizations opened in Russia, from our point of view, the work of the cultural centers of Great Britain and the Scandinavian countries, which have their offices in St. Petersburg, is of the greatest interest. The principles of their organization and the peculiarities of their work can serve as original models for the implementation of the process of promoting their national culture and language abroad. In addition, the activities of some of them most clearly demonstrate the problems that these organizations sometimes face in Russia.

One of the largest foreign cultural centers with numerous representative offices in Russia is the British Council. The activities of the British Council on the territory of the Russian Federation are regulated by the Russian-British Agreement on cooperation in the field of education, science and culture of February 15, 1994. For the first time, a representative office of this organization was created in the USSR in 1945 and lasted until 1947. The branch of the British Council was again opened at the Embassy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain in the USSR in 1967. In the Soviet Union, the British Council was mainly involved in supporting the teaching of the English language. The revitalization of the cultural activities of the British Council began after perestroika. At present, the main direction of the cultural policy of the British Council in Russia can be called education. The British Council implements various educational programs, including internships, student and teacher exchanges, organizing advanced training courses, providing

scholarships for studying in the UK, conducting exams in English. A significant place in the activities of the British Council is occupied by pilot and innovative projects that are of strategic importance for the successful solution of the key tasks of education reform in Russia. For example, the British Council proposed a project related to civic education. A number of projects are aimed at reforming the teaching of English in the Russian primary and secondary school system, promoting democratic values ​​in education through civic education and democratic governance.

Among the cultural events of the British Council, it is worth noting the tour performances of the Cheek By Jaul Theater on the stage of the Maly Drama Theater in St. Petersburg, an exhibition of contemporary British sculpture and painting in the halls of the Russian Museum, a production of Benjamin Britten's opera The Turn of the Screw at the Hermitage Theater. An annual project of the British Council in St. Petersburg is the New British Film Festival, held every spring. Recently, the British Council has opened a discussion club "Fashionable Britain", which holds "round tables" for those who are interested in the modern culture of the country and current trends in the life of British society. For example, one of the discussions was devoted to tattoos4.

In the early 2000s in the activities of the British Council, difficulties arose related to the determination of its legal status in Russia from a legal and financial point of view in connection with the adoption of the law on non-profit organizations5. Based on this Federal Law, the British Council was charged in June 2004 by the Federal Service for Economic and Tax Crimes (FSENP) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation with tax evasion from funds received as a result of the implementation of commercial educational programs6. In 2005, the financial side of the problem was resolved, the British Council reimbursed all losses associated with non-payment of taxes. However, it should be emphasized that so far there is no special document defining the status of this organization. Thus, the problem associated with the insufficient development of the legal framework governing the activities of the British Council in the Russian Federation remains relevant.

The activities of the British Council can be viewed as a kind of independent model for organizing a foreign cultural center. This is due to the fact that the British Council goes beyond the traditional framework of the work of such organizations. He focuses on various innovative projects, largely focused on cooperation with government or business structures. For example, he participates in a program to reform the education system of the Russian Federation, in contrast to the Goethe Institute, which focuses mainly on helping to study the culture of Germany. The British Council is an example of an authoritative cultural center, in whose activities the whole range of tasks is solved, corresponding to the foreign cultural policy of the state, in contrast to the "French model", based on the involvement in the process of promoting the national culture of a significant number of organizations, among which the main functions are distributed.

Another model of organization with similar objectives can be seen in the example of the Nordic Council of Ministers, which represents the culture of the Scandinavian countries abroad. This is an interstate consultative organization established in 1971, whose members are Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Finland and Sweden. The northern territories also take part in its work: the Faroe and Aland

islands, Greenland. In February 1995, the Information Bureau of the Nordic countries began to work in St. Petersburg. The main goal of the Nordic Council of Ministers is to develop and strengthen regional cooperation, to create and develop contacts with central and local authorities. The organization is engaged in the coordination of projects and scholarship programs in the Nordic countries, holding seminars, courses, cultural events, developing cooperation in the field of science, culture and art. This organization carries out its activities in the following areas: political and economic cooperation, culture and education, environmental protection, the fight against international crime. In the early 90s. culture, education, research projects were identified as priority areas of activity.

The main issues included in the programs of the Nordic Council of Ministers in our country reflect the priority areas in the interaction of the Nordic states with Russia. These are, first of all, ecology, social policy and health issues, projects for the study of Scandinavian languages ​​and various cultural projects. The activity of the information office of the Nordic Council of Ministers in St. Petersburg is mainly aimed at popularizing the culture and teaching the languages ​​of the Nordic peoples. Thus, days of northern languages ​​have become traditional, as well as film festivals of directors from countries that are members of the Council of Ministers, exhibitions of photographs and drawings by Russian and Scandinavian artists. In 2006, the Sweden: Upgrade project was launched. It is a journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow through the Vologda region and the Volga region. Its goal is to present the image of a new Sweden, to acquaint Russians with the new achievements of Sweden in the economy, science, culture, education, art and tourism. Meetings are expected between Russian and Swedish businessmen, scientists and cultural figures, organization of concerts, exhibitions, film screenings. Thus, within the framework of the program, in March 2006, the trade and industrial exhibition “Swedish Brands and Feelings” was held in the Central Exhibition Hall “Manezh” in St. Petersburg with the participation of the largest Swedish companies. In April of the same year, a choreographic evening "Andersen-project" was held at the St. Petersburg Conservatory with the participation of Danish and Latvian ballet troupes dedicated to the 200th anniversary of G.-Kh. Andersen. The ballet "The Girl and the Chimney Sweep"7 was staged.

