Our ancestors, the Slavs, came to Europe from Asia in ancient times. The Slavs settled along the lower reaches of the great Danube. Here the climate is good, and the land is fertile. Our ancestors would not have left those places, but other peoples began to push them. Our ancestors were divided into several territories:
- Part of the Slavs remained to live on the Danube. From them came the beginning of the Serbs and Bulgarians.
- The other part of the tribe went north. Moravians, Poles and Slovaks found their origin here.
- Another part of the people went to the tributaries of the Dnieper and gave rise to the Russian people, who are our ancestor.
- Glades began to be called those Slavs who lived in the fields near the middle reaches of the Dnieper.
- Drevlyans also appeared, who settled in the forests near the mighty Pripyat River.
- Other various tribes of Slavs appeared. For example, Rodimichi, Polotsk, northerners.
Economy of the Slavs
How did our Slavic ancestors live when they came to different parts of Europe? When the cold came, our ancestors thought about how to make themselves a stronger and warmer shelter. The huts that were built by them, they began to cover with clay. And those tribes that settled near the forests decided to build huts from logs. Among the dwellings, the Slavs made hearths to make a fire. The smoke that came from the fire went into a hole in the roof or in the wall. Tables and various utensils were made of wood.
Bad weather and low temperatures forced the Slavs to make warm clothes for themselves. Various fur-bearing animals lived in the forests. To catch a fast hare or a cunning fox, a man made a bow and sharp arrows. With such a tool, you can catch up with a bird in the sky, and a fast hare in the field.
Of course, in those distant times, our ancestors did not have good weapons. But they still had arrows, and a bow, and spears with sharp tips.
Activities of our ancestors
What did the Slavs do, how did our ancestors live, in order to have food, culture?
The Slavs loved agriculture. Our ancestors grew millet, buckwheat, and flax. They cultivated the fertile southern lands. To sow them, the Slavs spent three years cultivating new soil:
- 1 year: cutting down trees;
- Year 2: all trees were burned, and the ashes were left to increase the fertility of the land;
- Year 3: sowing and harvesting.
After three years, this land lost its fertility, so new plots were taken for cultivation. The main tools of labor of the Slavs were an ax, a plow, a hoe, chains, and a harrow.
There is also a lot of fertile soil in the South. Sowing on each plot lasted about three years, then the plots were changed to new lands. Here the ralo, plow and wooden plow became the tools of the ancestors.
Our ancestors Slavs were engaged in cattle breeding. Bred here and pigs, and cows, and horses, and oxen. Fishing and hunting were one of the most important occupations at that time.
The Slavs ate rough food, and sometimes completely raw:
- animal meat;
- fish;
- milk.
Slavic art
Art did not bypass our great ancestors. They knew how to carve various images on wood and paint them. Music was one of the most beloved art forms. The Slavs made various musical instruments and learned to play them:
- harp;
- bagpipes;
- pipes.
Slavic charter
What else can you learn about how our distant ancestors lived? They did not know letters, but they had information about chronology and arithmetic. Polysyllabic numeration was not a mystery to the ancestors. The Slavs observed the seasons and gave them 12 names just like the Romans did.
The board of the Slavs was popular, and then transformed into "aristocratic". Military leaders were elected as rulers, and then boyars, princes, pans and kings.
The language of the Slavs was rather rough in its sound. Our Eastern ancestors had a common language for a very long time. These Slavs became the progenitors of Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians. After the influence of various factors, the language began to change. New words were formed from common ones, or old expressions were rethought, and some words were borrowed.
Slavic religion
How did our ancestors live in religion? Until the end of the tenth century, the Slavs were pagans and worshiped the forces of nature and the souls of deceased ancestors.
The main deity of all the Slavs was the god of thunder Perun. He was represented as a tall, black-haired and black-eyed man with a golden beard. In his right hand he held a bow, and in his left a quiver with sharp arrows. According to ancient beliefs, Perun raced across the sky in his chariot and shot fiery arrows.
There were many revered gods among the ancestors of our Slavs:
- Stribog - the god of the wind;
- Dazhbog - the deity of the sun;
- Veles is the patron saint of herds;
- Svarog is the god of heaven and the father of all deities.
