Map of radiation contamination of Russia. What is interesting about the exclusion zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant

(after the Chernobyl and Fukushima disasters) an accident in which about 100 tons of radioactive waste entered the environment. An explosion followed, polluting a vast area.

Since then, there have been many emergency situations at the plant, accompanied by emissions.

Siberian Chemical Plant, Seversk, Russia

Test site, city of Semipalatinsk (Semey), Kazakhstan

Western Mining and Chemical Plant, Mailuu-Suu, Kyrgyzstan

Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Pripyat city, Ukraine

Gas field Urta-Bulak, Uzbekistan

Aikhal village, Russia

An underground explosion was carried out 50 kilometers east of the village of Aikhal on August 24, 1978 as part of the Kraton-3 project to study seismic activity. The power was 19 kilotons. As a result of these actions, a large radioactive release to the surface occurred. So big that the incident was recognized by the government. But there were a lot of underground nuclear explosions in Yakutia. An elevated background is typical for many places even now.

Udachny Mining and Processing Plant, Udachny, Russia

As part of the Kristall project, on October 2, 1974, an above-ground explosion with a capacity of 1.7 kilotons was carried out 2 kilometers from the city of Udachny. The goal was to create a dam for the Udachny mining and processing plant. Unfortunately, there was also a major release.

Canal Pechora - Kama, city of Krasnovishersk, Russia

On March 23, 1971, the Taiga project was implemented 100 kilometers north of the city of Krasnovishersk in the Cherdynsky district of the Perm region. Within its framework, three charges of 5 kilotons each were blown up for the construction of the Pechora-Kama canal. Since the explosion was superficial, an ejection occurred. A large area was infected, where, however, people live today.

569th Coastal Technical Base, Andreeva Bay, Russia

Polygon "Globus-1", Galkino village, Russia

Here, in 1971, another peaceful underground explosion was carried out under the Globus-1 project. Again for the purpose of seismic sounding. Due to poor-quality cementing of the wellbore to place the charge, substances were released into the atmosphere and into the Shacha River. This place is the officially recognized zone of man-made contamination closest to Moscow.

Mine "Yunkom", city of Donetsk, Ukraine

Gas condensate field, Krestische village, Ukraine

Another unsuccessful experiment was conducted here on the use of a nuclear explosion for peaceful purposes. More precisely, to eliminate the leakage of gas from the field, which could not be stopped for a whole year. The explosion was accompanied by a release, a characteristic fungus and contamination of nearby areas. There are no official data on the background radiation at that and the current moment.

Totsky polygon, city of Buzuluk, Russia

Once upon a time, an experiment called "Snowball" was conducted at this test site - the first test of the effect of the consequences of a nuclear explosion on people. During the exercises, the Tu-4 bomber dropped a nuclear bomb with a capacity of 38 kilotons of TNT. Approximately three hours after the explosion, 45,000 troops were sent to the contaminated area. Few of them are alive. Whether the landfill is currently deactivated is unknown.

A more detailed list of radioactive sites can be found.

After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the Bryansk, Tula, Oryol and Kaluga regions were exposed to radionuclide contamination in Russia. These territories are adjacent to the northern border of Ukraine and are located at a distance of 100-550 km from the source of the release of radioactive substances. In order to inform the public and the population living in the contaminated territories, the EMERCOM of Russia has prepared an Atlas of current and forecast aspects of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the affected territories of Russia and Belarus. The specified Atlas contains a set of maps that display the spatial features of radionuclide contamination of the territory of Russia both in the past - in 1986, and the current state. The scientists also prepared forecast levels of pollution in Russia in 10-year increments up to 2056.

Map of contamination of Europe by radioactive fallout after 1986

Contamination of the territory of Russia with radionuclides in the 70s and 80s

In 1986, the evacuation of the population was carried out in some contaminated territories of the Russian Federation. A total of 186 people were evacuated (in Ukraine, 113,000 people were evacuated from the zone of radioactive contamination, in Belarus - 24,725 people).
Large-scale works on decontamination (cleaning) of settlements and adjacent territories (roads) were carried out on the contaminated territories. During the period from 1986-1987, 472 settlements of the Bryansk region (western regions) were decontaminated in Russia. The decontamination was carried out by the army, which carried out washing of buildings, cleaning the territory of residential areas, cleaning the top layer of contaminated soil, disinfecting drinking water sources, and cleaning roads. Army units carried out systematic work on dust suppression - they moistened roads in settlements. By 1989, the radiation situation in the contaminated territories had significantly improved and stabilized.

Pollution of the territory of Russia today

When preparing maps of modern contamination of the territory of Russia with radionuclides, scientists carried out comprehensive studies, which included an assessment of the distribution of cesium-137, strontium-90 and transuranium elements along the soil profile. It was found that radioactive substances are still contained in the top 0-20 cm soil layer. Thus, radionuclides are located in the root layer and are involved in biological chains of migration.
The maximum levels of contamination of the territory of Russia with strontium-90 and plutonium-239,240 of Chernobyl origin are located in the western part of the Bryansk region - where the levels of contamination for 90Sr are about 0.5 Curie / sq. km, and 239, 240Pu - 0.01 - 0.1 Curie / sq. km.

Map of contamination of the territory of the Bryansk, Kaluga, Oryol and Tula regions with strontium-90.

Map of contamination of the territory of the Bryansk region with plutonium 239, 240

Maps of contamination of Russia with 137 Cs of Chernobyl origin

Maps of pollution of the Bryansk region with 137 Cs

The Bryansk region is the most unfavorable in terms of radiation. The western regions of the region will be contaminated with cesium radioisotopes for a long time to come. According to forecast estimates, in 2016, in the area of ​​​​the settlements of Novozybkov, Zlynka, the levels of surface contamination of caesium-137 will reach 40 Curie per square kilometer.

Map of contamination of the territory of the Bryansk region with cesium-137 (as of 1986)

Map of contamination of the territory of the Bryansk region with cesium-137 (as of 1996)

Pollution map of the territory of the Bryansk region (as of 2006)

Map of predicted pollution of the territory of the Bryansk region (as of 2016)

Map of predicted pollution of the territory of the Bryansk region (as of 2026)

Map of predicted pollution of the territory of the Bryansk region in 2056.

