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The unity of structures and decor in the people's dwelling Grade 5 Prepared by the teacher of fine arts Kuznetsova E.S.slide 2
The Museum - Reserve of Wooden Architecture - KIzhi is located on the island of the same name and adjacent islands in the northwestern part of Lake Onega
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New life, new home. The ancient Slavs put the deepest meaning into building a house. After all, as they say - "My home, my fortress." Russian hut
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To ensure this fortress of inaccessibility during the construction of the house, great importance was attached to the time of the start of work, the choice of the construction site, and the preparation of building materials; each stage of construction was subject to a special ritual.
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After the Intercession holidays, they chose a place for the estate, tried not to end up on an abandoned old road (after all, prosperity and life will leave the house along it), on the spot where the bathhouse used to be, where there was once a fire, where there was a breakdown or - worst of all - blood was shed. After choosing a plot, the owner “cleaned” it and consecrated it with special symbols: plowed the plot in a circle (a circle is a closed line, infinity, a symbol of the sun), designated the square of the estate inside the circle, divided it into four with a cruciform figure. Then the head of the house went “in all four directions” and from each side brought a boulder stone and laid it under the corners of the house.
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There are two loopholes in the human world: a window and a door, they require protection. Both the window and the door have a trim. There is always a threshold in front of the door - this is the border between the worlds. Much attention was paid to windows through which navy (evil souls) could penetrate. In this regard, such an important element of incantatory decoration as a window casing, usually saturated with pagan symbols, arose. Schemes of symbols of the sun. Earth symbol schemes.
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Kizhi Museum-Reserve
The Museum-Reserve of Wooden Architecture - Kizhi is located on the island of the same name and adjacent islands in the northwestern part of Lake Onega.
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Russian hut
New life, new home. The ancient Slavs put the deepest meaning into building a house. After all, as they say - "My home, my fortress."
slide 4
To ensure this fortress of inaccessibility during the construction of the house, great importance was attached to the time of the start of work, the choice of the construction site, and the preparation of building materials; each stage of construction was subject to a special ritual.
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Construction of a hut
- After the Intercession holidays, they chose a place for the estate, tried not to end up on an abandoned old road (after all, prosperity and life would leave the house along it), on the spot where the bathhouse used to be, where there was once a fire, where there was a breakdown or - worst of all - blood was shed.
- After choosing a plot, the owner “cleaned” it and consecrated it with special symbols: plowed the plot in a circle (a circle is a closed line, infinity, a symbol of the sun), designated the square of the estate inside the circle, divided it into four with a cruciform figure. Then the head of the house went “in all four directions” and from each side brought a boulder stone and laid it under the corners of the house.
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superstition
- There are two loopholes in the human world: a window and a door, they require protection. Both the window and the door have a trim. There is always a threshold in front of the door - this is the border between the worlds.
- Much attention was paid to windows through which navy (evil souls) could penetrate. In this regard, such an important element of incantatory decoration as a window casing, usually saturated with pagan symbols, arose.
- Home is space. The unity of structures and decor in the people's dwelling.
- To acquaint students with the concept of a hut as a traditional Russian dwelling, the unity of its design and decor.
- To cultivate love for the Motherland, for its traditions and folk culture.
- To cultivate respect for the preservation and restoration of folk crafts;
- Develop creative and cognitive activity;
- To form practical skills in working with specific materials, the ability to convey the unity of the form and decor of the hut (on an accessible image).
- Develop the ability to work in a team.
- Watching the film "Kizhi";
- Acquaintance with the main elements of the Russian dwelling, their symbolic meaning;
- Artistic task setting;
- Practical implementation of the task;
- Summing up and receiving a task to prepare for teamwork.
- Guys! Since ancient times, the voice of the bell has accompanied the entire life path of a person. He convened the Novgorodians and the Pskov-Vitchs at a veche, warned of the appearance of enemies and called for battle. If there is a fire, a special bell ringing will call for help. Lost in bad weather in the forest - the bell ringing will lead you to housing.
