A short message about Turgenev. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, a short biography about the most important thing in the life of a Russian writer

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Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev- Russian writer of the XIX century, whose work had a significant impact on the development of literature in general, both Russian and world. In his works, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev managed to reveal the beauty of the soul, the high moral qualities of a simple peasant. He equally impressively and authentically created images of selfless Russian women, noble intelligentsia and democratically minded people of the new era. His works are written in a lively and beautiful style, and the characters of the heroes of the works are depicted extremely realistically and very talentedly.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born into a noble family on November 9, 1818. in the city of Orel. The boy's childhood passed in the mother's family estate. Little Ivan was taken care of by tutors and teachers. In 1827 the family left for Moscow, where Turgenev's education first takes place in private boarding schools, and after that home teachers are hushed up. So he received a school education and perfectly studied foreign languages ​​​​(English, French, German). In 1833, as a fifteen-year-old teenager, he entered Moscow University to study. But a year later he was transferred to study at a university in St. Petersburg, successfully graduating in 1836. During the period of study, the future writer begins to form literary preferences, he writes his first poems.
In 1838 the future writer leaves for Germany. There, at the University of Berlin, he listened to lectures by famous Berlin professors for two years and studied philosophy, classical philology. During his studies, Turgenev travels around Europe (Italy, France, Holland). In 1841 he returns to Russia. He is preparing to pass the exams for the degree of Master of Philosophy, which he successfully passes in 1842. At the same time, he visits various literary circles in Moscow and understands that literary activity is closer to him than the position of professor of philosophy.
In 1843 Turgenev joined the Ministry of the Interior. He establishes friendly relations with Belinsky, which later had a considerable influence on the writer's work. In the same year, the poem "Parasha" was also published, favorably received by critics. After serving for two years, the writer retires and in 1847. leaves for Berlin, and three years later to Paris. The decision to go abroad was also influenced by the passion for the French singer Pauline Viardot, for whom the writer had feelings for many years later. Since 1848 to 1850 the plays "The Freeloader", "The Bachelor", "The Provincial Girl" were written, were successfully staged in the theater and were well received by the public.
1850 for Turgenev was marked by a return to Russia and work in Nekrasov's Sovremennik as an author and critic. In 1852 Turgenev wrote an obituary on the occasion of the death of N.V. Gogol. Censorship banned him, and the writer was sent into exile in the family estate, depriving him of the right to travel outside the province. During this period, stories about peasant life "Mumu", "Inn" were written.
A year later, the writer was allowed to visit St. Petersburg, and only in 1856. again allowed to travel abroad. He goes to Europe for two years. After returning, in 1858. publishes the story "Asya" and the novel "The Noble Nest". In 1863 Turgenev is already finally leaving abroad, where he lives with the Viardot family. And already living abroad, he was one of the first Russian writers to receive recognition from the European literary and scientific environment. He was elected chairman of the meeting held in 1878. literary congress in Paris. And in 1879. He received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Oxford. Of the last works, the writer wrote the psychological novels "Dream", "Dog", "Clara Milic", where he tries to explore the subconscious of a person.
In 1882 the writer showed the first signs of an incurable disease. And September 3, 1883. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev died in Bougival (a western suburb of Paris). He was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovskoye cemetery.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born into a noble family in 1818. I must say that almost all the major Russian writers of the 19th century came out of this environment. In this article we will consider the life and work of Turgenev.

Parents

The acquaintance of Ivan's parents is noteworthy. In 1815, a young and handsome cavalry guard Sergei Turgenev arrived in Spasskoye. He made a strong impression on Varvara Petrovna (the writer's mother). According to a contemporary close to her entourage, Varvara ordered to pass it on to Sergei through acquaintances so that he would make a formal proposal, and she would gladly agree. For the most part, it was Turgenev who belonged to the nobility and was a war hero, and Varvara Petrovna had a large fortune.

Relations in the newly minted family were strained. Sergei did not even try to argue with the sovereign mistress of their entire fortune. Only alienation and barely restrained mutual irritation hovered in the house. The only thing the spouses agreed on was the desire to give their children the best education. And for this they spared neither effort nor money.

