The Art Deco style is extremely popular in our time and is focused primarily on lovers of elitism and luxury, with a refined and refined taste, for those who like to admire and delight in exclusive items. The style is extremely popular among the creative world: actors, artists and other celebrities.

ART DECO DESIGN

The main difference of this style from others is the attraction to the Empire style, cubism. It also contains elements of the archaic art of ancient cultures. Art Deco is a combination of many trends: Egyptian motifs, and Greek archaic, and the primitive art of African tribes - everything harmoniously merged into a single whole, forming avant-garde simplicity and at the same time exotic originality. Art Deco is a continuation of the Art Nouveau style; even when it was born, it bore the original name "Streamlined Modern". Here, artificial materials are completely absent, as well as modern motifs. No smooth lines and floral patterns - only sharpness, angularity, geometry or abstraction, i.e. there are also elements of "Hi-tech". Previously, paintings, sculptures, furniture, as well as buildings and structures were created in the Art Deco style. In addition to all of the above, the style is not devoid of ethnic motifs, i. Art Deco is eclectic.

The main characteristic features of the style:

1. zigzag shapes (this can be an ornament or herringbone tiling);
2. Sunburst, which means the sun's rays (can be found both in decoration, and in form, and in decor). By the way, it is with the rays that the inherent striping of many elements of Art Deco is associated (striped decor is used, the walls are finished with a stripe or the back of the sofa is divided into stripes);
3. stepping (for example, the divergence of the sun's rays in steps like multi-stage structures typical of Babylonian, Sumerian and Assyrian architecture);
4. trapezoid (the presence of many interior items with a trapezoid shape, for example, furniture, mirrors or door decor);
5. curved lines (curvature of a geometric shape is more common, but there is also a sharp rounded curvature);
6. piano keys (meaning the alternation of light and dark stripes that are found everywhere)
7. contouring or framing (for example, a surface decorated with a contrasting color line, in other words, a frame, which allows you to most clearly emphasize the style-forming geometry)

Art Deco style involves the use of materials:

• wood (including inlaid);
• glass;
• genuine leather (including zebra skin);
• stainless steel;
• aluminum;
• glossy ceramic or stone tiles;
• varnished surfaces.

Regarding the color scheme, we can say that Art Deco uses mostly neutral tones: black, white, gray, silver, beige, brown, as well as shades of tan and metal. A stingy and muted introduction of other colors is allowed, primarily green, blue, gold, red or burgundy.

ART DECO BEDROOM

The vast majority of people who choose Art Deco for a bedroom are creative people and true connoisseurs of beauty. Art Deco translated from French into Russian means “decorative art”, and here you can’t do without a standard setting. To create an Art Deco bedroom, you need to invest your soul, not be afraid of experiments in decorating, in order to find that invisible line between modern and classic, between sophisticated elegance and monumental luxury.

Classics and Modern in Art Deco are united, first of all, by natural materials, geometric shapes, as well as versatility. The Art Deco bedroom is characterized by softness of forms, which will be facilitated by a bed with a soft artsy headboard, which can have a classic rectangular shape or a modern oval one. Usually, the headboard is decorated with expensive upholstery or the entire headboard area is highlighted with embossed wallpaper and fabric draperies.

Furniture should be wood or metal and have tapered edges

Shelves, cabinets, bedside tables and other furniture are selected according to this principle: if the walls are dark, then the furniture should be light and vice versa. The presence of an unusual shape of a dressing table and an ottoman (or chair) in this style is a must. Mirrors make the bedroom spacious and bright, and also visually enlarge the room, because art deco implies a lot of space, light and cleanliness. In this regard, there should be a large number of mirrors: cabinet doors, a mirror in the form of sunlight located in the bedside area, as well as a large mirror at the dressing table.

The walls of the bedroom can be an interior decoration in themselves. Drawings and ornaments are the main element in the design of the walls of this style, as well as all kinds of collages, interior stickers or decorative painting. However, everything needs a measure. The pattern can be a background frame for furniture or the central accent of the interior, but should have muted discreet tones. The style also allows the presence of rounded shapes: ovals, waves, circles. If there is a niche in the wall, then with the help of drywall you can give it the shape of an ellipse and place there, for example, a dressing table or a TV. But in this case, a similar form must be repeated either when finishing ceilings, a floor podium, or doorways. By the way, as for the ceiling, it would not be bad to place stucco on it, for example, in the form of a chandelier frame. Paintings are allowed on the walls, however, in a small amount, so that the interior is not oversaturated with various small objects.