Maps of 137 Cs pollution in the Oryol region

1986.

Map of cesium-137 contamination of the territory of the Oryol region in 1996 year.

Map of cesium-137 contamination of the territory of the Oryol region in 2006 year.

2016 year.

Map of predicted cesium-137 contamination of the territory of the Oryol region in 2026 year.

Map of predicted cesium-137 contamination of the territory of the Oryol region in 2056 year.

Maps of 137 Cs pollution in the Tula region

1986 year

Map of cesium-137 contamination of the territory of the Tula region in 1996 year

Map of cesium-137 contamination of the territory of the Tula region in 2006 year

Map of predicted cesium-137 contamination of the territory of the Tula region in 2016 year

2026 year

Forecast map of cesium-137 contamination of the territory of the Tula region in 2056 year

Maps of 137 Cs pollution in the Kaluga region

Map of 137Cs pollution in the Kaluga region in 1986

Map of 137Cs pollution in the Kaluga region in 1996

Map of 137Cs pollution in the Kaluga region in 2006

2016 year

Map of predicted 137Cs pollution in the Kaluga region in 2026 year

Map of predicted 137Cs pollution in the Kaluga region in 2056 year

The material was prepared on the basis of the Atlas of modern and predictive aspects of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the affected territories of Russia and Belarus, edited by Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Yu.A.Izrael and Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus I.M. Bogdevich. year 2009.

As a result of a non-nuclear explosion (the root cause of the accident was a steam explosion) of the reactor of the 4th unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, fuel elements containing nuclear fuel (uranium-235) and radioactive fission products accumulated during the operation of the reactor (up to 3 years) were damaged and depressurized ( hundreds of radionuclides, including long-lived ones). The release of radioactive materials from the accident block of the NPP into the atmosphere consisted of gases, aerosols and fine particles of nuclear fuel. In addition, the ejection lasted a very long time; it was a process extended over time, consisting of several stages.

At the first stage (during the first hours), dispersed fuel was ejected from the destroyed reactor. At the second stage - from April 26 to May 2, 1986. - the emission power has decreased due to the measures taken to stop the combustion of graphite and filter the emission. At the suggestion of physicists, many hundreds of tons of boron, dolomite, sand, clay and lead compounds were dropped into the reactor shaft; this layer of loose mass intensively adsorbed aerosol particles. At the same time, these measures could lead to an increase in the temperature in the reactor and contribute to the release of volatile substances (in particular, cesium isotopes) into the environment. This is a hypothesis, but it was precisely on these days (May 2-5) that a rapid increase in the output of fission products from the reactor and a predominant removal of volatile components, in particular, iodine, were observed. The last, fourth stage, which occurred after May 6, is characterized by a rapid decrease in emissions as a result of specially taken measures, which ultimately made it possible to lower the fuel temperature by filling the reactor with materials that form refractory compounds with fission products.

Radioactive contamination of the natural environment as a result of the accident was determined by the dynamics of radioactive emissions and meteorological conditions.

Due to the bizarre pattern of precipitation during the movement of a radioactive cloud, soil and food contamination turned out to be extremely uneven. As a result, three main sources of pollution were formed: the Central, Bryansk-Belarusian and the center in the area of ​​Kaluga, Tula and Orel (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Radioactive contamination of the area with caesium-137 after the Chernobyl disaster (as of 1995).

Significant contamination of the territory outside the former USSR occurred only in some regions of the European continent. No fallout of radioactivity was detected in the southern hemisphere.

In 1997, a multi-year European Community project to create an atlas of cesium pollution in Europe after the Chernobyl accident was completed. According to estimates made within the framework of this project, the territories of 17 European countries with a total area of ​​207.5 thousand km 2 were contaminated with cesium with a pollution density of more than 1 Ci/km 2 (37 kBq/m 2) (Table 1).

Table 1. Total contamination of European countries with 137Cs from the Chernobyl accident.

Data on radiation contamination of the territory of Russia as a result of the Chernobyl accident are presented in Table 2.

Table 2.

Radiological hazard of Chernobyl radionuclides

The most dangerous at the time of the accident and for the first time after it in the atmospheric air of contaminated areas are 131I (Radioactive iodine was intensively accumulated in milk, which led to significant doses of thyroid radiation in those who drank it, especially in children in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine Elevated levels of radioactive iodine in milk have also been observed in some other areas of Europe where dairy herds were kept outdoors.The half-life of 131I is 8 days.) and 239Pu, which have the highest relative hazard index. This is followed by the remaining isotopes of plutonium, 241Am, 242Cm, 137Ce, and 106Ru (decades after the accident). The greatest danger in natural waters is 131I (in the first weeks and months after the accident) and a group of long-lived radionuclides of cesium, strontium and ruthenium.

Plutonium-239. It is dangerous only when inhaled. As a result of deepening processes, the possibility of wind uplift and transfer of radionuclides has decreased by several orders of magnitude and will continue to decrease. Therefore, Chernobyl plutonium will be present in the environment for an infinitely long time (the half-life of plutonium-239 is 24.4 thousand years), but its ecological role will be close to zero.

Cesium-137. This radionuclide is absorbed by plants and animals. Its presence in food chains will steadily decrease due to the processes of physical decay, penetration to a depth inaccessible to plant roots, and chemical binding by soil minerals. The half-life of Chernobyl cesium will be about 30 years. It should be noted that this does not apply to the behavior of cesium in the forest litter, where the situation is to some extent conserved. The decrease in pollution of mushrooms, wild berries and game is still almost imperceptible - it is only 2-3% per year. Cesium isotopes are actively involved in metabolism and compete with K ions.

Strontium-90. It is somewhat more mobile than cesium, with a half-life of strontium of about 29 years. Strontium is poorly involved in metabolic reactions, accumulates in bones, and has low toxicity.

Americium-241 (the decay product of plutonium-241 - the emitter) is the only radionuclide in the zone of contamination from the Chernobyl accident, the concentration of which is increasing and will reach maximum values ​​in 50-70 years, when its concentration on the earth's surface will increase almost tenfold.

