(Collection of aphorisms and winged words on the course of history grade 5-11)
Novoselova E. Ya.
history teacher and
social science.
qualifying
Introduction. In the world of wise thoughts - winged words.
Section 1 History in epigraphs and popular expressions
1 History - epigraphs
2. The history of Russia from ancient times to the beginning of the 20th century in popular terms.
The history of Russia from ancient times of the century in winged words and expressions
3. History of the XX century in popular expressions.
4. History of Ancient Greece in popular expressions.
5. History of Ancient Rome in popular expressions.
6. History of the New Age in popular expressions.
Applications:
Competition 1. "Subjects and Popular expressions"
Competition 2 "Zoo in the Ancient World".
Competition 3 "Unusual names".
Competition 4. "Pick up expressions. Associations»
Competition 5 "Unusual nicknames".
Competition 6 "Unusual names".
In the world of wise thoughts - Winged words.
"I appreciate all kinds of short sayings."
I. Goethe - German poet
Winged words - their names go back to ancient history, to Homer, in whose poems (“Iliad” and “Odyssey”) they occur many times (“he uttered a winged word”, “they exchanged winged words among themselves quietly”). Homer called words "winged" because from the mouth of the speaker they seem to fly into the ear of the listener.
Today, short words (Eureka), quotations (“I think, therefore I exist”), figurative expressions (“I’m coming at you”), sayings of historical figures (“Cross the Rubicon”), mythological names (Cerberus )
and literary characters (Mitrofanushka), which have become common nouns (for example, Maecenas), figurative condensed characteristics of historical figures (for example, "the father of Russian history"). The stock of winged words and sayings is very large.
Winged words and sayings are great wealth, but this verbal wealth must be used skillfully.
The collection contains only those of them that are most often found in the General History and the history of Russia, have the widest circulation.
Materials are located on historical periods: the history of the Ancient World, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, the history of the Middle Ages, Modern and recent history and the history of Russia, which is most convenient for the teacher to study and use both in the classroom and in extracurricular activities. The application of the collection includes competitions on various topics using catchwords and expressions
Story
1. "Always honor the traces of the past." Statius Caecilius, Roman historian
2. "The roots of history go to the future." L. S. Sukhorukov, Russian writer
3. "History does not teach anything, but only punishes for ignorance of the lessons."
V. O. Klyuchevsky, Russian historian.
4. "Knowledge not born of experience, the mother of all certainty, is fruitless and full of errors." Leonardo da Vinci, Italian artist.
5. "The past is easier to blame than to correct." Titus Livius, ancient Roman historian.
6. “If you want to see what was a thousand years ago, delve into the present;
if you want to know a huge number of things, start with one or two.
Xun Tzu, Chinese sage.
7. “The past is not perfect, but it is pointless to reproach it,
but it needs to be studied." A. M. Gorky, Russian writer.
8. "History is exclusively a process of humanization of mankind" -
L. Feurbach, German philosopher.
9. "Only a person who is completely mentally undeveloped can not love history."
N. G. Chernyshevsky, Russian writer.
10. Native country becomes even closer and more native when you know its history.
M. I. Kalinin, Soviet politician
11. “It is not only possible, but also necessary, to be proud of the glory of your ancestors; not to respect it is shameful cowardice. ”- A. S. Pushkin, Russian poet and writer
12. “Respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes an educated person from savagery.” - A. S. Pushkin, Russian poet and writer
13. "You need to know the past in order to understand the present and foresee the future." -
V. G. Belinsky, Russian writer and public figure
14. “A people dies when it becomes a population. And it becomes a population when it forgets its history.” F Abramov, Soviet writer.
15. "Knowing history means being a good master and defender of your state."
L. N. Tolstoy, Russian writer.
16. "The people who do not appreciate and do not love their history are bad."
V. M. Vasnetsov, Russian artist.
17. “To know history in the strict sense of the word is to know everything.” S. I. Taneev.
18. "History is the witness of centuries, the torch of truth, the soul of memory, the mentor of life."
Cicero, ancient Roman orator.
19. “When the Don Quixotes are transferred, let the history book be closed!
20. "Patriotism should not blind us: love for the Fatherland is the action of a clear mind, and not a blind passion." N. M. Karamzin, Russian historian.
21. "No people in the world is gifted with any ability preferentially over others." Mr. Lessing, German philosopher.
22. “The legitimate degree of people's pride in their history ... should be deeply distinguished
from arrogant self-admiration. D. I. Mendeleev, Russian scientist - chemist.
23. “From Ivan the Terrible to Boris Yeltsin, there is a commonality in the main thing:
social irresponsibility, political and legal lack of control of the authorities.
The people are still regarded as a fiefdom for arbitrariness.” Anonymous
24. "He who, turning to the old, is able to discover the new, is worthy to be a teacher." Confucius is a Chinese sage.
« Story in a certain sense there is a sacred book of peoples: the main, necessary; a mirror of their being and activity; the tablet of revelations and rules; the covenant of ancestors to posterity ... an explanation of the present and an example of the future "- Nikolai Karamzin.
The history of Russia from ancient times to the beginning of the 20th century in popular expressions
№ p/p
The topic of the section, chapter, lesson.
epigraphs
Introduction.
“Respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes an educated person from savagery.” - A. S. Pushkin.
ancient humanity.
“Let the ancestor live a half-animal life, but we cherish his legacy. He did not know how to mold a pot out of clay, he was afraid of the spirits he had invented.” - V. Berestov.
The first farmers and pastoralists.
“Labor is the source of all wealth” - F. Engels.
“The forces of iron and then copper were discovered, little by little then they overcame swords made of iron, but the sight of a sickle made of copper became the subject of ridicule, they became iron, then the earth to cultivate the soil.” - Lucretius Car.
slave society
"Archaeologists, rejoicing, open this layer, the temple, the palace, and the workshop between ashes and cinders." -
V. Berestov.
Crisis of the slave society
People lived here, and their house stood ... ..
Here the city was, cheerful and rich…….
Bend over him, look at these stones, and you will understand how great a person is ... - B. Ryabichkin.
feudal states.
“The dignity of a person is determined only by his actions” - proverb
Culture of the Middle Ages.
“The colonnade shines like an immortal sun.
Her gates lead to a blissful world. ”- And Bunin
Ancient Rus'.
"Glory to our side! Glory to our antiquity!
And we must not forget the legends of antiquity" -
N. Konchalovskaya.
Where did the Russian land come from?
