The sentence is the basic unit of the verbal means of communication, the main subject of the study of syntax. The key semantic and grammatical center of a sentence is considered to be its predicative basis.
The grammatical basis of the sentence and its types
The primary concept of what a grammatical basis is is given to students in elementary school. Predicative units are studied in more detail and deeply when going through the topics “Syntax of a simple sentence” and “Syntax of a complex sentence”. It is then that students learn and learn to distinguish between one- and two-part sentences, complete and incomplete predicative core, understand the means of expressing the subject and predicate.
To determine what the grammatical basis of each individual sentence is, it is necessary to isolate the main members in it and indicate their means of expression. It should be remembered that in a one-part sentence, the grammatical basis is represented by only one main member - the subject or predicate. And in the two-part there are both.
- One-part proposal.
They are divided into nominal and verbal. The subject, expressed or in another part of speech in the meaning of a noun, is what the grammatical basis of a noun sentence is (Here is autumn outside the window; The shadow of the leaves on my curtain).
Verbal-type sentences contain only predicates in their basis. They, in turn, are divided into four (some researchers distinguish three) types: definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal and impersonal. In each of them, the role of the predicate is played by verbs in the form of a certain person and number. In sentences of the latter type, the role of the predicate is played by the words of the category of state (They rang at the door again and again, without ceasing; It was freezing outside in earnest).
It is somewhat more difficult to grasp what the grammatical basis of an incomplete sentence is. It is important to learn to see the missing subject or predicate and restore it from the context. The main confusion occurs with the indistinguishability between one-part and incomplete sentences. For example, in the sentence "Everywhere - puddles and puddles, the recent snow has melted" the first part is incomplete. From the context, we can easily restore the missing predicate - they shine. Thus, in this sentence, the grammatical basis is the subject of "puddles", expressed by the noun, and the omitted, but restored predicate "glitter", expressed by the verb in the plural, present tense, third person, indicative mood.
- Two-part sentence
In a two-part sentence, the subject is expressed by any independent part of speech in the sense of a noun or a phrase, including an indivisible one, i.e. In addition to the noun, the pronoun, adjective and participle most often act as an independent part, as well as:
Animals can suffer and cry like people;
She yelled loudly and waved her arms;
The shower room filled with steam;
Those who arrived at night settled in their places;
How stupid it is to fire cannons at sparrows!
Also, the verb in different forms quite often acts as the subject: Yawning in the face of the interlocutor is considered a sign of bad taste.
The predicate in a two-part sentence also has different forms of expression, ranging from standard verbs to nominal parts of speech and phrases. It is important to develop in students the so-called syntactic vigilance so that they can easily find and determine the boundaries and type of grammatical basis.
Grammatical basis in word formation
Fundamentals are inherent not only in syntax, but also in word formation. In word formation, the grammatical basis of a word is a part of a word without an ending. It includes, first of all, the root, and then other components - prefixes, suffixes, postfixes.
The main part of the grammatical basis of the word is the root. It contains the lexical meaning of all cognate words. There is no word as an independent lexical and grammatical unit without a root.
Thus, the term "grammatical basis" in linguistics has many meanings and is realized at several linguistic levels.
main members of the proposal. Subject and predicate
The main members constitute the grammatical basis of the sentence, without which the sentence cannot exist. However, the grammatical basis can also be one main member of the sentence. Such sentences are called one-part (that is, they have only one main member - the subject or the predicate).
In addition, sentences are divided into simple and complex. Simple ones have only one grammatical basis. Compound sentences consist of several simple ones connected by conjunctions, allied words and (or) in meaning, and therefore have more than one grammatical basis.
Subject - the main member of the sentence, denoting the subject and answering the questions of WHO? WHAT ?, an action, the state or sign of which is usually revealed by the predicate.
The subject can be expressed by any part of speech.
1. Noun in the nominative case: Income from shares rose by five percent.
2. Pronoun in the nominative case: We came to the conference.
3. Substantiated adjective: Sick called the doctor.
4. Numerals: Seven one is not expected.
5. Infinitive of the verb: Study will always come in handy.
The subject can be expressed both as a phrase and as a phraseological phrase: Pacific Ocean spread out before us; His long tongue always ruins things.
The phrase can have different meanings:
- quantitative: thirty four workers wrote an application for leave; Both girlfriends laughed; Several people stopped; Crowd gathered in the square;
- selective: None of us did not agree to go;
- collective: director with secretary attended the meeting;
- temporary: stood mid July.
Predicate - this is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject and grammatically depends on it, indicates the action, state, attribute inherent in the subject, answers the questions: WHAT IS IT DOING?, WHAT IS IT DOING?, WHAT? and etc.