Regarding color - the bedroom can be made in white, warm brown, gray, pink, and red. It is recommended to use contrast. Accessories and furniture should not merge into one whole, they should stand out. The interiors look most impressive in combinations of black and white, chocolate beige, gray and black, gray and blue and white and burgundy tones. Typically, three shades are used in interior decoration, two of which represent the background (for example, black and white), and one is used as an element of luxury (gold, bronze or silver). It is great if the decoration, as well as the decor, contains elements of luxury, for example, silk fabrics, light gilding or parquet flooring. In general, fabric draperies serve as the main decoration of the bedroom. They give a special romanticism and comfort. Curtains can be silk or satin, in front of the bed - the presence of a plain white natural skin or a bedside rug made of faux fur with a long thick pile. The bed is covered with a luxurious bedspread with pillows to match the soft upholstery of the ottoman or chairs.

The illumination of the bedroom should be multi-level, at least there should be: a central chandelier made of crystal or multi-colored glass, lamps at the dressing table and floor lamps. You can additionally use LED lighting to illuminate niches.

LIVING ROOM ART DECO

Modern living rooms in Art Deco style harmoniously combine geometric shapes with rounded facades, and furniture, usually made of precious woods, is combined with glass inserts and metal handles. Style provides a huge field of activity regarding the implementation of various ideas. Any pattern can be used, be it African ornaments, cubist patterns, aviation items or automotive-themed designs. interiors in this style consist of a mosaic of styles and eras. Valuable wood, leather (including crocodile, shark and stingray), semi-precious stones, ivory, bamboo, etc. are used as decorative materials. Thus, extravagant materials greatly help to express the whole gamut of feelings, especially since the Art Deco living room is a true center of aesthetics. The combination of glass and metal has found its wide application, and doors, interior partitions, fireplace accessories and stair railings are decorated with welded iron.

Regarding the color scheme - the predominance of dark shades, however, a brown-beige range is allowed, creating a special nobility of the interior. But as far as colorful flowers are concerned, this is unacceptable. The most advantageous effect is played by monotonous saturation in combination with a contrasting pattern. The use of inlaid glass surfaces, polished metal, and polished wood in the living room is especially welcome. all these attributes reinforce the impression of luxury and nobility.

The furniture in the Art Deco living room should also be luxurious, it is better if it is handmade from exotic woods. But in any case, any item is still additionally decorated. The shape of the furniture is also unusual, for example, the seat of an armchair can be shaped like a trapezoid, and Egyptian or oriental ornaments can be traced in the upholstery, in a word, a combination of incongruous. Especially appropriate is the use of chic tables with inlaid tops, as well as large chairs and armchairs such as a royal throne. But we should not forget that the style itself is very elegant and light, and therefore the forms of zigzags, waves or swan necks are relevant. By the way, the style has another name - "artistic". The most winning combination for furniture is to use dark red or burgundy wood in combination with white genuine leather, marble or glass.

Display cabinets with beautiful valuables will perfectly fit into interior design

The walls of the living room usually serve as a pleasant unobtrusive backdrop for luxurious stylish furniture and other interior items. Very often they are simply painted in a single color. Although, delicate inclusions in the form of ornaments of other colors are also possible. The main thing to remember is that the color scheme for walls and floors must necessarily be soft, but the furniture against its background should be dark and even almost black.

Also in the interior there may be sculptures of female figures placed everywhere, for example, in a dance pose, which is a symbol of purity and grace. Although, the main decoration of this style is still textiles. Curtains are used heavy velvet or satin. Sofa cushions and lampshades of lamps should be matched to match the curtains. Also, intricate screens or other items made of forged metal will be an excellent addition to the interior. Antique accessories are used in abundance, such as unique paintings in the spirit of the Middle Ages, as well as various vases and wall clocks, and, of course, chic carpets. By the way, as for the paintings, Art Deco paintings will look great, representing a kind of mixture of modern expression with ancient elegance with images of female silhouettes, bizarre fairy-tale animals or abstract spots.

ART DECO KITCHEN

As mentioned above, the Art Deco style is a combination of traditional neoclassicism and innovative modernity. How does all this manifest itself in the interior of the kitchen? First of all, its originality. Since this style is expensive and bright enough, the kitchen design is no exception, in other words, it will not go unnoticed. Secondly - exclusivity in the form of unusual antiques, for example, art objects. Regarding the materials used, the following are used: wood (this is the main one), both polished and inlaid or lacquered, metal (stainless steel and aluminum), genuine leather, glass, as well as glossy tiles (ceramic, artificial or natural stone) and, of course , textiles (plain satin or silk, as well as zebra-striped fabric).

As for the color scheme, black and white would be an impeccable combination (this is the main feature of Art Deco). But other color combinations are possible, for example, white with chocolate, silver with black, etc. But we should not forget that the main gamut is the colors of metal, earth, stone or natural leather. Stripes are a good idea to use for decorating the dining area, using non-woven or textile wallpapers of the same texture. And a working apron can be made of tiles, for example, geometric on the basis of a black and white mosaic. Other colors can also be added, but in small quantities and in muted colors (green, blue, gold and red).

