What can be the predicate in the sentence. Predicate types

As you know, the main meaning of the sentence lies in its grammatical basis, which is the subject and the predicate. In Russian, linguists usually distinguish three types of predicates. Let's see what is the difference between them.

How do predicates differ

Observing the expression of the grammatical foundations of different sentences, we can notice that predicates can be expressed by different parts of speech; and sometimes the predicate consists of one word, and sometimes of several. Depending on this, scientists decided to divide the predicates into groups, which avoids confusion and helps to quickly find the grammatical basis.

They suggested taking into account whether the predicate consists of one word (simple) or several (compound), and pay attention to how the semantic part is expressed if the predicate is compound and the semantic and grammatical functions are delegated to different words.

Thus, the division into a simple verbal, compound verbal and compound nominal predicate was obtained. Schoolchildren study all types of predicates in the 8th grade. Below you see a table with examples of predicate types.

Simple verb predicate

A simple verbal predicate consists of one verb in the form of any tense and mood.

Sometimes it turns out two words in the predicate (although it is simple): if some form of the verb is formed with the help of an auxiliary verb (“I will read”) or a particle (“He will go away!”). But the predicate still remains simple, because there is only one verb!

Examples of sentences with a simple verb predicate:

• My friend plays the saxophone.
• Tell us more about it!
• We will perform on stage.
• It was getting light.

Compound verb predicate

An otava verbal predicate consists of an auxiliary verb that performs a grammatical function, and an infinitive of a semantic verb that actually names the action. The first part can be expressed by verbs about the meaning of the action phase (start, finish, etc.), with modality value (want, be able, etc.) or by combining the verb "to be" with a short adjective with a modal meaning (glad, ready, etc.) The link "to be" in the present tense is omitted.

Verbs with the meaning of movement cannot be auxiliary in a compound verb predicate.

Examples of sentences with a compound verb predicate:

Compound nominal predicate

This predicate also consists of two parts, of which one takes on the functions of conveying grammatical meaning, while the other expresses the main meaning. The first is the linking verb "to be" in some form. Sometimes used so to speak "semi-link" (“seem” etc.: He seemed sad.)

The second part can be expressed by a nominal or any other part of speech, except for the gerund and the personal or impersonal form of the verb (and the infinitive - can), or a syntactically indivisible combination.

In the present tense, the link is omitted; it is usually said that the bond is zero.

Examples of sentences with a compound nominal predicate:

• My brother is an architect.
• The girl is very beautiful.
• She has blue eyes.
• The kid is scared by the noise.

The grammatical basis of the sentence. The concept of the main members of the proposal

The grammatical basis of a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.

The grammatical basis expresses the grammatical meanings of the sentence. They are connected with the meanings of moods and tense of the verb-predicate.

Troops move to the front.

(The action is actually happening and takes place in the present tense).

Yesterday he came to us.

(The action actually happened, but in the past tense).

Would you talk to your mother, Ivan!

(The action is not realized in reality, but desired by the speaker).

The subject and predicate are called the main members of the sentence, because all the minor members in the sentence directly or indirectly extend them.

We show the dependence of the minor terms on the main ones in the following diagram:

The astonished Varenukha silently handed him an urgent telegram..

The subject as a member of the sentence. Subject forms

The subject is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the questions of the nominative case who? or what?

The subject in Russian can be expressed in different ways, sometimes in "unusual" forms. The following table will help determine the correct subject.

The main ways of expressing the subject.

Predicate as a member of a sentence. Predicate types

The predicate is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject of a special connection and has a meaning expressed in questions, what does the subject of speech do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he? and etc.

The predicate in Russian is simple and compound. A simple (simple verbal) predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.

Compound predicates are expressed in several words, one of them serves to connect with the subject, while the semantic load falls on the others. In other words, in compound predicates, lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.

(Verb was colonel

(Verb started serves to connect with the subject, on the word work the semantic load of the predicate falls.)

Among compound predicates, there are compound verbal and compound nominal predicates.