Knowledge is power. Places not worth living near. And ideally - not even to appear nearby. :)

Nuclear power plants.

Balakovo (Balakovo, Saratov region).
Beloyarskaya (Beloyarsky, Yekaterinburg region).
Bilibino ATES (Bilibino, Magadan region).
Kalininskaya (Udomlya, Tver region).
Kola (Polyarnye Zori, Murmansk region).
Leningrad (Sosnovy Bor, St. Petersburg region).
Smolensk (Desnogorsk, Smolensk region).
Kursk (Kurchatov, Kursk region).
Novovoronezhskaya (Novovoronezhsk, Voronezh region).

Sources:
http://en.wikipedia.org
unknown source

Special regime cities of the nuclear weapons complex.

Arzamas-16 (now the Kremlin, Nizhny Novgorod region). All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Physics. Development and design of nuclear charges. Experimental plant "Communist". Electromechanical plant "Avangard" (serial production).
Zlatoust-36 (Chelyabinsk region). Serial production of nuclear warheads (?) and ballistic missiles for submarines (SLBMs).
Krasnoyarsk-26 (now Zheleznogorsk). Underground mining and chemical plant. Processing of irradiated fuel from nuclear power plants, production of weapons-grade plutonium. Three nuclear reactors.
Krasnoyarsk-45. Electromechanical plant. Uranium enrichment (?). Serial production of ballistic missiles for submarines (SLBMs). Creation of spacecraft, mainly satellites for military, reconnaissance purposes.
Sverdlovsk-44. Serial assembly of nuclear weapons.
Sverdlovsk-45. Serial assembly of nuclear weapons.
Tomsk-7 (now Seversk). Siberian Chemical Combine. Enrichment of uranium, production of weapons-grade plutonium.
Chelyabinsk-65 (now Ozersk). Software "Mayak". Reprocessing of irradiated fuel from nuclear power plants and ship nuclear power plants, production of weapons-grade plutonium.
Chelyabinsk-70 (now Snezhinsk). VNII of technical physics. Development and design of nuclear charges.

Test site for nuclear weapons.

Northern (1954-1992). Since February 27, 1992 - the Central training ground of the Russian Federation.

Research and educational nuclear centers and institutions with research nuclear reactors.

Sosnovy Bor (St. Petersburg region). Naval Training Center.
Dubna (Moscow region). Joint Institute for Nuclear Research.
Obninsk (Kaluga region). NPO "Typhoon". Institute of Physics and Power Engineering (IPPE). Installations "Topaz-1", "Topaz-2". Naval Training Center.
Moscow. Institute of Atomic Energy. I. V. Kurchatova (thermonuclear complex ANGARA-5). Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI). Research production association "Aileron". Research and production association "Energy". Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT). Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics.
Protvino (Moscow region). Institute of High Energy Physics. Accelerator of elementary particles.
Sverdlovsk branch of the Research and Design Institute of Experimental Technologies. (40 km from Yekaterinburg).
Novosibirsk. Academgorodok of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Troitsk (Moscow region). Institute for Thermonuclear Research (installations "Tokomak").
Dimitrovgrad (Ulyanovsk region). Research Institute of Nuclear Reactors. V.I. Lenin.
Nizhny Novgorod. Design Bureau of Nuclear Reactors.
Saint Petersburg. Research and production association "Electrophysics". Radium Institute. V. G. Khlopina. Research and Design Institute of Energy Technology. Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene of the Ministry of Health of Russia.
Norilsk. Experimental nuclear reactor.
Podolsk Scientific Research Production Association "Luch".

Deposits of uranium, enterprises for its extraction and primary processing.

Lermontov (Stavropol Territory). Uranium-molybdenum inclusions of volcanic rocks. Software "Diamond". Extraction and enrichment of ore.
Pervomaisky (Chita region). Zabaikalsky Mining and Processing Plant.
Vikhorevka (Irkutsk region). Extraction (?) of uranium and thorium.
Aldan (Yakutia). Mining of uranium, thorium and rare earth elements.
Slyudyanka (Irkutsk region). Deposit of uranium-containing and rare earth elements.
Krasnokamensk (Chita region). Uranium mine.
Borsk (Chita region). A depleted (?) uranium mine - the so-called "gorge of death", where ore was mined by prisoners of Stalin's legers.
Lovozero (Murmansk region). Uranium and thorium minerals.
Lake Onega area. Uranium and vanadium minerals.
Vishnevogorsk, Novogorny (Central Ural). uranium mineralization.

uranium metallurgy.

Elektrostal (Moscow region). Software "Machine-building plant".
Novosibirsk. PO "Plant of chemical concentrates".
Glazov (Udmurtia). PO "Chepetsky Mechanical Plant".

Enterprises for the production of nuclear fuel, highly enriched uranium and weapons-grade plutonium.

Chelyabinsk-65 (Chelyabinsk region). Software "Mayak".
Tomsk-7 (Tomsk region). Siberian chemical plant.
Krasnoyarsk-26 (Krasnoyarsk Territory). Mining and chemical plant.
Ekaterinburg. Ural Electrochemical Plant.
Kirovo-Chepetsk (Kirov region). Chemical plant them. B. P. Konstantinova.
Angarsk (Irkutsk region). Chemical electrolysis plant.

Shipbuilding and ship repair plants and nuclear fleet bases.

Saint Petersburg. Leningrad Admiralty Association. Software "Baltic Plant".
Severodvinsk. Production Association "Sevmashpredpriyatie", Production Association "Sever".
Nizhny Novgorod. Software "Krasnoe Sormovo".
Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Shipyard "Leninsky Komsomol".
Big Stone (Primorsky Territory). Shipyard "Zvezda".
Murmansk. Technical base of PTO "Atomflot", shipyard "Nerpa"

Bases of nuclear submarines (Nuclear submarines) of the Northern Fleet.

Zapadnaya Litsa (Nerpichya Bay).
Gadzhiyevo.
Polar.
Vidyaevo.
Yokanga.
Gremikha.