About how our distant ancestors lived, their belief in a future afterlife can also tell. The Slavs buried the dead in the ground, but there were cases when they were burned. With a dead person, his utensils, belongings, and weapons were placed in the grave and on the fire. If the Slav was a warrior, then his war horse was also placed nearby. Our ancestors believed that the dead would rise again, and there they would need everything that accompanied their life on earth. After the burial ritual, funeral feasts were organized.
Omens for the Slavs also played a big role. It was believed that the gods send different signs so that people know the future. From this belief came the custom of divination. People who knew a lot about omen and divination bore the names of sorcerers, sorcerers, witches and magicians.
MBOU secondary school No. 3
Outline of the lesson of the world around
In 3 "B" class
Prepared and conducted by an elementary school teacher
Sharkova Svetlana Alexandrovna
Sasovo, 2017
Outline of the lesson of the world around in 3 "B" class
How did our distant ancestors live?
Lesson type : learning new knowledge.
Target : creating conditions in the lesson for the formation of ideas about who our ancestors were Slavs, how the life of our distant ancestors was organized.
Tasks :
Subject :
To form a general idea of our ancestors;
Consider the characteristic qualities of a Slav.
Personal :
To form an interest in the knowledge of the world around;
To develop the prerequisites for readiness to independently evaluate the success of one's activities;
To cultivate respect for antiquity, for their ancestors, the desire to follow the moral principles of our ancestors, pride in their people.
Metasubject :
1) regulatory : follow the established rules in planning and controlling the method of solving a learning problem;
2) communicative: to learn to focus on the partner's position in communication and interaction;
3) cognitive : create conditions for the development of schoolchildren's ability to build small oral messages, draw analogies between the material being studied and their own experience.
Equipment : multimedia projector, computer, handout, presentation for the Power Point lesson.
During the classes.
Self-determination to activity.
Mutual greeting.
W. - Guys, why did you come here?
We came here to study.
Don't be lazy, but work hard.
We listen carefully
We work diligently.
U. - I'm glad about this, but so that your efforts are not in vain, we need to prepare for work. We sat down at the desk comfortably, we tune in to work.
1. Actualization of knowledge.
Stage of checking the completion of homework.
Now, let's check our homework.
1) Why do leaves change color in autumn?
2) Why do leaves fall?
3) How does the life of animals and birds change in autumn?
4) How do animals spend the winter?
5) What should be done in case of frostbite?
6) How does the life of animals and plants change in spring?
7) Make some food chains.
2. Statement of the problem and fixation of the difficulty in the trial educational action.
An excerpt from I. Nikitin's poem "Rus" sounds.
under a big tent
blue skies -
I see - the distance of the steppes
turns green,
It's you, mine
sovereign Rus',
My motherland
Orthodox!
And there is something for
Rus' mighty,
love you
call mother,
Stand up for your honor
Against the enemy
For you in need
Lay down your head!
What do you think we will talk about in class?
You are right, we will talk about the life of the people of our country in the old days.
Today in the lesson we will take a trip to the past.
Do you know how our country was called in ancient times? (Rus)
What do you think, do our descendants need to know how our ancient ancestors lived? For what?
Target setting.
Let's take a look at the ancient Slavic village. As a rule, it is small - from one to five yards. Settlements of several dozen houses were, apparently, a rare exception. (Slide)
Read the topic title.(How did our distant ancestors live?.)
The purpose of our lesson islearn how our distant ancestors lived.
Formulate other questions on this topic using the following question words: (Slide)
Who? (Who were our distant ancestors?)
Where? (Where they lived?)
Which? (What were they?)
How? (How did you run your household?)
Today's lesson will be dedicated to finding answers.
- Guys, how do you think, how will we understand that we have reached the goal?(If we can answer the questions asked).
3. Building a project to get out of the difficulty.
1. Work in groups.
With today's lesson, we begin the study of a large section of the history course. In order to better understand the meaning of the section title, it is necessary to find out the meaning of the keyword included in this title. To this end, let's complete a series of tasks.
Exercise 1: (Slide) -Find the root in the following words and make an assumption about the lexical meaning of these words.
In the word "ancestors ”, the root is pre-, it means to precede something. Ancestors are the people who lived before us.
In the word "contemporaries »Root -time-, this is the name of people who live with us at the same time, for example, at the present time.
In the word "descendants » root - then - is the name of the people who will live after us.