Learn more about predicate types. Simple verb predicate

A simple verbal predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.

It can be expressed in the following forms of the verb:

We emphasize that in the case of you will be expected tomorrow, the simple verb predicate is expressed by the compound form of the future tense of the verb wait.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate consists of two components - an auxiliary verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and an indefinite form of the verb that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(Here it began - this is an auxiliary verb, and gnaw is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

(Here I don’t want to - this is an auxiliary verb, and to offend is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

The role of an auxiliary verb can be a combination of some short adjectives (should, glad, ready, obliged, etc.) and a linking service verb to be in the form of one of the moods (in the present tense, this link is omitted).

(here the linkage will be omitted).

So, let's imagine the structure of the compound verbal predicate by the formula:

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate consists of two components: a linking verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(Here the connective verb will become, and the nominal part is expressed by the adjective viscous.)

(Here the connective verb will be, and the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by the noun handball player.)

Let's represent the structure of the compound nominal predicate by the formula:

The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is expressed by the following parts of speech: noun, adjective (full and short, different forms of degrees of comparison), participle (full and short), numeral, pronoun, adverb, word of the category of state, verb in indefinite form.

In Russian, at least four main types of one-component sentences can be distinguished.

The main types of two-part sentences

Knowing the main types of two-part sentences, it is easier to find grammatical foundations in them.

The main types of one-part sentences

Secondary members of the sentence: definition, addition, circumstance

All members of the sentence, except for the main ones, are called secondary.

Secondary members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis, but spread (explain) it. They can explain other secondary terms as well.

Let's demonstrate this with a diagram:

According to their meaning and role in the sentence, secondary members are divided into definition, addition and circumstance. These syntactic roles are identified by questions.

Valued (to what extent?) high- circumstance.

appreciated (what?) canvases- addition.

Canvases (whose?) his- definition.

Complement as a member of the proposal. Types of add-ons

The addition is a minor member of the sentence that answers the questions of indirect cases (i.e. all except the nominative) and designates the subject. The complement usually spreads the predicate, although it can also spread other members of the sentence.

I enjoy reading (what?) magazines. (Here the addition of the logs extends the predicate.)

Reading (what?) magazines is an exciting activity. (Here, the addition of logs propagates the subject.)

Supplements are most often expressed by nouns (or words in the function of nouns) and pronouns, but can also be represented by an indefinite form of the verb and phrases that are integral in meaning.

He shaved in the campaign (with what?) With a bayonet. (Here, the addition of a bayonet is expressed by a noun.)

This is understandable only to connoisseurs of (what?) Beauty. (Here the complement of the beautiful is expressed by the adjective as a noun.)

And I will ask you (about what?) to stay. (Here the object to remain is expressed in the indefinite form of the verb.)

He read (what?) many books. (Here, the addition of many books is expressed by a combination that is integral in meaning.)

Additions are either direct or indirect.

Direct objects are transitive verbs and denote the subject to which the action is directly directed. Direct objects are expressed in the accusative case without a preposition.

I don’t know when I will see my relatives now (v. p.).

These furnaces used to melt steel (vp).

All other additions are called indirect.

Play the piano (p. p.).

I put the bread on the table (c.p. with a preposition).

I was forbidden to worry (expressed in the indefinite form of the verb).

The question of a complex predicate in the scientific literature turned out to be extremely confusing: a) in educational and reference literature and in special works, a complex predicate is singled out as one of the three main types - along with a simple and compound predicate; b) a completely different content is embedded in the concept of a complex predicate, its criteria are reasonably contradictory. The chess system of three types of sentences, differing in the form of the predicate, became the basis for the subsequent characteristics of the three types of predicate: simple (cf. "one-sentence"), compound (cf. "connective-predicate") and complex (cf. "two-predicate"), passing them uncertainty and fuzziness of the main criterion [Ibid., 27].

A.M. Peshkovsky "quite definitely proposed a system of two types of predicate" [Ibid.].

A compound predicate is a complicated simple or (more often) compound predicate.

