Task number 13. Continuous, hyphenated, separate spelling of words.
The task on this topic is formulated as follows:Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are written ONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.
13 task checks knowledge of continuous, hyphenated, separate spelling of homonymous parts of speech. Homonyms - different in meaning, but identical in spelling units of the language.
Task execution algorithm:
1. READ THE OFFER, THINK ABOUT ITS MEANING.
2. DETERMINE WHICH PART OF SPEECH IS THE SELECTED WORD.
3. REMEMBER THE RULE.
4. OPEN THE BRACKETS AND WRITE TWO WORDS.
Before referring to the rule, check if the form can be used without a preposition/prefix. If you can not write together.
Spelling of derivative prepositions.
It is necessary to distinguish between derivative prepositions and nouns in indirect cases used with non-derivative prepositions.
| Derived prepositions | Ex. + non-derivative preposition | |
| DURING The derivative preposition DURING is written in two words with the ending E, has the meaning of temporal length, answers the questions HOW LONG? WHEN? It has time value: (HOW LONG?) Worked hard throughout the year. (WHEN?) I read a lot of books during the summer. | IN THE COURSE An adjective can be inserted between the non-derivative preposition B and the noun COURSE. There are many turns in the (lower) RIVER. | |
| TO CONTINUE The derivative preposition TO CONTINUE is written in two words with a final E, has the meaning of a temporary length, answers the questions HOW LONG? WHEN? It has time value: (HOW LONG?) In the course of a month, they repaired the house. (WHEN?) For several days there was unbearable heat. | IN CONTINUED Between the non-derivative preposition Vi n. in the prepositional case CONTINUED, you can insert an adjective: New characters have emerged in the (long-awaited) sequel to the novel. | |
| TOGETHER (=K) The derivative preposition TOGETHER (=TO MY SIDE) is written in one word, it can be replaced by the preposition K: Towards me (= towards me, in my direction) was the director of the school. I decided to go out to meet the guests (= to the guests). | ON A MEETING WITH Between the non-derivative preposition ON and noun. MEETING, you can insert an adjective, with a noun. MEETING must be the preposition C: And yet I decided to go to a (unexpected) meeting with friends. | |
| ABOUT (= O; ABOUT) The derivative preposition ABOUT is written together and = O, ABOUT: We talked about (= about) going to the forest. | TO THE ACCOUNT Between the non-derivative preposition ON and noun. COUNT you can insert an adjective: The money was deposited into a (known) account. | |
| DUE TO (=DUE TO) The derived preposition DUE TO is written in one word with the final E, and = DUE TO, indicates reason answers the question WHY? (WHY?) Due to illness, he stayed at home. NOTE: Do not confuse the spelling of the derivative preposition DUE TO (= BECAUSE) and the adverb AFTER (= THEN): Subsequently, he repeatedly recalled the school. Due to a broken arm, he was unable to attend school. | IN CONSEQUENCE Between the non-derivative preposition B and noun. CONSEQUENCE used in one of the cases, you can insert an adjective: In the (acclaimed) investigation into the case of embezzlement, many facts were revealed. | |
| IN VIEW (= BECAUSE OF; FOR THE REASON) The derivative preposition VIEW is written in one word, and = BECAUSE, = FOR THE REASON: Due to the rain, the tour did not take place. NOTE: It is necessary to distinguish the derived preposition IN THE FORM (of something), which is written in two words, from the derived preposition IN VIEW, which is written in one word and \u003d BECAUSE: IN VIEW (=BECAUSE) - IN THE FORM OF SOMETHING: She was given a brooch in the form of a butterfly. Allowed to add as an exception. | KEEP IN MIND A stable combination is written with three words. | |
| LIKE (= LIKE) The derivative preposition LIKE is written in one word and = LIKE: We built something like (= sort of) a hut. | FOR LIKELIHOOD In the geometry lesson, we solved problems on the similarity of a triangle (= on similar triangles). | |
Note:
1. Derivative preposition IN CONNECTION WITH written separately, in three words: due to departure.
2. Derivative preposition IN CONCLUSION is written in two words with the letter E at the end and has the meaning “FINISHING”, “FINALLY”, “FINALLY”: In conclusion of my report, I would like to summarize what has been said.