Task 2: The time line indicates the year in which we live and our contemporaries. Show on the time line the parts of the diagram that correspond to the lifetime of our ancestors and descendants. (Slide)
2. - Let's see where the ancient Slavs settled.
(Video clip)
Historians believe that since ancient times, the Eastern Slavs settled in the middle reaches of the Dnieper River, approximately where the city of Kyiv is now located. (Slide)
Learning new material.
1. In order to imagine how the Slavs lived, what they did, let's mentally travel back to those distant times in one of the Slavic villages. Close your eyes and imagine.
Dense forest. It smells of resin, honey, bird cherry. At the steep bank of the river, in a clearing, there is a small village, fenced with a palisade. From behind the palisade one can see the wooden and thatched roofs of the houses. There is a watchtower on the highest tree in the settlement. There is an attentive sentinel, he must warn in time about the appearance of enemies.
In those ancient times, our Motherland was not at all the same as it is now. The territory of the European part of the country was almost entirely covered with forests. Where now there are vast fields and crowded cities, then only swamps could be seen. Only wide full-flowing rivers could swim through the forest thickets.
(Slide) - Why do you think the Slavs settled along the banks of the rivers?
2.- Describe how you imagine the dugout of the Slavs. Compare your description with the illustration on the screen. (Slide)
Find the description of the dwelling in the text (p. 128), read and compare your assumptions with the description.
In the houses of the Slavs, the floor was deepened into the ground by a meter, the walls were made of thin tree trunks - poles, peeled of branches and bark. The poles are interconnected with wooden spikes, connected with flexible bark for strength. The roof is also made of poles, and on it is a thick layer of straw.
Inside such a house it was always cool, dark and damp. The windows cut in the walls were covered with boards or straw at night and in the cold - after all, there were no glasses then. In the corner was a stove made of stone - it heated the house, they cooked food on it. The furnace was heated in black - this means that there was no chimney, and all the smoke came out through the windows, doors, holes in the roof. In the house, all the free space was occupied by a table and 2-3 benches. In the corner lay several armfuls of hay covered with animal skins - these are beds.
3.- What can you say on the basis of the picture about the occupations of the Eastern Slavs?
The teacher gives the children cards with tasks to depict the activities of the Slavs:
A woman who sews, sculpts dishes, cooks food, milks a cow, feeds birds;
A man who: fishes, cuts wood, hunts with a bow, plows the land. One student depicts, and the rest name these activities.
(Slide) - The Slavs were peaceful and hardworking people. They were engaged in agriculture - they sowed and grew rye, millet, peas, went hunting. There were many animals (foxes, hares, wolves, bears) in the forests. They hunted without weapons: they set up nets, made a raid, they went out with clubs to attack an evil beast. They hunted for both food and clothing. The skins of animals sheltered from the cold. Later, the Slavs learned how to dress skins - they removed fat from them, crushed them, and dried them. And clothes were sewn from the skins - sheepskin coats, fur coats, hats.
Near the village field. It was not easy to cultivate it. First, a large area of the forest had to be cut down. For several months, all the inhabitants of the village worked. It is not so easy to cut down centuries-old trees with an ax and a mowing knife, uproot stumps and cut down dense shrubs.
Attach cards in accordance with the lesson. (Hang out in the classroom).
Read in the textbook on p. 126-127 about the occupations of the ancient Slavs.
A game.
One of the main occupations of the ancient Slavs was agriculture. How did the loaf get on the table? Let's make a chain of pictures in the order that is required to make a loaf of wheat ears.
(Spike, sickle, mill, flour, water, yeast, salt, oven, firewood, loaf)
What does the farmer need from the proposed items? (Sickle.)
Farmer. I didn't lie in the shade
And he grew and reaped bread.
What does a miller need? (Mill.)
Miller. I didn't talk nonsense
He ground the grain into flour.
What does a baker need? (Oven, sourdough, water, flour, yeast, salt, firewood.)
Baker. I didn’t warm my side by the stove - I baked a loaf for the guys.
In the oven - a quail, from the oven - a stalk.
Baker, miller, tiller (together).
We were not ashamed of our work.
We took pride in our work.
And the reward is the harvest.
Invite everyone to the holiday!
Exercise. Based on the drawings, model the typical appearance of a Slav.