Another traditional feature of the style is the stepped form, which extends both to the patterned wall decoration and to furniture with modules located at different levels, both in height and in depth. If the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room allows, then it would be good to perform a multi-stage stretch ceiling, if you tighten it with a glossy black or white film and place a lot of lighting. The greatest effect can be achieved if one “step” is made in the form of a stucco border, thus emphasizing the geometricity inherent in this style. Also, as one of the options - to decorate the dining area with photo wallpapers in the form of multi-stage images of landscapes, houses or abstraction - if only the drawings contain clear, regular geometric shapes.

A very significant element and an important touch of Art Deco is the sun's rays (Sunburst). Rays-stripes should be present everywhere: in furniture upholstery, decoration, textiles. Striped curtains to the floor, a chandelier in the form of a fan, or an imitation of a zebra skin in a soft corner - one or two elements of "sun rays" will be quite enough. With regard to furniture, it should be noted that a prerequisite is not to clutter up the space, i.e. furniture should be functional. The upholstery should be of velvet, satin, leather and velor. Ideally, the dining area should be turned into an exquisite table, following the traditions of the best elite restaurants. In general, if we talk about the ideal kitchen in the Art Deco style, then it should contain furniture made of precious wood, made to order, or, alternatively, restored antiques. If this is not possible, then there is another alternative to expensive wood - a two-color lacquered set, which can be black and white, gray-blue, red-gray, etc.), i.e. play on the contrast of colors and lacquering, which also "loves" Art Deco. In addition, you can use stainless steel furniture.

Visually increase the space of the room. In addition, an ordinary mirror in the form of a trapezoid will also look good, and even better, in the form of the sun, especially if spotlights are placed for the effect of the play of light.

It is desirable to make the floors with varnished parquet, although, of course, such a surface is not entirely practical for the kitchen. In this regard, the best alternative is floor tiles (marble or imitation of any other natural stone). You can also use linoleumhaving a geometric pattern. We should not forget about ethnic notes, which should also be present, for example, in the form of paintings with landscapes or black and white photographs placed in thin wooden or metal frames. Or decorate the interior with palm trees or exotic flowers. And one more nuance - there should be enough lamps to provide good illumination of the room.

And now the most important thing, so to speak, the highlight of the Art Deco kitchen - there must certainly be something in it that would immediately attract attention (an exclusive vase, a bronze figurine, silver candlesticks or, for example, a picture). It is necessary to think carefully and choose one of the elements that can cause surprise and delight, be it a mirror or a chandelier.

Art Deco did not escape the influence of another important phenomenon in the art of the twentieth century - abstractionism. The innovations of abstractionism are associated mainly with the merits of Wassily Kandinsky, who lived and worked in Munich from 1896 to 1914. Gradually removing the plot from his paintings, the artist ensured that they took on the appearance of complete abstraction.

This is also the work of Kazimir Malevich, who was the founder of Suprematism, who simplified the image to overlay one white square on another. Constructivism as a style had a significant impact on the art of the West. Constructivism was based on the belief that art had to serve social purposes and that it was a reflection of personal rather than social experience. Constructivist artists created works that resembled the details of mechanisms, made up of geometric shapes and influenced Art Deco graphics.

The innovations that developed at that time could not but influence the Art Deco style itself, which was the result of mixing with them. In an artistic sense, Cubism also had a noticeable influence on Art Deco, especially its way of dissecting objects and analyzing their geometric components. The Cubist vision of objects appears in the work of Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque around 1908-1909. Art Deco was deeply influenced by the way the Cubists dealt with planes and their technique of using color.

A talented painter and sculptor, the Italian artist Amadeo Modeliani was an influence on the development of Art Deco. He depicted lively, predominantly female forms, deliberately stretching the proportions of the body and facial features, which was the prototype of the elegant stylization characteristic of Art Deco.

The famous Parisian couturier Paul Poiret, who became a trendsetter for many years, did a lot to promote the exotic and colorful Art Deco style, which was initiated by the Russian Seasons. Paul Poiret's models asserted the ideal image of a rich and fashionably dressed modern woman. P. Poiret changed fashion in a "revolutionary" way: he destroyed the corset, and thus the silhouette of his models became straight and more natural. This was the first, still timid compared to what would happen after the First World War, but already a clear liberation. Wearing straight and loose tunic dresses with a bright decorative pattern, the woman became more direct and natural in behavior, less cutesy and pretentious. In the well-known Martin Hotel, which opened in 1911, in which completely untrained young girls worked, creating designs for fabrics, furniture and wallpaper. Such an unusual method gave birth to works full of freshness and liveliness of perception, and the lack of technical knowledge was compensated by well-trained craftsmen who translated the drawings made by the girls onto fabrics, only slightly correcting them. From the studio "Martin" came out wallpaper, wall panels, fabrics, completely covered with huge bright colors. So, flowers (especially roses, dahlias, daisies, zinnias), very decorative and infinitely far from natural (real), become a favorite theme of the emerging Art Deco.