Moving to Moscow

That is why the whole family moved to Moscow in 1927. At that time, wealthy nobles sent their children exclusively to private educational institutions. So young Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was sent to a boarding school at the Armenian Institute, and a few months later he was transferred to the Weidenhammer boarding school. Two years later, he was expelled from there, and the parents no longer made attempts to arrange their son in any institution. The future writer continued to prepare for entering the university at home with tutors.

Studies

Entering Moscow University, Ivan studied there for only a year. In 1834, he moved with his brother and father to St. Petersburg and transferred to a local educational institution. Young Turgenev graduated from it two years later. But in the future, he always mentioned Moscow University more often, giving it the greatest preference. This was due to the fact that the St. Petersburg Institute was known for its strict supervision of students by the government. There was no such control in Moscow, and the freedom-loving students were very pleased.

First works

We can say that Turgenev's work began with the university bench. Although Ivan Sergeevich himself did not like to recall the literary experiments of that time. He considered the beginning of his writing career the 40s. Therefore, most of his university works never reached us. If Turgenev is considered a demanding artist, then he did the right thing: the available samples of his writings of that time belong to the category of literary apprenticeship. They can be of interest only to historians of literature and those who want to understand how Turgenev's work began and how his writing talent was formed.

Fascination with philosophy

In the mid and late 30s, Ivan Sergeevich wrote a lot to hone his writing skills. For one of his works, he received a critical review from Belinsky. This event had a great influence on Turgenev's work, which is briefly described in this article. After all, it was not only that the great critic corrected the mistakes of the inexperienced taste of the "green" writer. Ivan Sergeevich changed his views not only on art, but also on life itself. Through observation and analysis, he decided to study reality in all its forms. Therefore, in addition to literary studies, Turgenev became interested in philosophy, and so seriously that he was thinking about becoming a professor at a department of a university. The desire to improve this area of ​​​​knowledge led him to the third university in a row - Berlin. With long breaks, he spent about two years there and studied the works of Hegel and Feuerbach very well.

First success

In 1838-1842, Turgenev's work was not very active. He wrote little and mostly only lyrics. The poems he published did not attract the attention of either critics or readers. In this regard, Ivan Sergeevich decided to devote more time to such genres as drama and poetry. The first success in this field came to him in April 1843, when "Powder" was published. A month later, a laudatory review by Belinsky was published in Otechestvennye Zapiski.

In fact, this poem was not original. She became outstanding only thanks to Belinsky's recall. And in the review itself, he spoke not so much about the poem as about Turgenev's talent. Nevertheless, Belinsky was not mistaken, he definitely saw outstanding writing abilities in the young author.

When Ivan Sergeevich himself read the review, it caused him not joy, but rather embarrassment. The reason for this was doubts about the correctness of the choice of his vocation. They overcame the writer from the beginning of the 40s. Nevertheless, the article encouraged him and forced him to raise the bar for his activities. Since that time, Turgenev's work, briefly described in the school curriculum, received an additional impetus and went uphill. Ivan Sergeevich felt responsible to critics, readers and, above all, to himself. So he worked hard to improve his writing skills.

Arrest

Gogol died in 1852. This event greatly influenced the life and work of Turgenev. And it's not all about emotional experiences. Ivan Sergeevich wrote a "hot" article on this occasion. The censorship committee of St. Petersburg banned it, calling Gogol a "lackey" writer. Then Ivan Sergeevich sent the article to Moscow, where, through the efforts of his friends, it was published. An investigation was immediately appointed, during which Turgenev and his friends were declared the perpetrators of state unrest. Ivan Sergeevich received a month of imprisonment, followed by deportation to his homeland under supervision. Everyone understood that the article was only a pretext, but the order came from the very top. By the way, during the "imprisonment" of the writer, one of his best stories was published. On the cover of each book there was an inscription: "Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev" Bezhin Meadow ".

After his release, the writer went into exile in the village of Spasskoye. He spent almost a year and a half there. At first, nothing could captivate him: neither hunting, nor creativity. He wrote very little. The then letters of Ivan Sergeevich were replete with complaints of loneliness and requests to come to visit him at least for a while. He asked fellow craftsmen to visit him, as he felt a strong need for communication. But there were also positive moments. As the chronological table of Turgenev's work says, it was at that time that the writer had the idea of ​​​​writing "Fathers and Sons". Let's talk about this masterpiece.