- (Slide) The Slavs, according to the description, were chubby, with blond hair, with big blue eyes. They were tall and broad-shouldered.
You have on the tables the details of the clothes worn by the ancient Slavs. Consider. What can you say?
Summary of the lesson. Reflection.
Let's go back to the questions we asked at the beginning of the lesson. Have we answered them? (Slide)
Guys, how do you evaluate your work in the lesson?
What do you remember most about the lesson today?
Stand up those who are satisfied with their work.
Perspective.
Well, for those who didn’t succeed today, don’t be discouraged. We have many more lessons ahead of us, and I am sure that you will show your best side. Thank you all very much.
Homework.
Your homework will be creative.
Imagine that you live in one of the tribes of the ancient Slavs. Describe life in your tribe, draw your home, what you do.
I would like to end our lesson with the following lines:
“I swear on my honor that for nothing in the world I would want to change my fatherland or have a different history than the history of our ancestors.” A.S. Pushkin.
Slides captions:
History is not only the affairs of bygone days. It is in us and around us, fills our life, connects the past and the present with many threads. Meeting with history.
The life of our distant ancestors Who? How? Where? Which? Who were our ancestors? How did you manage your business? Where they lived? What were they?
ANCESTORS CONTEMPORARY DESCENDANTS
Check yourself! Lifetime of our ancestors and descendants. 2017 ancestors descendants
The resettlement of the ancient Slavs
Settlement of the ancient Slavs
Exercise. Read the text and explain why the Slavs settled along the banks of the rivers. In those ancient times, our Motherland was not at all the same as it is now. The territory of the European part of the country was almost entirely covered with forests. Where now there are vast fields and crowded cities, then only swamps could be seen. Only wide full-flowing rivers could swim through the forest thickets.
The dwellings of the ancient Slavs The hut was heated in black, without a pipe. There were no glasses. The house had wooden benches, tables, an oven.
Household items Clay pots and cups served as dishes
Occupations of the ancient Slavs.
Model the typical appearance of a Slav.
APPEARANCE OF THE SLAVES Slavs, according to the description, were round-faced, with blond hair, with large blue eyes. They were tall and broad-shouldered.
Festive girl's sundress
wedding suit
Decorations
repeated know found out wondered surprised I
Thank you for your attention!
At school, the child was assigned a responsible task: to make a family door, paste photos of relatives. To be honest, I spent five hours on this task. She drew herself, pasted family photos, her daughter alone would not have coped. Well, I spontaneously immersed myself in history. You will also be interested to know how our ancestors lived.
Look into the past
If you study the history of the family, you can get confused. You need to start with the last name that was given to you at birth. Special companies that have access to the archives will decipher the meaning of the surname. They will name the great and famous people who were in your family. The cost of the service is not cheap and you will have to wait, but the result will surprise you. Modern people are not very interested in knowing how the nomadic Slavs lived, caused rain and loved nature. But you can look into the last century.
USSR and our ancestors
The Soviet Union is a bright period in people's lives. When the mighty power was reunited, our great-grandparents were young (as we are now). The best years were ahead. But, the Soviet regime and repressions broke the plans. And then it was worse: famine, war, devastation. All men were obliged to serve (5 years in the army), and then - "to defend their homeland." Find photos of your great-grandfather, he will definitely be dressed in a military uniform.
In the post-war period, there was a belief in a better life. Agriculture began to develop actively. Collective farms were opened. Women worked in the fields no less than men. The work was difficult (from morning to late evening). Girls had no right to take sick leave or maternity leave!
The elite and intelligentsia lived in cities. They are more fortunate. Our ancestors lived modestly in the villages. There were not even amenities in the houses, I generally keep quiet about the TV.
Another horrific fact: the villagers were undocumented. But, they lived together, the holidays walked the whole streets, shared food and secrets.
Dawn in life
During the period of stagnation, our ancestors began to enjoy the benefits of civilization. They:
- went to the city;
- went to the sea;
- visited the cinema;
- bought cars.
Our ancestors lived one day. Constantly dreamed of good things. It remains for us to bring their plans to life. Remember: we are the pride of our grandfathers and great-grandfathers.