In painting, among the paintings of the interwar period, it is very difficult to single out a pure Art Deco style. Most artists used techniques borrowed from the Cubists. Art Deco painting was not one of the avant-garde art movements, moreover, it was not applied in nature, designed to comply with the fundamental principles of decoration.

The painting of Polish-born Tamara de Lempicki, whose work is dominated by fashionable portraits and erotic female nudes, is considered a typical representative of Art Deco in painting. De Lempicka's technique of writing can be defined by applying to the machine age her own assertion that the artist "should not forget precision. The painting must be clean and tidy. (S. Sternow. Art Deco. Flights of Artistic Fantasy. Belfax, 1997).

By and large, Art Deco sculpture can be divided into two large groups: works of mass production for the domestic market and works of "fine art". Created by avant-garde artists and sculptors of that period, high-quality sculpture and inexpensive consumer goods went hand in hand - marble and bronze existed next to plastic and ceramic souvenirs. In the realm of sculpture, Art Deco was everywhere, from high art to kitsch.

Art Deco is a direction of eclectic art, formed in France in the early 20s of the 20th century. Dominated in fashion design, architecture, applied arts, interior design. In the 30s and 40s, art deco became popular all over the world.

Story

The direction appeared at the beginning of the 20th century - in the period 1907 - 1915. At this time, the first works marked by the characteristic features of the style are fixed. Some researchers note that the works of this time are the first attempts of artists to create canvases in an eclectic style.

The term appeared after the International Exhibition in Paris in 1925. The exhibition featured luxury items. The purpose of the exposition is to show the leading place of Paris in the world of fashion and style. Until 1928, the direction was the property of only Europe, in the early 30s, an American version of art deco appeared, which had its own characteristics.

The history of the Gothic style in painting

Characteristic

Art Deco is an art that reflects modern technology, characterized by smooth lines, the creation of images from geometric shapes, the use of bright, flashy colors in the interior and fine arts. The direction arose as a reaction against the austerity introduced during the First World War. The works were filled with luxury, brightness, excesses, expensive materials were used in the interior and other types of creativity (silver, crystal, ivory, jade). After the Great Depression, the direction developed, but began to concentrate on the production of less expensive products with a focus on mass production. Used chrome, plastic, metal and other industrial materials for the middle class. Art Deco has always been associated with glamour, brilliance, but functionality and practicality are inherent in it.

From the late 1940s, Art Deco began to be perceived as too colorful, pretentious for wartime and austerity, so it gradually went out of fashion. A surge of interest in art deco occurred in the 1960s - it coincides with the pop art movement. Another stage of development is the 80s, when interest in graphic design increased. The direction has become fashionable in design, clothing.

Features of hyperrealism as a style in painting

Characterized with a steady interest in the aesthetics of the 20s of the 20th century, it is perceived solely in connection with the fashion and trends of this period. The peculiarity of the style is that the representatives were not united in a single community, group or school of painting. Art Deco is an eclectic movement in which a large number of cultural influences have been mixed.

Ideas

The key ideas and principles of work were adopted by the artists from modernists and neoclassicals.

• Neoclassical ideals of beauty with their inherent severity were inherent in the works of the masters of the new direction.
• The use of bright, intense shades, according to researchers, stems from the work of the Parisian Fauvists.
• Some ideas are borrowed from the art of the Aztecs and Egyptian culture, classical antiquity.
• Unlike Art Nouveau, Art Deco did not have a philosophical basis - it was a purely decorative direction.
• Ethnic ornamental compositions in the paintings of artists, in the interior;
• "Russian Seasons" or Russian ballet S. Diaghilev.

Surrealism as a style in painting

The development of style in difficult economic and political conditions, during the period of active development of science and technology, was reflected in the subject matter of the paintings. The works of artists serve decorative purposes, please the eye, and cheer up. Painters do not attempt to exert psychological influence or convey their philosophical views through paintings. The goal of Art Deco is to combine the best features of styles, creating something new and beautiful.

The main features of the style

Minimalism as a style in painting

Using new materials that were used in combination, Art Deco introduced scientific progress, the growth of technology. The luxurious look of the art deco painting will perfectly fit into the interior of a rich apartment, a cruise ship, a modern cinema. The style has survived several crises, thanks to practicality, simplicity, brightness and individuality.