“In a narrow monastery cell, in four blank walls, a monk wrote about the earth, about the old Russian story. He wrote in winter and summer. He wrote from year to year, about our great people.” - N. Konchalovskaya.
Kievan Rus
"Kievan Rus was the grain from which an ear grew, numbering several new grains of principalities." - B. Rybakov.
Velikiy Novgorod
“An ancient and eternally new city rises above the river.” - S. Narovchatov.
Man strife.
The fight against the Polovtsy.
“Brother said to brother: this is mine, and this is mine too!
And the princes began to argue about the small, as if about the great, and forge sedition on themselves ”-
"Brothers and squad! Better to be killed than captured. I want to break a spear on the edge of the Polovtsian steppe ... "" The Tale of Igor's Campaign "
Old Russian Culture - Architecture
“Oh, bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are glorified by many beauties. You are full of everything, Russian land ...
"A word about the destruction of the Russian land".
Old Russian culture
Literature
“The tombs, mummies and bones are silent, - Life is given only to the word: From the ancient darkness, on the world graveyard, only Letters sound” - I. Bunin.
“What you know how, do not forget the good, and what you do not know how, learn from it” -
"Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh"
“If you look for wisdom in books, you will find great benefit for your soul.” - From the annals.
Rus' and Mongol-Tatars.
“The Mongol-Tatars swept over Russia like a cloud of locusts, like a hurricane crushing everything that was in its path. They ravaged cities, burned villages, plundered. It was at that unfortunate time, which lasted about two centuries, that Russia allowed Europe to overtake itself. - A. I. Herzen.
Rus' and the Crusaders.
“And the enemies turned to flight, and killed them, chasing them, as if through the air, and there was nowhere for them to escape…” “The Simeon Chronicle.
Kulikovo battle.
Rise of Moscow
“There was such a great groan, there was a battle with such blood that the Don was painted in crimson to the very bottom” -
N. Konchalovskaya
"Whoever has not been to Moscow has not seen the beauty." - folk proverb
Time of Troubles
“A good monument was erected to two heroes by the whole country as a sign that the native land was delivered from dishonor.” - N. Konchalovskaya.
Enslavement of the peasants.
“A serf peasant plows the land for the owners, the owner has a lot of them: two hundred, three hundred, eight hundred ... He watches them strictly, as he keeps count of cattle.” -
N. Konchalovskaya
Autocracy
"Royal favors are sown in the boyar sieve"
folk proverb
Popular uprisings
"In Rus', not all crucians - there are ruffs."
Popular proverb.
Peasant war of the 17th century.
“But the Russian freedom glow flared up around - suddenly rebelled against the power of the sovereign city.
Glory to Razin victorious in Rus' has now gone ... ".
N. Konchalovskaya.
Peoples of Siberia
“From century to century, from century to century, a strong Russian man went to the far North and East, irresistibly, like a stream”, - an old song.
The era of Peter the Great.
"No nation has ever existed and could not exist in such a remote position from the sea, in which the state of Peter the Great was originally located." - K. Marx.
Base
St. Petersburg
“I love you Peter's creation ....” - A. S. Pushkin
Poltava battle
"And the battle broke out - the Poltava battle." - A. S. Pushkin
Results of the Northern War
"Russia has become the dominant maritime power in the Baltic Sea." - K. Marx.
Serfdom.
"The bars are velvet and lace, but our brother is neither shod, nor dressed, nor hurt by a spoon."
"The gentleman lives full of muzhitsky corns."
"Red are the lord's chambers, and the peasants have huts on their sides." - Folk proverbs.
Peasant war of the 18th century.
“The man is naked, but he has a stake in his hand; there is hope - that there will be clothes. "It's not for good that the volosts get up." Popular proverb.
Russian-Turkish wars
"Courage is the sister of victory."
"They fight not with strength, but with skill." "He who is brave and steadfast is worth ten." - Folk proverbs.
Russia's foreign policy in the late 18th century
"We are immortal forever, giants of Russia, brought up in battles in the midst of warlike bad weather."
Achievements of Russian military art.
“I ask my offspring to take my example ... to die to be faithful ... to the Fatherland.”-
“It is hard in learning - easy in battle!
More sweat in learning - less blood in battle.
“Each warrior must understand his maneuver.
They fight not by numbers, but by skill. -
A. V. Suvorov from the book "The Science of Winning"
The struggle against serfdom and autocracy
"The beasts are greedy! Leeches are insatiable! What do we leave the peasant? What we cannot take away is the air. - A. N. Radishchev.
“A rebel is worse than Pugachev.” - Catherine II.
"Following Radishchev, I glorified freedom" -
A. S. Pushkin.
Age of Enlightenment
“Oh, unforgettable century! You grant joyful mortals truth, liberty, and light. ”- A. N. Radishchev.
"There is no other nation in the world that would become so outstanding in all areas in such a short time." - Voltaire.
Culture of Russia in the 18th century.
“Where did beauty come from in everyday life, in carving, lace, embroidery, song, dance, painting? Yes, from the soul of a Russian person, where else could it come from. - V. Soloukhin.
The era of Alexander I
“Brought up under a drum, our tsar was a dashing captain: he fled under Austerlitz, trembled in the twelfth year” - A. S. Pushkin
The era of Nicholas I
He reigned little, but did a lot of miracles: he sent a hundred and twenty-five to Siberia and hanged five "-
A. S. Pushkin
My friend, Let us dedicate our souls to the Fatherland with wonderful impulses! A. Pushkin.
19th century - the golden age of Russian culture.
Our children, grandchildren will not even be able to imagine the Russia in which we once (that is, yesterday) lived, which we did not appreciate, did not understand - all the power, complexity, wealth, happiness ... I. Bunin. "Cursed Days"
20th century - "Silver age of Russian culture
The twentieth century…
Promises us, inflating veins,
Everything, destroying the frontiers, unheard of changes,
Unseen riots. - A Block
The history of Russia since ancient times in winged words and expressions.
Buckwheat beat
Know by heart.
Devoted without flattery
Not every bast in a row
beat with a forehead
Don't be foolish
All over Ivanovskaya
We will not shame the Russian land
Free Cossack
Our ancestors saved Rome
Give out with your head
No one will embrace the immensity
On the back burner
Through the sleeves
Cause time, and fun hour
One swallow does not make spring
Domostroy
An eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth
I'm going to you
From board to board.