"Fathers and Sons"

After its publication in 1862, this novel caused a very heated controversy, during which the majority of readers dubbed Turgenev a reactionary. This controversy frightened the writer. He believed that he would no longer be able to find mutual understanding with young readers. But it was to them that the work was addressed. In general, the work of Turgenev experienced hard times. "Fathers and Sons" became the reason for this. As at the beginning of his writing career, Ivan Sergeevich began to doubt his own vocation.

At this time, he wrote the story "Ghosts", which perfectly conveyed his thoughts and doubts. Turgenev reasoned that the writer's fantasy is powerless before the secrets of the people's consciousness. And in the story "Enough" he generally doubted the fruitfulness of the activity of an individual for the benefit of society. It seemed that Ivan Sergeevich no longer cares about success with the public, and he is thinking about ending his career as a writer. Pushkin's work helped Turgenev change his mind. Ivan Sergeevich read the great poet's reasoning regarding the opinion of the public: “She is fickle, many-sided and subject to fashion trends. But a true poet always addresses the audience given to him by fate. His duty is to arouse good feelings in her.”

Conclusion

We examined the life and work of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. Since then, Russia has changed a lot. Everything that the writer put to the fore in his works is left in the distant past. Most of the manor estates found on the pages of the author's works are no longer there. And the theme of evil landowners and the nobility no longer has a social urgency. And the Russian village is completely different now.

Nevertheless, the fate of the heroes of that time continues to arouse genuine interest in the modern reader. It turns out that everything that Ivan Sergeevich hated is also hated by us. And what he saw as good is so from our point of view. Of course, one can disagree with the writer, but hardly anyone will argue with the fact that Turgenev's work is timeless.

He was born on October 28 (November 9, n.s.), 1818 in Orel in a noble family. Father, Sergei Nikolaevich, a retired hussar officer, came from an old noble family; mother, Varvara Petrovna, is from a wealthy landowning family of the Lutovinovs. Turgenev's childhood passed in the family estate of Spasskoe-Lutovinovo. He grew up in the care of "tutors and teachers, Swiss and Germans, homegrown uncles and serf nannies."

In 1827 the family moved to Moscow; At first, Turgenev studied in private boarding schools and with good home teachers, then, in 1833, he entered the verbal department of Moscow University, and in 1834 he transferred to the Faculty of History and Philology of St. Petersburg University. One of the strongest impressions of early youth (1833), falling in love with Princess E. L. Shakhovskaya, who at that time was having an affair with Turgenev's father, was reflected in the story First Love (1860).

In his student years, Turgenev began to write. His first attempts at poetry were translations, short poems, lyric poems, and the drama The Wall (1834), written in the then fashionable romantic spirit. Among Turgenev's university professors, Pletnev stood out, one of Pushkin's close friends, "a mentor of the old age ... not a scientist, but wise in his own way." Having become acquainted with the first works of Turgenev, Pletnev explained to the young student their immaturity, but singled out and printed 2 of the most successful poems, encouraging the student to continue studying literature.
November 1837 - Turgenev officially graduates and receives a diploma from the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University for the title of candidate.

In 1838-1840. Turgenev continued his education abroad (at the University of Berlin he studied philosophy, history and ancient languages). During his free time from lectures, Turgenev traveled. For more than two years of his stay abroad, Turgenev was able to travel all over Germany, visit France, Holland and even live in Italy. The catastrophe of the steamer "Nikolai I", on which Turgenev sailed, will be described by him in the essay "Fire at Sea" (1883; in French).

In 1841 Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev returned to his homeland and began to prepare for the master's exams. Just at this time, Turgenev met such great people as Gogol and Asakov. Even in Berlin, having met Bakunin, in Russia he visits their Premukhino estate, converges with this family: soon an affair with T. A. Bakunina begins, which does not interfere with communication with the seamstress A. E. Ivanova (in 1842 she will give birth to Turgenev's daughter Pelageya) .