Artists

The term art deco is rarely applied to painting or sculpture, it dominates in architecture and design, but in the interwar period a number of artists presented their works, made to all standards of style: Tamara Gorskaya or Tamara de Lempicka, painting "Musician" (1929), "Self-portrait in the Green Bugatti (1925), French poster artist Adolphe Jean-Marie Mouron, known as Cassander, was one of the best graphic artists, won the Grand Prix at a poster competition in Paris.

Art Deco, Art Nouveau, Art Nouveau - style features, examples - paintings, stained glass windows, interiors

In this article we will look at the style of the interior art deco, Art Nouveau, modern. Style elements - painting, architecture, interior space elements - furniture, curtains, chandeliers, paintings, etc.

Building of the Vienna Secession

Art Nouveau [art nouveau, " tiffany"(named after Louis Comfort Tiffany) in the United States," Art Nouveau" And " fin de siecle" in France, " Art Nouveau" in Germany, " Secession style" in Austria, " modern style" in England, " Liberty style» in Italy, « modernismo" in Spain, " Nieuwe Kunst" in Holland, " spruce style" (style sapin) in Switzerland.) became widespread in 1918-1939 in France, partly in other European countries and the USA. Winding lines, an unusual combination of expensive and exotic materials, images of fantastic creatures, waveforms, shells, dragons and peacocks, swan necks and languid women predominate in architectural forms and paintings. In forms - underlined asymmetry. Leaves, flowers, trunks and stems, as well as the contours of the human or animal body with their inherent asymmetry, are a guide to action and a source of inspiration. The style is based on the thesis that the form in art is more important than the content. Any most prosaic content can be presented in a highly artistic form. The source of this "new form" was nature and woman. This style is characterized by sophistication, sophistication, spirituality, variability. A certain set of colors followed from this - faded, muted; the predominance of smooth, complex lines. A set of symbols - bizarre flowers, sea rarities, waves. The stylistic properties of Art Nouveau are sometimes compared with the plastic system of the Baroque, rightly seeing some similarity between them in the desire of artists to use forms of organic nature as expressive means. A lot of Art Nouveau also took from the art of the camp of Asia.

It is always good in such interiors, as well as in Art Deco interiors, copies of Michael Parkes, Gustav Klimt, Tamara Lempicki, Alphonse Mucha, Vrubel, Bilibin or Vasnetsov look good, as well as the work of contemporary artists writing in this style, as well as American graphics a certain topic. Many artists of this style (or period) were fascinated by oriental painting - in the paintings of the same Gustav Klimt, we often see characters in Chinese or Japanese clothes. Therefore, in such interiors, Chinese or Japanese painting will not be superfluous. Here are a few works, in our opinion, suitable for interiors in such styles.

Art Deco (Art Deco)- a popular trend in the international decorative arts of 1925-1939. This style historically follows immediately after modernity. He touched upon such areas of art as architecture, interior design, industrial design, fashion industry, painting, graphics, cinema. This movement, to a certain extent, combined many different styles and currents of the early 20th century, including neoclassicism, constructivism, cubism, modernism, Bauhaus, Art Nouveau and futurism. But to a greater extent it is modern with an admixture of neoclassicism. Distinctive features - strict regularity, ethnic geometric patterns, luxury, chic, expensive, modern materials (ivory, crocodile skin or shark or zebra skin, rare woods, silver). In Germany and the USSR, Art Deco is turning from Art Nouveau into a “new Empire style”.

The peak of the movement's popularity fell on the "roaring twenties", but in the 1930s it was quite strong in the United States. Unlike other areas, the origin of which is rooted in politics or philosophy, art deco carried an exclusively decorative meaning. At one time, the style was perceived as a reaction to the Universal Exposition (Universal Exposure) of 1900. After a famous exhibition, several French artists created the officially registered organization La Société des artistes décorateurs (Society of Decorative Architects). Among its founders were Hector Guimard (Hector Guimard).

Paris in the 30s of the 19th century remained the center of the Art Deco style. He embodied it in furniture Jacques-Emile Ruhlmann- the most famous of the furniture designers of the era and perhaps the last of the classic Parisian ebeniste(cabinet makers). In addition, the works of Jean-Jacques Rateau, the products of the company "Süe et Mare", the screens of Eileen Gray (Eileen Gray), the work of forged metal by Edgar Brandt, the metal and enamel of the Swiss of Jewish origin Jean Dunant, the glass of the great Rene Lalique and Maurice Marino, and Cartier watches and jewelry.

Bronze and ivory sculpture has become a symbol of Art Deco in decorative and applied arts. Inspired in part by Diaghilev's Russian Seasons, the art of Egypt and the East, and the technological advances of the "Machine Age", French and German masters created a unique style in small plastic art of the 1920s and 1930s that raised the status of decorative sculpture to the level of " high art." Dmitry Chiparus, Claire Jean Robert Colin, Paul Philippe (France), Ferdinand Preiss, Otto Poertzel (Germany), Bruno Zach, J. Lorenzl (Austria) are considered classic representatives of Art Deco in sculpture.