Bases of nuclear submarines of the Pacific Fleet.

Fishing.
Vladivostok (Gulf of Vladimir and Pavlovsky Bay),
Soviet harbor.
Nakhodka.
Magadan.
Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky.
Korsakov.

Storage areas for ballistic missiles for submarines.

Revda (Murmansk region).
Nenoksa (Arkhangelsk region).

Points of equipping missiles with nuclear warheads and loading into submarines.

Severodvinsk.
Guba Okolnaya (Kola Bay).

Places of temporary storage of irradiated nuclear fuel and enterprises for its processing
NPP industrial sites.

Murmansk. Lighter "Lepse", mother ship "Imandra" PTO "Atom-flot".
Polar. Technical base of the Northern Fleet.
Yokanga. Technical base of the Northern Fleet.
Pavlovsky bay. Technical base of the Pacific Fleet.
Chelyabinsk-65. Software "Mayak".
Krasnoyarsk-26. Mining and chemical plant.

Industrial accumulators and regional storages (burial grounds) of radioactive and atomic waste.

NPP industrial sites.
Krasnoyarsk-26. Mining and chemical plant, RT-2.
Chelyabinsk-65. Software "Mayak".
Tomsk-7. Siberian chemical plant.
Severodvinsk (Arkhangelsk region). The industrial site of the Zvyozdochka shipyard of the Sever Production Association.
Big Stone (Primorsky Territory). Industrial site of the Zvezda shipyard.
Zapadnaya Litsa (Andreeva Bay). Technical base of the Northern Fleet.
Gremikha. Technical base of the Northern Fleet.
Shkotovo-22 (Chazhma Bay). Ship repair and technical base of the Pacific Fleet.
Fishing. Technical base of the Pacific Fleet.

Places of sludge and disposal of decommissioned ships of the navy and civilian ships with nuclear power plants.

Polyarny, base of the Northern Fleet.
Gremikha, base of the Northern Fleet.
Yokanga, base of the Northern Fleet.
Zapadnaya Litsa (Andreeva Bay), base of the Northern Fleet.
Severodvinsk, industrial water area of ​​the production association "Sever".
Murmansk, Atomflot technical base.
Bolshoy Kamen, water area of ​​the Zvezda shipyard.
Shkotovo-22 (Chazhma Bay), technical base of the Pacific Fleet.
Sovetskaya Gavan, the water area of ​​the military-technical base.
Rybachy, base of the Pacific Fleet.
Vladivostok (Pavlovsky Bay, Vladimir Bay), bases of the Pacific Fleet.

Undeclared areas of liquid RW discharge and solid RW flooding.

Discharge sites for liquid radioactive waste in the Barents Sea.
Areas of inundation of solid radioactive waste in shallow bays of the Kara side of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago and in the area of ​​the Novaya Zemlya deep-water basin.
Point of unauthorized flooding of the Nickel lighter with solid radioactive waste.
Guba Chernaya of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago. The place where the pilot ship "Kit" was laid up, on which experiments were carried out with chemical warfare agents.

contaminated areas.

A 30-kilometer sanitary zone and areas contaminated with radionuclides as a result of the catastrophe on April 26, 1986 at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
The East Ural radioactive trace formed as a result of the explosion on September 29, 1957 of a container with high-level waste at an enterprise in Kyshtym (Chelyabinsk-65).
Radioactive contamination of the Techa-Iset-Tobol-Irtysh-Ob river basin as a result of long-term discharge of radiochemical production waste at the facilities of the nuclear (weapons and energy) complex in Kyshtym and the spread of radioisotopes from open radioactive waste storage facilities due to wind erosion.
Radioactive contamination of the Yenisei and individual sections of the floodplain as a result of the industrial operation of two once-through water reactors of a mining and chemical plant and the operation of a radioactive waste storage facility in Krasnoyarsk-26.
Radioactive contamination of the territory in the sanitary protection zone of the Siberian Chemical Combine (Tomsk-7) and beyond.
Officially recognized sanitary zones at the sites of the first nuclear explosions on land, under water and in the atmosphere at the nuclear weapons test sites on Novaya Zemlya.
Totsky district of the Orenburg region. Location of military exercises on the resistance of personnel and military equipment to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion on September 14, 1954 in the atmosphere.
Radioactive release as a result of an unauthorized launch of a nuclear submarine reactor, accompanied by a fire, at the Zvyozdochka shipyard in Severodvinsk (Arkhangelsk region) on February 12, 1965.
Radioactive release as a result of an unauthorized start-up of a nuclear submarine reactor, accompanied by a fire, at the Krasnoye Sormovo shipyard in Nizhny Novgorod in 1970.
Local radioactive contamination of the water area and adjacent areas as a result of unauthorized start-up and thermal explosion of the nuclear submarine reactor during its reloading at the shipyard of the Navy in Shkotovo-22 (Chazhma Bay) in 1985.
Pollution of the coastal waters of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago and open areas of the Kara and Barents Seas due to the discharge of liquid and flooding of solid radioactive waste by ships of the Navy and Atomflot.
Places of underground nuclear explosions in the interests of the national economy, where the release of products of nuclear reactions to the surface of the earth is noted or underground migration of radionuclides is possible.
http://www.site/users/lsd_86/post84466272

List of nuclear facilities in Russia. Part 2.

We continue the topic of places from which one must stay away ... In addition to the existing nuclear facilities in Russia, we got a large number of nuclear explosions from the USSR carried out for "decent purposes".

In the period from 1965 to 1988, 124 peaceful nuclear explosions were carried out in the USSR in the interests of the national economy. Of these, the objects Kraton-3, Kristall, Taiga and Globus-1 were recognized as emergency.

Figure 1. Nuclear explosions for seismic sounding of the territory of the USSR.
The rectangle indicates the names of projects carried out using VNIITF devices.

Figure 2. Industrial nuclear explosions on the territory of the USSR.
The rectangle indicates the names of projects carried out using VNIITF nuclear explosive devices.