Nick down
Fully
leavened patriotism
Give to the stream and plunder
Kisey young lady
Oh, you are heavy Monomakh's hat !
Lasy to sharpen
Winners are not judged
Mamaevo massacre
Put in a long box
Disservice
Get into bondage
The dead have no shame
After the rain on Thursday
We plowed
Potemkin villages
Raven ride
nailed to the pillory
All over Ivanovskaya
Between the devil and the deep sea.
For long rides
The delay of death is like
Written on the forehead
Red line
Everything is calm on Shipka
Indulge in all the hard
Suma
To spread thought along the tree
Gibberish letter-Garabarshchina
stand to the death
Pip on your tongue
Sten to be ashamed
Drag and don't let go
Pull chestnuts out of the fire
quiet glanders
Trishkin caftan
Tarusas on wheels
Mind Chamber
Get away with your nose
Gogol
The Road to Calvary
Although the eye sees, but the tooth is numb
An hour later, a teaspoon
So that it was disrespectful ahead
So as not to tease the geese.
Chur, me! Chur, me!
Shemyakin Court
Inside out
Make noise brother, make noise!
Yuriev day. Here's your grandmother, and St. George's Day
General history of grades 5-8 in popular expressions.
Everything in the world is afraid of time, and time is afraid of the pyramids.
Arabic proverb
№p/p
№p/p
Annibal's Oath
Bay, but listen!
Throw down the gauntlet
Prodigal son
Quixotic
Storm in a glass
If the mountain does not go to Mohammed, then Mohammed goes to the mountain
Fall into hell
Pull the rope.
Babel
cannibal manners
Valaam's donkey
Spears to break
Belshazzar's feast
Crusade
The eighth wonder of the world
Flying Dutchman
Every creature in pairs
Puppets
Fortune telling on beans
Knight of the sad image
Holy simplicity
Sword of Damocles
blue stocking
Solomon's solution
Blue bird
Bury talent in the ground
Deadly sin
finest hour
Seven deadly sins
Stars of the first magnitude
Three whales. Three elephants.
There are lees to every wine
Thousand and One Nights
Jericho Trumpets
peace pipe
Judas. (Traitor, Kiss of Judas)
Cain. Cain's Seal
fig leaf
Caliph (Khalif) for an hour
doubting Thomas
Scapegoat
Colossus with feet of clay
Chameleon
Rich as Croesus
Grab stars from the sky
Manna from heaven
Knight's move
Guiding star
El Dorado
Fifth column
I think therefore
I exist
Break it down into bones
Newton's apple
Gardens of Babylon
Vanity Fair
Sesame, open up
Bay, but listen!
Garden and Gomorrah
Prodigal son
History of Ancient GreeceV popular expressions
Augean stables
palm
Argonauts
panic fear
Ariadne's thread
Homeric laughter
Achilles' heel
Danaid barrel
Under the auspices of
I carry everything with me
Dancing to someone else's tune
carve the sea
Plato is a friend, but truth is dearer
Pillars of Hercules (works)
Know thyself
Herostratus Glory
Get into the maze
Hydra hundred-headed
Promethean fire
Penelope's work
Gordian knot. Cut the Gordian knot
Cornucopia
Give me a point of support and I will move the earth!
Hand of Nemesis
Greek gift. Trojan horse.
Dress up in someone else's feathers
Draconian measures (laws)
Gardens of Artemis
Elena the beautiful
sardonic laughter
Riddle of the Sphinx
Seven Wonders of the World
Golden age
Burn your ships
Make an elephant out of a fly
Sisyphean labor
Icarus. Flight of Icarus
With a shield or on a shield
Sink into oblivion
crocodile tears
Vulnerable point
smoke incense
Laurels to reap
Lantern of Diogenes
Laconism
a swan song
Between Scylla and Charybdis
Flour Tantalum
Q.E.D
On the seventh sky
narcissism
Aesopian language
Not one iota
I only know that I know nothing
Olympian calm
Apple of discord
Pandora's Box
History of Ancient RomeV popular expressions
Augurs. Augur's smile
With fire and sword
White crow
Remove fire and water
The eternal City
Suck with mother's milk
Cross the Rubicon
The mountain gave birth to a mouse
Pyrrhic victory
Two-faced Janus
Raise to the shield
Before Greek calends
Poetic license
If you want peace, prepare for war.
Dress up in a toga
Die is cast
Wash your hands
Caesar's wife must be above suspicion
Fortune. Wheel of Fortune
Golden mean
And you Brute!
Meal'n'Real
A drop hammers a stone
Carthage must be destroyed!
Lucullean banquet
I am human, and nothing human is alien to me.
It is better to be the first in the village,
than the second in the city.
White crow
Geese saved Rome
Woe to the vanquished
All roads lead to Rome
History of the New Age in popular expressions.
No. p / p
New story - grade 7
New story - 8th grade
Man is the highest value on earth
1. One hundred days. Great army.
Paris is worth a mass
2. Little Corsican
Invincible armada
3. Napoleon's sun
Bartholomew night
4. Arc de Triomphe
Sheep ate people
Freedom, equality, brotherhood, happiness!
6. Iron and blood.
glorious revolution
7. Little nephew of big uncle
The state is me!
8. Redshirts.
Thousand Garibaldians
Eastern wisdom.
9.Proletarians of all countries, unite!
Oriental sweets
10.Victorian era.
New World
11. Loygeorgism
Two Americas
12. Iron Chancellor
Age of Enlightenment
13. Congress is cheaper than revolution.
Renaissance
14.King of steel. King of Electricity.
middle state
15. Dancing Congress.
“And yet she turns!”
16. Live - working, or die fighting!
boston tea party
17. Union of three emperors.
Enlightened absolutism
18. Exceptional law
Fatal hard times
19. Bloody week. Community Council.
founding fathers
20. The king is a banker.
Westphalian system
21. State of War
Land of the Rising Sun
22. The proletariat is the grave-digger of the bourgeoisie.
England is the world carrier.
23. Holy union.
England is the world banker.
24. Little nephew of a big uncle.
England is the workshop of the world.
25. “And the king is naked!”
British crown jewel
26. Battle of the Nations
1. History of the XX century in popular expressions.
No. p / p
Russian history
General history
Bloody Sunday
1. Heartfelt consent
Khodynskaya tragedy.