- By this day, the last sheaves were taken away from the fields and stacked on the barn, where threshing was going on, vegetables were removed from the gardens, and the plowing of the fall was over.
- The villages were filled with the usual crowd at that time, rural artisans returned home from waste crafts. Prosperity entered every house. From Pokrov it was time for merry games and festivities. The cover was an indispensable occasion for rural weddings.
- Families in Rus' were large, patriarchal, fathers, grandfathers, and grandchildren gathered under one roof. It is easier to keep a house in a crowd, to work in the field, to go to the fishery. And if the need for separation came (the hut became cramped for everyone), the youngest son was separated from his young wife, the eldest continued the clan and took over the family after the father. The younger one created the foundations of his kind.
- New life - new home. And the construction of its haste does not endure, everything has its turn and its own order, which was established by grandfathers and great-grandfathers, to break the foundation - you will not live in a new house.
- The ancient Slavs invested the deepest meaning in building a house, because a person is likened to the gods who created the Eternal Universe. Man, on the other hand, built his own world, creating something new out of disparate parts from scratch, something that did not exist in nature and that should serve and protect the whole race.
- Since ancient times, man has built his own dwelling. Having traveled from the cave to the palace, people tried to create a safe space. "HOUSE" why did this space come to be called that?
- In fact, these three letters are very symbolic:
- D - looks like a building, structure;
- O - for almost all peoples, it is a symbol of a talisman;
- M - reminds us of a fence, a fence that separates from the outside world.
- How did the pagan Slavs imagine their world? They divided it into three parts: the upper world - RIGHT, the world of goodness and gods, where the reserves of living water are stored, an inexhaustible source of rains - "heavenly abyss". In the abyss of heaven there is the island of Iriy, where the progenitors of all birds and animals live, migratory birds fly there, they are also messengers of the Right World. Rule - the world of the gods, where the gods rode across the sky in chariots harnessed by winged horses. The symbol of this world is a bird, which also symbolizes the feminine in itself.
- The middle world is REAL, the living world, the world of people and domestic animals. Reality is the world where we live. We came into the world to do good. The world of Reveal is the union of heaven and earth, the birth of the human race. The symbol of the middle world is the horse - it is strength, valor, kindness and courage. It symbolizes the masculine.
- The lower world is NAV, the world of the dead, the night side, the world of evil, darkness and the dead. The dead in Rus' were treated in two ways. They respected their relatives of the dead, called them "grandfathers", "ancestors", they patronized and helped the whole family.
- There were also other people's dead - "Navi souls" - these are foreign souls of enemies and ill-wishers, the souls of people who were punished for something by the forces of nature (the souls of drowned people eaten by wolves, fallen from a tree, killed by lightning, suicides). These Navi souls on the "evil winds" fly into the Living World of a person, bringing death and disease. They can attack a person anywhere and everywhere. The symbol of this world is the snake.
- But a person has reliable protection - his world, his home. “My home is my fortress,” they used to say in Rus'. And to ensure this fortress of inaccessibility during the construction of the house, great importance was attached to the time of the start of work, the choice of the construction site, the preparation of building materials; each stage of construction was subject to a special ritual, the roots of which are in the traditions of our distant ancestors.
- After the Pokrovsky holidays, they chose a place for the estate, tried not to find themselves on an abandoned old road (because it looks like wealth and life will leave the house), on the spot where the bathhouse used to be, where there was once a fire, where there was a breakdown or - worst of all - blood was shed. It is clear that this can only happen in a "bad" place, where it is best for a person not to be, but to live - and even more so!
- After choosing a site, the young owner “cleaned” it and consecrated it with special symbols: plowed the site in a circle (a circle is a closed line, infinity, a symbol of the sun), designated the square of the estate inside the circle, and divided it into four parts with a cruciform figure. Then the head of the house went “in all four directions” and from each side brought a seasoned boulder stone, these stones were placed under the corners of the house. Rolled in ice for thousands of years, blown by the winds, these stones will be a strong foundation for a new home.