The nominal or verbal type of a complex predicate is determined by the last component: if it is an infinitive, the predicate qualifies as a complex verb, if - a name, then - as a complex nominal).

Modal-temporal meanings are expressed by conjugated verb forms (they may be absent in the present tense). The nominal part in the first component (in a compound nominal predicate) of two-part sentences can be expressed by short adjectives: glad, ready, able, intends, must, etc., and in one-part sentences - by words of the state category with a modal meaning it is impossible, it is possible and under.) or with an emotional-evaluative meaning: fun, sad, pleasant, etc. The main part of the complex nominal predicate is connected to the first component with the help of the infinitive to be or other verb forms with the meaning of being, existence (to live, to exist, etc.).

Types of compound predicate

A complex (trinomial, polynomial) is a predicate consisting of three or more parts. The following types of compound predicates are distinguished:

• a) verbal (consisting of only verbs and correlative with compound verbal predicates), for example: decided to start treatment, hopes to quit smoking;
• b) nominal (consisting of a predicative adjective, a link and a nominal part, correlative with compound nominal predicates), for example: glad to be useful, ready to become an intermediary;
• c) mixed (consisting of verbs and nouns, combining the features of a compound verb and a compound nominal predicate), for example: he could become a scientist, he is afraid to be funny.

For example: He wanted to appear brave on the fourth bastion (Tolstoy);

Do you want to live like a lamb (Goncharov); I do not even consider myself obliged to feel gratitude towards him (Chernyshevsky); I was no longer afraid to be and seem sensitive ... (Chekhov) [Ibid.].

The general typology of the predicate is characterized in the Russian language by the opposition of the simple and the complex predicate with the subdivision of the simple predicate into a compound nominal and a compound verb. Predicate constructions, which, on the basis of certain features, were considered as forms of a “complex predicate”, also have their place in the stated system of predicate types.

Until now, in the Russian language there is no consensus on what the predicate is as the main member of the sentence. Which classification of the predicate is preferable: semantic or structural? How to define clear boundaries of the type of predicate? Whose method of studying the predicate in school grammar should be preferred? All this is reflected in the practice of teaching the Russian language at school, and in the quality of preparation of graduates for the Unified State Examination.

In our opinion, the definition of A. G. Rudnev should be chosen as a working definition of the predicate:

• 1. The predicate as the main member of the sentence indicates the sign of the subject that it possesses, either produces or perceives from the side, and answers the questions: “who is (or“ what is ) the object?, “What is the object?”, “What makes the item? or “What is being done with it?” .
• 2. The predicate in the composition of the sentence performs three semantic functions: 1) establishes the subject as a carrier of a feature in the possession in time of one or another feature inherent in it; 2) denotes the action that the subject performs; 3) denotes an action that the subject perceives from the side [Ibid.].

With regard to the predicate and its structural types, "an unimaginable confusion reigns in our educational and scientific literature." There is no single classification of predicate types, it is considered in two ways: structural and semantic. There are different views on the allocation of structural types of the predicate. Scientific grammar distinguishes three types of predicate: 1) simple; 2) composite and 3) complex.

Linguists recognize that non-conjugated forms of the verbal roots of words (such as bam, jump, talk, etc.) can be used as a predicate, as a rule, in colloquial speech with a hint of a sudden-instant action of a perfect form in the past.

Combinations with a verbal reference word that have not yet become phraseological units, but have already lost their “freedom of compatibility” to varying degrees: to conduct a conversation, arrange a reception, give a hand, impress, etc., are qualified in scientific grammar in two ways: a) they can be considered as predicate and b) a minor member can be distinguished in them.

They do not have an unambiguous interpretation in the literature and are considered either as predicates or as combinations of predicates with additions, phase and modal verbs in combination with verbs containing an emotional assessment of the action.

A controversial issue in the linguistic literature is the question of a predicate of a complex compound type. Unlike P. A. Lekant, V. V. Babaitseva, N. S. Valgina, who distinguish verbal, nominal and mixed predicates of a complex type, I. P. Raspopov considers these constructions to be a union of two predicates - main and secondary.