The predicate is divided into simple and compound.
Simple predicate expressed as a verb in any form: There were folders on the table in the corner; Would you come to talk to me; I will address these issues tomorrow.
Compound predicate in turn, it is divided into two more subspecies: compound verbal and compound nominal.
Compound verb predicate consists of two parts: an auxiliary verb in conjugated form, which expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate and connects it with the subject, and an indefinite form of the verb, which expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate.
As an auxiliary are:
- verbs denoting the beginning, end and continuation of an action: I have already started doing new task; Our department stops striking;
- modal verbs that denote desire, unwillingness, possibility or impossibility of action: I can do your order; I want to learn your insight; I refuse to be errand boy!
- verbs expressing an emotional state: All were afraid to object boss He likes to work;
- phraseological combinations: our company is honored to cooperate with such a famous company.
Compound nominal predicate from a linking verb that expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part that expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate. Moreover, the link can be skipped.
The links are:
- verbs BE, IS: I was very pleased;
- verbs that do not express independent meaning: Alyosha seemed pale;
- verbs expressing the meaning of movement, state, activity: We returned home tired.
- nouns in the nominative or instrumental case: industriousness There is The main thing condition success;
- adjectives: clouds become more transparent;
- numerals: Us there were four;
- pronoun: Andrey Nikolaevich was Here their;
- participle: This meeting was unexpected ;
- indecomposable phrase: Predicate is the main member of the proposal.
Secondary members of the sentence
Definition
- a secondary member of the sentence, which answers the questions: WHAT?, WHOSE?, WHICH?, denotes a sign of the subject.
The definition can be expressed:
1) an adjective, a participle, a pronoun and an ordinal numeral, a phrase with a leading adjective or participle, then it is called agreed, because in this case it agrees with the noun in gender number and case. Examples:
- Silent voiced bird voices;
- We noticed a broken headlight approaching cars;
- Under fourth the number was our company;
- Its the load does not carry.
- At the monument (what? to whom?) Pushkin lovers still meet; On his desk was a magazine (what?) with photos; Water (what kind?) from a spring was cold;
- Children (what?) older sent to the river for water;
- Eyes (whose?) his (her, them) were sad;
- The leader gave a sign (what?) shut up.
Addition
- this is a minor member of the sentence, which answers the questions of indirect cases of the noun, denotes the subject, object and instrument of action.
The complement can be expressed by any part of speech: Get (what?) book(n.) off the shelf; We were asked (about what?) keep quiet(inf. ch.); invited (who?) her(local) for dinner and etc.
Addition can be direct and indirect.
The direct object is always used without a preposition and is expressed in the forms of the accusative and genitive case with the verb: The merchant accepted (what?) solution; Today you(who?) will not be?
Indirect is used in the form of any indirect case with or without a preposition.
Circumstance
- this is a secondary member of the sentence, which answers the questions: HOW?, WHEN?, WHERE?, WHERE?, WHY? , in which the action is performed.
The circumstance can be expressed by a noun, adverb, gerund, infinitive, etc.: Read (when?) after lunch; The boss said (how?) very fast; hunched over, (how?) sat a tired clerk at the table.
In addition, there are parts of the sentence that are not members of the sentence. These are appeals, introductory words and constructions. They are separated by commas, but do not affect the relationship of sentences in the text.
You may have already verified that even the easiest punctuation marks (at the end of a sentence) are not as easy to put as it seems at once, because it is necessary think about the meaning of the sentence and the text. And it's even more difficult work on punctuation in the middle of a sentence. Here you need to think about what blocks the sentence consists of, where the boundaries of the blocks are, then, in accordance with the rules, place punctuation marks. Don't be scared! We will deal with even the most complex cases, help you understand them and turn them into simple ones!
Let's start with perhaps main blocks - simple sentences, which may be part of a complex What is a simple sentence? His heart is grammatical basis, usually consisting of subject And predicate. Around the grammatical base are minor members of the sentence, isolated and non-isolated; included in the predicate group and in the subject group.
The grammatical basis is therefore the basis because the whole offer rests on it. If you learn how to quickly find it, it will be easy to place those necessary punctuation marks that will mark the boundary of simple sentences as part of a complex one. How should one argue?
Determine how many stems are in the sentence:
Is it difficult to find the grammatical basis of a sentence? Sometimes it's very simple: subject (who? or what?), predicate (what is he doing? what did he do?). But often there are more complicated cases.
Conclusion: one base is a simple sentence; two or more bases - complex.
Try to determine the grammatical basis of the following sentences (see answers below).