2. Factory of dreams. Great mute.
Zubatovsky socialism
3. Verdun meat grinder
Third June Monarchy
4. Nevel massacre
Semi-Sakhalin
5. Versailles-Washington system
Duma monarchy
6. Versailles peace
Black redistribution
7.American dream
Stolypin carriages
8. Dry law.
Stolypin tie
9. Beer coup.
silver Age
10. New course.
Diaghilev seasons
11. People's Front
World of Art
12. Fascism is war.
Illusion
13Movement of defiance.
Brusilovsky breakthrough
14.Three popular principles
Ministerial leapfrog
15. Gandism.
Non-Aligned Movement.
Somersault - collegium
16.Berlin - Rome - Tokyo.
Devilry. Holy hell
17. Munich agreement
Lenin Guard
18. Sitting or strange war
Autocracy without autocrat
19. Third Reich.
April theses
20. Sea lion.
Kornilov rebellion.
21. Barbarossa. Rest
Peace to the nations! Land for peasants!
Factory workers! Power to the Soviets!
22. Non-aggression pact
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
Brest peace.
23. Root fracture.
White terror. Red terror.
24. Big three.
Let the non-worker not eat.
25.Second Front
White Guard. Black Baron.
26. Fulton speech
Budenovka.
27. Cold War.
Proletarians of all countries, unite!
28. Japanese spirit, European education
Cadres decide everything.
29. Iron Curtain
Great fracture
30. Political pendulum
Five years at four
31. The third way.
Stakhanov movement
32. Third world countries.
Dizzy with success
33.Countries of the first, second echelon
Cult of personality
The country of victorious socialism.
35. Beer coup
2. History of the XX century in popular expressions.
No. p / p
History of the Second World War.
History of the Great Patriotic War
General history. Russian history
2nd floor 20th century
Barbarossa. Rest
1. Apogee of Stalinism
Our cause is right. The enemy will be defeated. Victory will be ours!
2. Thaw. virgin soil
Root fracture
3.Khrushchev
4. Cold war.
Kursk Bulge. fire arc
5.Iron curtain
Volga stronghold. Fortress on the Volga
6. Fulton speech
House of Yakov Pavlov
7.Third world. Third World countries
Panfilov
8. Personnel revolution.
“Great is Russia, behind Moscow there is nowhere to retreat!”
9.Discharge policy
"There is no land for us beyond the Volga."
10. Stagnation.
Motherland - calling!
11. Acceleration strategy
The road of life
12. Perestroika
East shaft.
Second front
14. Dialectics of new thinking
Big three.
15. Caribbean Crisis
Ten Stalinist blows
Meeting on the Elbe.
17. White house.
For the Motherland! To the west!
18.Black Tuesday
Victory parade
19. Price liberalization.
Marshal of Victory.
21. Space age.
Typhoon. Uranus. Ring. Spark.
22.Policy of peaceful coexistence
Bagration. Citadel
23.West. East.
City Hero. City of Military Glory
24.Berlin Wall
Small land
25. Economic Miracle
26. Green revolution.
"A medal for a battle, a medal for labor from one metal is poured."
27. Velvet Revolution
Front - rear
28.Countries of the first, second echelon
Big land.
29. Political pendulum
Applications
Competition 1. Subjects and Popular expressions.
Item. Image
Idioms
casket
Put in a long box.
Pandora's Box
Apple of discord. apple of knowledge
Newton's apple
Glove
Throw down the gauntlet
With a shield or on a shield. Raise to the shield.
In the bag
Sword of Damocles.
Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword
Break spears.
Clothing sleeves
Through the sleeves.
Gordian knot
Trojan horse
Raise the visor.
With an open visor
Competition 2 "Zoo in the Ancient World".
"Animal"
historical zoo
Geese saved Rome
Capitoline she-wolf
Cerberus - Cerberus
Trojan horse
The Golden Fleece
Tragedy - song of the goats
Cretan bull
Nemean lion
Lernaean Hydra
sacred animal in india
sacred animal in egypt
Competition 3 "Unusual names".
"Unusual Names"
historical figure
father of history
Herodotus (490-424 BC) Ancient Greek learned historian
Incorruptible
Maximilian Robespierre (1758-1794)
Sun King
Louis XIV, King of France (1638-1715)
scary blind man
Jan Zizka, leader of the Taborites in the Hussite wars (1360-1424)
Furious Vissarion
Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky (1811-1848),
Russian revolutionary-democrat, writer
Iron Felix
Felix Edmundovich Belinsky (1877-1926),
Revolutionary. Chairman of the Cheka
Iron Chancellor
Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)
First Chancellor of Germany
Velvet Chancellor
Gorchakov Alexander Mikhailovich (1798-1883)
Minister of Foreign Affairs, diplomat
State Chancellor
world spider
Louis XI (1423-1483) French king
Money bag
Ivan Kalita (1325-1340) Prince of Moscow
friend of the people
Jean Paul Marat (1743-1793)
French revolutionary, Jacobin, publisher of the newspaper "Friend of the People"
Competition 4. Choose expressions. Associations»
"Expression"
Associations
An expression meaning easy work
"Beat the buckets." "Sharpen fringes."
"Playing with spillikins."
"Work in a slipshod manner." "Slouch."
Expression for slow operation
"Pull the red tape". "Pull the rope."
Expression for harsh criticism
"Headwash". "Soap your head."
"Set a bath"
Expression meaning impartial judgment
"Court of Themis". "Despite Faces"
An expression that means to postpone a matter for a long time.
"Put it on the back burner."
"Put under the cloth." "Until the Second Coming"
An expression meaning to know a person
"You can see the bird in flight."
"A lion is recognized by its bones"
An expression meaning a loud cry, noise.
"Beat the alarm." "Scream all over Ivanovskaya."
"To ring all the bells."
An expression meaning delight.
"Go to the seventh heaven." "Soar in the clouds."
"To be in seventh heaven."
An expression meaning endless suffering
"Tantalum flour". "Promethean Torments".
An expression meaning ridicule
"Gerostrat's Glory". Become a talk of the town
An expression meaning to start over
"From A to Z". From Alpha to Omega.
"Fully".
An expression meaning
way out of a difficult situation
"Cut the Gordian knot."
"Solomon's Decision"
An expression meaning
pointless work
"Sisyphean labor". "Penelope's Cloth".
"Inventing the Perpetuum Mobile".
"Barrel Danaid"
An expression meaning
praise inappropriately
"Sing praises." "Smoke incense."
"Eulogize". Hallelujah stump."