List of nuclear explosions by regions of Russia

Arhangelsk region.
"Globus-2". 80 km northeast of Kotlas (160 km northeast of the city of Veliky Ustyug), 2.3 kilotons, October 4, 1971. On September 9, 1988, the Rubin-1 explosion with a capacity of 8.5 kilotons was carried out there, the last peaceful nuclear explosion in the USSR.
"Agate". 150 km west of the city of Mezen, July 19, 1985, 8.5 kilotons. Seismic sounding.

Astrakhan region.
15 explosions under the Vega program - the creation of underground tanks for storing gas condensate. The power of the charges is from 3.2 to 13.5 kilotons. 40 km from Astrakhan, 1980-1984.

Bashkiria.
Kama series. Two explosions of 10 kilotons each in 1973 and 1974, 22 km west of the city of Sterlitamak. Creation of underground tanks for the disposal of industrial effluents from the Salavat petrochemical plant and the Sterlitamak soda-cement plant.
In 1980 - five explosions "Butan" with a capacity of 2.3 to 3.2 kilotons 40 km east of the city of Meleuz at the Grachevsky oil field. Intensification of oil and gas production.

Irkutsk region.
"Meteorite-4". 12 km northeast of the village of Ust-Kut, September 10, 1977, power - 7.6 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
"Rift-3". 160 km north of Irkutsk, July 31, 1982, power - 8.5 kilotons. Seismic sounding.

Kemerovo region.
"Quartz-4", 50 km southwest of Mariinsk, September 18, 1984, capacity - 10 kilotons. Seismic sounding.

Murmansk region.
"Dnepr-1". 20-21 km northeast of Kirovsk, September 4, 1972, power - 2.1 kilotons. Crushing of apatite ore. In 1984, a similar explosion "Dnepr-2" was carried out there.

Ivanovo region.
"Globe-1". 40 km northeast of Kineshma, September 19, 1971, power - 2.3 kilotons. Seismic sounding.

Kalmykia.
"Region-4". 80 km northeast of Elista, October 3, 1972, power - 6.6 kilotons. Seismic sounding.

Komi.
"Globus-4". 25 km southwest of Vorkuta, July 2, 1971, power - 2.3 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
"Globe-3". 130 km southwest of the city of Pechora, 20 km east of the Lemyu railway station, July 10, 1971, capacity - 2.3 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
"Quartz-2". 80 km southwest of Pechora, August 11, 1984, power - 8.5 kilotons. Seismic sounding.

Krasnoyarsk region.
"Horizon-3". Lake Lama, Cape Thin, September 29, 1975, power - 7.6 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
"Meteorite-2". Lake Lama, Cape Thin, July 26, 1977, capacity - 13 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
"Kraton-2". 95 km southwest of the city of Igarka, September 21, 1978, power - 15 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
"Rift-4". 25-30 km southeast of the village of Noginsk, capacity 8.5 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
"Rift-1". Ust-Yenisei region, 190 km west of Dudinka, October 4, 1982, capacity - 16 kilotons. Seismic sounding.

Orenburg region.
"Magistral" (another name is "Sovkhoznoe"). 65 km northeast of Orenburg, June 25, 1970, power - 2.3 kilotons. Creation of a cavity in an array of rock salt at the Orenburg gas-oil condensate field.
Two explosions of 15 kilotons "Sapphire" (another name is "Dedurovka"), produced in 1971 and 1973. Creation of a container in an array of rock salt.
"Region-1" and "Region-2": 70 km southwest of the city of Buzuluk, capacity - 2.3 kilotons, November 24, 1972. Seismic sounding.

Perm region.
"Griffin" - in 1969, two explosions of 7.6 kilotons 10 km south of the city of Osa, at the Osinsky oil field. Intensification of oil production.
"Taiga". March 23, 1971, three charges of 5 kilotons in the Cherdynsky district of the Perm region, 100 km north of the city of Krasnovishersk. Excavation, for the construction of the Pechora-Kama canal.
Five explosions with a capacity of 3.2 kilotons from the Helium series, 20 km southeast of the city of Krasnovishersk, which were carried out in 1981-1987. Intensification of oil and gas production at the Gezha oil field. Intensification of oil and gas production.

Stavropol region.
"Otahta-Kugulta". 90 km north of Stavropol, August 25, 1969, capacity - 10 kilotons. Intensification of gas production.

Tyumen region.
"Tavda". 70 km northeast of Tyumen, capacity 0.3 kilotons. Creation of an underground reservoir.

Yakutia.
"Crystal". 70 km northeast of the village of Aikhal, 2 km from the village of Udachny-2, October 2, 1974, capacity - 1.7 kilotons. Creation of a dam for the Udachny mining and processing plant.
"Horizon-4". 120 km southwest of the city of Tiksi, August 12, 1975, 7.6 kilotons.
From 1976 to 1987 - five explosions with a capacity of 15 kilotons from the series of explosions "Oka", "Sheksna", "Neva". 120 km south-west of the city of Mirny, on the Srednebotuobinsky oil field. Intensification of oil production.
"Kraton-4". 90 km northwest of the village of Sangar, August 9, 1978, 22 kilotons, seismic sounding.
"Kraton-3", 50 km east of the village of Aikhal, August 24, 1978, capacity - 19 kilotons. Seismic sounding.
Seismic sounding. "Vyatka". 120 km southwest of the city of Mirny, October 8, 1978, 15 kilotons. Intensification of oil and gas production.
"Kimberlite-4". 130 km southwest of Verkhnevilyuisk, August 12, 1979, 8.5 kilotons, seismic sounding.

On air Ulyanovsk, Sergey Gogin:

Dimitrovgrad, the second largest city in the Ulyanovsk region, is known for being the location of the Scientific Research Institute of Atomic Reactors, abbreviated as RIAR. As follows from the analysis of medical statistics conducted by the municipal "Environmental Protection Service", since 1997, the number of endocrine diseases began to grow among the population of the city, and quite sharply. And by 2000, the incidence had almost quadrupled. It was in the summer of 1997 that an increased release of radioactive iodine-131 took place at RIAR for three weeks. Says the head of the Dimitrovgrad public organization "Center for the Development of Civil Initiatives" Mikhail Piskunov.