The Nordic Council of Ministers can serve as an example of another way of organizing the work of a cultural centre. A feature of its activities is the unification of the efforts of participants aimed at achieving common goals that are relevant for the entire region in matters of foreign cultural policy. At the same time, most of the member countries of this organization have their own foreign cultural representations: the Swedish Institute, the Institute of Finland, the Danish Institute of Culture, the Northern Forum, etc. From our point of view, this example can be used to create a similar interstate structure with the participation of the CIS countries that have common goals in terms of the implementation of foreign cultural policy and common cultural traditions, formed even before the collapse of the USSR.

Of course, the above examples of French cultural centers, the British Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers do not exhaust the whole picture of foreign cultural centers represented in Russia and in St. Petersburg in particular. No less effective work is carried out by other similar organizations - French cultural centers, the Goethe Institute, the Institute of Finland, the Italian Institute of Culture. An analysis of the work of such organizations allows us to draw a number of conclusions. Exchange

in the line of cultural centers, it has features that are associated primarily with the promotion of its own culture abroad and the creation of a positive image of the country. To solve these problems, such areas of cooperation as culture and education are traditionally chosen. These tasks are most effectively solved in the form of touring exchanges, exhibition activities, educational grants and programs.

The presence of an extensive network of foreign cultural centers in Russia reflects the interest of many countries in cooperation with our country. At the same time, the experience of foreign cultural centers in Russia points to certain difficulties. First, the problems that have arisen in the work of the British Council indicate the need for a clear definition of the legal and financial status of these organizations. Secondly, the absence of a single leading center, a single program often leads to duplication of the activities of the above-mentioned organizations. Perhaps the development of a common concept of their work, orderliness and their unification into one complex institution would make it possible to increase the efficiency of their activities and improve interaction with each other. Thirdly, the unbalanced distribution of these organizations among Russian regions attracts attention. This seems relevant, given the geographical features of Russia, in which there are many remote regions that are not covered by the processes of active cultural exchange. Cultural centers are located mainly in the European part of Russia, while Siberia, the Far East, the Urals represent a huge segment of cultural life in which there are no foreign centers.

And, finally, there is an uneven representation of foreign cultures themselves in Russia, since far from all modern states have strong, competitive cultural organizations to carry out high-quality, effective work to promote their own culture abroad. Nevertheless, despite certain problems, the activities of foreign cultural centers are an integral part of modern cultural exchange and allow many people to better know the culture of other peoples and join the spiritual values ​​of their foreign contemporaries.

Undoubtedly, cultural centers are one of the examples of modern cultural cooperation, developing in various directions and forms. Their example testifies to the desire to institutionalize and formalize the issues of foreign cultural policy both in Russia and abroad. In the coming millennium, the world has faced numerous problems that require urgent solutions - these are terrorism and xenophobia, the loss of national identity in the context of globalization. To solve these problems, it is necessary to develop a dialogue, build new principles of cultural cooperation, so that a different culture does not cause alertness, but really contributes to the enrichment of national traditions and mutual understanding.

Russia's desire to give representatives of foreign culture an opportunity to express themselves, to form among Russians an idea of ​​its diversity, to develop a sense of respect for representatives of other cultures can also contribute to the solution of a number of political problems that are relevant to our country. Many interethnic conflicts, including terrorist acts, arise as a result of misunderstanding, ignorance of foreign cultural traditions, which entails hostility and interethnic tension. Cultural ties, being a means of "soft diplomacy", help to smooth out and mitigate such contradictions, which is especially important to take into account at the beginning of the new millennium, when cases of terrorism and extremism have become much more frequent.

1 Abstracts "Foreign cultural policy of Russia - year 2000" // Diplomatic Bulletin. 2000. No. 4. S. 76-84.

3 Public Administration in the Sphere of Culture: Experience, Problems, Ways of Development // Proc. scientific-practical. conf. Dec 6 2000 / Scientific. ed. N. M. Mukharyamov. Kazan, 2001, p. 38.

4 The British Council // http://www.lang.ru/know/culture/3.asp.

5 Federal Law of January 10, 2006 No. 18-FZ “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2006. January 17th.

6 BBC Russia. The British Council is expected to pay taxes. June 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/russia/newsid_3836000/3836903.stm.