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Recently I was looking at old photographs of my grandparents and great-grandmothers. While watching, I thought about how our ancestors lived in the 20th century. Of course, everything is different, but some common features can be found. It has always been interesting to live in Russia, we still have an important country, and not some kind of Ireland, but we live, on average, poorer than our European neighbors.
Our ancestors lived in the USSR
About 30 years ago there was such a country with a size of 22 million square meters. km and with a population of almost 300 million people. Even in the United States, there was then less population and territory. The USSR is well remembered by our parents. There were a lot of good and strange things. For example, it was difficult for a Soviet person to travel abroad, so they traveled mainly in their own country and with minimal comfort, which is reflected in the film "Be My Husband". My ancestors in the 1970s and 1980s spent their holidays in the following places in the summer:
- Moscow and Leningrad. They served not only as cultural capitals, but also as all-Union stores.
- Baltic. Three republics played the role of internal foreign countries. There it was better with consumer goods, and the standard of living was the envy of everyone else.
- Crimea. A popular resort, which is reflected in many films, for example, "Three plus two."
- Georgia and Armenia. People traveled to these republics for the sake of the subtropical climate of Adjara and delicious food.
The Soviet period was remembered by almost every family for the processes of urbanization. That is, in the twenties, the population was still mostly rural, and in the 1950s-1980s, large-scale housing construction was going on. This period is reflected in the cinema, for example, in the film "Prize", as well as in painting the picture - "Wedding on Tomorrow Street".
Our ancestors lived in the Russian Empire
In my childhood there were still old people who were born before the revolution. However, we remember pre-revolutionary Russia poorly, despite all the flattering words addressed to her after 1991. Alas, the majority of Russians' ancestors then were illiterate or semi-literate and lived in the countryside. You can look at the life of pre-revolutionary Russia in the famous photographs of Prokudin-Gorsky. I've looked at everything!
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Using the benefits of civilization, such as a washing machine, diapers for a child, a telephone, I sometimes think about how people used to live without all this. It turns out that they lived normally - they just did not know that it was possible to live better, and therefore put up with their fate. Read on for details.
The lifestyle of our ancestors
Getting acquainted with the life of our ancestors, sometimes you wonder ... All life is a continuous struggle for survival. The main goal was not to die of hunger.
At dawn, the women got up and went to prepare food for their livestock and family, and then went to the fields. The men did the hard work.
Our ancestors had many children throughout the ages. Children got easier work - they had to nurse the younger ones, herd geese, guard the hut.
When you read about the life of ancient people, it becomes sad that in their life there was no place for creativity, self-realization, emotions, pleasures and joy. More precisely, all this was, but not on such a scale as in our time, but meagerly and for a short time.
But, however, people then were physically healthier and more resilient, lived in harmony with nature.
Our ancestors could realize themselves, perhaps, through their craft. However, it was also routine, according to the pattern. A blacksmith might hate his job, but he couldn't do anything else, and that's why he forged horseshoes for the rest of his days.
Someone will say that women should have been happy that they had many children. But, alas, in such conditions of life, which our distant great-grandmothers got, there was no time for love and rapture. And often children were perceived as a burden, or vice versa, a labor force.
How were the names of our ancestors
In the Middle Ages, many different professions and crafts began to appear. The most popular were:
- blacksmith;
- potter;
- tanner;
- a carpenter;
- weaver;
- undertaker.
And in view of the fact that our ancestors always lived in large clans, for convenience, each family was called by the occupation of the owner.
So, the Kozhevnikovs, Kravtsovs, Melnikovs, Zemtsovs appeared (in the old days, beekeepers were called Zemstvo), Furmanovs (cab drivers were previously called furmans).
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During the winter holidays, my son and I, while in Omsk, visited the local local history museum. The exposition turned out to be quite large, and by the end my child was already tired, but it was still difficult to take him away from there. He was especially interested in the way of life of distant ancestors, and I was interested in later times.
Ancient people on Omsk land
The exposition included the following stages:
- stone Age;
- bronze age;
- iron age.
As we were told on the tour, people in these parts lived already in the Stone Age. While hunting, they obtained food for themselves with the help of stones and pointed sticks, dressed in skins, and huts covered with animal skins served as a shelter from bad weather.
Siberians two centuries ago
Siberian peasants lived in communities in which great importance was attached to helping each other and the poor. For example, houses were usually built all together. The family household consisted of a log hut with a stove, a summer house, a bathhouse, a servants' house, a barn and a cellar with a well. At the same time, part of the outbuildings was under one roof.