Mikhail Piskunov: It was the shutdown of the reactor on 25 July. It was necessary to pull out the TVEL with broken sealing. But due to the fact that the staff made a mistake, both inert gases and iodine were released.

Sergei Gogin: Radioactive iodine is dangerous for the thyroid gland, because it actively accumulates in it, causing cancer and other diseases. They were noted in people who fell into the zone of action of the Chernobyl accident. Mikhail Piskunov calls the incident at RIAR a mini-Chernobyl.

Mikhail Piskunov: The Middle Volga region is an iodine-deficient region. There is a lack of stable iodine in water and food. In this regard, the thyroid gland actively absorbs radioactive iodine, if iodine prophylaxis is not carried out.

Sergei Gogin: In 2003, human rights activist and journalist Piskunov published an article in the Dimitrovgrad newspaper Channel 25, where he stated that his organization predicted an increase in thyroid diseases among Dimitrovgrad residents after the incident at RIAR. He referred to statistics from which it followed that in 2000, endocrine disorders in children in Dimitrovgad were five times more common than on average in Russia.

Mikhail Piskunov: Radioactive iodine was found in the milk of cows. Probably, this radioactive substance began to enter the body of children. And even more dangerous in this situation are children who are in the womb. Because they have a small thyroid gland. The consequences for these children will appear in 10-15 years.

Sergei Gogin: The leadership of the Research Institute of Nuclear Reactors filed a lawsuit against the newspaper and Mikhail Piskunov for the protection of honor, dignity and business reputation. The process took over three years. The Ulyanovsk Arbitration Court twice satisfied the claim, the federal court of the Volga District twice canceled this decision. The trial was moved to the neighboring region. The Arbitration Court of the Penza Region partially satisfied the claim, recognizing that Mikhail Piskunov should not have qualified the incident as an accident in his article. On the other hand, the court upheld the ecologist's right to express an opinion on the possible consequences of the radiation accident at RIAR for public health.
What is important is that Mikhail Piskunov used the court as a tool for obtaining the truth. RIAR had to provide the court with about two dozen documents confirming the release of radioactive iodine in 1997.

Mikhail Piskunov: The most important thing that we received was two certificates. Set emission limit. And how much was thrown out every day, and sometimes it was 15-20 times higher.

Sergei Gogin: Based on the data obtained in court, Piskunov claims that in three weeks RIAR emitted 500 Curies of radioactive iodine into the atmosphere, which could harm the health of the population of the entire Middle Volga region. I did not manage to talk to any of the specialists from the Institute of Atomic Reactors in Dimitrovgrad. They don't comment on the phone here. The maximum that was achieved was a short commentary by the head of the RIAR press service, Galina Pavlova:

Galina Pavlova: The management of the Institute is satisfied with the decision made by the court.

Sergey Gogin: Nuclear workers insist: there was no accident in 1997, radiation did not go beyond the sanitary protection zone. Therefore, there was no need to frighten people, just as there was no need for iodine prophylaxis. The latter conclusion, by the way, is refuted by the examination of the Endocrinological Research Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, carried out at the request of Mikhail Piskunov. Ulyanovsk ecologist Ivan Pogodin believes that it is important not to talk about the terms - an accident or not an accident, but the fact that there was a release of an active isotope of iodine or not.

Ivan Pogodin: The consequences are important. If an excess of 15-20 times is proved, then, I believe that, regardless of the statute of limitations, this case cannot be closed. Again, it is necessary to raise the medical statistics for the past years. Just after 10 years, usually, if something affects the health of the population, then the dynamics can be traced.

Sergei Gogin: Human rights activist Mikhail Piskunov says that he intends to seek improved organization of iodine prophylaxis for the residents of Dimitrovgrad in case of a radioactive release.
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At first glance, the answer to this question will be as logically justified as to the sacramental "how does a raven look like a desk?". But only at first glance. On the second, an associative chain of answers will begin to line up, the keywords of which will be “accident” and “radioactive”. And those who are especially knowledgeable will remember RIAR.

The Research Institute of Atomic Reactors is potentially the most dangerous place in Russia, if not in all of Eurasia. But, in order.

This enterprise was created in the early 60s to study all possible problems of nuclear energy. This honorable task was decided to be carried out in the Ulyanovsk region. The city of Dimitrovgrad was lucky. The nearest cities are Ulyanovsk (100 km) and Samara (250 km).

“... A city in a forest or a forest in a city? - ask the guests who came here for the first time, surprised by the enchanting beauty of the city landscape ... "is written on the official website of RIAR, describing "a unique experimental base based on seven research reactors (SM, MIR, RBT-6, RBT-10/1, RBT-10 /2, BOR-60, VK-50), which allows conducting research on topical issues of the nuclear energy industry" and all the ecological cleanliness of the surrounding forest-urban landscape: "in the forest, which on warm spring nights freezes from the rolling trills of the nightingale" (ibid. ). It is even surprising that there are some dissatisfied.

Kornilov Igor Nikolaevich from Ulyanovsk, head of the human rights organization "Legal Fund" says:
- RIAR is a very large organization, the main products it produces are weapons-grade plutonium for strategic warheads and California. Production capacity: 8 nuclear reactors, i.е. Nuclear power plants - they didn’t even stand close here ...

Eight? And on their website it says 7…
- There are eight of them ... All eight are research, two more stands ... I believe that they exclude the reactor for producing weapons-grade plutonium from the list, since applications for it are not accepted (for work), since it is already working in full .. .

And are they really dangerous?
- Several times there were emergency situations with the release of radioactive substances, once Kazan environmentalists sounded the alarm, having discovered Strontium (its radioactive isotope) in their water, while Kazan is 200 kilometers upstream of the Volga. They tried to attract environmentalists who made a fuss to responsibility for divulging the "secret", then for slander ... and the media kept silent that the radioactive element got into the drinking water of several cities.

There was a story about how the residents of Dimitrovgrad panicked when they saw that the city was urgently removing and removing snow and topsoil, in an unknown direction ... The media again remained silent, however, the director of RIAR was replaced with a new one ...