In 1842, he successfully passed the master's exams, hoping to get a professorship at Moscow University, but since philosophy was taken under suspicion by the Nikolaev government, the departments of philosophy were abolished at Russian universities, and it was not possible to become a professor.

But in Turgenev the fever for professional scholarship had already caught cold; he is more and more attracted to literary activity. He publishes small poems in Otechestvennye Zapiski, and in the spring of 1843 he publishes a separate book, under the letters of T. L. (Turgenev-Lutovinov), the poem Parasha.

In 1843 he entered the service of an official in the "special office" of the Minister of the Interior, where he served for two years. In May 1845 I.S. Turgenev retires. By this time, the writer's mother, irritated by his inability to serve and incomprehensible personal life, finally deprives Turgenev of material support, the writer lives in debt and starving, while maintaining the appearance of well-being.

The influence of Belinsky largely determined the formation of Turgenev's social and creative position, Belinsky helped him embark on the path of realism. But this path is difficult at first. Young Turgenev tries himself in a variety of genres: lyrical poems alternate with critical articles, after Parasha, the verse poems Conversation (1844), Andrey (1845) appear. From romanticism, Turgenev turned to the ironic moral descriptive poems "The Landowner" and the prose "Andrey Kolosov" in 1844, "Three Portraits" in 1846, "Breter" in 1847.

1847 - Turgenev brought his story "Khor and Kalinich" to Nekrasov in Sovremennik, to which Nekrasov made a subtitle "From the notes of a hunter." This story began the literary activity of Turgenev. In the same year, Turgenev takes Belinsky to Germany for treatment. Belinsky dies in Germany in 1848.

In 1847, Turgenev went abroad for a long time: love for the famous French singer Pauline Viardot, whom he met in 1843 during her tour in St. Petersburg, took him away from Russia. He lived for three years in Germany, then in Paris and on the estate of the Viardot family. Turgenev lived in close contact with Viardo's family for 38 years.

I.S. Turgenev wrote several plays: "The Freeloader" in 1848, "The Bachelor" in 1849, "A Month in the Country" in 1850, "The Provincial Woman" in 1850.

In 1850 the writer returned to Russia and worked as an author and critic in Sovremennik. In 1852, the essays were published as a separate book called Notes of a Hunter. Impressed by Gogol's death in 1852, Turgenev published an obituary banned by the censors. For this he was arrested for a month, and then exiled to his estate without the right to travel outside the Oryol province. In 1853, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was allowed to come to St. Petersburg, but the right to travel abroad was returned only in 1856.

During his arrest and exile, he created the stories "Mumu" in 1852 and "Inn" in 1852 on a "peasant" theme. However, he was increasingly occupied with the life of the Russian intelligentsia, to whom the novels "The Diary of a Superfluous Man" in 1850, "Yakov Pasynkov" in 1855, and "Correspondence" in 1856 are dedicated.

In 1856, Turgenev received permission to travel abroad, and went to Europe, where he lived for almost two years. In 1858 Turgenev returned to Russia. They argue about his stories, literary critics give opposite assessments of Turgenev's works. After his return, Ivan Sergeevich publishes the story "Asya", around which the controversy of well-known critics unfolds. In the same year, the novel "The Nest of Nobles" was published, and in 1860 the novel "On the Eve" was published.

After "The Eve" and the article by N. A. Dobrolyubov devoted to the novel "When will the real day come?" (1860) there is a break between Turgenev and the radicalized Sovremennik (in particular, with N. A. Nekrasov; their mutual hostility persisted to the end).

In the summer of 1861 there was a quarrel with L. N. Tolstoy, which almost turned into a duel (reconciliation in 1878).

In February 1862, Turgenev published the novel "Fathers and Sons", where he tries to show the Russian society the tragic nature of the growing conflicts. The stupidity and helplessness of all classes in the face of a social crisis threatens to develop into confusion and chaos.

Since 1863, the writer settled with the Viardot family in Baden-Baden. Then he began to cooperate with the liberal-bourgeois Vestnik Evropy, in which all his subsequent major works were published.