1. Everything is clear to us, the masters.
2. From the window of the room, suddenly I heard “ku-ku”!
3. Your host is both sweet and hospitable.
4. Everyone strives to get in with his proposal.
5. The village where we played in the summer was a lovely corner.
6. Evening. Forest. Far way.
7. Our city is decorated with a wonderful park.
8. He who strives for victory will surely win.
If you coped with this work without errors, you can be congratulated! If mistakes come across, do not be upset: they exist in order to cope with it and defeat them!
What mistakes could lie in wait for you here? Someone could lose the subject, somewhere there was no predicate, in some sentence an addition was squeezed in instead of the subject, in some cases, parts of the sentence that have nothing to do with each other are underlined.
Is it really that scary? Of course not! But, if you find the grammatical basis incorrectly, you cannot see the blocks correctly, so it turns out that a simple sentence is mistakenly taken as a complex one, in complex ones the number of parts is incorrectly determined, which means that punctuation marks are arranged as they please.
How to find this insidious grammatical basis? You can first find the predicate, then the subject, or vice versa, just remember a few tips:
1) In order to find the subject, be sure to ask from the predicate double question: who? What? Then you Don't confuse subject and object.
Try to do this by defining the subject in the following sentences.
The captain saw the shore first.
The front of the dress was decorated with flowers.
If you asked a double question from the predicate, then you found the subjects captain And flowers.
2) In order to find the predicate, try asking questions: “What is happening? What is said about the subject? What is this subject (subject)? What is he doing? (subject)"
Consider examples. Subject highlighted bold, predicate - in italics.
Pupilwas beautiful.
On the street freshly And windy.
To kids couldn't sit in place.
wonderful a game– catch-up!
3) From a change in the places of the terms, the sum is changing. This means, be attentive to some sentences when determining the grammatical basis.
Green City(one-part nominative sentence).
city green(two-part sentence).
You have already seen what happens when a sentence has only a subject or only a predicate (much more often). Such proposals are called one-piece. When working with such offers, be careful! It is in them often the object is disguised as a subject in meaning. Then back to our first clue, ask a double question– and everything will become clear.
Try to find the grammatical basis in these sentences.
To me cold
But.
To him not sleeping.
To me I want to smileutsya.
Many people will say that these sentences have a subject and a predicate, that is, they are two-part. Then I can ask what is the subject? The answer might be - me, he. Then one more question: where are the words I and HE in these sentences? They are not, there are other forms: me, him. And this is already not a subject, but an addition. If you ask a question: Who? What?- everything will fall into place. The correct answer is this: one-part impersonal sentences. They do not and cannot have a subject, the predicate is in italics.
We hope that you will now have fewer problems when determining the grammatical basis of a sentence!
Good luck in learning Russian!
Answers to the task.
Subject highlighted bold, predicate - in italics.
1. AllIt's clear.
2.
I heard"coo-coo"!
3.
Mastermil, hospitable.
4.
Every tries to fit in.
5.
Villagewas lovely corner; Wewere playing.
6.
Evening. Forest. Further path.
7.
decoratesa park. 8. Aspiringwill win.
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REMEMBER!1)
proposal could be
one-part (usually predicate,
therefore, the subject will not be in it)
2) the main terms can be homogeneous,
that is, several subjects or
several predicates
When identifying the subject, look for the word that denotes the producer of the action. And this word is only in the nominative case.
I do not like it.In this sentence, the subject
No!
Subject
Nounor pronoun in
nominative case
adjective, participle,
infinitive acting as
noun.
Syntactically indivisible
phrase. Young woman
I immediately realized that he
wants to eat all the time.
She keeps her eyes on the road that goes
through the grove.
Those present did not pay attention to him
no attention.
Solving this issue is our main
task.
One day ten of our
officers dined at Silvio's. Predicate
Simple
composite
verbal
verb nominal
Simple verbal predicate (PGS)
ASG is a predicate, expressedverb of any mood, tense and
faces
The village drowned in potholes (Ch. ex. incl.,
last time)
Give me a paw, Jim, for good luck... (Ch.
command. nakl)
But, doomed to persecution, I will still be
to sing
10.
But, doomed to persecution, for a long time II will sing
I will sing - a complex form of the future
time.
11.
I will, will be, will be, etc.Infinitive
PGS
12. Compound verbal predicate (CGS)
Auxiliary partInfinitive
GHS
13. a) phase verbs, i.e. denoting the beginning, continuation or end of an action (begin, begin, become, continue, end, stop, etc.).
a) phase verbs, i.e. denotingstart, continue or end of an action
(begin, begin, become, continue,
end, end, etc.).