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Art Nouveau(French pronunciation: ​, anglicised to /ˈɑːrt nuːˈvoʊ/) is an international style of art, architecture, and decorative arts, especially decorative arts, that was most popular between 1890 and 1910. Representing a reaction to 19th-century academic art, the style was inspired by natural forms and structures, in particular the curved lines of plants and flowers.

In English, the French name "Art Nouveau" (new art) is used. This style is related, but not identical, to styles that emerged in many European countries around the same time: in Austria, it is known as "Secession style" after the "Viennese Secession"; in Spain as "modernismo"; in Catalonia as "modernism"; in the Czech Republic as "secese"; in Denmark as "skönvirke" or Art Nouveau; in Germany as Art Nouveau, "Art Nouveau" or "reform style"; in Hungary as "secessio"; in Italy as "Art Nouveau", "liberty style" or "florale style"; in Norway as Art Nouveau; in Poland as "secession"; in Slovakia as "seces"; in Russia as "modern"; how about in Sweden "jugend".

Art Nouveau is a general art style. It covers a wide range of fine and decorative arts including architecture, painting, graphics, interior design, jewelry, furniture, textiles, ceramics, glass and metalwork.

By 1910, Art Nouveau was already out of fashion. As the dominant architectural and decorative style of Europe, it was first replaced by Art Deco and then Modernism.

Origin

The new art movement has its roots in Britain, in the floral designs of William Morris and in the Arts and Crafts movement founded by Morris' students. Early examples of this style include Morris's Red House (1859) and James Abbot McNeil Whistler's Peacock Room. The new movement was also heavily influenced by Pre-Raphaelite artists including, Dante Gabriel Rossetti And Edward Burne-Jones, and especially the British graphic artists of the 1880s, among them Selwyn Images, Haywood Sumner, Walter Crane, Alfred Gilbert, and most notably Aubrey Beardsley.

In France, the style combined several different trends. In architecture, he was influenced by the architectural theorist and historian Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, a sworn enemy of the historic Beaux Arts architectural style. In his book "Entretiens sur l "architecture" In 1872, he wrote: “Use the means and knowledge given to us by our time, without intermediate traditions that are not viable today, and in this way we can discover a new architecture. Each function has its own material; each material has its own form and ornament. This book influenced a generation of architects, including Louis Sullivan, Victor Horta, Hector Guimard and Antoni Gaudí.

French painters Maurice Denis , Pierre Bonnard And Edouard Vuillard played an important role in combining the fine arts of painting with the decorative. “I believe that, above all, painting should decorate,” Denis wrote in 1891. “The choice of plots or scenes is nothing. It is through the balance of tones, the painted surface and the harmony of the lines that I can reach the soul and awaken the emotions.” All these artists created both traditional and decorative painting on screens, glass and other materials.

Another important influence on the new style was Japaneseism: a wave of interest in Japanese woodcuts, especially the work of Hiroshige, Hokusai, and Utagawa Kunisada, which were imported into Europe starting in the 1870s. The enterprising Siegfried Bing founded the monthly magazine Le Japon artistique in 1888 and published thirty-six issues before closing in 1891. He influenced both collectors and artists, including Gustav Klimt. Stylized features of Japanese prints appeared in graphics, porcelain, jewelry and Art Nouveau furniture.

New technologies in printing and publishing allowed Art Nouveau to quickly reach a global audience. Art magazines, illustrated with photographs and color lithographs, were instrumental in popularizing the new style. The Studio in England, Arts et idèes and Art et décoration in France, Jugend in Germany allowed the style to quickly spread to all corners of Europe. Aubrey Beardsley in England and Eugene Grasset, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec And Felix Vallotton received international recognition as illustrators.

Thanks to the posters Jules Cheret for dancer Loie Fuller in 1893 and Alphonse Mucha for the actress Sarah Bernhardt in 1895, the poster became not just an advertisement but an art form. Toulouse-Lautrec and other artists have achieved international celebrity status.

Form and character

Although Art Nouveau took on distinctly localized tendencies as its geographical distribution increased, some general characteristics point to its form. A description published in Pan magazine of the wall tapestry Cyclamen (1894) by Hermann Obrist, describing it as "unexpected strong curves formed by the blow of a whip", which became famous at the beginning of the spread of Art Nouveau. Subsequently, not only did the work itself become better known as "The Whiplash", but the term "whiplash" itself is often applied to the characteristic curves used by Art Nouveau artists. Such decorative "whiplash" motifs, formed by dynamic, undulating, and flowing lines in syncopated rhythm and asymmetrical form, are found throughout architecture, painting, sculpture, and other forms of Art Nouveau design.