In the 60s he published a short story "Ghosts" (1864) and an etude "Enough" (1865), where sad thoughts sounded about the ephemeral nature of all human values. For almost 20 years he lived in Paris and Baden-Baden, being interested in everything that happened in Russia.

1863 - 1871 - Turgenev and Viardot live in Baden, after the end of the Franco-Prussian war they move to Paris. At this time, Turgenev converges with G. Flaubert, the Goncourt brothers, A. Daudet, E. Zola, G. de Maupassant. Gradually, Ivan Sergeevich takes on the function of an intermediary between Russian and Western European literature.

The public upsurge of the 1870s in Russia, associated with the attempts of the populists to find a revolutionary way out of the crisis, the writer met with interest, became close to the leaders of the movement, and provided financial assistance in the publication of the collection Vperyod. His long-standing interest in the folk theme was awakened again, he returned to the "Notes of a Hunter", supplementing them with new essays, wrote the novels "Punin and Baburin" (1874), "Hours" (1875), etc. As a result of living abroad, the largest volume from Turgenev's novels - "Nov" (1877).

Turgenev's worldwide recognition was expressed in the fact that he, together with Victor Hugo, was elected co-chairman of the First International Congress of Writers, which took place in 1878 in Paris. In 1879 he received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University. On the slope of his life, Turgenev wrote his famous "poems in prose", in which almost all the motives of his work are presented.

In 1883 On August 22, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev died. This sad event happened in Bougival. Thanks to the will, Turgenev's body was transported and buried in Russia, in St. Petersburg.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a well-known Russian writer, poet, publicist and translator. He created his own artistic system, which influenced the poetics of the novel in the second half of the 19th century.

Brief biography of Turgenev

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born on November 9, 1818 in Orel. He was brought up in an old noble family and was the second son of his parents.

His father, Sergei Nikolaevich, served in the army and retired with the rank of colonel of a cuirassier regiment. Mother, Varvara Petrovna, came from a wealthy noble family.

It is worth noting that this marriage was not happy, since Turgenev's father married for convenience, and not for love.

Childhood and youth

When Ivan was 12 years old, his father decided to leave the family, leaving his wife and three children. By that time, the youngest son Serezha had died of epilepsy.

As a result, the upbringing of both boys, Nikolai and Ivan, fell on the shoulders of the mother. By nature, she was an overly strict woman with a bad temper.

This is largely due to the fact that she was abused as a child, both by her mother and by her stepfather, who often beat her. As a result, the girl had to run away from home to her uncle.

Soon, Turgenev's mother married a second time. Despite the fact that she was strict with her sons, she managed to instill good qualities and manners in them.

She was a literate woman and spoke exclusively in French with all family members.

She also maintained friendly relations with writers and Mikhail Zagoskin. No wonder she wanted to give her sons a good education.

Both boys were taught by some of the best teachers in Europe, on whom she spared no expense.

Turgenev's education

During the winter holidays, he went to Italy, which charmed the future writer with its beauty and unique architecture.

Returning to Russia in 1841, Ivan Sergeevich successfully passed the exams and received a master's degree in philosophy from St. Petersburg University.

After 2 years, he was entrusted with a position in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which could completely change his biography.

However, interest in writing took precedence over the benefits of a bureaucratic position.

Creative biography of Turgenev

When a well-known critic read it (see), he appreciated the talent of the novice writer and even wanted to meet him. As a result, they became good friends.

Later, Ivan Sergeevich had the honor to meet Nikolai Nekrasov (see), with whom he also had a good relationship.

Turgenev's next works were Andrey Kolosov, Three Portraits and Breter.

He claimed that his name was not worthy of mention in society, and also called him a "lackey writer." Musin-Pushkin immediately wrote a report to Tsar Nicholas 1, describing the incident in every detail.

Due to frequent trips abroad, Turgenev was under suspicion, because there he communicated with the disgraced Belinsky and. And now, because of the obituary, his situation has worsened even more.

It was then that problems began in Turgenev's biography. He was detained and imprisoned for a month, after which he was under house arrest for another 3 years without the right to travel abroad.

Works by Turgenev

At the end of his imprisonment, he published the book "Notes of a Hunter", which included such stories as "Bezhin Meadow", "Biryuk" and "Singers". Censorship saw serfdom in the works, but this did not lead to any serious consequences.