"Sing an akathist"
An expression calling for vigilance
"Beware the Trojan Horse"
"Fear the Danes who bring gifts"
An expression meaning
wait a long time, postpone indefinitely
"Put it on the back burner."
"Put under the cloth." "Until the second coming."
"Before the Greek calends." "After the rain on Thursday"
An expression that means to take a decisive step.
"Cross the Rubicon". Die is cast".
"Burn the ships." "Burn the Bridges"
An expression meaning to give the impression of something that is not there.
"Potemkin villages", "Rubbing glasses".
Competition 5 "Unusual nicknames".
"Unusual Nicknames"
Historical figure - the ruler of Russia, Rus'.
Bloody
Nicholas II (1894-1917)
Liberator
Alexander II (1855-1881)
Nicholas I (1825-1855)
peacemaker
Alexander III (1881-1894)
Blessed
Alexander I (1801-1825)
Oleg I (882-912)
Macedonian Eastern Europe
Svyatoslav I (962-972)
Baptist
Vladimir I (980-1015)
Yaroslav (1019-1054)
Vladimir II (1113-1125)
the quietest
Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676)
Competition 6 "Unusual names".
"Unusual Names"
Names. Events
Father of horror
The Great Sphinx that inspired fear in the desert.
Bartholomew night
Event of 1572 in Paris, the death of Protestants
boston tea party
Event of 1773 in the North American colonies
War of the Scarlet and White Roses
Feudal wars in England, between Yorks and Lancasters.
Standing on the Ugra
Battle of 1480 between Ivan III and Akhmat.
Russia and the Horde
Bloody Sunday
Khodynskaya tragedy
Death of people during the coronation of Nicholas II
Stolypin tie
The name of the gallows in the era of the beginning of the 20th century
Land of the Rising Sun
Name of Japan
The road of life
The road on the ice of Lake Ladoga during the Second World War
silver Age
The era of cultural development of the early XX century in Russia
Carve the Sea The king of the Persians, Xerxes, went to war against Greece in the 5th century BC. e. and ordered the construction of a bridge across the strait between Asia and Europe for the crossing of his troops. The storm destroyed the bridge. The enraged ruler ordered the builders to be executed and the sea to be whipped with chains. The expression is used in relation to those people who, in a blind rage, are trying to take out their anger on something beyond their control.
Fabrics of Penelope Penelope wife of Odysseus from the poem of the same name by Homer. She waited twenty years for her husband. She promised to her numerous admirers that she would marry as soon as the veil was woven. But every night she unraveled everything she had done during the day. Today, the expression is used in the sense of clever cunning. "Penelope's work" refers to an endless work, the results of which are destroyed as they move forward.
Barrel Danaid According to Greek legend, King Danae had 50 beautiful daughters. He was against their marriage and ordered them to kill their husbands. The gods were angry at this atrocity and sentenced the daughters to such a punishment: deep under the earth to fill a bottomless barrel with water. Now it is a symbol of aimless endless work.
Hannibal's oath As a nine-year-old boy, Hannibal, the future outstanding Carthaginian commander, swore to fight Rome forever. He kept his vow. It is used in the meaning of the oath of allegiance that a person gives and devotes his whole life to this noble cause.
Geese Saved Rome The Gauls attacked Rome at night. Under the cover of darkness, they silently crossed the fortifications. But the geese who were in the temple heard the noise and cackled. The Romans woke up and repelled the attack of the Gallic tribes. It is used when secondary events are given extraordinary importance.
Cross the Rubicon Caesar, returning to Rome with a victory, stood for a long time at the border river Rubicon. Her passage and return to Rome meant that he began a struggle for power. After some thought, Caesar made up his mind and crossed the Rubicon. It is used when an important decision is made and there is no way out. Synonym: "The die is cast!", "Burn the ships."
Paris is worth a mass (mass) These words were allegedly said by Henry of Bourbon, the leader of the Huguenots, when in 1593 he renounced his faith and converted to Catholicism. This move secured him the French throne. He entered it under the name of Henry IV. It is used in the meaning of "compromise for the sake of profit, for selfish purposes."
If the mountain does not go to Mohammed, then Mohammed goes to the mountain. Mohammed, the founder of Islam, was considered "the prophet of Allah on earth." According to legend, he, wanting to prove that he has extraordinary power, ordered the mountain to come closer. But the mountain didn't budge. Then he approached her himself. It is used in the sense of the need to obey the one whom he wanted to force to obey him.
To sharpen the lyasy The lyasy, or balusters, was the name in Rus' for the carved wooden decorations on the poles holding the porch. Cutting balusters was considered an easy task, not requiring special attention. Therefore, the worker could simultaneously conduct extraneous conversations. Used in the sense of an empty pastime
Stay with the nose The petitioner in tsarist Russia, when applying to an institution or court, brought an offering to expedite the consideration of cases. If his “gift” was not accepted, then he went back with his offering, or nose, that is, with what he brought. It means "to leave with nothing, to achieve nothing."
Like a red thread, the expression entered the speech of several peoples from the language of English sailors at the end of the 18th century. Since 1776, by order of the Admiralty, a red thread was woven into all the ropes of the English navy along the entire length of the rope. It was possible to pull it out only by destroying the rope itself. The British naval rope was recognizable everywhere. It is used in the meaning of the very essence, a constant sign.
The gibberish letter A letter written in a special, secret way was used in secret correspondence of the XIIXIII centuries. In the 19th century, officials used the gibberish letter, and at a later time, the Old Believers. Means "to speak in a language incomprehensible to most"
Appetite comes with eating.
An expression from the novel by Francois Rabelais (c. 1494 - 1553) "Gargantua", part 1, ch.5
White crow
This expression, as a designation of a rare, exceptional person, is given in the 7th satire of the Roman poet Juvenal (mid-I.c. - after 127 AD): Rock gives kingdoms to slaves, delivers triumphs to captives. However, the lucky man is the same less often than a white crow.
Time heals wounds. Time is the best doctor.
The expression goes back to the "Confession" of Augustine (354-430). similar to it is already found in antiquity, in the Greek writer Menander (c. 343 - c. 291 BC): "Time is the doctor of all inevitable evils."
Time is money.
An aphorism from the work of the American scientist and politician Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) "Advice to a Young Merchant" (1748). An expression similar in thought is already found in the Greek philosopher Theophrastus (c. 372-287 BC): "Time is a costly waste."
Time works for us.
