Forensic photography. The concept of forensic photography, its main functions and applications

Scientific basis of photography

Photo(from Greek. photos - light, graphic - I draw, I write, i.e. drawing with light, light painting) is a set of methods for obtaining images of objects stable in time on light-sensitive layers by fixing photochemical changes in them that occur under the action of light radiation emitted or reflected by an object.

The basis of the photographic process is the position that only those rays can chemically act on a substance that is absorbed by this substance, and this provision has become the basic law of photochemistry.

The first photographic method of obtaining a high-quality image on silver salts, which was of practical importance, was invented by the Frenchman L. Daguerre in 1837. The birthday of modern photography is January 7, 1839, when D. Arago reported at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences about a new method of fixing light images on photosensitive material. In honor of the author of the invention, he was called "daguerreotype".

Modern photography is based on the classical method of obtaining a light image on a photosensitive layer, which is based on halogen silver (the most common is silver bromide), dissolved in gelatin in a suspended state. It is this compound that has the ability to accumulate light radiation in itself, and then, when developed, turn them into a visible image, increasing the sensitivity of perception by tens of thousands of times.

The principle of obtaining a photographic image can be schematically represented as follows: the light reflected from the object and carrying information about it passes through the camera lens into an opaque camera and then is projected and accumulated on the photosensitive layer of the photographic material.

The photographic process goes through the following stages:

• exposure (photography);
• negative process;
• positive process.

In the negative process, the latent image that appeared in the photosensitive layer of the photographic material during the shooting turns into a visible image - a negative in which the blackening is the opposite of the brightness of the object's details.

The positive process is a set of operations, as a result of which a positive image is obtained from the negative, the ratio of the brightness of which corresponds to the ratio of the brightness of the subject.

The concept and system of forensic (judicial) photography

Forensic photography is one of the industries. The development of forensic photography is based on the scientific foundations of general photography.

In modern literature, the term "forensic photography" is used, emphasizing the forensic aspect of using this method of fixation. The name “Forensic photography” remains traditional, which reflects the end result of its application: examination, research, evaluation by the court of photographic images.

Thus, the subject of forensic photography - this is a scientifically developed system of types, methods and techniques of shooting used in the course of investigative actions, operational measures and forensic examinations in order to investigate crimes and present visual evidentiary material to the court.

Forensic photography consists of two parts: investigative photo(impressive) and expert photography(exploring).

Forensic value of the use of photography

The forensic significance of the use of photography is that it allows:

• when conducting investigative actions, record (capture) objects, their details and circumstances related to the event under investigation;
• when conducting operational-search actions, obtain information about the criminal and the criminal actions committed by him;
• when conducting expert examinations related to criminal cases, to capture the general view of the material evidence received for examination, to identify invisible and poorly visible signs, to obtain images of the objects under study to identify them and illustrate the conclusions.

Types, methods and techniques of investigative (capturing) photography

For the subsequent classification of the investigative photograph, the following grounds were chosen: according to the object (type) of shooting; according to the method (method) of shooting; according to the purpose of the court photograph (shooting techniques).

Type of investigative photo - these are the objects that fall into the orbit of the investigation, and the investigative actions themselves.

Investigative photography techniques - this is a practical activity when shooting investigative actions, objects and traces.

Shooting techniques - this is the capture on a photograph of a certain amount of information for solving investigative and tactical tasks.

Thus, investigation photo - this is a scientifically developed system of types, techniques, methods of photographic shooting used in the process of preliminary investigation to capture material data of evidentiary value and to study material evidence for operational purposes.

Types of investigative photography:

• fixation of individual investigative actions: inspection of the scene, investigative experiment, presentation of persons or objects for identification, photography during the search, etc.
• photography of living persons and corpses;
• photography of individual objects, footprints (shoes), hands, vehicles, tools, tools, etc.;
• photography of documents and other objects that fell into the orbit of the investigation.

Investigative photography techniques

During the production of forensic photography, the investigator captures objects from one, two and several points.

Focus on production photography from one point aimed at ensuring that there are no perspective distortions, and the objects themselves look the way we usually perceive them in reality.

When taking pictures from two opposite points the following rules must be observed: the object (area) being photographed must be located on one imaginary line, the distance from the central object (or group) to the person filming must be equal, when shooting on the ground, the angle of inclination to the photographed object is the same.

Photographing from four points provides almost the same rules as shooting from two opposite points. Only one more direction is added, and in fact the shooting is carried out along the diagonals of a square or rectangle. Therefore, such shooting is sometimes called “envelope shooting”.

Panoramic photography (photography) - this is a method of obtaining a photograph with a changed ratio between the sides of the photo frame by increasing its length (panorama can be horizontal, vertical and oblique).

The panorama can be circular or linear. A variation of the first will be a sector panorama. A circular and sector panorama is taken from one point by turning the camera (if necessary, capture objects and the area around) (Fig. 11.1). Linear panorama - by moving the camera along the object being filmed, while the distance to the object being filmed must be constant, and the optical axis must be perpendicular to the plane of the object (Fig. 11.2).

Rice. 11.1. Scheme of sector panoramic shooting

Rice. 11.2. Scheme of linear panoramic shooting

In order to avoid unfixed parts of the object in photographs, it is necessary to “overlap” one frame by about 10% with another when shooting. It is recommended to shoot a flat image using a linear panorama. A sector panorama is more convenient, for example, for shooting a turn in the road, when the camera is positioned at one point inside this turn. stereoscopic photography makes it possible to capture a piece of terrain with objects (or individual complex objects) in volume, i.e. as we actually see them with two eyes.

Measurement photography makes it possible to determine the actual size of objects and traces from a photograph.

Measuring photography with scale bar (scale photography)(Fig. 11.3). The basis of this method is obtaining on the photograph directly with the scale object in the form of a ruler. When shooting, it is necessary to lay the scale in the plane of the object being shot. The plane of the film in the camera must be parallel to the plane of the trace, and the optical axis is perpendicular to the plane of the trace and passes through its center. The scale bar is located in the frame "on the edge", with millimeter divisions towards the object.

Identification photograph (signal). When photographing living persons, the photograph is taken in 1/7 of its natural size. Photographed right profile, full face and 3 / 4 on the left. If necessary, a person is photographed in full growth in the clothes in which he was detained, etc. Signalistic photographs are made in the size of 6x9 cm and pasted on one photo table side by side, with a “profile” photograph on the left, “full face” in the center and on the right 3 / 4

When sigialitine photography of a corpse which is carried out for its subsequent identification or registration, in case

if it was not possible to establish the identity, photography is done on the table (since this usually takes place in the morgue), a half-length portrait is made in 1/7 life size. The right profile is photographed, 3/4 on the right, full face, 3/4 on the left, left profile. If necessary, before photographing, the corpse is toileted (this does not exclude the mandatory shooting with damage, i.e. in the form in which the corpse was found). It is unacceptable (if it is not known what clothes the corpse was found in) to dress him in something random. Lighting should not give deep shadows and distort the appearance of the corpse.

For all types of signaling photography, it is necessary that the hair does not cover the auricle and photography is done without a headgear. An exception is the shooting of a detained person, when he is photographed in the clothes in which he was detained.

macro photography - this is the production of photographing forensic objects in full size or with an increase (as a rule, no more than 10-20 times). Macrophotography can be done with stationary long-focus cameras, or with a conventional one using extension attachment rings.

Extension rings are screwed onto the camera in place of the lens, and a standard lens is screwed into them. The set has three rings of different heights (8, 16, 25 mm), and thus in total you can get one more focal length, i.e. convert a stock lens from 50mm to 100mm.