7 Nordic Council of Ministers // http://www.norden.org/start/start.asp.

The ethno-cultural center - the center of the traditional culture of the peoples of Russia - should form its own positive image, attracting public opinion to its side. The formation of a positive image can be facilitated by the establishment of prizes and prizes for organizations and citizens supporting the institution, as well as the establishment of partnerships and relationships with various social, political and other organizations. Today, a cultural and leisure institution remains a mass and accessible means of introducing people to culture, developing their spiritual potential, a center for organizing holidays, and preserving their own folk culture. The priority direction in the activities of the center should be the development of interethnic relations, cultural exchange not only in Russia, but also abroad at the international level. The participation of folk art groups of centers in republican, interregional, all-Russian, international festivals, holidays allows not only to demonstrate the richness, uniqueness and diversity of the culture of the peoples of Russia, but also contributes to the development of cultural exchange, the preservation of friendly relations, interethnic cooperation, the formation and strengthening of a positive image of cultural activities the whole society. In this regard, ethno-cultural institutions can use a different arsenal of professional forms of cultural work, for example, create a National Costume Gallery with a permanent lecture hall, where samples of the national clothes of the peoples of Russia will be collected; hold photo exhibitions of folk costumes; organize a workshop for tailoring the Dagestan national costume, hats, shoes, making jewelry, etc., where costumes will be sewn not only for the folklore creative teams of the region, but also for the villagers, which will attract children and youth to the study of primordial crafts, traditions of decorative and applied arts, will serve to preserve the folk costume, the cultural development of the village; to organize circles, schools of artistic skills under the guidance of experienced craftsmen to train young people in order to preserve and popularize traditional folk arts and crafts in places where certain types of traditional folk crafts exist; create workshops for the manufacture of musical instruments, teaching this art to children and youth will serve to preserve the continuity of generations with an exposition of folk musical instruments, where you can conduct master classes with the participation of master makers, famous musicians who own the secrets of instrumental skill and playing them, and many others . ; the creation of a cultural project "Books - cultural memory", which will help preserve the history and traditions of the village, the memory of the people, the personalities who glorified their village, left their mark on Russian culture, arouse interest and desire to study the multinational culture of the peoples of Russia. This activity will serve to patriotic education, the formation of high moral criteria and aesthetic tastes, the establishment of universal moral values, the unification of generations, and will contribute to the involvement of the younger generation in collecting material about the history of the village, its past and present, carriers of folk traditions, masters of arts and crafts. arts that are the property of national culture, as well as works of oral folk art (legends, sayings, parables, legends, etc.). Holding holidays of friendship, folk costume, national instrument, crafts and folk crafts "Rural Compound", "Songs and Dances of My People" and other traditional holidays, festivals with the participation of people from the village and many others, may also have a tourist attraction, become objects of acquaintance with ethnic culture, natural attractions of the village, district. The implementation of such artistic and creative projects will contribute to the preservation of the traditional artistic heritage of peoples, the development of ethno-tourism. Cultural tourism, in turn, will become a powerful lever in the financial support of artistic heritage, an incentive for the development of folk crafts and crafts, and will give a new impetus to the preservation of folklore groups, because performances of folklore groups, demonstration of a unique ethnic culture are among the points of attraction for tourists.

Ethnocultural centers - cultural and leisure institutions are designed to carry out: information support, coordination of creative activities, enrichment of intermunicipal and interethnic cultural dialogue, by holding events within the framework of cultural exchange (festivals, tours of creative teams in villages, neighboring regions, cities, exhibitions, etc. .), systematic study of socio-cultural problems, issues of demand for cultural and leisure services by the population, the state of activity of cultural and leisure institutions of the village, district. Cultural workers need to improve the quality of the activities of cultural and leisure institutions, as centers of interethnic cultural cooperation between the peoples of Russia, to attract and develop the cultural potential of the population, creating a positive image of their village, people.

An example of such an ethno-cultural center is the Volgograd regional public organization Cossack ethno-cultural complex "Heritage".

The purpose of this ethnocultural center is to:

• - Preservation and revival of traditional national culture;
• - Association of Cossack youth;
• - Cultural and educational activities. Organization of recreation;
• - Education and development of aesthetic, moral and spiritual qualities, by familiarizing with the Cossack culture;
• - Enlightenment in the field of history, Orthodoxy, the national language "Gutor", culture and traditions of the Cossacks:
• - Creation of conditions for the physical and volitional development of the individual.

Activities:

• A) educational center:
  • - Orthodoxy;
  • - Story;
  • - Ethnography;
  • - Ethnolinguistics;
  • - Folklore;
• B) military sports center:
  • - Parachute training;
  • - Tourist school;
  • - Fundamentals of sambo, hand-to-hand combat
  • - military-tactical training.
• C) folklore and ethnographic studio:
  • - Reconstruction of Cossack rituals;
  • - The study of the singing traditions of the Cossacks;
  • - Household choreography;
  • - Folklore theatre;
  • - Folklore ensemble.
• D) center for design and applied arts:
  • - Production of thematic souvenirs, household items;
  • - Making jewelry;
  • - Ragdoll.
• E) the center of traditional Cossack clothing:
  • - The history of the Cossack costume;
  • - Tailoring of the national clothes of the Cossacks, as well as its transformation into modern conditions (showing models, tailoring. Realization).