The head of the family was the Bolshak - the oldest man. He made all the decisions himself, distributed the work, and only in special cases consulted with the others. If the family did not like their elder, they turned to the community so that someone else from their relatives could replace him. Among women, the rules are big.
The whole year the family worked hard: they plowed the land, sowed, mowed, grazed cattle. Stocks replenished the collection of berries and mushrooms, fishing. Not having pharmacies and doctors nearby, women collected herbs, and each housewife had several medicinal tinctures just in case.
Settlers of Siberia
Whenever I encountered Siberians, I was surprised by the diversity of surnames. It is simply impossible to determine nationality from them. And after visiting the museum, I realized what was the matter.
It turns out that Siberia has experienced more than one resettlement. When freely, when involuntarily, people from different regions moved here. Natives of the same places settled together, therefore, in the territory of the region, there are still national villages in which they try to preserve their traditions.
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Before that, the life of a simple Russian peasant was completely different.
Usually a person lived to be 40-45 years old and died already an old man. He was considered an adult man with a family and children at the age of 14-15, and she was even earlier. They did not get married for love, the father went to woo the bride to his son.
There was no time for idle rest. In the summer, absolutely all the time was occupied by work in the field, in winter, logging and homework for the manufacture of tools and household utensils, hunting.
Let's look at the Russian village of the 10th century, which, however, is not much different from the village of both the 5th century and the 17th century...
We got to the Lubytino historical and cultural complex as part of a motor rally dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the Avtomir group of companies. It is not for nothing that it is called "One-storied Russia" - it was very interesting and informative to see how our ancestors lived.
In Lyubytino, at the place of residence of the ancient Slavs, among the mounds and burials, a real village of the 10th century was recreated, with all outbuildings and necessary utensils.
Let's start with an ordinary Slavic hut. The hut is cut from logs and covered with birch bark and turf. In some regions, the roofs of the same huts were covered with straw, and somewhere with wood chips. Surprisingly, the service life of such a roof is only slightly less than the service life of the entire house, 25-30 years, and the house itself served 40 years. Considering the lifetime at that time, the house was just enough for a person’s life.
By the way, in front of the entrance to the house there is a covered area - these are the very canopies from the song about "the canopy is new, maple."
The hut is heated in black, that is, the stove does not have a chimney, the smoke comes out through a small window under the roof and through the door. There are no normal windows either, and the door is only about a meter high. This is done in order not to release heat from the hut.
When the stove is fired, soot settles on the walls and roof. There is one big plus in the "black" firebox - there are no rodents and insects in such a house.
Of course, the house stands on the ground without any foundation, the lower crowns simply rest on several large stones.
This is how the roof is made
And here is the oven. A stone hearth mounted on a pedestal made of logs smeared with clay. The stove was lit from early morning. When the stove is heated, it is impossible to stay in the hut, only the hostess remained there, preparing food, all the rest went outside to do business, in any weather. After the stove was heated, the stones gave off heat until the next morning. Food was cooked in the oven.
This is what the cabin looks like from the inside. They slept on benches placed along the walls, they also sat on them while eating. The children slept on the beds, they are not visible in this photo, they are on top, above the head. In winter, young livestock were taken into the hut so that they would not die from frost. They also washed in the hut. You can imagine what kind of air was there, how warm and comfortable it was there. It immediately becomes clear why life expectancy was so short.
In order not to heat the hut in the summer, when this is not necessary, there was a separate small building in the village - a bread oven. Bread was baked and cooked there.
Grain was stored in a barn - a building raised on poles from the surface of the earth to protect products from rodents.
Barrels were arranged in the barn, remember - "I scratched the bottom of the barn ..."? These are special board boxes in which grain was poured from above, and taken from below. So the grain was not stale.
Also, a glacier was tripled in the village - a cellar in which ice was laid in the spring, sprinkled with hay and lay there almost until the next winter.
Clothes, skins, utensils and weapons that were not needed at the moment were stored in a crate. The crate was also used when the husband and wife needed to retire.
Barn - this building served for drying sheaves and threshing grain. Heated stones were piled into the hearth, sheaves were laid on the poles, and the peasant dried them, constantly turning them over. Then the grains were threshed and winnowed.