Rice. 11.3. Scale photo of the cartridge case

Color photography- a method of fixing forensic objects in a color image. One of the main requirements for color photography at the preliminary investigation and in expert practice is the use of a neutral gray scale (may be in the form of a ruler or a circle), which is photographed next to a color object, and taking into account the contrast of forensic objects, which are shot on color photographic materials. .

digital photography(Fig. 11.4) - a method of fixing forensic objects, in which the photochemical processes of obtaining an image are replaced by electromagnetic ones. However, the quality of digital photography is still below conventional 35mm photography.

Rice. 11.4. Forensic Digital Photography Kit

Investigative photography techniques. According to the amount of information captured in photographs, they can be classified into orienting, overview, nodal and detailed.

Orientation photographs contain an image of the scene and the adjacent area (Fig. 11.5). These photographs make it possible to understand the position of the scene among the objects surrounding it, as it were, to orientate on the ground.

Overview photos - these are pictures that capture the scene itself (Fig. 11.6). The boundaries of the photograph should approximately coincide with the boundaries of the scene.

Rice. 11.5. Orienting photo

Nodal photography - this is the fixation of a group of objects, individual objects or traces at the scene of the incident, the most important for the crime under investigation (Fig. 11.7).

Rice. 11.7. Nodal photography

Rice. 11.8. detailed photo

Detail photography - this is the fixation of individual (usually small) objects or traces on these objects, i.e. this is a capture of the details of the scene of the incident (Fig. 11.8).

Rice. 11.6. overview photo

Types, methods and techniques of expert (research) photography

Under expert photography refers to a scientifically developed system of types, methods of photography used in the production of forensic examinations in order to capture objects, traces and individual features for their comparison during the study, to illustrate the expert's opinion, as well as to identify invisible and poorly visible features.

Many objects appearing in investigative photography, methods, techniques are also used in expert photography. But there are also specific ones, peculiar only to expert photography.

During examinations, the following methods of photography can be used:

Microfilming- a method of obtaining a photographic image using a microscope connected to a camera or using special microphotographic installations.

contrasting, color separation photography (contrast increase). The main task is the separation of objects that are very close in color in order to identify objects, their differentiation and analysis.

Color line - photographic separation from the background and the transformation of a subtle (or invisible) difference in shades (colors) of the original into a brighter, visible one.

Colour contrast. Primary amplification is carried out by the selection of light filters and light sources. To weaken the color of the image in the positive, a light filter of the same color is used, which must be weakened, to enhance - a filter of the additional color. To weaken the color contrast, materials that are sensitive to a given color are needed, to enhance, on the contrary, insensitive to a given color.

Shooting under special lighting conditions. Basically, this is the identification of a relief surface using shadow shooting and the identification of colorless spots, traces, strokes, etc. due to specular or diffuse reflection (shooting reflective traces).

Shooting in infrared and ultraviolet moons. Photographing in ultraviolet rays with the help of ultraviolet illuminators "OLD-41", "Tair-2" will allow you to identify and photograph with an ordinary camera on ordinary black and white photographic materials traces of etching, inhomogeneous document materials and inhomogeneous dyes (which are perceived as homogeneous under normal lighting), foreign fibers, stains, etc.

By the action of infrared rays, for example, by their penetration through "flooded" texts, these texts can be imprinted when photographing through an electron-optical converter.

X-ray radiography. This is a method of obtaining an image as a result of transillumination of an object with X-ray, gamma and beta rays. This method of shooting is used in the study of the internal structure and condition of the combat parts of firearms, parts of locks (hard short-wave X-rays); detection of texts written in invisible ink containing salts of heavy metals.

IN spectrography for photographing the results of spectral analysis, special (spectral) photographic plates with high resolution are used.

Color photography when conducting expert research, it is used in cases where color is an illustration of the process of research, detection and fixation of an invisible color image, an illustration of the results achieved by an expert.

Holographic shooting methods are currently used both for fixation and for the study of forensic objects. If a laser beam is directed at the developed hologram, then a three-dimensional image of the fixed object appears in space, containing complete information about it.

The most widely used holographic methods are now used in the forensic examination of documents to distinguish strokes of graphite pencils, blue carbon paper, black and blue ink through color separation photography, as well as to read flooded, crossed out, smeared records and prints, restore etched, faded, washed away texts, identify additions and other changes in documents by means of laser luminescence.

Thus, the purpose of expert photography can be determined by the tasks it solves: illustration of an ongoing comparative study, identification of the invisible and invisible, visual confirmation of the expert's conclusion by photographs.

Procedural consolidation and registration of photography in the investigation of crimes

The results of photography can be used in a criminal case only if they are properly processed.

The protocols of investigative actions during which photography was used must contain the following information:

• the use of photographic means (type of apparatus, type of lens, filter brand, photographic material used, illuminators, etc.);
• photographic objects;
• conditions, order and methods of photographing, nature of lighting, time of shooting, indication on the plan or diagram of the scene, shooting points;
• about the results obtained (when required).

Photographs attached to the protocol should be drawn up in the form of photo tables. Under each picture it is necessary to put a number and give a brief explanatory inscription. Each photograph is sealed with the seal of the investigating authority (in this case, one part of the seal is located on the edge of the photograph, and the other is on the paper of the table). Phototables should have headings that indicate the protocol of which investigative action they are attached to, and indicate the date of its conduct. To confirm the accuracy of the photographs, they are certified by the signature of the investigator and the person who took the photograph (if possible, by the signatures of attesting witnesses and participants in investigative actions).

Phototables (and negatives in a package with a similar explanatory inscription) as annexes to the protocol are filed into criminal cases along with the protocol of the investigative action. The use of photography in the production of forensic examination is indicated in the research part of the expert's opinion, which also indicates the type of photography and its main conditions.

Photographs attached to the expert opinion are also drawn up in the form of photo tables. Each image is accompanied by a short explanatory caption.

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Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

"Baikal State University of Economics and Law" (FGBOU VPO "BGUEP")

Course work

Court photography, its subject and types

Irkutsk, 2016

Introduction

Chapter 1

Chapter 2. Types of forensic photography

2.2. Features of photography, taking into account the purpose and objectives of forensic photography

Chapter 3

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

forensic photograph investigative search

The modern law of our state widely uses in its legislative acts and judicial practice such a term as forensic or forensic photography. When studying the above topic and analyzing the specialized literature, I drew attention to the fact that most often in the special literature they use the term "forensic photography" instead of the term "forensic photography".

In the legal literature, forensic photography is defined as a section of forensic technology, which systematizes the special methods and techniques of photographing used in the production of investigative actions, operational-search activities and forensic examination. Forensic photography is divided into forensic-operational (capturing) and forensic-research. The goal of the first is to obtain an accurate photographic image of the object. For this, methods such as panoramic, measuring, reproduction, identification and large-scale surveys are used. Along with this, for photographing in the production of investigative actions, orienting, overview, nodal and detailed types of filming are used. Forensic research photography is mainly used in the work of an expert to identify invisible, barely visible records, color and brightness differences, to study the mechanism of trace formation, etc. The methods of forensic research photography include contrast photography, color separation, photography in invisible rays (infrared, ultraviolet, X-ray, etc.), microphotography.

A significant contribution to the development of forensic photography in Russia was made by Vurinsky E.F., who at his own expense created the first forensic photographic laboratory at the St. Petersburg District Court in 1889, as well as such researchers as Rusetsky V.L., Favorsky V.I., Popovitsky A.A., Potapov S.M.

Forensic photography is one of the sections of forensic technology, representing a set of scientific provisions and photographic methods and tools developed on its basis, used to capture and study forensic objects.