In addition to Russian national organizations, the numerous and most active public associations in the region are: German, Tatar, Armenian, Chechen, Jewish, Dagestan, Ukrainian, Kazakh, Korean, etc.

The cultural autonomy of the Germans was established in 1997. Its creation was the result of a ten-year development of the movement of Russian Germans in the Volgograd region. Having united in a national-cultural autonomy, the Russian Germans, with the support of the regional and municipal administrations, began to focus on the development of national culture and language, and especially in areas densely populated by Germans. A German national cultural center was opened in the city of Kamyshin, classes and electives with in-depth study of the German language, and national art groups were created in schools. Celebrations of German culture have become traditional. A good base for this was the State Historical and Ethnographic Museum-Reserve "Old Sarepta" in the Krasnoarmeisky district of Volgograd, which is the embodiment of the living history of the German colonists of the Volga region. There is a center of German culture, a Sunday school for adults, and other programs.

The regional national-cultural autonomy of the Tatars of Volgograd and the Volgograd region was formed in 1999. This organization is actively working to develop the cultural traditions of the Tatar people, to organize national holidays - Sabantuy, Eid al-Adha, Ramadan.

The regional national-cultural autonomy of citizens of Ukrainian nationality in the Volgograd region was established in 2002. The organization was created to unite the efforts of Ukrainians in order to preserve and develop Ukrainian culture, language, protect the rights and interests of its members, establish real equality between Ukrainians and the indigenous population, and strengthen friendship between nations.

The Volgograd regional public organization "Kazakhstan" was established in 2000 and represents the interests of over 50 thousand Kazakhs of the region, living compactly in the Pallasovsky, Staropoltavsky, Nikolaevsky, Leninsky and Bykovsky districts. The purpose of the organization: protection of civil, economic and cultural rights and freedoms of people of Kazakh nationality living in the region. The organization develops the cultural traditions of Kazakhs who have applied for help in solving social problems, supports Kazakh students, and conducts cultural work among them. The organization is in contact with the representative office of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Astrakhan. In 2011, the non-profit organization Charitable Foundation "Heritage of Kazakhstan" was established and is already actively operating.

Volgograd Regional Public Organization "Armenian Community" was founded in 1997. The main goals of the organization are the protection of civil, economic, social and cultural rights of citizens, as well as the preservation and study of the cultural and historical heritage of Armenians. With the assistance of the Armenian organizations of the region, the Church of St. George was built in Volgograd. Active social and charitable activities are carried out. In 2007, a regional branch of the all-Russian organization "Union of Armenians of Russia" was established. The work of these organizations makes a significant contribution to maintaining the traditions and customs of the Armenian people in the Volgograd region, maintaining international peace and harmony, strengthening cultural and economic ties between the Volgograd region and the Republic of Armenia.

Volgograd city public charitable organization "Jewish Community Center" was established in 1999 to preserve and disseminate the traditions, ethno-cultural and religious heritage of the Jewish people, to meet the public need for charity and mercy. The Jewish Community Center is the founder of educational institutions - the secondary school "Or Avner" and the kindergarten "Gan Geula". The center carries out a great cultural work. The organization promotes its work in the newspaper "Shofar Povolzhya".

Volgograd regional public organization "Dagestan" was registered in 1999. The main goal of the organization is the implementation and protection of civil, economic, social and cultural freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation - representatives of the peoples of Dagestan living in the territory of the Volgograd region. The Dagestan community pays special attention to religious holidays. On the initiative of this organization, volleyball and mini-football competitions are held, in which teams of different ages from representatives of different nationalities participate. A traditional mass cultural event was a big concert held in January in the Central Concert Hall of Volgograd, dedicated to the Day of the Republic of Dagestan.

Koreans began to unite in our region in 2001, when the National Cultural Autonomy of Koreans in Volgograd was created, its main task is to revive the language, cultural traditions and customs among Korean youth. Most Koreans are engaged in the cultivation of vegetables and melons, as well as the production and sale of Korean salads. At the initiative of the organization, the Independence Day of Korea was held for several years, when a regional festival of Korean culture was held in Volgograd with the invitation of professional artists. Now the Volgograd regional public organization "Center for Mutual Assistance of Koreans" and the Volgograd regional public organization "Association of Volgograd Koreans" operate in Volgograd.

Officially registered national associations carry out a wide range of activities in the territory of the Volgograd region, which have a number of main directions.

Firstly, this is an organizational direction: the unification of representatives of a particular ethnic group within one community, the allocation of a leadership apparatus that coordinates the activities of community members and establishes interaction with authorities and other national organizations. Largely due to this cooperation in the region, it is possible to maintain a favorable, peaceful environment in the sphere of interethnic relations and national security.

Secondly, the social direction: assistance to representatives of their ethnic group in difficult life situations, economic support, accelerating the adaptation of migrants temporarily staying or residing on the territory of the Volgograd region, charitable assistance.