The origins of Art Nouveau are in the struggle of the artist William Morris with the bulky compositions and trends of the 19th century revival and its theories that helped create the Arts and Crafts movement. However, Arthur Maccurdo's cover for The City Churches of Wren (1883), with its rhythmic floral patterns, is often considered the first implementation of Art Nouveau. Around the same time, the flat perspective and bright colors of Japanese woodcuts, especially Katsushiki Hokusai, had a strong influence on the Art Nouveau style formula. Japonism, popular in Europe in the 1880s and 1890s, had a significant impact on many artists with its organic forms and appeal to the natural world. As well as being adopted by Japanese-inspired art and design by artists such as Emile Galle and James Abbott McNeil Whistler, they were also supported by businessmen Siegfried Bean and Arthur Lasenby Liberty in their stores in Paris and London, respectively.

In architecture, hyperbolas and parabolas are widespread in windows, arches and doors, and decorative breaks are transformed into plant forms. Like most design styles, Art Nouveau sought to harmonize its forms. The text above the entrance to the Paris Metro uses the features of the rest of the metal structure.

Art Nouveau architecture and interior design eschews the eclectic resurgent styles of the 19th century. Although Art Nouveau designers chose and "modernized" some of the more abstract elements of the Rococo style, such as the textures of flames and shells, they also advocated the use of highly stylized organic forms as a source of inspiration, expanding the "natural" variety to the use of seaweeds, herbs, and insects. Another influence was the soft-blended forms of the 17th century knorpelwerk, best represented in Dutch silver.

Relationship with contemporary styles and movements

As an art style, Art Nouveau has affinities with the Pre-Raphaelites and Symbolism, and artists such as Aubrey Beardsley, Alphonse Mucha, Edward Burne-Jones, Gustav Klimt and Jan Torop, can be attributed to more than one of these styles. However, unlike symbolic painting, the Art Nouveau style has a distinctive appearance; and, in contrast to the artisan-oriented Arts and Crafts movement, Art Nouveau artists readily embraced new materials, finished surfaces, and abstraction for the sake of pure design.

Art Nouveau did not abandon the use of machines, as did the Arts and Crafts movement. For sculpture, the main materials used were glass and wrought iron, leading to sculptural features even in architecture. Ceramics was also involved in the series of sculptures by artists such as Auguste Rodin.

Art Nouveau architecture made use of many of the technological innovations of the late 19th century, especially exposed iron and large, custom glass pieces. However, by the start of World War I, the stylized nature of Art Nouveau design, which was expensive to produce, fell into disuse in favor of a more streamlined, straightforward modernism that was cheaper and more suited to the simple industrial aesthetic that Art Deco had become.

style trends Art Nouveau also infiltrated local styles. For example, in Denmark, this trend has been one aspect of skönvirke ("aesthetic work"), which itself is more closely associated with the Arts and Crafts style. In addition, artists borrowed many of the floral and organic motifs from Art Nouveau into the Młoda Polska ("Young Poland") style in Poland. However, Młoda Polska also included other artistic styles and embraced a broader trend in art, literature and lifestyle.

Museums section publications

Art Deco for dummies

Where and how the Art Deco style arose, who founded it, whether it was in the young Soviet Union - we understand the intricacies of style together with Sofia Bagdasarova.

What is Art Deco?

Sheet from the album Feuillets d "Art. 1919

Sheet from the album Les choses de Paul Poiret vues par Georges Lepape. 1911

Sheet from the album Modes et Manières d "Aujourd" hui. 1914

Art Deco, which means “decorative art” in French, is the name of the artistic style that reigned in Europe and America after Art Nouveau, between the two world wars. Moreover, he reigned mainly in industrial design - fashion, jewelry, posters, facades, interiors, furniture. This happened while the “big art” of that era was experimenting with expressionism, abstractionism, constructivism and other isms, which, of course, are brilliant, only not everyone can see them constantly in their apartment. And Art Deco items are designed specifically for everyday life - very rich, luxurious and imposing, but still everyday.

How to recognize an Art Deco item?

Cigarette cases, powder boxes. 1930s Kyoto Fashion Institute

Cover of Vogue magazine with an "optical" dress from S. Delaunay. 1925. Press Service of the Kremlin Museums

Handbags. OK. 1910. Kyoto Fashion Institute

This thing is sure to be beautiful - stylish, elegant. It is made of material with an expensive texture, but not flashy luxury, but simply valuable. Colors will be complex shades, black - a lot. Often the author clearly used a ruler - but at the same time he managed to round all the corners very elegantly. Geometric patterns are built according to careful proportions and can hypnotize. There are also often interspersed with something ancient Egyptian or Japanese, but in some strange design: Art Deco loved to reinterpret exotic cultures. (By the way, "Russian exoticism" was also appreciated.) Style and technical progress liked it - that's why there are stylized trains flying at high speed, and propellers of airplanes and steamships.