Photographing should precede any other method of fixing forensic objects and be carried out in accordance with scientific recommendations. The most optimal at the present stage of development of society and science, in my opinion, is such photography, when the color scale of the forensic object is also captured.

The system of forensic photography consists of two parts: operational and research, differentiated by areas of application. The means and methods of the first are used in forensic practice to display the situation in which the investigative action was carried out, as well as the evidence obtained, the organization of criminal registration, the search for criminals, stolen items, and in other directions.

Research photography is used in expert activities to capture the forensic objects presented to the expert and their research. Examination by means of photographic means and methods makes it possible to identify subtle, as well as invisible signs of forensic objects, their color and brightness differences, and the mechanism of ice formation. Photographic analytical methods are also used to study photographs and photographic equipment, photographic materials and chemical reagents in phototechnical examination.

In criminology, the following types of forensic photography are called: orienting, overview, nodal and detailed.

The relevance of this topic, in my opinion, is due to the fact that photography is often used in the process of preliminary investigation and serves as an important source of evidence.

The purpose of the work is to comprehensively study the section of forensic technology - forensic photography.

Purpose of the study:

1. Give the concept of forensic photography and its subject matter.

2. Determine the main methods and types of forensic photography, the rules for formalizing the results of forensic photography.

The object of the course work is the social relations that develop in the process of conducting a preliminary investigation. The subject of the work is the social relations that develop during the production of individual investigative actions, using photography. The research methodology consists of: cognitive, systemic and historical method.

The structure of the study is determined by its goals and objectives. The work consists of an introduction, the main part, a conclusion, a list of legal sources and scientific literature. The introduction substantiates the relevance of the study, defines the goals and objectives, the theoretical and normative base of the study, etc. The main part consistently solves the tasks set, which fulfills the purpose of the course work. The conclusion is devoted to the conclusions based on the results of the study.

1. The subject of the court photograph

1.1 The concept of forensic photography

Photography in legal proceedings is one of the most versatile, objective, prompt and accurate ways of recording, storing, receiving and transmitting information. Photography in criminalistics differs from general photography and scientific photography in its objects, goals, conditions of application and design, methods and techniques. Forensic photography is a system of scientific provisions and developed on its basis photographic methods, techniques and tools used to capture and study forensic objects in order to solve and investigate a crime.

Very clearly and in detail this topic, in my opinion, is revealed in his textbook "Criminalistics" by Professor A.G. Filippov in his textbook "Criminalistics" in chapter 4 "Forensic photography, filming and video recording". According to his research, forensic photography, filming and video recording is a branch of forensic technology, which is a set of scientific provisions and developed on the basis of photographic means, methods and shooting techniques used in collecting, examining and demonstrating evidence. Criminalistics: Textbook / Ed. A.G. Filippov. - M.: Higher education, 2007. S. 49.

The tasks of forensic photography are: providing technical means and practical methods for detecting, fixing and researching material sources of evidentiary information; implementation of objective recording of investigative actions and their results; improving existing and developing new technical means of collecting, fixing and researching evidence.

Subjects of application of judicial photography:

Investigator in the process of detecting and investigating crimes;

Operative worker in the performance of operational-search work;

An expert in the implementation of the examination and participation in investigative actions as a specialist.

1.2 Development history of forensic photography

It is noted in the legal literature that photography as a means of visual-figurative fixation of material objects first appeared in France in the 19th century. Later, the development of photography was picked up in England, Belgium, and Switzerland. Criminologists have suggested using photography to register criminals and photograph the scene. The beginning of the use of photography as a means of research, in particular documents, was laid in Russia. Much credit for this belongs to the criminologist E.F. Burinsky. In 1892, he created a forensic photographic laboratory at the St. Petersburg District Court. Unlike contemporaries and colleagues who recommended the use of photography in forensic practice "just in case", E.F. Burinsky argued the need to develop evidence-based recommendations that are mandatory for execution, and therefore enshrined in law. At the end of the 19th century, one of the first cases of successful use of photographs in the search for fugitive criminals, who were identified from photographs and detained, was recorded in Russia.

Currently, methods based on photographic processes occupy an important place in forensic science and forensics. They are widely used in the conduct of investigative actions, operational-search activities, in the study of objects of trace, ballistic, handwriting examinations, technical examination of documents, etc.

In the modern sense, forensic photography is one of the branches of forensic technology, which is a system of scientific provisions and the methods, means and techniques of photography developed on their basis, used to capture and study forensically significant objects in the detection and investigation of crimes.

Photographic media include:

1. All modern, including digital, filming and projection equipment.

2. Photo accessories and special devices for photography (light sources, interchangeable lenses, photo exposure meters, light filters, hoods, tripods, etc.).

3. Photo accessories and photographic materials for processing and obtaining images through a "wet" (negative, positive) process.

4. Special printers and paper for printing photographic images obtained using digital cameras.

1.3 The subject matter of the court photograph

The subject of forensic photography is the photographic methods and techniques used to detect, capture and examine forensic evidence.

The methods of forensic photography are understood as a set of recommendations and rules for the use of these tools to solve the problems of visual figurative fixation and study of forensically significant objects. Currently, forensic photography, along with video recording, is one of the main means of such fixation, and their results are generally recognized, scientifically substantiated and objective sources of evidence. Egorov A.G. Court photograph. St. Petersburg: Piter, 2005. S. 8-21.

The use of forensic photography methods has significantly expanded the possibilities of expert research and identification of various objects that are important for the detection and investigation of crimes.

The exceptional importance of photographic means and methods in solving the problems under consideration is also determined by the fact that the process of photography itself almost completely excludes any chemical or physical impact on the object of study or fixation, ensuring its immutability, safety and the possibility of further study and evaluation and evaluation in the process. evidence in a criminal case.

Taking into account the specifics of the tasks to be solved, the subjects and areas of application, forensic photography is conventionally divided as follows:

1. Operative-investigative (has a covert nature, is used by operational officers in the conduct of operational-search activities).

2. Investigative (carried out by the investigator, or by a person involved by him as a specialist, to record the progress and results of investigative actions).

3. Research (used by an expert to study forensic objects and fix the progress and results of this activity, in the production of forensic examinations).

According to its intended purpose, forensic photography is divided into capturing and research and research. Polevoy N.S., Ustinov A.I. Forensic photography and its use in forensic examination. - M .: Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR, 1990. - P. 14 .. At the same time, in operational-search and investigative photography, priority is given to capturing photography (the situation at the scene, persons, individual objects, documents , the production process of individual investigative actions, etc.). In research or expert photography, the methods of both capturing (fixation of objects received for research, the course and results of research) and research photography (contrasting photography, photography in invisible rays, microphotography, etc.) are used.

For the first time, forensic photography as a system of “scientifically developed methods of photographic shooting used to solve crimes and present visual evidence to the court” was presented in the works of the Russian criminologist S.M. Potapov. He divided the system of forensic photography into forensic photography and forensic photographic expertise.

Later, this topic was supported and developed in their works by such domestic scientists as E.Yu. Braichevsky, N.M. Zyuskin, B.R. Kirichinskiy, A.A. Levy, D.Ya. Mirskoy, N.S. Polevoy, N.A. Selivanov, P.F. Silkin, N.V. Terziev, A.A. Eisman, N.P. Yablokov, other criminologists. They carried out theoretical studies that made it possible to clarify the subject of forensic photography, the range of objects for its shooting and research, and the list of tasks to be solved.

During this period of time, the first reasonable proposals appeared to replace the concept of "forensic photography" with "forensic photography", which, in my opinion, more fully reflects its content and is in full compliance with the term "forensic technology".