A controversial issue in scientific grammar is the inclusion in the category of a compound nominal predicate of constructions such as lay in a swoon, returned rejuvenated. In such sentences, two predicative features are simultaneously expressed - active and passive, therefore, the predicate can be qualified as “double” (A. A. Shakhmatov). In a different interpretation, these constructions are regarded as a complex predicate or as a combination of a simple verbal predicate in the strict sense of the term, and the conjugated verb is not a connective.

All forms of the predicate are divided into two structural types - simple and difficult - based on the ratio of real and grammatical meanings. According to the content of the predicative feature, verbal and nominal predicates are opposed. The verbal predicate denotes an active sign (action), the nominal predicate - a passive sign (quality, property, state, etc.) [Ibid., 136].

Simple predicate

Simple verb predicate

A simple verbal predicate is a predicate expressed by one verb in any mood:

• Wind sways grass.
• Sun fled behind the cloud.
• I I'll go in the forest.
• He would go in town.
• You to me write mail right away!
• In the shadows for a long time heard whisper.

Compound predicate

The compound predicate is verbal and nominal. It consists of two parts: a copula and a verbal or nominal part.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verb predicate consists of a connective part and an indefinite form of the verb. Answers questions what does it do? what to do? what did you do? The linking part can be:

• phase verb (start, continue, become, quit);
• modal word (wants, ready, forced, maybe not able).

He wants to enroll in the Institute.
I long could not with them meet.
You gotta learn.
I was unable to think about it.

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate is a predicate that consists of a nominal part and a linking verb.

The most commonly used is the linking verb. be, are less commonly used, but other linking verbs are possible.

A link in a sentence can be omitted.

When parsing, the predicate is indicated by two horizontal lines.

The nominal part of the compound predicate is expressed in different ways:

• adjective: weather was good;
• noun: book - faithful Friend;
• comparative degree of the adjective: it has a character harder become;
• a short turn of the passive participle: grass bevelled;
• short adjective : evening quiet;
• adverb: error was there;
• numeral: twice two - four;
• pronoun: this notebook my;
• syntactically complete phrase: he sat in a puddle;
• idiom: he was the talk of the town.

Also in the example:

• the weather was good;

Weather - what did you do?- was - which?- good.

see also

Notes

Literature

• Russian language. Textbook for grade 8 educational institutions. S. G. Barkhudarov, S. E. Kryuchkov, L. Yu. Maksimov, L. A. Cheshko et al. 28th ed. - M .: Education - JSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2005-2008 p.: ill. - ISBN 5-09-013740-4

Links

• Arutyunova N. D. Predicate // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary, M., 1990
• Website about the Russian language - predicate (Russian)

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what "Predicate" is in other dictionaries:

predicate, predicate, cf. 1. One of the two main members of the sentence, which contains a statement, making the expression of thought complete (gram.). Simple predicate. Compound predicate. In the sentence the factory works, the word works is a predicate. 2… Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Predicate, word. Ant. subject, subject Dictionary of Russian synonyms. predicate adj. predicate Dictionary of Russian synonyms. Context 5.0 Informatics. 2012 ... Synonym dictionary

- (predicate) one of the main members of the sentence. In a two-part sentence, the predicate correlates with the subject and expresses its actions, properties, states ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

PREDICIAL, wow, cf. In grammar: the main member of the sentence, denoting the attribute of the subject, named in the subject, and together with the subject forming the grammatical basis of a simple sentence. | adj. predicative, oh, oh. Dictionary… … Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Predicate- PREDICATE or predicate. The term S. is used in different meanings: 1. psychological S. or S. (predicate) of the judgment is what is thought about the subject of the judgment or about the so-called. psychological subject (see Subject), i.e. the representation that ... Dictionary of literary terms

The main member of a two-part sentence, grammatically dependent on the subject, denoting an active or passive sign of the subject that is expressed by the subject. Simple verbal predicate. Compound verb predicate. Nominal compound… Dictionary of linguistic terms