Thirdly, this is a human rights area: providing legal support, assistance in the preparation and collection of documents, assistance in obtaining citizenship.

Fourthly, educational and cultural, focused on the preservation and maintenance of traditions, identity, language of a given ethnic community. In many ways, this activity is aimed not only at preserving their own traditions, but also at intercultural exchange, the development of tolerance in society.

Undoubtedly, all the listed activities of national public organizations are creative and contribute to the stabilization of the situation in the region, the development of tolerance, the preservation of cultural wealth and diversity of the Volgograd region

The results of these events objectively contribute to the formation of a positive image of the respective national communities in the public opinion of the population of the region. Each of the organizations brings together a fairly large number of residents of the Volgograd region of various nationalities. National public organizations of the Volgograd region are a significant factor that has a significant impact on the socio-political situation in the region. It should be noted that in addition to the direct organizers, citizens of various nationalities, representing the asset of the relevant public associations, took part in the above-mentioned events. This trend in the activities of the NGO indicates their interest in strengthening interethnic peace and harmony, raising the level of interethnic tolerance, developing mutual understanding between residents of the Volgograd region of different nationalities.

And so we conclude: the traditional culture of ethnic groups, due to its most important characteristics, has enduring universal significance. In the activities of ethno-cultural centers, it consolidates the most significant material and spiritual achievements of the peoples, acts as the custodian of their spiritual and moral experience, their historical memory.

In ethnic culture, traditional values ​​contain thoughts, knowledge, understanding of life in unity with people's experience, attitude, and goal aspirations. A distinctive feature of ethnic culture as a mechanism that carries out the process of accumulation and reproduction of universal values ​​is that it relies not on the force of law, but on public opinion, mass habits, and generally accepted taste.

• Specialty HAC RF24.00.01
• Number of pages 153

CHAPTER 1

1.1. ethnos in the formation and development of national culture

1.2. Ethnic culture: concept and principles of study

1.3. Intercultural dialogue of various ethnic groups

CHAPTER 2. ACTIVITIES OF NATIONAL CULTURAL

CENTERS IN BURYATIA

2.1. Legal prerequisites for the creation of national cultural centers

2.2. Value guidelines for the activities of national cultural centers and communities

2.3. Prospects for the activities of national cultural centers of Buryatia

Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "National-cultural centers as a factor in the stability of intercultural relations in a multi-ethnic society"

Similar theses in the specialty "Theory and History of Culture", 24.00.01 VAK code

• Buryat ethno-cultural processes in the context of the transformation of Russian society: 1990s - 2000s. 2009, Doctor of Historical Sciences Amogolonova, Darima Dashievna

• Socio-pedagogical conditions for the preservation of the ethnic culture of Russian Germans: On the example of the Altai Territory 2005, candidate of pedagogical sciences Sukhova, Oksana Viktorovna

• Socio-pedagogical foundations for the formation of the ethnoculture of youth: Based on the materials of the Republic of Tajikistan 2001, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences Latypov, Dilovar Nazrishoevich

• Ethnocultural identity as a socio-philosophical problem 2001, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences Balykova, Aryuuna Anatolyevna

• The system of professional training of specialists in ethno-cultural activities 2007, doctor of pedagogical sciences Solodukhin, Vladimir Iosifovich

Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Theory and history of culture", Gapeeva, Antonina Vladimirovna

List of references for dissertation research candidate of culture Sciences Gapeeva, Antonina Vladimirovna, 2002

Please note that the scientific texts presented above are posted for review and obtained through original dissertation text recognition (OCR). In this connection, they may contain errors related to the imperfection of recognition algorithms. There are no such errors in the PDF files of dissertations and abstracts that we deliver.

Multinationality of Russia. Most regions of Russia are multi-ethnic communities (for example, 120 nationalities live in Moscow, 113 nationalities live in the Republic of Buryatia, 119 nationalities live in the North Caucasus, etc.). In this regard, regionalism is a natural, organic principle of the territorial organization of ethno-cultural processes. Manifested in customs, types of mentality, cultural features (for example, the "Siberian character", the culture of Siberia), it is determined by a common identity, culture, history, geography. The cultural development of the regions presupposes the revival and development of the national cultures of all the ethnic groups inhabiting the region, and sets serious tasks in the field of the development of languages ​​and national education.

The relevance of ethnocultural centers. (Further, the ethnic cultural center - EKC). The system of (ethnic orientation) socio-cultural institutions is demanded for life by dynamically changing socio-economic and political conditions. The crisis state of society causes crises of national relations, especially manifested chauvinistic and national extremist sentiments, inhumane actions towards national minorities, migrants in society. They can be weakened and prevented by socio-cultural institutions of ethno-cultural orientation, which are an expanded system that includes national representations, national-cultural autonomies, centers, associations, associations, unions, etc. Legal documents that mark the mission of ethnic culture in the development of the cultural diversity of Russia, which is the subject of intercultural interaction and communication, providing peoples with the right to preserve and develop their national identity, and organic entry into the world community, as well as the role of specialists in ethnocultural activities in these processes:

• - National Doctrine of Education (2000),
• - "The concept of modernization of Russian education until 2010",
• - Federal target program "Culture of Russia for 2006-2010",
• - Materials of the meeting of the State Council of the Russian Federation (2006),
• - The concept of development of education in the field of culture and art for 2008-2015 (2008),
• - The concept of development of universities of culture and arts of the Russian Federation (for the period up to 2010) (2007) and others.