2. Types of court photography

2.1 The main classification of types of forensic photography

To obtain a complete and visual representation of the features of the objects being filmed and their relative position, various types of surveys are used: orienting, overview, nodal, detailed. of course, this distribution is to some extent conditional. But when studying various literature on the above issue, I drew attention to the fact that most experts in forensic science in their works call this particular classification of types of forensic photography and consider it the main one. The types of photography listed above allow you to systematize the material captured in the pictures and reveal its content in a certain logical sequence from the general to the particular. Various types of filming are used during almost all investigative actions: a search, an investigative experiment, presentation for identification, etc. However, they are most often and fully encountered during an inspection of the scene.

Orientation shooting. Orientation shooting is a fixation of the place of the investigative action in the environment, the details of which (trees, buildings, roads, etc.) act as landmarks for the subsequent precise determination of the place of the event or its fragments. Normal shooting is performed with a wide-angle or conventional lens from a considerable distance. In order to cover the scene of the incident and the surrounding area, a circular or linear panorama is used. The location of the investigative action or the scene of the incident should be in the center of the image (montage photo image).

The special significance of the above type of forensic photography is described in detail in the textbook "Photo Fixation of Significant Incident Sites", published by the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1991.

In particular, it describes in detail the photographic fixation of such individual types of accident sites - fires, explosions, plane crashes, railway accidents.

Panoramic photography is used in cases where it is not possible to capture the object of interest completely, even with a wide-angle lens, or it is not possible to move a sufficient distance from the object being photographed (limited space, undesirability of taking a picture with a significant reduction). Panoramic photography is the sequential shooting of an object with a conventional camera on several interconnected frames. The photographs made then are combined into a common picture - a panorama. This method is used for shooting at a given scale of objects that do not fit in a normal frame, for example, large areas of terrain, tall buildings, traces of vehicle treads, etc. Accordingly, panoramic photography can be horizontal or vertical.

Such photography can also be done with a camera of a special design.

Panoramic photography with a conventional camera is carried out in two ways: circular and linear.

A circular panorama involves shooting an object from one place. The camera is rotated sequentially around the vertical (horizontal panorama) or horizontal (vertical panorama) axis. It is used in situations where it is necessary to capture a large space in the image and this is not hindered by structures, structures, etc. objects located on the ground.

Shooting is carried out from a distance of at least 50 m. A linear panorama involves moving the camera parallel to the object being filmed and at a small distance from it. It is used in situations when it is required to capture the situation in the image over a significant area, but limited in width, or when it is important to highlight small details in the image (for example, footprints, vehicle tread marks, etc.).

Circular and linear panoramas are made in compliance with the following general requirements:

Photographing is carried out from a tripod or (if it is not available) from a stable, rigid support;

When framing, the conventionally designated lower shooting line is strictly maintained and a small “overlapping zone” of frames is determined, which then makes it possible to mount the full image;

Pictures are printed at the same magnification, at the same shutter speed, and are developed at the same time, which ensures that they have the same density.

As I have already pointed out, panoramic shooting is carried out using a special apparatus, or the object is photographed in parts, successively obtaining a series of pictures. Each subsequent photograph should cover the edge of the area captured in the previous photograph, covering about 10% of its area. All shots are taken under the same conditions (distance, lighting, shutter speed, aperture, etc.). The correct installation of the device is determined by looking into the viewfinder. At the same time, they notice any detail located at the edge of the frame. This detail serves as a guide when shooting the next frame, in which it should also be depicted. If necessary, resort to artificial orientations (pegs, etc.). From the photographs obtained in this way (under the same conditions). The latter are cut along the common lines on them and glued one to the other. Panoramic shooting can be carried out both vertically and horizontally. In the first case, a space or an object is photographed in height (for example, photographing a multi-storey building from a relatively close distance). With a horizontal panorama, a section is photographed that is significant in its length. For example, a section of the road where a collision of cars occurred. You can also take a picture using circular or linear shooting. In linear shooting, the camera is moved parallel to the foreground of the fixed area. At the same time, it is controlled on a scale that the distance from the apparatus to the foreground is constant. Especially make sure that the device is not skewed. With circular shooting, the camera is rotated in a horizontal plane around the axis of the tripod (or the imaginary axis of the tripod - when shooting handheld). Circular shooting is used in cases where the foreground of the object is significantly removed from the device (for example, shooting a large courtyard from its center), otherwise strong perspective distortions are possible.

Survey shooting. Overview shooting is a fixation of the general view of the situation at the place of the investigative action. Its approximate boundaries are preliminarily determined, and the most important details are marked with pointers in the form of arrows with numbers. Overview shooting is carried out using a depth or square scale, sometimes using a panoramic method and from different angles. An important requirement of survey photographs is the completeness of the image of the place, event.

An overview photograph should be taken from a position from which important objects of the environment can be recognized with confidence. A feature of survey shooting is the ability to fix objects in several angles. If the scene of the incident has a complex structure, they resort to making several pictures that complement each other - an overview series. Such a series makes it possible to compose images of some unfolded space from the obtained images in such a way that the image on one image is a continuation of the image on the other. The survey series can also refer to various objects isolated from each other. In tight spaces, shooting is done using a panoramic method or using wide-angle lenses.

Nodal shooting. Nodal shooting is the fixation of individual large objects and the most important parts of the place of an investigative action or the situation of the scene of an incident: the place of a break-in, the discovery of a corpse, a hiding place, etc. Shooting objects are depicted in close-up so that their shape, size, nature of damage, relative position of traces, etc. can be determined from the image. The knot is the part of the scene where the traces were found. So, for example, in the room where the theft was committed, these could be broken doors, damaged windows, vaults, etc. At the scene of the murder, the object of nodal photography can be a corpse with traces of damage. The number of nodes at the scene is determined by the investigator and depends on the characteristics of the crime and the specifics of the objects at the scene.

Nodal photographs display a maximum of information about the features of the objects being filmed, which is sometimes difficult to describe in the protocol of an investigative action. Such photography, as a rule, is carried out with a scale, sometimes using a panoramic method, for example, to capture the scene of a disaster, accident, or fire.

Detailed shooting. Detailed photography is carried out in order to capture individual details of the place of the investigative action and its results, i.e. discovered things, objects, traces, etc. objects, as well as features that individualize such objects. Detailed shooting is always done in a large-scale way: close-up with a scale bar. When choosing a shooting angle, as a rule, the most important, typical features regarding the shape, size, relative position of parts, structure of an object or trace are revealed.

Full photographic fixation of the situation of the scene involves the use of all considered types of shooting - orienting, overview, nodal and detailed, which complement each other and provide illustrations and provide the most complete picture of the scene.

Orientation and panoramic photography in conditions of limited natural light is carried out using portable illuminators powered by car batteries or from the mains. Such illuminators are available in a set of mobile forensic laboratories. Nodal, and sometimes overview photography can be carried out using a flash lamp.

When shooting traces and individual objects in detail, the lighting is selected taking into account their type and features of the trace-perceiving object. In practice, for these purposes, the most commonly used:

Scattering lighting - when photographing surface, colored traces, for reproduction shooting of texts, diagrams, etc. objects;

Oblique lighting - when photographing three-dimensional traces (hacking tools, teeth, etc.);

Lighting "in the light", i.e. on the reverse side of the trace-bearing object, if it is transparent (for example, when photographing handprints on glass);

Combined lighting, i.e. oblique and scattering, sometimes multilateral - when photographing three-dimensional traces and individual objects (weapons, bullets, cartridge cases, etc.). Objects are located at some distance from the substrate, which creates a background on the stands, which eliminates the formation of shadows on it.