In 1866 in England, in the House of Commons, under the influence of the growth of the labor movement, Lord Russell's liberal cabinet put forward a bill for the reform of the suffrage. During the debate, W. Gladstone (1809-1898), the future prime minister, defending the political rights of the workers, exclaimed to the conservatives: "You cannot fight against the future. Time works for us." The last phrase, which has become winged in Russian speech, is not a completely accurate translation. The original words of Gladstone: "Time is on our side", that is, "Time is on our side."
All roads lead to Rome
A medieval proverb that has entered our literary speech, probably from the fable of Lafontaine (1621-1695) "Arbitrator, brother of mercy and hermit."
A synonym for a big city full of temptations, which arose from the Bible, in several places of which Babylon is mentioned in this sense, "the great city", which "drank all nations with the wine of wrath of fornication" (Jeremiah, 51, 6; Apocalypse, 14.8, etc. .).
Everything is for the best in this best of all possible worlds.
This saying ("Tout est pour Ie mieux dans Ie meilleur des mondes possibles") is borrowed from Voltaire's novel "Candide" (1759), in which, however, it is given in a slightly different edition. In chapter 1, Dr. Pangloss asserts that everything is expedient "in the best possible world" ("dans Ie meilleur des mondes possibles") and that "everything is for the best" ("tout est au mieux"); the same thought varies in other chapters of the novel. In Candida, Leibniz's theory of "pre-established harmony" is ridiculed, and the cited quotations parody Leibniz's statement in Theodicy (1710); "God would not have created the world if it were not the best possible."
Uncle Sam (Himself).
That's what the US is called. There is an explanation that this name came from the nickname that a certain Samuel Wilson, a native of New York, who settled in the late 18th century, received. in Troy, on the Hudson River; the locals called him "Uncle Sam" (according to another transcription - Sam). During the second Anglo-American war (1812-1814), Wilson, who was very popular, served as an inspector of provisions in the army supply authorities. On boxes of food sent to the army, Wilson put the letters U.S. i.e. United States-United States. The Americans deciphered these letters as Uncle Sam - "Uncle Sam". However, the latest research rejects this interpretation as anecdotal.
If the mountain does not go to Mohammed, then Mohammed goes to the mountain
There are various explanations about the origin of this expression. It is believed, for example, that it goes back to one of the anecdotal stories associated with Khoja Nasreddin, a beloved hero of Middle Eastern folklore. Once, when he pretended to be a saint, he was asked by what miracle he could prove it. Nasreddin replied that he told the palm tree to come closer to him and it would obey. When the miracle failed, Nasreddin went to the tree with the words: "Prophets and saints are devoid of arrogance.. If the palm tree does not come to me, I go to it." this story is in an Arabic collection, presumably dated to 1631. Another story is in the notes of the famous traveler Marco Polo (1254-1324), the first edition of which in Latin was published without indicating the place and year; presumably: Venice or Rome, 1484. Marco Polo tells that a certain Baghdad shoemaker undertook to prove to Caliph Al-Muetasim the advantages of the Christian faith and allegedly performed a miracle: the mountain moved towards him at his call. The researcher believes that the European version of this Eastern legend replaced the palm tree with a mountain due to the Christian tradition, which claims that faith moves mountains (I Epistle to the Corinthians, 13.2). Finally, a Turkish proverb is known - a possible source of this expression: "Mountain, mountain, wander; if the mountain does not wander, let the saint wander." The circulation of this proverb is traced back to the 17th century. Finally, already in 1597, the English philosopher Francis Bacon (1561-1626) in his "Moral and Political Essays", in the essay "On Courage" says that Mohammed promised the people to move the mountain by force, and when he failed, he said: "Well! since the mountain does not want to go to Mohammed, Mohammed will go to her."
There is life in the old dog yet.
Quote from N. V. Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" (1842), ch. 9: "There is still gunpowder in the powder flasks? Hasn't the Cossack strength weakened? Are the Cossacks bending?" - "There is still, father, gunpowder in the powder flasks. The Cossack strength has not yet weakened; the Cossacks are not bending yet!"
Yellow press
This expression, used in the sense of base, deceitful, greedy for all kinds of cheap sensationalism, arose in the United States. In 1985, American graphic artist Richard Outcault placed a series of frivolous drawings with humorous text in a number of issues of the New York newspaper "The World"; among the drawings was a child in a yellow shirt, to whom various amusing statements were attributed. Soon another American newspaper - "New-York Journal" - began to print a series of similar drawings. A dispute arose between the two papers over the title to this "yellow boy". In 1896, Erwin Wardman, editor of the New-York Press, published an article in that magazine in which he contemptuously called the two competing newspapers "yellow press."
Since then, the expression has become catchy.
Life is a struggle
The expression goes back to ancient authors. Euripides in the tragedy "The Petitioners": "Our life is a struggle." In the letters of Seneca: "To live is to fight." Voltaire in the tragedy "Fanaticism, or the Prophet Mohammed" puts into the mouth of Mohammed the phrase: "Life is a struggle."
Hot spot.
The expression arose from the "mortuary" prayer: "Rest the soul of your servant in a place of light, in a place of greenery, in a place of peace"; here, as in the Bible (Psalm 22), "hot spot" means: a pleasant, calm, abundant place for everyone. But more often this expression is used ironically, in the opposite sense; especially often in the meaning: a place of drunkenness and debauchery.
Knowledge is power
Expression of the English materialist philosopher Francis Bacon (1561-1626) in Moral and Political Essays, 2, 11 (1597).
Golden youth
So they call the rich aristocratic youth, winding money, burning through life. Initially, this was the nickname of the Parisian counter-revolutionary youth, grouped after 9 Thermidor (1794) around Freron (1754-1802), one of the leaders of the Thermidorian reaction. Led by Freron, the "golden youth" persecuted the last Montagnards. In his journal "Orateur du peuple" on 30 Jan. 1795 Freron says that the nickname "golden youth" originated in Jacobin circles. The French novelist François Xavier Pages (1745-1802) introduced him to the 2nd part of the Secret History of the French Revolution, published in early 1797. Then it was forgotten, but after 1824, thanks to the historical works of Mignet, Thiers, Thibodeau and Prudhomme, it again came into wide circulation.
I'm going to you
According to the chronicle, Prince Svyatoslav, not wanting to take advantage of an unexpected attack, always declared war in advance, ordering the enemy to say: "I'm going to attack you." That is, on you (N. M. Karamzin, History of the Russian State, St. Petersburg. 1842, vol. I, p. 104).