For example: He started to cough. She
keeps laughing. We're done
do the exercise.
14.
b) modal verbs denoting intention,will, ability, desire (to want,
to be able, to be able, to intend, to be able, to prepare,
dream, hope, think, etc.)
For example: I want to travel a lot. You could
to speak not so loudly? We try
study well.
15.
c) verbs expressing emotionalstate (fear, fear,
to be ashamed, to be ashamed, to be ashamed,
beware, dare, love,
hate, etc.)
For example: He was afraid to be late for the exam.
We don't like to travel a lot.
16.
Short name adjective + infinitive = cgsFor example: I am glad to attend the conference. We
ready to serve in the dining room. She is agree
marry him. You must immediately
leave.
NECESSARY, NECESSARY, NECESSARY + infinitive.
For example: You should wash your hands before eating. To me
need to leave immediately. You need to submit
work by the deadline.
17. Compound predicate (CIS)
BundleNominal part
SIS
Her husband was young, handsome, kind, honest and
adored his wife.
18.
a) the verb to be in various forms of tense andinclinations
For example: A poet has a kunak for a poet. Name
a noun is a part of speech
which…
In the present tense, the linking verb is BE
appears in zero form.
For example: He is the director. He is a student.
19.
Verbwith weakened lexical
meaning - TO BE, TO APPEAR,
BECOME, STAY,
TO BE, TO BE CALLED, TO BE,
COUNT, BECOME, etc.
For example: Her sister's name was Tatyana.
Onegin lived as an anchorite. The plot of the novel
turned out to be original. She happens to be
owner of this car.
20.
linking verbwith the meaning of movement,
position in space - GO,
RUN, WALK, SIT,
And how to find it in a sentence? What questions does the predicate and the subject answer? It is these topics that children gradually learn over the long school years of study. And this is not at all surprising, because the topic is deep and has many pitfalls.
Grammatical basis
So how do you recognize the basis of a sentence? First you need to understand the definition. In fact, this is the main part of any sentence that defines the subject, its action and what it is. Namely, this is the subject and the predicate. At school, it is permissible to consider them as a phrase, but if you dig deeper, then not quite so. The questions sound like this:
- The subject is "who" or "what". It can be any object, person, animal, living and inanimate being and a pronoun that is used in the nominative case in the sentence.
- The second part of the grammatical basis is the predicate. Answers the questions "what is he" or "who is he", "what does he do", "what is the object", "what happens to him".
Examples of the main part of the sentence
For example, we can take several
- "The boy (who?) is going (what is he doing? - here the predicate is a verb) home."
- "He's sad (what's going on with the item?)." In this example, the predicate is expressed by an adverb, namely the state of the main character.
- "He is small (what is the subject?)". The predicate here is a short adjective.
- "Oleg is a student (who is he?)." In this example, the predicate is expressed by an animate noun.
- Baikal is a big lake. Here an inanimate noun is used, and the predicate answers the questions "what is" or "what is it."
Compound verb predicate
A simple predicate, or as it is also called a verb, can be expressed in any mood. It is always a verb, which is clear from its name. Such a predicate answers questions posed at any time. Not always a simple predicate is expressed in one word, for example:
- "I will sing". "I will sing" is a simple predicate expressed by a verb in the form of a complex future tense.
- As if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, used with the predicate - model particles that are not separated by commas, as is the case with comparative conjunctions.
- She was about to go to the door when she suddenly stopped. Here “was” is a model part, denoting an action that began, but did not happen. Such parts are not separated by commas, in contrast to such parts as used to And It happens that have the value of regular repetition of actions.
- In the case of a phraseological unit as a predicate, in order to distinguish it from a compound type, the following should be remembered: the first one is easy to replace with one word, but you cannot put "to be" (in any of its forms) instead of it.
Compound nominal predicate
This type of predicate, in turn, is divided into subtypes: it can be verbal, nominal or tripartite. These parts of the sentence may consist of two or more words, which determine the type.
The main and auxiliary parts, which are expressed by words denoting action, form a compound verbal predicate. One of them is always used in an indefinite form, and the second is expressed by verbs denoting the beginning, continuation and end of the action. In this capacity, words are used must, glad, can, ready and others that are short adjectives. Also, this part is expressed by words denoting states that have the meaning of possibility, desirability and necessity, as well as giving an emotional assessment of the action.
The nominal predicate answers questions about the actions of the subject and in its composition can have a noun and an adjective in the nominative and instrumental cases, as well as a participle, numeral, adverb and pronoun, which are used together with auxiliary verbs.
A compound predicate is a combination of verbal and nominal predicates.