2.2 Features of photography, taking into account the purpose and objectives of forensic photography

2.2.1 Forensic photograph

For forensic photography in forensic practice, methods of panoramic, measuring, reproduction, signaling photography, stereo photography, and macro photography are used.

In addition to panoramic photography, which I have already talked about above, measuring photography (sometimes called scale photography) provides information about the dimensional values ​​of objects or their details captured in the image. Measurement shooting can be carried out using special stereometric cameras. As a rule, the measurement survey method is implemented using scales, i.e. special rulers, ribbons, squares with clearly marked dimensional values ​​​​on them.

The scale will be placed next to the subject (for example, with a trace of a shoe, a hacking tool, a weapon, etc.) or on its surface (for example, on the floor or wall of a room, a section of the road with traces of a crime, etc.). The scale bar is used to fix the dimensional values ​​of individual objects, usually small in volume and area. In this case, the ruler is located next to the fixed object, at the level of its most important details and in the same plane with them. The tape scale (or depth scale) is used when shooting large areas of terrain or enclosed spaces, when it is necessary to determine the size and relative position of objects located in the depths of a room or other space at different distances from the camera from the images. As a depth scale, a strip of thick paper or fabric with divisions in the form of equal black and white squares with strictly defined side sizes (50 or 100 mm) is used. By the known sizes of divisions (squares) and taking into account the focal length of the lens, it is possible to determine the linear magnitudes of the objects depicted in the picture.

Stereo photography is a method that allows you to get the effect of volume, three-dimensionality of space in a photographic image. A stereo image can be used to determine the shape, size and relative position of objects fixed on it. This is a relatively complex method in terms of technique, in this regard, it is used, as a rule, to fix the situation at such places of incidents as explosions, fires, crashes, disasters, when there is a pile of a large number of various objects, corpses. Stereo shooting is performed using a stereo camera or a conventional camera with a stereo attachment.

Reproduction photography is used to obtain photocopies of flat objects (drawings, diagrams, texts, etc.). Such shooting is carried out using ordinary SLR cameras or special reproduction installations, or by copying onto reflex or contrast paper using a contact machine.

Shooting with conventional photographic equipment requires the observance of two important conditions: the rear wall of the camera must be strictly parallel to the plane of the object being photographed, and the subject must be evenly lit.

Macro photography is a method of obtaining photographic images of small objects in full size or with a slight increase without the use of a microscope.

Signaletic (identification) photography of living persons and corpses is carried out for the purpose of their subsequent identification, forensic registration and search. Essentially, this is a kind of detailed shooting. The subject must be without headgear and glasses. The head should be in an upright position, the eyes are open, the hair is combed back so as not to cover the ears. As a rule, two chest shots of the face are taken (full face and right profile). Sometimes (for identification purposes) additional pictures of the left half-profile and full-length are taken. Pictures are printed at 1/7 actual size. To do this, when taking a picture in full face, the distance between the pupils of the eyes should be 1 cm. The rest of the pictures are taken on the same scale.

2.2.2 Forensic research photography

Photography is widely used in almost all investigative actions. The tactics, procedural order and purpose of the investigative action predetermine the features of the methods and techniques of photography.

In the process of examining the scene of the incident, taking into account the tasks of each stage of this investigative action, it is necessary to fix the general view of the situation surrounding the scene of the incident, the actual scene of the incident, the traces and objects found on it, causally related to the crime event.

In his studies and recommendations, A.I. Dvorkin in the practical guide "Inspection of the scene".

According to his research, scene photography is necessary to capture:

1) a general picture of the situation at the scene;

2) mutual arrangement of objects;

3) individual objects and traces related to the crime, and their signs.

The fulfillment of these tasks contributes to the objective fixation of the scene of the incident, therefore, if necessary, using key and detailed images, you can study the elements of the situation of the scene in more detail, and with the help of overview photographs more accurately. A.I. Dvorkina.- M.: Lawyer, 2001. S. 18-26. reconstruct the situation at the scene of the incident, which existed at the time of the inspection.

For this, orienting, overview, nodal and detailed surveys are used, respectively. At the same time, detailed shooting of individual objects and traces is of particular difficulty, since its goal is to capture not only the general appearance of the objects being photographed, but also the features that individualize them. Objects, traces must be at least recognizable by their photographs.

This is achieved:

1. Pre-processing of the objects being photographed in order to enhance the contrast of their features. For example, invisible or barely visible handprints are processed with fingerprint powders or chemical reagents; footprints in the snow are dusted with graphite powder; marking data on firearms (number, model, year of manufacture, etc.) are distinguished by powders that contrast against the background of the object being filmed, etc.

2. Appropriate shooting methods and techniques are selected. For example, traces of a car tread, a track of footprints are filmed using the linear panorama method; traces of hacking tools - macro photography, etc. If the traces are significant in length, the most informative parts of them are selected for shooting; breaking barriers are photographed from two opposite sides and always with a scale, etc.

Shooting of the corpse at the place of its discovery is carried out from three points: from the sides and from above. It is important to fix, first of all, its appearance and posture. If a dismembered corpse is found, each of its parts is photographed at the place of its discovery. Then a photograph is taken of all parts of the corpse, compiled into a single whole. Detailed photography of wounds on the body of a corpse, damage to clothing, etc. of objects is made with a scale, and if necessary on color photographic materials.

Photographing during the examination of living persons is aimed at fixing traces of a crime, special signs, tattoos, etc. on their bodies.

Photographing during a search is carried out in order to capture the situation, the process and the results of this investigative action. When the searched objects are found during the search, they are photographed sequentially: the place of their discovery, the process of removing them from a shelter or hiding place, their general appearance and individual characteristics. The image scale is determined taking into account the size of the objects being shot.

Be sure to photograph items that cannot be stored in a criminal case: ammunition, explosives, pesticides, etc.

Photographing upon presentation for identification is aimed at visual fixation of the objects of identification (living persons, animals, individual objects, etc.), the process and results of this investigative action. The objects of identification are first photographed all together in close-up. The identified object is filmed separately according to the rules of detailed or, if a person was identified, signaling survey.

In cases where the identifying person drew attention to the special features of the identified person (tattoo, scars, birthmarks, etc.), they are indicated on the photograph by arrows, and if necessary, they are photographed separately.

Photography during an investigative experiment aims to capture the most important stages and results of the experiments carried out as part of this investigative action. The type and objectives of the experiment determine the features of photography.

Photographing during verification of testimony on the spot is carried out in order to fix the route of movement of participants in this investigative action and the situation indicated by the person whose testimony is being verified. As a rule, general photography is carried out along the route of movement - from behind or from the side along the course of the participants in the investigative action.

If the verification of evidence is carried out at the scene of the incident, then photography must be carried out from the same points as when examining the scene of the incident. This rule should be observed when checking the testimony of several persons at the same place. This increases the visibility of photographs, enhances their evidentiary value.

2.2.3 Features of photography during certain investigative actions

Forensic research photography is quite widely used in the conduct of examinations and preliminary studies. With its help, the following tasks are solved:

Fixation of objects of study or their fragments with a significant increase, which makes it possible to more expressively and clearly show their particular features;

Identification and fixation of weakly visible or invisible to the naked eye features of the objects under study.

The resulting photographs are also used to illustrate the process and results of examinations and studies.

Forensic photographic studies are carried out using special methods: micro and macro photography, contrast and color separation photography, photography in the invisible zone of the spectrum (in infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays), including using the luminescence effect, etc.

When conducting examinations and research, the methods of capturing photography are also widely used (photography of the general view of the objects under study, the production of photo reproductions of the documents under study, etc.).