Style in fashion

Evening Dress. Fashion designer Madeleine Vionnet. 1927. Press Service of the Kremlin Museums

Evening Dress. Lanwen Fashion House. Around 1925. Press service of the Kremlin Museums

Dress. France. Winter 1922. Fashion house "Sisters Kallo"

Art Deco is most noticeable in women's fashion. In the era when this style reigned, women began to cut their hair short, finally freed themselves from tight corsets and crinolines, the waist slipped to the hips, then pulled up to the very chest, and the skirt was shortened to a height that was completely indecent, according to those who remembered Victorian morality.

The creators of the style - the great fashion designers Paul Poiret, Mariano Fortuny - quoted kimonos, Arab turbans and bloomers, antique chitons and tables, medieval raincoats. One-piece things appeared, draperies were everywhere, heavy fabrics, chic and shine. In such free things, embroidered with iridescent pearls, glass beads, rhinestones, beads, it was great to dance new lively dances - foxtrot, Charleston, tango. In general, remember the era of the Great Gatsby.

Style in jewelry

Van Cleef and Arpels brooch. 1930

Van Cleef and Arpels collar necklace. 1929

Van Cleef and Arpels Egyptian style brooch. 1924

The firms Cartier and Van Cleef & Arpels, as well as other jewelry houses, purposefully worked on the principles of Art Deco in their work. After the fluid forms and poetic flowers of the Art Nouveau era (aka Art Nouveau), their jewelry seemed flashy and shocking.

Light platinum for settings allowed jewelry to abandon the "heavy armor" - gold. Pure geometric forms, abstract patterns, an innovative combination of green and blue, contrasting selection of stones, such as black onyx and red ruby, the use of carved rather than faceted stones, as well as interspersed with genuine ancient artifacts (Egyptian scarabs, etc.) - these are recognizable traits. Black onyx generally became a favorite stone of this period, especially when combined with diamonds. They were accompanied by bright chords of corals, lapis lazuli, jade, enamel.

Was there art deco in Russia?

High-rise building on Kotelnicheskaya embankment. State Research Museum of Architecture named after A.V. Shchusev: website/institutes/7985

Mayakovskaya metro station

USSR Pavilion at the International Exhibition in Paris. 1937. State Research Museum of Architecture named after A.V. Shchusev: website/institutes/7985

The brilliant Art Deco style is, of course, deeply "bourgeois". This is a symbol of the lost generation, the fashion of the characters of Fitzgerald, Hemingway (as well as Wodehouse and pre-war books by Agatha Christie). The young Soviet state in that era was not up to this outward brilliance. However, they had the "roaring twenties", and we have the New Economic Policy. Remember Ellochka the Cannibal: “…the sparkling photo showed the daughter of the American billionaire Vanderbilt in an evening dress. There were furs and feathers, silk and pearls, lightness of cut, an unusual and breathtaking hairstyle. Soviet Nepmen in their habits, of course, imitated their free western neighbor, although this was not officially approved.

On the other hand, the Art Deco imprint is visible in one of the most formal arts - architecture. The influence of the imported style is easy to find in Stalinist classicism: photographs of fragments of Moscow skyscrapers from some angles are difficult to distinguish from views of pre-war Manhattan skyscrapers. Art Deco's love for geometrism, the use of abstractions - all this was easily absorbed by Russian masters in the homeland of Suprematism. It was also appropriate to glorify the technical achievements of mankind. There are even more amusing signs - remember, we talked about the turn of Art Deco to Egyptian motifs? It is thanks to him before Tamara Lempicka. Self-portrait in a green bugatti. 1929. Private collection

But the contribution that Russian emigrants made to the development of Art Deco is much more significant. For years, fashion magazines Vogue and Harper's Bazaar have been published under covers drawn by Erte, whose real name is Roman Petrovich Tyrtov. His "Symphony in Black" is one of the key works of style.

The abstract artist Sonia Delaunay, who worked in the fashion industry, enriched Art Deco with color and energy, which we have seen in other "avant-garde Amazons". The main art deco portrait painter, one of the few artists who managed to use this style for easel paintings, is Tamara Lempicka, a native of the Russian kingdom of Poland, who lived in St. Petersburg before the revolution. (But the main sculptor of the era, Dmitry Chiparus, despite such a familiar name to us, is a Romanian.) Finally, Leon Bakst, being in exile, in addition to the theater, managed to work in the fashion industry - obviously in the Art Deco style.

Art historians generally write that the Art Deco style was originally inspired by the Russian Seasons, which rocked the Parisian art world in the 1900s. So - thanks to Diaghilev and for art deco!