Did the situation change with the replacement of the director?
- With the new one, there was a release - Iodine -131, the wind rose is such in the city that a juvenile colony got into the plume of the release, and while watering machines were working in the city, endocrinologists fought off patients with an inflamed thyroid gland (theriotoxicosis) in polyclinics ... media and the authorities were silent, because it was necessary to provide the population with expensive medicines to remove Iodine-131 from the body.

And what is special about this iodine?
- The main problem is that all isotopes (excluding Strontium) are short-lived. Iodine-131 decays in about a week... and then, of course, no investigating commission will find any traces... you can only detect an outbreak of thyroid diseases... but, according to the prosecutor's office, this is not a sufficient basis for initiating a criminal case.. .

The general situation is as follows: the Ministry of Emergency Situations told me that they do not have the necessary equipment to monitor the situation at RIAR. At the SES, they said that they trust the RIAR security service "at their word" because they have their own safety laboratory, but the SES is not allowed to go there ... The hydrometeorological center confirmed that the level of conventional isotopes is within the normal range, but there are much more artificial isotopes, but MPC ( maximum permissible concentration) - they are absent and therefore no one knows whether the level of radiation is dangerous or not ...

RIAR - commenting on the situation, he referred to the Geiger counters installed at the enterprise, and the fact that some of the counters are located in the city in places visible to the population, but to the remark that the installed counters register gamma radiation and do not register either alpha or beta - radiation ... they hung up and interrupted the conversation every time the question of ionizing radiation from emergency emissions was raised ...

Indirect confirmation of the dangerous situation was received from the Regional Health Department, which confirmed that Dimitrovgrad has been successfully leading in recent years in terms of the number of endocrine diseases and oncology, bypassing Ulyanovsk by an order of magnitude in the number of patients ...

In the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation - there is an article on criminal liability for concealing facts representing a public danger ... but ...

But this is a secret enterprise, isn't it?
- The enterprise is secret, but relatively, it is too well known in the world to be classified, nevertheless, the protection of the enterprise and its secrets is the department of the FSB.

Is Dimitrovgrad a big city?
- The population is about 250,000 people, plus a prison, plus three correctional institutions and more colonies-settlements attached to them; a number of military units. Yes, this figure is not according to the official size of the city, but according to the population in the 30-kilometer sanitary zone around the reactors, i.e. it includes all nearby settlements, as required by technical supervision.

Then it seems that it is easier for interested parties to control all the local media than to spend money on expensive drugs for such a large number of people. Moreover, for the FSB, this is a matter of habit.

However, it is difficult to hide the obvious. So in 1997 there was a powerful release of iodine-131 that lasted three weeks! In 1998, there was a powerful jump in the incidence of diseases of the endocrine system among the inhabitants of Dimitrovgrad, and in 1999 it reached its peak, exceeding the national figure by almost three times.

Emissions occur from time to time, now the question is about legalizing 30 km. of the sanitary zone around RIAR, on the certainty in the issue of using RIAR as an APEC (on the maximum permissible power, for an experimental reactor (there are no analogues in the world and probably will not be) operating on plutonium (on the processing of weapons-grade plutonium from end-of-life arsenals), on the installation of a complete a complex of dosimetric means (control of water, air and soil, for all types of radiation).I explain this point: for example, the Hydrometeorological Center daily reports on the level of radioactive background, but this is a natural background, and why are they silent about the radiation of newly created isotopes of cobalt, strontium, etc.? Why is the Ministry of Emergency Situations unable to obtain permission to install independent means of control?
And in the end, why are calves born with two heads? And after that, listen to the arguments of politicians about the poor knowledge of radiation on the population?

What exactly needs to be done and what can be done?
- Let me explain my position. The issue of diseases and mutations is related to the protection of the rights of the third generation, i.e. descendants, but their rights should be protected today... Therefore, our task is:
1. move beyond 30 km. zones: orphanages and boarding schools, maternity hospitals, places of detention of convicts (especially children and adolescents, youth);
2. ensure a minimum stay of 30 km. the RIAR zone of the presence of the reproductive population, and timely medical supply of the population with the necessary drugs;
3. timely notification of citizens about emergency situations at RIAR;

Good proposals, but for their implementation it is necessary that the concern for people in our state exceeds the concern for maintaining the secrecy of everything and everything that somehow poses a serious threat to society, and hence public safety. Although this logic of large offices is beyond my understanding.
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1.

The terrible catastrophe in Chernobyl became an unprecedented event in the historical chronicle of nuclear energy. In the first days after the accident, it was not possible to assess the real scale of the incident, and only some time later, within a radius of 30 km, the exclusion zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant was created. What happened and is still happening in the closed area? The world is full of various rumors, some of which are the fruit of an inflamed fantasy, and some are the true truth. And far from always the most obvious and realistic things turn out to be reality. After all, we are talking about Chernobyl - one of the most dangerous and mysterious territories of Ukraine.

History of Chernobyl construction

A plot of land 4 km from the village of Kopachi and 15 km from the city of Chernobyl was chosen in 1967 for the construction of a new nuclear power plant, designed to compensate for the energy shortage in the Central Energy Region. The future station was named Chernobyl.

The first 4 power units were built and put into operation by 1983, in 1981 the construction of power units 5 and 6 began, which lasted until the infamous 1986. Near the station, a town of power engineers arose in a few years - Pripyat.

The first accident covered the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1982 - after a scheduled repair, an explosion occurred at the 1st power unit. The consequences of the breakdown were eliminated within three months, after which additional security measures were introduced to prevent similar cases in the future.

But, apparently, fate decided to finish what it started, the Chernobyl nuclear power plant was not supposed to work. That's why on the night of April 25-26, 1986 Another explosion thundered at the 4th power unit. This time, the incident turned into a catastrophe on a global scale. No one can still say for sure what exactly caused the explosion of the reactor, which led to thousands of broken destinies, twisted lives and premature deaths. The catastrophe, Chernobyl, the exclusion zone - the history of this incident is controversial to this day, although the time of the accident itself is set to within seconds.