Normative documents and programs of the UN and UNESCO:

• - "The concept of sustainable development",
• - "Recommendations for the preservation of folklore",
• - "Masterpieces of the oral and intangible heritage of the peoples of the world", etc. Documents that ensure the participation of socio-cultural institutions in the formation of future specialists:
• - Federal Law No. 156-FZ of November 27, 2002 "On Employers' Associations" (as amended on December 1, 2007);
• - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated January 21, 2005 No. 36 “Rules for the development, approval and implementation of the State Educational Standards for software, providing for the participation of employers in their development”;
• - Order of the Ministry of Education of Russia dated 30.12. 2004 No. 152 on the establishment of a council for state educational standards for vocational education with the introduction of representatives of employers' associations into it;
• - Letter of the Ministry of Education of Russia dated November 12, 2004 No. AS-827 / 03 “On the mechanism for amending the existing State Educational Standards of the Higher Professional Education, taking into account the requirements of employers”;
• - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 24, 2008 No. 1015 “On approval of the rules for the participation of employers in the development and implementation of state policy in the field of vocational education”, etc.

Socio-cultural institutions of ethnic orientation are organized associations of people. Institutes of the socio-cultural sphere are a numerous network of institutions that provide cultural activities, the processes of creating, disseminating and mastering cultural values, as well as the inclusion of people in a certain subculture that is adequate for them. These include institutions dealing with the preservation and development of ethnic culture, creating conditions for the population to meet ethnic needs and interests.

ECC as a socio-cultural institution of ethno-cultural orientation - represent associations of people that perform socially significant functions of preserving and developing the traditional culture of an ethnic group, ensuring the joint achievement of goals based on the fulfillment by members of the ethnic group of their social roles, set by ethno-cultural values, norms and patterns of behavior in a multi-ethnic community.

An ethno-cultural association is a voluntary, self-governing association of citizens - representatives of an ethnic community living in a different ethnic environment and exercising the right to national and cultural self-determination, which is created in order to preserve national and cultural identity, develop national self-consciousness, language, education, customs and rituals.

Ethno-cultural associations, being the regulators of the national cultural policy in the regions, act as a special institution of civil society, capable of attracting ethnic diasporas to participate in solving the problems of society, and a modern cultural institution that organizes educational, cultural, educational, leisure and other activities of the multi-ethnic population.

Types of ethnic associations.

According to the implementation, priority areas and forms of work, ethnocultural associations can be classified as:

• 1) powerful ethno-national cultural centers created in the largest economic regions by a national minority that has its own state formation outside the region of residence (for example, Tatars, Bashkirs, Buryats, etc.);
• 2) fraternities, national associations of people deprived of their class: Cossacks, representatives of ethnic identity with their own cultural tradition (for example, Old Believers);
• 3) ethno-cultural centers for the revival and preservation of the cultural traditions of small peoples; centers "Revival of the small Motherland"; cultural centers of the spiritual direction, etc.

1) ethno-connotated institutions: social communities (ethnos, ethnic groups, ethnic diasporas, etc.); specialized institutions (ethno-cultural associations, national cultural centers, Houses of Nationalities, Houses of Friendship of Peoples, houses and centers of folklore, houses of crafts, children's centers of folk culture, etc.). Their essence lies in the integrative potential, in uniting efforts to educate the ethnic self-awareness of the individual, his tolerant attitude towards the multi-ethnic community, in organizing joint, coordinated and coordinated.

Regional and municipal models of ethnocultural revival.

One of these models is national-cultural autonomy - a form of extraterritorial public self-determination of ethnic communities, acting in order to independently resolve issues of preserving identity, developing language, education, and national culture. Currently, there are 14 federal and more than 300 regional and local national-cultural autonomies in Russia. The largest number of national-cultural autonomies were created by Germans (68 in 24 subjects of the Russian Federation), Tatars (63), Jews (29), Armenians (18), Ukrainians and other ethnic groups. Their activities are coordinated by the Advisory Council for National-Cultural Autonomies under the Government of the Russian Federation (2002). Basic forms of activity. These include: the creation of public theatres, cultural centers, museums, libraries, clubs, studios, archives, etc.; organization of creative unions and groups of professional and amateur art, circles; holding mass events in the field of national culture (festivals, competitions, reviews, exhibitions, etc.). Ethnocultural activity is a complex set of various activities (cognitive, artistic and creative, pedagogical, design, technological, expert, etc.) aimed at: preserving and developing folk art culture; organization of cultural and leisure activities of an ethnic association; development of national consciousness and national identity of members of the diaspora population of the region; for ethno-pedagogical activities, which ensure the involvement of the younger generation in ethnic culture. The concept of "professional ethnocultural activity" is reduced to the content of the specialist's activity, to the totality of the functions performed by him in the ethnocultural center (organizational and managerial, artistic and creative, projective, pedagogical, etc.). The professional activity of a specialist is a complex, hierarchically built, multifunctional, multi-level and dynamically developing structure with great opportunities for wide switching from one function to another and levels of professional activity. The optimal and most useful activity of ethno-cultural associations is manifested in the solution of various socio-cultural problems related to issues of cultural self-determination and the development of one's ethnic group; - implementation of goals aimed at establishing interethnic, intercultural contact, fostering ethnic tolerance.