Microphotography, as its name suggests, is done using a microscope. Microphotography fixes signs, details of the object under study with a magnification of more than 10 times, i.e. practically indistinguishable to the naked eye. This method is used in the study of microtraces, microparticles, fibers and other micro-objects. With its help, identification and diagnostic tasks are solved. For microphotography, photographic equipment, a microscope and means of illumination are used. The camera is attached to the microscope with a special coupling. In expert practice, depending on the objects of study, biological, metallographic, textile and other microscopes are used for this. In this case, special microphoto attachments are often used, which are installed on the microscope tube.

Contrasting and color-separating photography is used to identify and fix poorly visible, etched, faded, flooded, erased texts, hard-to-see traces of hands, shoes, hacking tools, shot marks, images on faded photographs, etc. In this case, mainly ordinary photographic equipment is used, but with the use of specially developed methods of lighting and shooting techniques, as well as processing photographic materials.

Color separation photography allows you to enhance the brightness (optical density) of the color differences in the details of the subject in the photographic image. Such photography is widely used to restore texts filled with dyes, to establish the facts of addition or correction of texts in documents, to differentiate dyes, and to detect traces of a close shot.

Photography in the invisible zone of the spectrum has a number of varieties. Infrared photography is widely used in forensics to study traces of a close shot, documents, etc. objects. Photographing in ultraviolet rays is carried out to identify etched, faded and faded texts made with iron gall or sympathetic ink, to differentiate glass, glass products, as well as jewelry made from transparent minerals, traces of fuels and lubricants, blood, saliva and other human secretions. organism. Photographing in x-ray, gamma and beta rays is carried out without a camera, using special installations that generate the named, highly penetrating rays.

3. Making a court photo

Doctor of Law, Professor N.P. Yablokov in his textbook "Criminalistics" devotes an entire chapter to the above issue - "Procedural and forensic registration of the use of forensic photography, video and sound recording." In his opinion, the results of forensic photography, video and sound recording can be fully used in the investigation process only if they are properly procedural and forensic. Criminalistics: Textbook / Ed. N.P. Yablokova - M: Yurist, 2005. S. 203-228.

In the final part of the protocol of an investigative action or in the research part of the expert's opinion, the following must be indicated:

a) what object was photographed;

b) what method and method of shooting;

c) where (from what place) the filming was made (during the production of an investigative action);

d) who conducted it (investigator, specialist, expert);

e) shooting conditions (for example, camera model, type of negative material and its characteristics, nature of lighting, aperture, exposure, whether a light filter was used).

Their purpose is to clearly and consistently show the facts revealed as a result of investigative actions.

Photo tables are made by the person who took the photograph.

The resulting photo prints are glued onto special tables or sheets of white thick paper. At the top of the table (or sheet) it is indicated to the protocol of which investigative action or to which expert opinion they are attached.

The inscriptions under the pictures should reveal their content, specify the object and place of shooting.

Each photograph is numbered (corresponding to their numbering in the protocol, conclusion) and an explanatory inscription is given. If any markings are made on the photographs (the arrows indicate matching features, show the location of the object), then exactly the same photographs without markings (control photographs) should be placed in the table. The photographs attached to the protocol are sealed by the investigator.

The photographs in the photo tables attached to the expert opinion are sealed with the seal of the expert institution. In this case, part of the print must be on the photograph, and part - on paper.

The photographs attached to the protocols are signed by the investigator, the specialist (if the photograph was taken by him) and, to the extent possible, witnesses. Photographs attached to the expert's report shall be signed by the expert.

An envelope is pasted on the last sheet of the photo table, in which negatives are placed, and, if necessary, control photographs. The envelope is sealed.

Conclusion

As a result of my research on the above topic, a number of conclusions can be drawn:

Currently, photography occupies a prominent place in the work of law enforcement agencies and is widely used as a means of fixing evidence in the course of investigative actions.

The subject of forensic photography is the photographic methods and techniques used to detect, capture and examine forensic evidence. Methods in forensic photography are divided into capturing and research. The former serve to fix objects visible to the eye without the use of special devices. The second - mainly to identify and fix details, color and brightness differences, invisible to the eye under normal conditions.

With the help of capturing methods, it is possible to capture the progress and results of investigative actions, the general appearance of objects of forensic examinations, reproduction, obtaining stereoscopic images, including source images for subsequent photogrammetry. The research methods used primarily in the production of forensic examinations include color separation and contrast photography, photographing in the invisible regions of the spectrum, registration of luminescence radiation, microphotography.

When working with digital images, new possibilities of image processing appear, and photographic studies can be carried out in a short time. With the advent of digital photography, a qualitatively new stage in the development of means of capturing information, including in forensics, is associated. The appearance of digital cameras with an electronic light-receiving surface opens up wide opportunities for converting images of captured objects into a form convenient for computer processing and obtaining copies (prints) on a wide range of media: hard disk, CD, thermal paper, writing paper. Images recorded electronically can be stored for a long time, and with the availability of automated search systems, finding them will take a little time in the archive.

In forensics, the following main types of forensic photography are used to obtain a complete and visual representation of the features of the objects being filmed and their relative position: orienting, overview, nodal, detailed. The use of various types of photography allows you to systematize the material captured in the pictures and reveal its content in a logical sequence from the general to the specific.

The practical significance of court photography is exceptionally great. It serves as the main means of capturing the appearance of a wide variety of objects that have evidentiary value in criminal cases, their features, and in some cases their properties. Photographs can serve not only as illustrative material, but also as a source of evidence, a means for searching for and identifying various objects.

Pictures obtained in the course of investigative actions and forensic examinations have the status of attachments to the relevant procedural documents.

Bibliography

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation of December 12, 1993 // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. Publishing house "Legal Literature", January 26, 2009, No. 4.

2. Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation of December 18, 2001 N 174-FZ (as amended). Information and legal support "GARANT".

3. Ruling of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated February 21, 2008 N 66-O07-117. Information and legal support "Consultant Plus".

4. Ruling of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of November 19, 2013 N 51-APU13-42sp. Information and legal support "Consultant Plus".

5. Commentary on the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation // Ed. L.Ya. Sukharev. 2nd ed. - M.: Norma, 2004. Information and legal support "GARANT".

6. Averyanova T.V., Belkin R.S., Korukhov Yu.G. Criminalistics: Textbook for universities. - M.: Norma, 2007.

7. Ishchenko E.P., Komisarov V.I. Criminalistics: Textbook. - M.: Jurist, 2007.

8. Criminalistics: Textbook / Ed. A.G. Filippova. - M.: Higher education, 2007.

9. Criminalistics: Textbook /Ed. N.P. Yablokova - M: Yurist, 2005.

10. Grigoriev V.N., Pobedkin A.V., Yashin V.N. Criminal process: Textbook. - M.: Eksmo, 2005.

11. Koldin V.Ya. Criminalistics: Textbook. - M.: MGU, 2007.

12. Criminal procedure law of the Russian Federation: Textbook for universities / Ed. P.A. Lupinskaya - M.: Yurist, 2006.

13. Smirnov A.V. Kalinovsky K.B. Criminal process: Textbook /Under the total. ed. A.V. Smirnova. - M.: Knorus, 2007.

14. Gradoboev V.M. Forensic Photography for Investigators: Part 1. Study Guide. - L., 1987.

15. Dushein S.V., Egorov A.G., Zaitsev V.V. etc. Judicial photography. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005.

16. Egorov A.G. Court photograph. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005.

17. Kuznetsov V.V. Forensic photography, video recording in the detection and investigation of crimes. - M.: YUI MVD RF, 1999.

18. Polevoy N.S., Ustinov A.I. Forensic photography and its use in forensic examination. - M .: Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR, 1990.