Massacre of the innocents
The expression arose from the gospel legend about the killing of all babies in Bethlehem at the command of the Jewish king Herod, after he learned from the Magi about the birth of Jesus, who they called the king of the Jews (Matt., 2, 1-5 and 16). Used as a definition of child abuse, as well as when jokingly talking about the strict measures applied to them.
Their name is legion
Gospel expression. Possessed to the question of Jesus: "What is your name?" - Said: "Legion", because many demons entered into it "(Luke, 8, 30; Mark, 5, 9). Legion - a division of the Roman army of six thousand people; in the gospel this word is used not in the sense of a certain number, but in the sense of a huge amount; in this sense, the expression became winged.
Search a woman
This expression is used (often in French: "Cherchez la femme") when they want to say that a woman is the culprit of an event, disaster, crime. It became winged thanks to the novel by Alexandre Dumas père (1802-1870) The Mohicans of Paris, which he remade into a drama of the same name (1864). These words in "The Mohicans of Paris" (in the novel, part III, ch. 10 and 11, in the play - d. 2, 16) are a favorite saying of a Parisian police official. Dumas used an expression that was actually used by the famous French police officer Gabriel de Sartine (1729-1801). The idea behind this expression is not new. The earliest version of it is found in the Roman poet Juvenal (c. 43-113 AD); in the 6th satire, he says that "there is hardly a lawsuit in which a woman would not be the cause of the quarrel." In Richardson's (1689-1761) novel "Charles Grandison" (1753), in letter 24 we read: "There is a woman behind these intrigues." In the 2nd chapter of the novel by I. S. Turgenev "Rudin" (1855), the misogynist Pigasov asks about any misfortune: What is her name?
Like a squirrel in a wheel
An expression from the fable of I. A. Krylov "Squirrel" (1833 Look at another businessman:
Busy, rushing about, everyone marvels at him:
It seems to be torn from the skin,
Yes, but everything is not moving forward,
Like a squirrel in a wheel.
This expression is used in the meaning: to constantly fuss, to bother without visible results; be very busy.
Scapegoat (redemption)
The biblical expression (Leviticus, 16, 21-22), which arose from the description of the special rite that existed among the ancient Jews of laying the sins of the whole people on a living goat; is used in the meaning: a person who is constantly blamed for someone else's guilt, who is responsible for others.
It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of heaven.
An expression from the gospel (Matt. 19:24; Luke 18:25). Some gospel commentators mean by the word "camel" a thick ship's rope; others, literally understanding the word camel, under the eye of a needle mean one of the gates in the wall of Jerusalem, very narrow and low. Most likely, this expression is an ancient Jewish proverb, showing the impossibility of achieving something (G. Dyachenko, Complete Church Slavonic Dictionary, M. 1900, p. 209).
Love triangle
This expression is used in the meaning: a married couple and a third person (lover, mistress). In the family problems of bourgeois literature of the XIX century. the theme of the "love triangle" occupied one of the prominent places. Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) touched upon her in the drama "Hedda Gabler" (1890), to which the expression goes back. In the drama (d. 2, yavl. 1), the following dialogue takes place between Hedda and the assessor Brak:
"Marriage. All I want is to have a good, loyal circle of close friends where I can serve in word and deed and be able to come and go like a trusted friend.
Hedda. The owner of the house, you mean?
Marriage (bows). Frankly speaking, better hostesses. And then the owner, of course ... such and such a triangular union in essence is a great convenience for all parties.
Hedda. Yes, I missed the third many times ... "
When Hedda's husband appears, Assessor Brak adds: "The triangle closes."
The Moor has done his job, the Moor can go.
Quote from F. Schiller's drama "The Fiesco Conspiracy in Genoa" (1783). This phrase (d. 3, yavl. 4) is spoken by the Moor, who turned out to be unnecessary after he helped Count Fiesco organize an uprising of the Republicans against the tyrant of Genoa, Doge Doria. This phrase has become a saying that characterizes a cynical attitude towards a person whose services are no longer needed.
Disservice.
The expression is used in the sense: an inept, awkward service that brings harm, trouble instead of help. It arose from the fable by I. A. Krylov "The Hermit and the Bear" (1808) (see. A helpful fool is more dangerous than an enemy).
Honeymoon.
The idea that the happiness of the first period of marriage is quickly replaced by the bitterness of disappointment, figuratively expressed in Eastern folklore, was used by Voltaire for his philosophical novel Zadig, or Fate (1747), in the 3rd chapter of which he writes: the first month of marriage, as described in the book of Zend, is the honeymoon, and the second is the sagebrush month. From Voltaire's novel, the expression "honeymoon", meaning the first month of marriage, has entered many languages, including Russian. Later, this expression was also applied to the initial time of any phenomenon, to that phase in which nothing has yet manifested itself, which later caused disappointment and discontent.
Maecenas
The wealthy Roman patrician Gaius Cilnius Maecenas (born between 74 and 64 BC, d. 8 BC) patronized artists and poets extensively. Horace, Virgil, Proportion glorified him in their poems. Martial (40-102 AD) in one of his epigrams (8, 56) says:
"If there were, Flaccus, Patrons, there would be no shortage of Maroons," that is, Virgils (Vergilius Maro). Thanks to the poems of these poets, his name became a household name for a wealthy patron of the arts and sciences.
Silent means consent
The expression of the Pope (1294-1303) Boniface VIII in one of his messages included in canon law (a set of decrees of church authority). This expression goes back to Sophocles (496-406 BC), in whose tragedy "The Trachinian Woman" it is said: "Don't you understand that by silence you agree with the accuser?"
panic fear
The expression is used in the meaning: unaccountable, sudden, strong fear, covering many people, causing confusion. Originated from Greek myths about Pan, the god of forests and fields. According to the myths, Pan brings sudden and unaccountable terror to people, especially travelers in remote and lonely places, as well as to the troops who rush to flee from this. This is where the word "panic" comes from.
Dancing to someone else's tune.