- In order for the family to be happy, it must be built according to all the rules and signs: the forest for construction was chosen special, clean (this was considered oak, birch, ash), strong, the beginning of construction is the day of the spring equinox (March 21), and the end - by the day the summer solstice, or, later, Trinity ("Without the Trinity, a house is not built"). They cut down the hut, as a rule, right in the forest, the logs were numbered, transported and already assembled and stacked on the spot. The grooves between the logs were stuck with swamp moss, which not only serves as a heat insulator, but also has the ability to kill microbes, which makes the wood last longer.
- ohlupen
- Prichelina
- Roof
- take it easy
- Chicken
- plumber
- red window
- males
- Zavalinka
- Volovoe window
- Joining logs
- "in the cloud"
- Joining logs
- "in the paw"
- There are two loopholes in the human world: a window and a door, they require additional protection. Both the window and the door have a trim. There must be a threshold in front of the door. The threshold is the boundary between the worlds, the world of the living and the world of the dead. The hostess, entering the house, wipes her feet on the threshold, shakes off the dust of the world; entering someone else's house, the guests step over the threshold, showing that they came to this house with good.
- Incomparably more attention was paid to the windows through which the ubiquitous navy could penetrate. Windows were made in the hut facing south or east, but in no case west and north.
- Slits in the windows, drafts, winter cold, everything that could cause illness - all this was transformed in the minds of ancient people into images of invisible, intangible Navi. In this regard, such an important element of incantatory decor arose as a platband, window framing, usually saturated with pagan symbols, because a window opening is not only a “window to the world” and a “white light” for the inhabitants of the hut, but also a peephole for aliens. living people and third-party evil forces that can peep life inside the dwelling into it, get inside, or at least jinx those who can be seen through the window.
- The roof of the hut could mean the whole house, "father's shelter", "to live under one roof - to walk under one sky." completed it "stupid" or "horse".
- A carved board covering the exit lay down on the facade - prichelina.
- The prichelina on the left edge of the roof contained symbols of the rising morning sun; from the right edge - the evening setting sun. Carved board, fastened at the intersection of two berths, - towel- midday sun at its zenith.
- Russian land is rich in forests. It is not surprising that from ancient times houses were built of wood, and, in order to make them elegant, they decorated them with carved patterns.
- Wooden lace hangs over the windows, the posts on the porch are in patterns. The inside of the house was also decorated.
- "Kolobok"
- "Ryaba Hen"
- "Teremok"
- "Turnip"
- Draw a fairy-tale house, illustrating one of the fairy tales "Gingerbread Man", "Snow Maiden", "Geese - Swans", etc.
1. Develop creative and cognitive activity.
2. To form the interest of students through practical skills in working in a particular material (corrugated cardboard), the ability to convey the unity of the form and decor of the hut.
3. To introduce students to the concept of a hut as a traditional Russian dwelling.
4. To cultivate love for the Motherland, for its traditions and folk culture.
5. Cultivate accuracy when doing work.
Equipment.
1. Visual row: illustrations for Russian folk tales depicting a hut, a tower, a diagram-table depicting a Russian hut.
2. Musical series: Russian folk songs.
3. Materials and tools for practical work: corrugated cardboard, paper, scissors, glue
During the classes
- Organizational part
- Game "Exam"
From each row, one student approaches the teacher's table, each takes one ticket from those that are laid out on the table. One question per ticket.
1. What do we call architecture, or architecture?
2. What is the name of the pattern if it has a center and the same patterns are located at an equal distance from the center?
3. What do we call graphics?
And now, guys, we will travel in absentia.
1. Once people lived
Without roofs over your head
The rocks were protected
And the forests are alive.