3. Derivative preposition UNLIKE someone, something written in two words with the letter E at the end: unlike me, my sister studies with only A's.
4. REMEMBER the spelling of the following prepositions, which are written together: In the middle of the room); NEAR (monument); INSTEAD OF (brother).
DIFFERENTIATE:
Spelling of unions and homonymous parts of speech. Conjunctions TO, TOO, ALSO, ZATO, BECAUSE, AND, SO, THEREFORE are written together, they can be replaced by synonyms of the same part of speech. Other parts of speech similar to these unions in sound, WHAT, THE SAME, THE SAME, FOR THAT, WITH, AT WHAT, AND SO, FROM THAT are written separately. They consist of two components: one of them can be: 1. Remove from the sentence. 2. Rearrange to another place 3. Insert another word between them.
There are many spelling rules in Russian. Most of them cause difficulties in writing not only for schoolchildren and foreigners who study Russian, but also for adults. One such rule is the spelling of prepositions. Basically the problem is to find them correctly. With simple non-derivative prepositions, everything is more or less clear, and most have no difficulty in finding them. But in Russian there is another group of words that, depending on the context, can refer to different parts of speech. These are derivative prepositions that come from adverbs, nouns or participles. It is they who are so difficult to write that many people have great difficulty meeting them in the text.
Characteristics of derivative prepositions
All prepositions in Russian are service parts of speech that do not have their own meaning and morphological features. They serve as a link between words in a sentence and are used to build a grammatically correct and competent construction. Derivative prepositions in Russian appeared relatively recently. They originated from significant parts of speech due to the loss of their own morphological features and meanings. Because of this, their spelling often began to differ from the original words, and this causes spelling difficulties. In speech, they are used quite often, so every literate person should be able to find them and write correctly.
Features of this part of speech
1. Derived prepositions can be simple, consisting of one word, for example, "near", "around", "thanks", "towards" and others. But many of them consist of two words, retaining the form they had in the role of a significant part of speech. Usually this is a combination of a non-derivative preposition with a noun, so merged with it in meaning and grammatically that it is often perceived as one word. For example: "with the help", "in the absence of", "not counting", "at the expense", "as far as" and others.
2. The spelling of such prepositions must be remembered, because most often it is not regulated by any rules. In difficult cases, you need to check the spelling dictionary. The greatest difficulty is the writing of the prepositions "during", "in continuation", "due to", "subsequently".
3. To determine that it is a derivative preposition, and not an independent part of speech, that is used in the sentence, it is necessary to replace it with another preposition or union. For example, "due to" - "due to", "about" - "about", "towards" - "to", "like" - "how".
4. There is a small group of derivative prepositions that are difficult to distinguish from the independent parts of speech from which they originated. This causes difficulties in their writing. In this case, you can only understand the meaning in the context. These are the words: "about", "due to", "thanks", "despite" and others.
Types of derived prepositions
All considered prepositions are divided into three groups, depending on what part of speech they came from.
1. Adverbial, that is, derivative prepositions formed from adverbs, have retained their meaning. Basically, they denote the time and location of an object in space. For example, "near the house", "after school", "inside the box" and others.
2. Denominative prepositions are so called because they are formed on behalf of a noun. They can denote spatial, temporal, causal, or object relationships. This is a fairly large group of prepositions, and it is they who most often cause spelling difficulties, for example: "in connection", "as far as", "about", "like", "upon arrival" and others.
3. Verbal prepositions originated from gerunds, which have lost their meaning of additional action. They are closely related to nouns and are usually used with only one case. For example: "thanks to (what?)", "in spite of (what?)", "despite (what?)".