19. Selivanov N.A., Eisman A.A. Judicial photography. - M., 1965.

20. Silkin P.F. Forensic research photography. - Volgograd: Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1999.

21. Photofixation of significant incident sites: A tutorial. - M.: USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1991.

22. Production and design of photo tables Egorov A.G. Court photograph. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005.

23. Leonova O.V. Features of carrying out some investigative actions under the criminal procedure legislation // Actual problems of the modern criminal process in Russia: Collection of scientific articles. - Samara: Samara University, 2005.

24. General conditions of the preliminary investigation: Monograph /Ed. Vlasova N.A., Solovieva A.B., Tokareva M.E. - M.: Yurlitinform, 2005.

25. Inspection of the scene: A practical guide /Ed. A.I. Dvorkina.- M.: Lawyer, 2001.

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Forensic photography as one of the sections of criminalistics, it is a set of scientific provisions and photographic means, methods and techniques developed on their basis, used to capture and study forensic objects.

Objects of photography are any material bodies and their aggregates, the need to fix which arises during the conduct of operational-search activities, investigative actions or expert studies.

These can be: the situation and individual details of the scene, objects - material evidence, traces of crimes, faces, etc.

photographic means - these are sets of equipment used for photography, photo printing, and photographic materials (films, paper, plates, chemicals).

Forensic photography method - this is a set of rules and recommendations for the choice of photographic means, shooting conditions and processing of exposed photographic materials.

According to the field of activity and subjects of photography, it is accepted distinguish photo:

- operational-search;

- forensic investigation;

- expert (research).

Taking into account the goals and objectives of the use of photography, two of its varieties are distinguished: capturing and research.

a) With the help capturing photography fixation of obvious, visually perceived objects is carried out.

For this, both ordinary (household equipment) and specially designed or adapted, for example, for covert photography during operational-search activities, are used. The results of such photography are drawn up in the form of photo tables, which are attached to the protocols of investigative actions or to materials reflecting the results of operational-search measures. In this case, photographs are considered as photographic documents and may be of evidentiary value.

b) research photography It is widely used in examinations and special studies of physical evidence, when it is necessary to identify and fix invisible or poorly visible features of the relevant objects, for example, by photographing in infrared and ultraviolet rays or in combination with microscopic studies. At the same time, research photographs are also used as a means of illustrating expert opinions.

Photographs taken during the examinations are drawn up in the form of a photo table, which is attached to the expert's opinion. They illustrate the process and results of the study, clearly demonstrate the features of the objects under study, which form the basis of the conclusions.

Taking into account the goals and objectives capturing photography methods are used in forensic practice panoramic, measuring, reproduction, signaletic photography, stereo photography, macro photography.

A) panoramic photography- this is a sequential shooting of an object using a conventional camera on several interconnected frames. The photographs made then are combined into a common picture - a panorama.

This method is used to shoot at a given scale of objects that do not fit in a normal frame.

Panoramic photography can be either horizontal or vertical. Panoramic photography is carried out in two ways:

Circular. A circular panorama involves shooting an object from one place. The camera is rotated sequentially around the vertical (horizontal panorama) or horizontal (vertical panorama) axis. It is used in situations where it is necessary to capture a large space in the image and this is not prevented by structures, buildings and other objects located on the ground;

Linear. Linear panorama involves moving the camera parallel to the object being filmed and at a small distance from it. It is used in situations when it is required to capture the situation in the image over a significant area, but limited in width, or when it is important to highlight small details in the image.

b) Measurement (scale) photography provides information on the dimensional values ​​of objects captured in the image or their details.

Measurement shooting can be carried out using special stereometric cameras. As a rule, the measurement survey method is implemented using scales, that is, special rulers, ribbons, squares with clearly marked dimensional values ​​​​on them.

The scale is placed next to the subject or on its surface. The type of scale (ruler, tape, square) is selected taking into account the characteristics of the object and the purpose of shooting:

V) stereo photography- a method that allows you to get the effect of volume, three-dimensionality of space in a photographic image.

A stereo image can be used to determine the shape, size and relative position of objects fixed on it.

It is used to fix the situation at such places of incidents as explosions, fires, crashes, catastrophes.

Stereo shooting is performed using a stereo camera or a conventional camera with a stereo attachment.

G) Reproduction photography used to make photocopies of flat objects.

It is produced using ordinary SLR cameras or special reproduction installations, or by copying onto reflex or contrast paper using a contact machine.

e) macro photography- a method of obtaining photographic images of small objects in full size or with a small increase without the use of a microscope.

For such shooting, SLR cameras with extension rings or macro attachments are used.

e) signaling (identification)) photography of living persons or corpses is carried out for the purpose of their subsequent identification, forensic registration or search.

The subject must be without headgear and glasses. The head should be in an upright position, the eyes are open, the hair is combed back so as not to cover the ears. Two breast shots of the face are taken: full face and right profile. Sometimes additional pictures of the left profile and full length are taken.

Identification shooting of the corpse can be carried out both at the place of its discovery and in the morgue, but in any case after a thorough toilet. Pictures are taken full face, left and right profiles and semi-profiles in compliance with the rules for shooting live faces.

To obtain a complete and visual representation of the features of the objects being filmed and their relative position, various types of shooting: orienting, overview, nodal, detailed. They allow you to systematize the material captured in the pictures and reveal its content in a certain logical sequence from the general to the particular.

A) Orientation photography- this is a fixation of the place of the investigative action in the environment, the details of which act as guidelines for the subsequent precise determination of the place of the event or its fragments.

Shooting is done by the method of circular or linear panorama. The place of the investigative action or the scene of the incident must be in the center of the picture (montage photo image).

b) Panoramic shooting- this is a fixation of the general view of the actual situation of the place of the investigative action. Its boundaries are preliminarily determined, and the most important details are marked with pointers in the form of arrows with numbers.

Overview shooting is carried out using a depth or square scale, sometimes using a panoramic method and from different angles.

V) Nodal photography- this is the fixation of individual large objects and the most important parts of the place of the investigative action or the situation of the scene of the incident: the place of break-in, the discovery of a corpse, a cache, etc.

The objects of the survey are depicted in close-up so that their shape, size, nature of damage, and relative position of traces can be determined from the image.

Nodal photographs display the maximum information about the features of the objects being filmed, which is difficult to describe in the protocol of the investigative action.

G) Detail photography is carried out in order to capture individual details of the place of the investigative action and its results, that is, the discovered things, objects, traces and other objects, as well as signs that individualize such objects.

Detailed shooting is carried out:

At the location where the object was found;

After moving it to another convenient place for this.

Forensic research photography is widely used in forensic examinations and preliminary research. With her help, they solve the following tasks:

fixation of objects of study or their fragments with a significant increase, which makes it possible to more expressively and visually show their particular features;

detection and fixation of weakly visible or invisible to the naked eye features of the objects under study.

The resulting images are also used to illustrate the process and results of examinations and studies.

Forensic photographic studies are carried out using special methods: micro and macro photography, contrast and color separation photography, photography in the invisible zone of the spectrum (in infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays), using the luminescence effect. When conducting examinations and research, methods of capturing photography are also used.

A) Microphotography carried out using a microscope. Microphotography fixes features, details of the object under study with an increase of more than 10 times, that is, practically indistinguishable to the naked eye.

The method is used in the study of microtraces, microparticles, fibers and other micro-objects. With its help, identification and diagnostic tasks are solved.

b) Contrasting and color separation photography used to identify and fix poorly visible, etched, faded, flooded, erased texts, hardly visible traces of hands, shoes, hacking tools, shot marks, etc.