Predicate- The predicate is one of the two main members of the sentence, in which the message is expressed; correlates with the subject and is connected with it by a predicative relation (see Predicate, Sentence). The dominant element (usually a verb) of the composition of the predicate (predicate ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

The main member of the sentence, meaning an event. It is expressed by a verb (a simple verbal predicate), as well as a noun, an adjective, an adverb (a compound nominal predicate); cf .: He is yearning / He is in anguish / The year was successful. Compound verb ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

Wow; cf. Lingu. One of the two main members of a sentence, denoting the action or state of the subject expressed by the subject. Subject and s. Simple, complex with. Verb s. ◁ Predicative, oh, oh. With th value. With th use of the word. ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

predicate- The main member of a two-part sentence, correlative with the subject, grammatically subordinate to it. The formal dependence of the predicate on the subject is manifested in the predicative connection: So the moon has risen. The ideal means of expressing the predicate is ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Books

• A set of tables. Russian language. Grammar. 22 tables, . Educational album of 22 sheets. Art. 5-8682-022. Connection of words in a phrase. Types of simple sentences. Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members. A dash between subject and...

Predicate- the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting the action or sign of what is expressed by the subject.

Predicate has a lexical meaning (names what is reported about the realia named in the subject) and grammatical meaning (characterizes the statement from the point of view of reality or irreality and the correlation of the statement with the moment of speech, which is expressed by the forms of the mood of the verb, and in the indicative mood - and time).

There are three main types of predicates: simple verb, compound verb And compound nominal .

Simple verbal predicate, ways of expressing it

Simple verb predicate(PGS) can be expressed one word And ambiguously .

PGS- one word :

1) a verb in conjugated form, that is, the form of one of the moods; in these cases, the predicate agrees with the subject: He read / reads / will read / would read / let him read / this book.

2) verbal interjection or infinitive; there is no agreement between the predicate and the subject: And the hat bam right on the floor. As the music starts, the boy will immediately dance.

PGS- phrase :

1. PGS - phraseologically free , But syntactically related phrase - may have the following structure and typical meaning:

1) repetition of the verb form to indicate the duration of the action:
I go, I go, but the forest is still far away.

2) repetition of the verb form with a particle so to indicate an intense or fully implemented action:
That's what he said.

3) repetition of the same verb in different forms or single-root verbs to enhance the meaning of the predicate:
He does not sleep himself and does not let others.
I can't wait for spring.

4) a semantic verb with an auxiliary verb form that has lost or weakened its lexical meaning and introduces additional semantic shades into the sentence:
And he take it and say / know yourself sings.

5) two verbs in the same grammatical form to denote an action and its purpose:
I'll go for a walk in the garden.

6) a verb with a particle was, introducing the meaning of a failed action:
I was going to the cinema, but didn't go.

7) design with the value of the intensity of action:
All he does is sleep.

2. PGS- phraseological unit denotes a single action, inseparable in meaning into an action and its material object, in most cases this phraseological unit can be replaced by one verb: take part, come to your senses, fall into a rage, sound the alarm, have the opportunity, have the intention, have the habit, have the honor, have the right; to express a desire, to burn with desire, to acquire a habit, to consider oneself entitled, to consider it necessary and so on.:

He attended the conference(=participated).

Compound verb predicate(GHS) has the following structure:
pre-infinitive part + infinitive.

Infinitive expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate - calls the action.

Pre-infinitive part expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, as well as an additional characteristic of the action - an indication of its beginning, middle or end (phase meaning) or possibility, desirability, degree of commonness and other characteristics that describe the attitude of the subject of the action to this action (modal meaning).

Phase value expressed by verbs become, start (start), accept (accept), continue (continue), stop (stop), stop (stop) and some others (most often these are synonyms for the above words, characteristic of the colloquial style of speech):

I started/continued/finished reading this book.

modal value can be expressed

1) verbs to be able, able, want, wish, try, intend, dare, refuse, think, prefer, get used to, love, hate, beware, etc.