What meanings do they have
Each derivative preposition in combination with nouns gives it a certain meaning. Most often they are used with some one case, but circumstantial questions can also be asked to them. The most common meanings of derivative prepositions:
They denote a certain period of time: "during", "at the end", "at the end", "after" and others;
Causal relations are determined by prepositions: "thanks", "contrary", "by force", "due to";
They can indicate the location of an object: "near", "about", "opposite", "ahead" and others.
How to learn to write prepositions correctly
The spelling of independent words is governed by the rules of spelling. Most people learned them during school and have no difficulty in spelling. And derivative prepositions do not lend themselves to any rules. They need to be memorized. But in difficult cases, you can check the spelling dictionary. The difficulty is most often caused by the inability of people to distinguish sentences with prepositions from constructions with independent parts of speech. If you learn to find these words in the text, then there will be fewer errors. After all, most people still know the basic rules of spelling.
Ways to find prepositions in the text
1. You need to try to replace the word with another preposition. Each derivative preposition has a similar one from the category of non-derivatives, for example, "in view of - because of", "about - about", "towards - to", "following - after" and others. Significant parts of speech are replaced only by synonyms: "on account - on a book", "on a meeting - on a date."
2. Ask a question to the word. If there is a preposition in the sentence, then most likely it will be included in the question, and the answer will be a noun: "I live opposite the school - (opposite what?)" or "(where?) - opposite the school." And the word in the role of an independent part of speech itself answers the question: "this house is opposite - (where?) - opposite."
3. A derivative preposition cannot be thrown out of a sentence without losing its meaning and destroying the grammatical structure: "to go ahead of the column - to go (?) Of the column." If you remove the significant part of speech, then although the meaning will be depleted, the sentence will not lose its integrity: "he walked ahead - he walked."
4. They can also be distinguished by meaning. For example, "during the day" is a preposition denoting a period of time, and "in the course of a river" is a noun that denotes the flow of water.
What derivative prepositions are written together
Among the words of this part of speech there are many that have long been used in the Russian language. Some prepositions are so merged with nouns in meaning that almost no one has difficulty spelling them. For example, "near", "like", "in view of", "instead of", "like", "inside" and others. But there are also words that are written together only when they are used as prepositions. And here we must be able to distinguish them from significant parts of speech. For example, "because of the rain" is a preposition, you can replace it with the word "because of", and "in the investigation of the case" is a noun: "(in what?) - in the investigation." More examples of frequently used prepositions and their difference with homonymous parts of speech: "towards each other" - "to meet friends", "about repair" - "to the bank account". It must also be remembered that "not" in prepositions formed from gerunds is written together: "despite the advanced age (despite what?)" - this is a preposition, but compare: "he walked without looking (without looking) around" .
Compound derivative prepositions
Difficulties are also caused by the spelling of prepositions that consist of two words. But they are not connected with the separate spelling of these words, but most often with the letter at the end of the preposition. It needs to be memorized, since basically it is not at all the same as that of the nouns from which these words originated:
The letter "and" is written at the end of the prepositions "after", "upon arrival", "upon completion", "in connection", "in accordance", "in comparison", "throughout";
You need to remember the spelling of prepositions with the letter "e" at the end: "during", "in continuation", "in conclusion", "in contrast", "in conclusion", "in commemoration", "on arrival", "on arrival ";
There is also a group of prepositions that cause almost no difficulties: "by virtue", "to the extent", "in connection" and some others.
In order for a person’s speech to be literate, it is necessary to use derivative prepositions as much as possible. They enrich the language, allow you to express your thoughts more accurately and use grammatically correct constructions.
Prepositions are divided into non-derivative, complex as a variety of the first and derivatives.
1. Prepositions without (without), in (in), for, from (iso), to (ko) on, over (necessary), o (ob, ob), by, under (podo), pro, s (co), y , through (through), which are not formed from other parts of speech are called non-derivative, or primitive, primary : without permission, behind the house, above me, under the table, at the gate and so on.