The main functions of the ECC are to form ethnic self-consciousness, ethnic identification, ethnic stereotypes of the representatives of the diaspora by means of ethnic history and culture, language, emotional closeness with the ethnic community;

Ethnic socialization through a system of successive ties in a team of different ages;

• - creating a favorable ethno-social environment for the ethnic group in a multi-ethnic environment, through active participation in the cultural life of the region;
• - ethno-consolidating functions of members of an ethnic group, creating conditions for maintaining a cultural distance between peoples in order to prevent cultural and everyday assimilation;
• - atmospheres for relieving tension in interethnic relations, their harmonization and prevention of interethnic conflicts; support and protection of the individual in a crisis society.

The socio-cultural potential of ethno-cultural associations is enormous and goes beyond the purely ethnic aspect. The associations actualize the civic activity of members of the diaspora in the form of environmental, cultural, religious movements, participation in the implementation of targeted regional programs for the revival and development of ethnic groups, etc.

Modern cultural centers bear little resemblance to the establishments of the club plan of the times of the USSR, when more than thirteen million people participated in it alone. In addition, houses and palaces of culture existed at the expense of the state, visiting any studios and circles, any kind of amateur art was free, unlike what is happening now. Most often, neither educational nor leisure tasks are faced by the institutions of the club plan of the Russian Federation.

Terminology

What does a cultural center mean in the understanding of modern man? Most often, this term is used when they want to designate an organization or certain buildings where the various values ​​​​of the surrounding society are concentrated, multiplied and promoted, most often from the field of art or culture. It can be a public artistic association or a private initiative, but most often cultural centers are run by the state.

Use of the term

This term is used in practice when it is necessary to indicate which category an object belongs to. This refers either to a large multifunctional complex that can simultaneously cover several areas of culture or types of art, that is, institutions and objects with a narrow specialization cannot be called this term. When the traditional cultural function of an institution is one, it is not a center. For example: library, museum, theater, concert hall and so on.

In the second case, they speak of an institution of a cultural nature, which has a confessional, national, social orientation. For example, the Russian Cultural Center in the state of Monaco, which was founded not so long ago, through a library, a children's school, language courses and the Russian Club, not only supports the native among the Russian-speaking people of the surrounding territories, but also acquaints the indigenous people of Monaco with the diversity of Russian realities.

Variety of forms

It turns out that the boundaries in which this term is used are quite blurred. On the one hand, it is close to the traditional form of the institution, which is represented by the People's Club, the Palace or the House of Culture. On the other hand, these are such types of public organizations as national associations or art centers.

These can be exhibition galleries, libraries and concert halls, if all kinds of enlightenment and educational work are carried out there, that is, if these are broad-based organizations where culture and science cooperate.

Character traits

Nevertheless, one important feature of a cultural institution must be present without fail, regardless of its type - this is a non-commercial basis of activity. As well as promoting a culture of a multilateral and complex nature. If they say about the city, for example, that St. Petersburg is an important industrial, transport and cultural center, then this does not mean a separate institution.

You can also say about the distinctive feature of a certain area, that is, the same term, only in "urban planning" use. For example, there is a place in the city where all theaters, concert halls, libraries, stadiums and even a zoo are concentrated. Maybe it happened historically, but it is likely that this is the intention of the "fathers of the city".

It must be admitted that many modern cities are built according to this principle: infrastructure - kindergartens, schools, hospitals, squares and parks in remote microdistricts are present, and buildings of cultural purpose are taken out of their borders. This area, where they are concentrated, can be called the cultural center of the city. And this will be the next value.

In 2008, under the Ministry of Culture, options for planning cultural centers were developed in order to optimally correlate their occupancy and costs. A schedule has also been drawn up for the creation of such institutions in small towns of the country. In Moscow, it was created in the amount of fifty people, among whom were journalists, architects, museum workers, writers, artists. The rich experience of the Soviet period was discussed, when cultural institutions were present even in the smallest settlements and were extremely functional.

Each had a variety of children's clubs and studios, choirs, folk theaters, interest clubs, various public events and amateur art shows were periodically held. In the construction of cultural centers, this experience had to be taken into account. In 2015, about fifty such institutions should have already opened.