This method uses conventional photographic equipment, but with the use of specially developed methods of lighting and shooting techniques, as well as processing photographic materials.

Contrast photography allows you to change the contrast of the subject and its photographic image. When contrasting shooting, lighting is important: side, vertical, diffuse, in transmitted light, etc.

Color separation photography allows you to enhance the brightness (optical density) of color differences in the details of the subject in a photographic image.

V) Photographing in infrared rays It is used in forensics to study traces of a close shot, documents and other objects. In this case, photographic materials sensitized to the infrared zone of the spectrum are used.

There are two methods of photography in infrared rays: in reflected rays and infrared luminescence.

G) Photographing in ultraviolet rays is carried out to identify etched, faded and extinct texts made with iron halide or sympathetic ink, to differentiate glass, glass products, as well as jewelry made from transparent minerals, traces of fuels and lubricants, blood, saliva and other secretions of the human body.

Shooting is carried out both in reflected ultraviolet rays and in the luminescence excited by them.

e) Photography in x-ray, gamma and beta rays It is carried out without a camera, using special installations that generate the named beams with a high penetrating power.

When an object is irradiated, an x-ray film is exposed, on which a negative, shadow image of all, including hidden, internal parts of the object being filmed is obtained.

Video recording used in criminalistics to detect and investigate crimes.

Video recording has a clear advantage over filming and photography. It is much simpler, more technologically advanced, cheaper. The resulting materials do not require laboratory processing, and their quality is controlled as the video is recorded. Video recording allows you to simultaneously capture image and sound.

Video recording is used as an additional means of fixing the process and results of investigative actions. It is carried out when it is necessary to fix such actions in dynamics, with the behavior of their participants, or it is necessary to visually show a large, complex and diverse environment. The tactical features of investigative actions and the tasks solved in this case predetermine the types of video recording and methods, which basically remain the same as in photography.

At the beginning of the video recording, the investigator introduces himself (names his rank, position, surname), and then explains what investigative action, in which criminal case, is being carried out using the video recording. Then he introduces all the participants in the investigative action (fixed in close-up), names the date, time, place of the video recording and who made it. After that, the process and results of the actual investigative action are recorded.

Most efficient use of video when conducting:

a) inspection of the scene, especially in case of fires, transport accidents, when prompt recording of all possible information about the situation is required;

b) a search - to fix the places of equipment of caches, methods of hiding valuables and weapons of crime;

c) investigative experiment - to capture experimental actions and their results;

d) interrogation, confrontation, especially with the participation of translators, etc.

Forensic photography is understood as a scientifically developed system of methods and methods of photography used in investigative and operational-search activities, as well as in expert research.

Photographs are attached to the protocols of investigative actions or to the expert's conclusion. They document the objects imprinted on them, allowing you to visually perceive: signs of an object (trace); the environment in which the investigative action was carried out (inspection, search); results of an expert study. Such clarity not only complements the descriptive part of the protocol (the research part of the expert's opinion), but also makes it possible to perceive signs or situations, the presentation of which is difficult due to their significant number or complexity of perception. Photographing as an objective form of imprinting has a number of advantages over any verbal (verbal) method of fixation: the documentary nature of the images obtained, their visibility, high accuracy and objectivity in the transfer of information, the relative speed of the fixation process. All this, combined with the use of modern photographic equipment, makes forensic photography one of the most important ways of fixing evidence.

Forensic photography, as a set of methods for reliable fixation and scientific research, is widely used in modern practice. As a means of fixation in the course of investigative actions, photographing is provided for by a number of articles of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR. So, in Art. 141 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (protocol of an investigative action) states that photographs can be attached to the protocol. In Art. 179 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (inspection procedure), photography is listed along with other methods of visual fixation: photography, filming, drawing up plans, diagrams, making casts, etc. A similar wording is contained in Art. 183 Code of Criminal Procedure (investigative experiment). Article 84 of the Code of Criminal Procedure prescribes photographing physical evidence, especially those that, due to their bulkiness or for other reasons, cannot be stored in a criminal case.

Methods and methods of forensic photography in terms of their goals and capabilities can be classified as either capturing or research. Imaging methods include panoramic, measuring, reproduction, stereoscopic, identification, and large-scale surveys.

For research - microphotography, photography in order to enhance the contrast of the image and photography in the invisible rays of the spectrum. Imprinting methods are

Chapter 12

clamps for fixing signs visible to the naked eye. Research - hidden signs. With the help of research methods, traces of forgeries in documents are revealed, microsigns are studied, etc.

Forensic photography is divided into forensic, operational, forensic. Forensic or operational photography is carried out using mainly imaging methods. Forensic science uses both exploratory and imprinting. A forensic photograph is used: a) when examining the scene of an accident, a corpse, material evidence, documents (Article 178 of the Code of Criminal Procedure); b) when examining living persons (Article 181 of the Code of Criminal Procedure); c) during a search (Article 170 of the Code of Criminal Procedure); d) in the course of an investigative experiment (Article 183 of the Code of Criminal Procedure); e) upon presentation for identification (Article 165 of the Code of Criminal Procedure); f) for the purpose of registering living persons and corpses. Expert photography is used in all types of forensic examinations and in many types of examinations of other classes (forensic, forensic automotive, forensic fire and technical, etc.).

Along with the methods, there are private methods of photographing, which include orienting, overview, nodal and detailed photography.

The combination of methods and private photography techniques used to shoot a specific object form a type of forensic photography (see diagram 1).

Carrying out one or another type of photography, choose such methods and. photographic techniques that would ensure the best possible capture of objects or facts of probative value.

More on the topic § 1. The concept of forensic photography, its significance in investigative and expert practice:

1. 3.3. The use of forensic characteristics of crimes in investigative practice
2. 4.1 Forensic subdivisions as a subject of technical and forensic support of the investigation
3. 4 POSSIBILITIES OF EXPERT AND FORENSIC DIVISIONS FOR TECHNICAL AND FORENSIC SUPPORT OF THE INVESTIGATION
4. Kukushkina I.S., Tolmachev I.A. ADVERSE OUTCOMES IN THERAPEUTIC CARE: RESEARCH METHOD AND SIGNIFICANCE FOR CLINICAL AND EXPERT PRACTICE

COURT PHOTOGRAPHY

section of forensic technology, which systematizes the special methods and techniques of photographing used in the production of investigative actions, operational-search activities and forensic examination. S.f. subdivided into forensic but operational (imprinting) and forensic research. The goal of the first is to obtain an accurate photographic image of the object. For this, methods such as panoramic, measuring, reproduction, identification and large-scale surveys are used. Along with this, for photographing in the production of investigative actions, orienting, overview, nodal and detailed types of filming are used. Forensic research photography is used mainly in the work of an expert to identify the invisible. poorly visible recordings, color and brightness differences, to study the mechanism of trace formation, etc. The methods of forensic research photography include contrast photography, color separation, photography in invisible rays (infrared, ultraviolet, X-ray, etc.), microphotography. In the development of S.f. in Russia, a significant contribution was made by E.F. Vurinsky, who, at his own expense, created in 1889 the first forensic photographic laboratory at the St. Petersburg District Court; Rusetsky V.L., Favorsky V.I., Popovitsky A.A., Potapov S.M. and other criminologists.

Babaeva E.U.

Law Encyclopedia. 2005 .

See what "JUDICIAL PHOTOGRAPHY" is in other dictionaries:

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Books

• , G. P. Shamaev. A textbook prepared in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education in the specialty 40. 05. 03 `Forensic Expertise`, ...
• Court photograph and video. Textbook, Shamaev G.P. Textbook prepared in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education in the specialty 40. 05. 03 “Forensic Expertise”, ...