Remember!Pretext By with verbs of feeling, it is used with a noun in the dative case, for example: miss my son; personal pronouns in this case are used in the prepositional case, for example: cry for you(But: on them).
Prepositions , as is known, written separately from the words to which they refer. They are often confused with prefixes and are written together. How to avoid this error? How to distinguish prepositions from prefixes?
The difference between a preposition and a prefix
Pretext- this is a service part of speech that expresses the dependence of a noun, pronoun or numeral on other words in a sentence: to settle down on the river bank, to meet him, exactly at six, etc.
Console- a component that comes before the root and gives the word a new meaning: table - pre table; at ride - at ride - under go - pen go; became - V became; wise - pre wise.
In order not to confuse prefix and preposition with each other, you need to know What:
1) prepositions are never used with verbs Prefixes are often used with verbs: learn, write, edit;
2) after the preposition you can put a question : on what ? - on the table; with whom?- with brother; Of what?- from a watering can;
3) between the preposition and the noun (pronoun, numeral) you can insert some other word : at dawn, under bright stars, in a huge house, over a difficult task, with many of ours, all six of us.
2. From the combination of two primary prepositions, complex ones are formed : from behind, from under, over, over. They are written with a hyphen . For example: The sun came out because of clouds From under hats knocked out a lock of hair. Pose forest field. Over-over Don's garden blooms (Kolts.).
3. The most difficult to understand and write are the so-called derived prepositions, that is, prepositions formed from other parts of speech. (according to, thanks to, after, except etc.) and by connecting two parts of speech (in view of, like, in spite of, like and etc.). And if the former cause difficulty only in determining the case form of the word following the preposition (according to (what?) graphics thanks to (what?) happy accident), then the latter make you think about whether these prepositions should be written together or separately and how to distinguish them from prepositional-nominal combinations.
Remember!
1. Derived prepositions in view of, instead of, inside, like, as a result of, contrary to, following, on the contrary, towards, like, despite (in spite of), in spite of (into), about are written fluently.
2. Derived prepositions in the form of, in connection with, in continuation, during, in conclusion, in conclusion, in order to avoid, in contrast written separately. (Pretext in a relationship spelled with And at the end).
The rule seems to be simple. But in writing it is often implemented very illiterately. Especially difficulties arise in writing prepositions like during, during, due to and others. Here are some tips.
The difference between derivative prepositions and combinations of primary prepositions with nouns
1. If you have a derivative preposition in front of you, then the question is asked to the whole combination.
For example: ( When?) for many years; was ( Where?) near the school; walked ( Where?) after him.
2. If you are dealing with a combination of a primary preposition with a noun , That:
1) from this preposition to a noun you can ask a question : (in what?) in the course (of a river); (in what?) in the investigation (in the case of theft); Hope (for what?) to a meeting (with a friend);
2) the noun that is part of the combination can be declined : flow, -ia, -ia, -ie, -em, -ii;
3) a word can be inserted between a preposition and a noun : in the turbulent course of the river, in the protracted investigation of the theft case; to see a friend soon.
In conclusion, we offer you a table of continuous-hyphen-separate writing of the most commonly used prepositions.| Slitno | Apart | Through a hyphen |
| Despite(weather) Regardless of(persons) Instead of(friend) Like(you) Due to(accidents) Towards(for guests) Like(ball) About(statements) Above(waiting) In view of(departure) (But: keep in mind) | During(of the year) Finally(report) In continuation(hours) In contrast(from others) As(half circle) Due(with difficulty) Due(of his time) In order to(making a profit) By virtue of(difficulties) In a relationship(departure) under the guise(services) According(with law) | Because of(rain) From under(lands) Over-over(river) |
Prepositions are written separately from the words to which they refer: from paper, put under the pillow, ask him, like a small turret, divided by five.
Compound prepositions because of, from under, over, over, under are written with a hyphen: because of the mountain, from under the ground, over the field, over the forest, under the snow.