Club or House of Culture

In the USSR, each House or Palace of Culture was necessarily the center of educational and cultural work. The classification of such institutions was as follows: territorial clubs and houses of culture under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture; departmental - under the control of the trade union of an enterprise, educational institution, institution, and so on; clubs for the intelligentsia: Teacher's House, Writer's House, Architect's House, Artist's House and others; House of culture of a separate state farm or collective farm; House of officers; House of Folk Art; Palace for pioneers and schoolchildren.

Club institutions of other countries

The countries of the former USSR and the Warsaw Pact, like the Russian Federation, are now moving away from the names of the Soviet era. now they call it magnificently: Concert Hall or Cultural Center. However, in many places the old names remain due to tradition. In addition to the socialist countries, similar institutions (and not in name, but in essence) have existed in many capitalist countries for a long time and are functioning successfully.

There are a lot of houses of culture in Latin America (they are called so - Centro cultural), in Spain. Folk art and social activities in Germany are extremely developed, for example, concerts, performances, festivals, exhibitions are held in the House of Culture of the Peoples of the World in Berlin, and all these mass events are prepared with the support of the government, but on a voluntary basis. In France and Canada, the institutions of the club plan are called houses of culture (Maison de la Culture), and their activity is absolutely similar to the clubs of our country of the Soviet era. There are twelve such houses of culture in Montreal alone.

Arkaim

Cultural centers have always existed throughout Russia, and new ones are currently being created: parks with natural landscape themes, as well as historical and archaeological ones. There are many places in the country where such distant times are studied, about which even folklore no longer remembers anything.

Centers where culture and science interact are becoming very popular, for example, such a plan is the city of Arkaim (Chelyabinsk region), where two seemingly unremarkable hills were discovered, which archaeologists are interested in. This discovery was sensational.

At first, representatives of various esoteric groups flocked there, then the study of the area came under the wing of the state, and a reserve was formed. By the way, he is not alone there: the "Country of Cities" of the Southern Urals has twenty-four such places where the cultural center is the city.

The experimental site, from which the reserve began to be equipped, gradually revealed a number of ancient dwellings of the seventeenth century BC. First, the reconstruction touched one of them, and this was done without modern tools, using only those made exactly like the Bronze Age samples found during excavations.

This is how the cultural and historical center was born, called the Museum of Ancient Industries. Tourists can not only watch the buildings of the age of the pyramids, but also take part both in experiments and in the construction itself, in the reconstruction of dwellings. Only here you can join the culture of different eras with more than four hundred of the most interesting ones.

Tatar settlement

Cultural institutions have many types: these are libraries, museums, theaters, houses of culture and palaces. And there are complex, syncretic plans, such as the NOCC on the outskirts of Stavropol. The "Tatar Settlement", the local history museum and the local university served as a base for it. Cultural centers have united so that scientific work, security and museum (exposition) work is combined with cultural, entertainment and educational activities on the territory of this archaeological paleolandscape park.

This is a very complex, one might say - a multi-layered monument that operated in four historical periods: Khazar, Sarmatian, Scythian and Koban. The cultural centers of Russia almost nowhere have such well-preserved fortifications, places of worship, with systems of roads, burial grounds and many more objects that can be used to trace different aspects of the life of our very distant ancestors - from the eighth century BC. These are the ruins of ancient walls, strewn with centuries-old shards of jugs and pots, the ashes of fires and hearths that went out hundreds and hundreds of years ago.

prospects

The preservation and use of the archaeological heritage, as a rule, takes place through the creation of such complexes on the basis of open-air museums that will combine scientific, educational and many entertainment activities, therefore, many cultural centers of the historical and cultural direction are now open and are preparing to open.

In small towns, any community of local historians with the support of the local administration can become the basis for their functioning. Even a house of culture can become a starting point for creating a center for studying the historical heritage of the region. The road will be mastered by the walking one, therefore it is necessary to help enthusiasts who begin this path in every possible way. Almost all successful enterprises start small, here we can recall the museum of technology located in the suburbs. Cultural institutions should enjoy the full support of the state.

Problems of development of small towns

The government is interested in creating new educational and entertainment facilities in the form of historical and cultural centers in small towns in Russia. As early as 2013, the government’s materials included wordings indicating the goals for such work.

The cultural centers of Russia are located very unevenly. Most of their concentrations are in big cities. Therefore, there is a disproportion in the quantity, quality and variety of cultural services that citizens receive in the country. The cultural centers of Moscow or St. Petersburg cannot be compared in these parameters with the services offered to residents of remote small settlements. And everyone, without exception, needs to create new opportunities for creativity, self-realization, physical development, and spiritual enrichment.

Many dozens of different nationalities live on the territory of Russia, and cultural centers can contribute to a full-fledged cultural exchange between neighboring nationalities. The quality of life with the good work of the unifying multifunctional centers will contribute to improving the quality of life of the population, regardless of place of residence. Also, this path will help develop the infrastructure of a village or city, and even create new jobs. The outflow of population from small towns will be prevented.