A few minutes before the explosion of the 4th power unit

On the night of April 25-26, 1986, an experimental test of the 8th turbogenerator was scheduled. The experiment started at 1:23:10 on April 26, and after 30 seconds, a powerful explosion thundered as a result of pressure drop.

Chernobyl accident

Unit 4 was engulfed in flames, firefighters managed to completely extinguish the fire by 5 o'clock in the morning. And a few hours later it became known how powerful the emission of radiation into the environment had been. A couple of weeks later, the authorities decided to cover the destroyed power unit with a concrete sarcophagus, but it was too late. The radioactive cloud spread over a fairly large distance.

The Chernobyl disaster brought a big disaster: the exclusion zone, created shortly after the event, forbade free access to the vast territory belonging to Ukraine and Belarus.

The area of ​​the Chernobyl exclusion zone

Within a radius of 30 kilometers from the epicenter of the accident - abandonment and silence. It was these territories that the Soviet authorities considered dangerous for permanent residence of people. All residents of the exclusion zone were evacuated to other settlements. Several more zones were additionally defined in the restricted area:

• a special zone, which was directly occupied by the NPP itself and the construction site of power units 5 and 6;
• zone 10 km;
• zone 30 km.

The borders of the exclusion zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant were surrounded by a fence, installing warning signs about an increased level of radiation. The Ukrainian lands that fell into the forbidden territory are directly Pripyat, the village of Severovka in the Zhytomyr region, the villages of the Kyiv region Novoshepelevichi, Polesskoe, Vilcha, Yanov, Kopachi.

The village of Kopachi is located at a distance of 3800 meters from the 4th power unit. It was so badly damaged by radioactive substances that the authorities decided to physically destroy it. The most massive rural buildings were destroyed and buried underground. Previously prosperous Kopachi were simply wiped off the face of the earth. At present, there are not even self-settlers here.

The accident also affected a large area of ​​Belarusian lands. A significant part of the Gomel region fell under the ban, about 90 settlements fell into the radius of the exclusion zone and were abandoned by local residents.

Mutants of Chernobyl

The territories abandoned by people were soon chosen by wild animals. And people, in turn, launched into lengthy discussions about monsters, in which radiation turned the entire animal world of the exclusion zone. There were rumors of mice with five legs, three-eyed hares, glowing boars, and many other fantastic transformations. Some rumors were reinforced by others, multiplied, spread and gained new fans. It got to the point that some "storytellers" spread rumors about the existence of a museum of mutant animals in the closed area. Of course, no one managed to find this amazing museum. Yes, and with fantastic animals turned out to be a complete bummer.

Animals in the exclusion zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant are indeed exposed to radiation. The radioactive vapors are deposited on plants that some species feed on. The exclusion zone is inhabited by wolves, foxes, bears, wild boars, hares, otters, lynxes, deer, badgers, bats. Their organisms successfully cope with pollution and increased radioactive background. Therefore, involuntarily, the restricted area has become something of a reserve for many species of rare animals living on the territory of Ukraine.

And yet, there were mutants in the exclusion zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. This term can be applied to plants. Radiation has become a kind of fertilizer for the flora, and in the first years after the accident, the size of the plants was amazing. Both wild and commercial crops grew huge. The forest 2 km from the nuclear power plant was particularly affected. The trees are the only ones that couldn't escape the radioactive explosion, so they completely absorbed all the fumes and turned red. The red forest could turn into an even more terrible tragedy if it caught fire. Fortunately, this did not happen.

The Red Forest is the most dangerous forest on the planet, and at the same time, the most resistant. Radiation, as it were, preserved it, slowing down all natural processes. So, the Red Forest plunges into some kind of parallel reality, where the measure of everything is eternity.

Residents of the Chernobyl exclusion zone

After the accident, only the station workers and rescuers remained on the territory of the exclusion zone, eliminating the consequences of the accident. The entire civilian population was evacuated. But years passed, and a significant number of people returned to their homes in the exclusion zone, despite the prohibitions of the law. These desperate guys began to be called self-settlers. Back in 1986, the number of inhabitants of the Chernobyl exclusion zone numbered 1,200 people. What is most interesting, many of them were already at retirement age and lived longer than those who left the radioactive zone.

Now the number of self-settlers in Ukraine does not exceed 200 people. All of them are dispersed over 11 settlements located in the exclusion zone. In Belarus, the stronghold of the inhabitants of the Chernobyl exclusion zone is the village of Zaelitsa, an academic town in the Mogilev region.

Basically, self-settlers are elderly people who could not come to terms with the loss of their home and all property acquired by overwork. They returned to the infected dwellings to live out their short lives. Since there is no economy and any infrastructure in the exclusion zone, people living in the Chernobyl exclusion zone are engaged in household farming, gathering, and sometimes hunting. In general, they were engaged in their usual kind of activity in their native walls. So no radiation is terrible. This is how life goes in the Chernobyl exclusion zone.

Chernobyl exclusion zone today

The Chernobyl nuclear power plant finally stopped working only in 2000. Since then, the exclusion zone has become very quiet and gloomy. The abandoned cities of the village cause chills on the skin and a desire to run away from here as far as possible. But there are also brave daredevils for whom the dead zone is the abode of exciting adventures. Despite all the physical and legal prohibitions, stalkers-adventurers constantly explore the abandoned settlements of the zone, and find a lot of interesting things there.

Today there is even a special direction in tourism - Pripyat and the vicinity of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Excursions to the dead city arouse great curiosity not only among the inhabitants of Ukraine, but also among guests from abroad. Tours to Chernobyl last up to 5 days - this is how much one person is officially allowed to stay in the contaminated area. But usually hikes are limited to one day. A group led by experienced guides walks along a specially designed route that does not cause harm to health.

When to visit

Virtual tour of Pripyat

And for those curious who do not dare to get acquainted with Pripyat with their own eyes, there is a virtual walk through the Chernobyl exclusion zone - exciting and certainly absolutely safe!

Chernobyl exclusion zone: satellite map

For those who are still not afraid to go on a trip, a detailed map of the exclusion zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant will be very useful. It marks the boundaries of the 30-kilometer zone, indicating settlements, station buildings and other local attractions. With such a guide, it is not scary to get lost.