2) a linking verb to be (in the present tense in zero form) + short adjectives glad, ready, obliged, must, intends, capable, as well as adverbs and nouns with a modal meaning:

I was ready / willing / able to wait.

Both in the pre-infinitive part and in the position of the infinitive, a phraseological unit can be used:

He is eager to participate in the conference(= wants to participate)
He wants to attend the conference(= wants to participate).
He lit with eagerness to take part in conference(= wants to participate).

The complication of CGS occurs due to the additional use of a modal or phase verb in its composition:

I started to want to eat.
I felt that soon I could start to want to eat.

A special type of GHS is presented in sentences, the main members of which are expressed by verbs in an indefinite form: to be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest. The auxiliary part of such predicates is not typical for compound verbs: it is represented by the linking verb to be, which occurs in compound nominal predicates. In addition to being, the auxiliary part can also be represented by the verb mean, for example:

Not to come means to offend.

The predicates expressed are not compound verbal predicates:

1) the compound form of the future tense of the imperfective verb in the indicative mood: I will work tomorrow;
2) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive that occupies the position of an object in the sentence in the case of different subjects of action in the conjugated form of the verb and the infinitive: Everyone asked her.underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to sing (everyone asked, but she should sing);
3) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive, which in a sentence is a circumstance of the goal: He went outside for a walk.

It is easy to see that in all these cases the conjugated form of the verb before the infinitive has neither phase nor modal meaning.

Compound nominal predicate

Compound nominal predicate(SIS) has the following structure:
nominal part (bundle) + nominal part.

Nominal part expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.

Indicative part expresses the grammatical or grammatical and part of the lexical meaning of the predicate.

Indicative part It happens:

1) abstract: the verb to be (meaning "to appear" and not "to be" or "to have"), which expresses only the grammatical meaning of the predicate - mood, tense, person / gender, number; in the present tense, the abstract connective appears in the zero form: He is a student / was a student.

2) semi-significant (semi-abstract): verbs to appear (appear), to be, to appear (to appear), to introduce themselves (to appear), to become (become), to become (to be done), to stay (to remain), to be considered, etc., which express the grammatical meaning of the predicate and complement the meaning expressed by the nominal part; these verbs are usually not used without a nominal part.

For example: He turned out to be a student. She seemed tired.

3) significant (full-valued): verbs of movement, state, activity go, walk, run, return, sit, stand, lie down, work, live, etc.

For example: We returned home tired. He worked as a janitor. He lived as a hermit.

Significant And semi-significantbundle when determining the type of the predicate, it can be replaced by an abstract one.

The nominal part can be expressed in one word and ambiguous.

Single-word noun expression :

1) a noun in the case form, more often in the nominative case. / instrumental.

For example: He/was a teacher. The skirt was in a cage.

2) an adjective in full and short form, in the form of any of the degrees of comparison.

For example: His words were smart. He became taller than his father. He is the tallest in the class.

3) full or short participle: Letter was not printed .

4) pronoun: This pencil is mine!

5) numeral: He was eighth in line.

6) adverb: The conversation will be frank. I felt sorry for the old man.

An ambiguous expression of the nominal part:

1) a phraseologically free, but syntactically related phrase may have the following structure:

a) a word with a quantitative meaning + a noun in the genitive case.

For example: The boy was five years old.

b) a noun with words dependent on it, if the noun itself is not very informative, and the semantic center of the statement is located precisely in the words dependent on the name (the noun itself in this case can be thrown out of the sentence almost without loss of meaning).

For example: He is the best student in the class.

2) phraseological unit: He was the talk of the town.

The linking part can also be expressed by a phraseological unit:

He looked gloomy and distracted - phraseologism in the connective part;

A compound nominal predicate, like a compound verb, can be complicated by introducing a modal or phase auxiliary verb into it.

For example: She wanted to appear tired. He gradually began to become an expert in this field.