Cooking in an oven involves a special temperature regime - languor. So, for example, gray cabbage soup is prepared. They are called gray because of their gray color. How to cook them?
E If you think that our ancestors lived in spacious, hay-smelling houses, slept on a warm Russian stove and lived happily ever after, then you are mistaken. So, as you thought, the peasants began to live a hundred, maybe a hundred and fifty, or at most two hundred years ago.
Before that, the life of a simple Russian peasant was completely different.
Usually a person lived to be 40-45 years old and died already an old man. He was considered an adult man with a family and children at the age of 14-15, and she was even earlier. They did not get married for love, the father went to woo the bride to his son.
There was no time for idle rest. In the summer, absolutely all the time was occupied by work in the field, in winter, logging and homework for the manufacture of tools and household utensils, hunting.
Let's look at the Russian village of the 10th century, which, however, is not much different from the village of both the 5th century and the 17th century...
We got to the Lubytino historical and cultural complex as part of a motor rally dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the Avtomir group of companies. It is not for nothing that it is called "One-storied Russia" - it was very interesting and informative to see how our ancestors lived.
In Lyubytino, at the place of residence of the ancient Slavs, among the mounds and burials, a real village of the 10th century was recreated, with all outbuildings and necessary utensils.
02
Let's start with an ordinary Slavic hut. The hut is cut from logs and covered with birch bark and turf. In some regions, the roofs of the same huts were covered with straw, and somewhere with wood chips. Surprisingly, the service life of such a roof is only slightly less than the service life of the entire house, 25-30 years, and the house itself served 40 years. Considering the lifetime at that time, the house was just enough for a person’s life.
By the way, in front of the entrance to the house there is a covered area - these are the very canopies from the song about "the canopy is new, maple."
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The hut is heated in black, that is, the stove does not have a chimney, the smoke comes out through a small window under the roof and through the door. There are no normal windows either, and the door is only about a meter high. This is done in order not to release heat from the hut.
When the stove is fired, soot settles on the walls and roof. There is one big plus in the "black" firebox - there are no rodents and insects in such a house.
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Of course, the house stands on the ground without any foundation, the lower crowns simply rest on several large stones.
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This is how the roof is made
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And here is the oven. A stone hearth mounted on a pedestal made of logs smeared with clay. The stove was lit from early morning. When the stove is heated, it is impossible to stay in the hut, only the hostess remained there, preparing food, all the rest went outside to do business, in any weather. After the stove was heated, the stones gave off heat until the next morning. Food was cooked in the oven.
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This is what the cabin looks like from the inside. They slept on benches placed along the walls, they also sat on them while eating. The children slept on the beds, they are not visible in this photo, they are on top, above the head. In winter, young livestock were taken into the hut so that they would not die from frost. They also washed in the hut. You can imagine what kind of air was there, how warm and comfortable it was there. It immediately becomes clear why life expectancy was so short.
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In order not to heat the hut in the summer, when this is not necessary, there was a separate small building in the village - a bread oven. Bread was baked and cooked there.
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Grain was stored in a barn - a building raised on poles from the surface of the earth to protect products from rodents.
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Barrels were arranged in the barn, remember - "I scratched the bottom of the barn ..."? These are special board boxes in which grain was poured from above, and taken from below. So the grain was not stale.
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Also, a glacier was tripled in the village - a cellar in which ice was laid in the spring, sprinkled with hay and lay there almost until the next winter.
Clothes, skins, utensils and weapons that were not needed at the moment were stored in a crate. The crate was also used when the husband and wife needed to retire.
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Barn - this building served for drying sheaves and threshing grain. Heated stones were piled into the hearth, sheaves were laid on the poles, and the peasant dried them, constantly turning them over. Then the grains were threshed and winnowed.
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Cooking in an oven involves a special temperature regime - languor. So, for example, gray cabbage soup is prepared. They are called gray because of their gray color. How to cook them?
To begin with, green cabbage leaves are taken, those that did not enter the head of cabbage are finely chopped, salted and placed under oppression for a week, for fermentation.
Even for cabbage soup you need pearl barley, meat, onions, carrots. The ingredients are placed in a pot, and it is placed in the oven, where it will spend several hours. By the evening, a very hearty and thick dish will be ready.
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