Derivative prepositions are written together, formed from adverbs: sit around (around) a fire, sit near a lake, swim across the stream, look after the train, go towards the wind, run along the boulevard.
Some derivative prepositions formed from nouns are written together: something like a boat, like a ball. At the same time, prepositions in view of, instead of, like, after, due to, towards, like, about must be distinguished from a combination of prepositions in, on with a noun: agree on an excursion (= about an excursion), but transfer money to the account (to what?) of the museum; not to come as a result of illness (why?), but to include in the consequence (into what?) new materials. At the end of the preposition due to the letter e is written, and in the adverb subsequently the letter and is written at the end: subsequently to report everything.
The preposition in view of the causal or investigative meaning has a continuous spelling: Do not take book revenue because of its penny value (A. Chekhov), but in an obsolete spatial meaning (near, nearby) - separate: The steamer stopped in sight of the city. Steady turnover to keep in mind consists of three words.
Prepositions in the case, in the area, in relation to, in measure, during, in continuation, in contrast, in conclusion, in connection with, due to, in the sense of, to the extent, about, due to, in the form of, with the exception of, for account, for purposes are written in two words.
The derivative prepositions during (year) and during (month) are interchangeable and, together with the noun, answer the question "how long?". The letter e is written at the end of these prepositions.
Compare:
Work on a novel (for how long?) for (for) five years (the prepositions continue, during have a temporary meaning).
Meet (in what? Where?) in the continuation of the novel of familiar characters; Observe (in what? Where?) annual changes in the course of the river (in continuation, during - nouns with the preposition c).
Not in prepositions in spite of, in spite of it is written together: Despite the failure, I was pleased with the trip (V. Arseniev); Skiers went forward, despite a strong blizzard. It is not written separately with other prepositions: not with us, not because of him, not to the club.
- Did you text me about (oh, pretext) Sunday school? (A. Chekhov). 2. Since then, I have not had practice for the duration (pretext) of a whole month (N. Gogol). 3. Later (adverb) I called this stone "Lena" (I. Goncharov). 4. But keep in mind (sustainable turnover), my dear, is the average Sabantuy (A. Tvardovsky). 5. At many Russian rivers, like (like a pretext) the Volga, one bank is mountainous, the other is meadow (I. Turgenev).
In this article, we will plunge into the study of the Russian language and take another small step towards gaining new knowledge. We will consider the continuous and separate spelling of prepositions. And on the basis of the examples given, we will clearly see the difference between the preposition and other parts of speech.
The concept of a preposition
The service part of speech is a preposition, the functional feature of which is the expression of the dependence of a word on another word or on their group. Serves as a pretext for communication in words in sentences.
Derivative and non-derivative prepositions
Prepositions are called derivatives if they were formed by transition from independent to auxiliary parts of speech. Thus, the first of them lose their morphological features and lexical meaning.
And prepositions are considered non-derivative if there was no named transition. These prepositions are written separately:
- on the shore;
- to a friend;
- from the ship and so on.
Writing derived prepositions
A preposition is an important part of speech, without which it is quite difficult to imagine full-fledged communication. This is a mandatory component that is very, very common in conversation and not only. We will consider the continuous and separate spelling of the prepositions "due to" and "as a result."
The preposition "due to" is written together if there is a causal relationship and this word can be replaced in the text with a synonym for "due" without losing its semantic meaning:
- Due to (due to) the fact that there was little work left, Ivan was in no hurry.
Separately, the word is written if in the text it is a noun:
- In the investigation on charges of theft, there was not enough direct evidence.
Now let's look at another pair: "in view of" and "in view of." In view of it is written together, if there is a meaning. That is, this word can be replaced by a synonym for "because of":
- Nikolai felt some respect for the person sitting next to him, due to the fact that he behaved quietly and reservedly.
It is written separately, firstly, when using the stable expression "keep in mind", and secondly, if the spatial meaning is embedded in the phrase ( nearby, near):
- The boat floated along the quiet course of the river in sight of (nearby, near) the shore.