Turgenev wrote for both adults and children. Once, after spending some time in the village, he composed the famous story "Mumu", which received wide popularity in society.

In the same place, from his pen came such novels as "The Nest of Nobles", "On the Eve" and "Fathers and Sons". The last work caused a real sensation in society, since Ivan Sergeevich was able to masterfully convey the problem of the relationship between fathers and children.

In the late 1950s he visited several European countries where he continued his writing activity. In 1857, he wrote the famous story "Asya", which was subsequently translated into many languages.

According to some biographers, his illegitimate daughter Pauline Brewer became the prototype of the main character.

Turgenev's lifestyle was criticized by many of his colleagues. They condemned him for spending most of his time abroad, while considering himself a patriot of Russia.

So, for example, he was in a serious confrontation with, and. Despite this, Ivan Sergeevich's talent as a novelist was recognized by many famous writers.

Among them were the Goncourt brothers, Emile Zola and Gustave Flaubert, who later became his close friend.

In 1879, 61-year-old Turgenev arrived in St. Petersburg. He was very warmly received by the younger generation, although the authorities still treated him with suspicion.

In the same year, the prose writer went to Britain, where he received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University.

When Ivan Sergeevich learned that the opening of the monument to Alexander Pushkin would take place in Moscow, he also attended this solemn event.

Personal life

The only love in Turgenev's biography was the singer Pauline Viardot. The girl did not possess beauty, but rather, on the contrary, disgusted many men.

She was stooped and had rough features. Her mouth was disproportionately large, and her eyes protruded from their sockets. Heinrich Heine even compared it to a landscape that was "both monstrous and exotic".

But when Viardot began to sing, she immediately captivated the audience. It was in this image that Turgenev saw Polina, and immediately fell in love with her. All the girls with whom he had a close relationship before meeting the singer immediately ceased to interest him.

However, there was a problem - the writer's beloved was married. Nevertheless, Turgenev did not deviate from the goal and did everything possible to see Viardot more often.

As a result, he managed to settle in the house where Polina and her husband Louis lived. The singer's husband looked through his fingers at the relationship of the "guest" with his wife.

A number of biographers believe that the reason for this was the considerable sums that the Russian master left in the house of his mistress. Also, some researchers believe that the real father of Paul, the child of Polina and Louis, is Ivan Turgenev.

The writer's mother was against her son's relationship with Viardot. She hoped that Ivan would leave her and finally find a suitable match for himself.

Interestingly, in his youth, Turgenev had a fleeting affair with the seamstress Avdotya. As a result of their relationship, the daughter of Pelageya was born, whom he recognized only 15 years later.

Varvara Petrovna (Turgenev's mother) treated her granddaughter very coldly because of her peasant origin. But Ivan Sergeevich himself loved the girl very much, and even agreed to take her into his house, after living together with Viardot.

The love idyll with Polina did not last long. This was largely due to Turgenev's three-year house arrest, because of which the lovers could not see each other.

After parting, the writer began dating young Olga, who was 18 years younger than him. However, Viardot still did not leave his heart.

Not wanting to spoil the life of a young girl, he confessed to her that he still loves only Polina.

The next hobby of Ivan Sergeevich was the 30-year-old actress Maria Savina. At that time, Turgenev was 61 years old.

When the couple went to, Savina saw a large number of Viardot's things in the writer's house and guessed that she would never be able to achieve the same love for herself.

As a result, they never got married, although they maintained friendly relations until the death of the writer.

Death

In 1882, Turgenev became seriously ill. After the examination, the doctors diagnosed him with cancer of the bones of the spine. The disease was very difficult and was accompanied by constant pain.

In 1883, he underwent an operation in Paris, but this did not give any results. The only joy for him was that in the last days of his life, his beloved woman, Viardot, was next to him.

After his death, she inherited all of Turgenev's property.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev died on August 22, 1883 at the age of 64. His body was taken from Paris to St. Petersburg, where he was buried at the Volkovo Cemetery.