Safer house in a cave
So that the beast could not pass,
There was a stone instead of a door
Put on the way.
2. Flashes year after year,
Century follows century,
depend on nature
The person does not want.
Useful tools
Created by your own work
People have become stronger
And now the house is built!
3. But the long journey has just begun,
The house is still simple, harsh,
While one task
Have secure shelter.
Millennia will pass
And people from different countries
Will bring into the buildings these
Skill and talent.
folk motives,
customs, way of life
The house was made beautiful
In your own special way.
The men cut the hut out of logs,
Only one assistant-axe,
But the ancient huts are still strong,
And the pattern on the shutters is thin.
Chopped with the same ax
And the walls of the princely choir.
Was decorated like a chest
Palace in the village of Kolomna.
4. Conversation about Russian architecture.
As you guessed, guys, today at the lesson we will talk about Russian architecture. Russian craftsmen are famous for their rich artistic traditions in woodcarving. Wood was an affordable practical material from which houses were built, utensils and tools were made. Peasant huts can serve as a vivid example of the art of folk craftsmen.
“My house is my fortress,” they used to say in Rus'. And to ensure this fortress of inaccessibility during the construction of the house, great importance was attached to the time of the start of work, the choice of the construction site, the preparation of building materials; each stage of construction was subject to a special ritual, the roots of which are in the traditions of our distant ancestors.
After the Intercession holidays, they chose a place for the estate, tried not to end up on an abandoned old road (after all, prosperity and life would leave the house along it), on the spot where the bathhouse used to be, where there was once a fire, where there was a breakdown or - worst of all - blood was shed. It is clear that this can only happen in a “bad” place, where it is best for a person not to be, but to live - and even more so!
After choosing a plot, the young owner “cleaned” it and consecrated it with special symbols: plowed the plot in a circle (a circle is a closed line, infinity, a symbol of the sun), marked the square of the estate inside the circle, and divided it into four parts with a cruciform figure. Then the head of the house went “in all four directions he brought a seasoned stone - a boulder, these stones were placed under the corners of the house. Covered with ice for thousands of years, blown by the winds, these stones will be a strong foundation for a new home.
The facade of the hut is clearly divided into two geometric volumes - a frame and a roof. Along the log house, in the upper half, there are red windows. The platbands of red windows with open shutters form a magnificent decorative belt on the facade of the house. The ornamental decoration of the facade is completed with a pattern on the cornice and frontal board. The last two elements not only decorate, they serve a practical purpose - they close the junction of the log house and the roof.
The upper part of the facade, bounded by a gable roof, has a triangular gable. The pediment is filled with carved decorations in such a way as to visually balance the richness of the lace pattern of the log house. An expressive ornament is placed on the boards framing the triangle of the pediment. The center of the pediment highlights the light window, surrounded by rich architraves.
It is impossible not to remember the great Russian artist V.M. Vasnetsov in our lesson.
V.M. Vasnetsov began his creative activity as a genre painter, but he found his true vocation by turning to the plots of Russian fairy tales and epics. Rus' with its legends, epics - that's what constantly beckoned to itself, worried the artist. His new, original language sounded fresh and strong in Russian painting.
Real miracles were created by skillful wood craftsmen. In Rus', wooden fortresses, temples, huts, elegant chambers were cut down.
With a verb, a purse and a bar
The house was built with a carved porch,
With thoughtful elegant taste
And each with its own face.
5. Practical work.
Consider old wooden buildings where you live, drawings, and so on.
Look at the design of the chopped hut.
This way of stacking logs is called “cutting into a cloud with a residue”.
To glue a composition that depicts wooden buildings, take corrugated cardboard, wrapping or other thick paper.
How to portray the police?
Prichelina can be done in different ways.
In what order is this work done?
Try to draw the hut yourself.
At the end of the lesson, on a background prepared by the teacher in advance, the students build a village out of their huts. Come up with a name for it.
6. Summing up.