The words "about" and "on account" are written together when you can use synonymous prepositions "about", "about":
- And I would like to talk about Fedor.
It is written separately if it is a noun in the text:
- A large amount of money was transferred to the bank account.
Now consider the words "regardless of" and "despite". gerund with Not are written separately - this is the main rule, and prepositions are written together if, by nature, they have a concessive meaning in the sentence:
- Despite (can be replaced by "regardless") fatigue, we climbed to the top of the hill with great pleasure.
Example with adverbial turnover:
- Without looking around, the guy confidently approached the stage.
"Like" and "kind of" we can write together and replace with a synonym for "like":
- Something like longing touched my soul.
But the preposition "like" should not be confused with a noun (in gender) with a preposition.
"follow" or "follow"? We write together if the preposition can be replaced by a synonym for "following":
- Following the escaping years, I shout loudly: "Don't!"
And the combination "on the trail" can be a noun with a preposition:
- The dog barked loudly as soon as he poked his nose into the trail of this animal.
"Towards" and "to meet" also need to be able to distinguish by belonging to different parts of speech:
- From a dark alley a stranger comes towards him.
You can distinguish it in the following way: we write separately, if we mentally separate this word and insert an adjective that is appropriate in meaning:
- I will definitely go to (this) reunion of graduates.
"In the middle" or "in the middle" serves to express a spatial relationship, continuous and separate spelling depends on your ability to distinguish a noun with a preposition from a preposition. An example of spelling prepositions looks like this:
- I saw a clearing illuminated by the sun, in the middle of which grew a huge oak.
Here is an example with a noun:
- A line was drawn along (mentally, you can add a word that is suitable in meaning, for example, “most”) in the middle of the hall.
In order not to make a mistake in the words "like" and "like", you can try to use the synonym "like", if it fits, then we write together:
- From behind a bush suddenly fluttered a bird, like (sort of) an owl.
For greater clarity, we offer you a table for writing prepositions.
| Slanted spelling: | Split spelling: |
due to | |
like | |
in the middle | |
towards | from the side |
during |
|
Finally |
|
in continuation |
|
because of |
|
on both sides |
How does the element under study differ from other parts of speech?
In order to write a word correctly, it is necessary to be able to distinguish it from those parts of speech from which it was formed. These parts of speech can be an adverb, a noun, a participle. We consider with examples the continuous and separate writing of prepositions.
And first of all, let's pay attention to the fact that a preposition cannot be a member of a sentence, but it is necessarily included in a question that can be asked from one word to another. Let's take a simple example:
- I wanted to ask about an order. Wanted to ask (about what?) about the order.
Let's take a look at "during" and "during". Both the preposition and the noun with the preposition are written separately. Mistakes are made, as a rule, at the end of these words:
- She worked hard for a month.
So how long did it work? This refers to the amount of time. The preposition "during" ends in -e.
- There are many pitfalls along the river..
If an adjective can be added to the word (in strong the course of the river), then we have a combination of a noun with a preposition. That is, "in the course" is a neuter noun used in the prepositional case. It ends with -i.
Now let's analyze the spelling of prepositions that must be distinguished from the participle:
- The boy ran skipping, not looking at his feet.
"Despite" is a gerund, answers the question - what do you do? "Not" with gerunds is written separately.
- We went to the sea, despite the bad weather.
"Despite" acts as a preposition, and it can be replaced with the combination "in spite of something."
And in the end, we note the differences between the element we are studying and the adverb.
- Ahead of the column were motorcyclists with flags.
In this sentence, "in front" is a preposition that corresponds in meaning to the words "in front of something" or "in front of someone."
- Everything ahead was shrouded in mist.
And in this sentence "ahead" is an adverb and answers the question - where?
Conclusion
On the basis of the given examples of a comparative nature, the differences between prepositions and other parts of speech are shown, the rules for the continuous and separate writing of prepositions are considered. We summarized the writing rules in a table, which greatly facilitates the perception of new material.