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Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, the world famous writer in the future, was born on November 9, 1818. Place of birth - the city of Orel, parents - nobles. He began his literary activity not with prose, but with lyric works and poems. Poetic notes are felt in many of his subsequent stories and novels.

It is very difficult to briefly present Turgenev's work, the influence of his creations on all Russian literature of that time was too great. He is a prominent representative of the golden age in the history of Russian literature, and his fame extended far beyond the borders of Russia - abroad, in Europe, the name of Turgenev was also familiar to many.

Turgenev's Peru belongs to the typical images of new literary heroes created by him - serfs, superfluous people, fragile and strong women and commoners. Some of the topics he touched on more than 150 years ago are relevant to this day.

If we briefly characterize Turgenev's work, then the researchers of his works conditionally distinguish three stages in it:

1. 1836 – 1847.
2. 1848 – 1861.
3. 1862 – 1883.

Each of these stages has its own characteristics.

1) The first stage is the beginning of a creative path, writing romantic poems, searching for oneself as a writer and one's own style in different genres - poetry, prose, dramaturgy. At the beginning of this stage, Turgenev was influenced by the philosophical school of Hegel, and his work was of a romantic and philosophical nature. In 1843 he met the famous critic Belinsky, who became his creative mentor and teacher. A little earlier, Turgenev wrote his first poem called Parasha.

A great influence on Turgenev's work was his love for the singer Pauline Viardot, after which he left for France for several years. It is this feeling that explains the subsequent emotionality and romanticism of his works. Also, during his life in France, Turgenev met many talented masters of the word of this country.

The creative achievements of this period include the following works:

1. Poems, lyrics - "Andrey", "Conversation", "Landowner", "Pop".
2. Dramaturgy - plays "Carelessness" and "Lack of money".
3. Prose - stories and novels "Petushkov", "Andrey Kolosov", "Three Portraits", "Breter", "Mumu".

The future direction of his work - works in prose - is becoming better and better.

2) The second stage is the most successful and fruitful in Turgenev's work. He enjoys the well-deserved fame that arose after the publication of the first story from the "Notes of a Hunter" - the story-essay "Khor and Kalinich" published in 1847 in the Sovremennik magazine. Its success marked the beginning of five years of work on the rest of the stories in the series. In the same year, 1847, when Turgenev was abroad, the following 13 stories were written.

The creation of the "Hunter's Notes" carries an important meaning in the activities of the writer:

- firstly, Turgenev, one of the first Russian writers, touched on a new topic - the theme of the peasantry, more deeply revealed their image; he portrayed the landowners in a real light, trying not to embellish or criticize without reason;

- secondly, the stories are imbued with a deep psychological meaning, the writer does not just portray the hero of a certain class, he tries to penetrate his soul, to understand the way of his thoughts;

- thirdly, the authorities did not like these works, and for their creation Turgenev was first arrested, and then sent into exile to his family estate.

Creative heritage:

1. Novels - "Rud", "On the Eve" and "Noble Nest". The first novel was written in 1855 and was a great success with readers, and the next two further strengthened the fame of the writer.
2. The stories are "Asya" and "Faust".
3. Several dozen stories from the "Notes of a hunter".

3) Stage three - the time of mature and serious works of the writer, in which the writer touches on deeper issues. It was in the sixties that Turgenev's most famous novel, Fathers and Sons, was written. This novel raised questions of the relationship between different generations that are still relevant to this day and gave rise to many literary discussions.

An interesting fact is also that at the dawn of his creative activity, Turgenev returned to where he started - to lyrics, poetry. He became interested in a special kind of poetry - writing prose fragments and miniatures, in lyrical form. For four years he wrote more than 50 such works. The writer believed that such a literary form could fully express the most secret feelings, emotions and thoughts.

Works from this period:

1. Novels - "Fathers and Sons", "Smoke", "Nov".
2. The stories - "Punin and Baburin", "The Steppe King Lear", "The Brigadier".
3. Mystical works - "Ghosts", "After death", "The story of Lieutenant Ergunov".

In the last years of his life, Turgenev was mainly abroad, while not forgetting his homeland. His work influenced many other writers, opened many new questions and images of heroes in Russian literature, therefore Turgenev is rightfully considered one of the most outstanding classics of Russian prose.

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