The expression is used in the sense: to act not according to one's own will, but according to the arbitrariness of another. It goes back to the Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BC), who in the 1st book of his "History" (1.141) tells that the Persian king Cyrus, after the conquest of the Medes, when the Greeks of Asia Minor, whom he previously tried in vain to persuade on his side, and expressed his readiness to obey him under certain conditions, told them the following fable: "One flutist, seeing fish in the sea, began to play the flute, expecting that they would come to him on land. Deceived in hope, he took the net, threw it down and pulled out a lot of fish. Seeing how the fish were fighting in the nets, he said to them: "Stop dancing; when I played the flute, you did not want to go out and dance." This fable is attributed to Aesop (VI century BC). A similar expression is found in the gospel (Mat. 11:17 and Luke 7:32): "We played the flute for you, and you did not dance," that is, you did not want to fulfill our will.
Success is never blamed.
These words are attributed to Catherine II, who allegedly put it this way when A.V. Suvorov was brought to court martial for the assault on Turtukai in 1773, undertaken by him contrary to the orders of Field Marshal Rumyantsev. However, the story about Suvorov's arbitrary actions and about bringing him to trial is refuted by serious researchers and belongs to the realm of anecdotes.
After us at least a flood
This phrase is attributed to the French king Louis XV, but memoirists claim that it belongs to the favorite of this king, the Marquise Pompadour (1721-1764). She said it in 1757 to console the king, dejected by the defeat of the French troops at Rosbach. Often quoted in French: "Apres nous le deluge." It is possible that this phrase is an echo of a verse by an unknown Greek poet, who was often quoted by Cicero and Seneca: "After my death, let the world perish in fire."
Fool bullet, well done bayonet
The aphorism of the great Russian commander A. V. Suvorov from the manual for combat training of troops "The Science of Victory" written by him in 1796 (1st ed. 1800): "Take care of the bullet for three days, and sometimes for a whole campaign, as there is nowhere to take it. Shoot rarely, but accurately; with a bayonet if hard. The bullet will miss, the bayonet will not miss: the bullet is a fool, the bayonet is well done. The same idea is expressed somewhat differently by Suvorov in another aphorism: "One person can stab three with a bayonet, where there are four, and a hundred bullets fly into the air" ("The Testaments of Suvorov", Collection of Suvorov sayings, compiled by K. Pigarev, M. 1943 , p. 17).
The center of the world
In Talmudic folklore, Palestine is in the center of the world, Jerusalem is in the center of Palestine, the temple is in the center of Jerusalem, the holy of holies (altar) is in the center of the temple, and the stone in front of the ark of the covenant is in the center of it. From this stone, which God threw into the sea, the universe began. According to another version, the god closed the hole of the abyss, water chaos with this stone. This medieval idea is also found in the monuments of ancient Russian literature - in the "Conversation of the Three Hierarchs", in the "Journey to Jerusalem of Abbot Daniel". In the spiritual verse "On the Book of the Pigeon" it is said that in Jerusalem - "the navel of the earth" (I. Porfiriev, Ist. Russian Literature, Part 1, Kazan, 1897, p. 314). Figuratively, the expression "navel of the earth" is used ironically, as a characteristic of someone who unreasonably considers himself the center, the main force of something.
Born to crawl cannot fly
Quote from "The Song of the Falcon" by M. Gorky (see O brave. Falcon, you bled to death in the fight against enemies). This poetic formula of Gorky coincides with the final maxim in the fable of I. I. Khemnitser (1745-1784) "The Man and the Cow". The fable tells how a man, having lost his horse, saddled a cow, which "fell under the rider ... no wonder: the cow did not learn to ride ... And therefore it should know: who was born to crawl, he can't fly."
With a sweet paradise and in a hut
Quote from the poem by N. M. Ibragimov (1778-1818) "Russian song" ("In the evening, the red maiden"):
Do not look for me, rich:
You are not dear to my soul.
What do I, what are your chambers?
With a sweet paradise and in a hut!
A helpful fool is more dangerous than an enemy
An expression from the fable of I. A. Krylov "The Hermit and the Bear" (1808):
Although the service is dear to us in need,
But not everyone knows how to take it:
God forbid to contact the fool!
A helpful fool is more dangerous than an enemy.
This maxim is followed by a story about the friendship of the Bear with the Hermit. They spent whole days together. Once Hermit lay down to rest and fell asleep. The bear chased the flies away from him. He drove the fly off his cheek, she sat on his nose, then on his forehead. The bear, taking a weighty cobblestone, ambushed a fly and What strength is there, grab a friend with a stone in the forehead! The blow was so clever that the skull split apart, And Mishin's friend stayed there for a long time!
The expression "helpful bear" arose from the same fable.
Man is a wolf to man.
Expressions from the comedy "Asses" ("Asinario") by the ancient Roman writer Plautus (c. 254-184. BC), often quoted in Latin (Homo homine lupus, or lupus est liomo homini)
Humans tend to make mistakes.
The prototype of this expression is found in the Greek poet Theognis, who lived 500 years BC. e.; he expressed the idea that it is impossible to maintain close friendly relations with anyone if you are angry at any mistake of friends, "since mistakes are inevitable between mortals." In the future, this idea was repeated in different versions: in the Greek poet Euripides (480-406 BC) in the tragedy "Hippolytus" - "everyone is prone to make mistakes"; in Cicero ("Philippi", 12, 5) - "Each person is prone to make mistakes, but no one, except a fool, tends to persist in error." The Roman rhetorician Mark Annaeus Seneca (c. 55 BC - c. 37 AD) says: "To err is human." The church writer Jerome (331-420) in his "Letters" (57, 12): "It is human nature to err." The wording was widely used: "Errare humanum est" - "To err is human."
Vanity Fair
An expression from the poem of the English writer John Bunyan (1628-1688) "The Pilgrim's Progress"; the pilgrim passes through a city, of which he says: "The name of this city is Vanity, and in this city there is a fair called Vanity Fair." The English novelist Thackeray (1811-1863) took the expression "Vanity Fair" as the title of his satirical novel (1848), in which he portrayed the mores of bourgeois society. This expression is used as a characteristic of the social environment, the main stimulus of which is vanity and careerism.
1. Reach the handle
In ancient Rus', kalachi was baked in the shape of a castle with a round bow. Citizens often bought kalachi and ate them right on the street, holding this bow, or handle. For reasons of hygiene, the pen itself was not used for food, but was given to the poor or thrown to be eaten by dogs. According to one version, they said about those who did not disdain to eat it: it reached the handle. And today the expression “to reach the handle” means to completely sink, to lose human appearance.
2. Bosom friend
The old expression "pour over the Adam's apple" meant "get drunk", "drink alcohol." Hence the phraseological unit “bosom friend” was formed, which today is used to refer to a very close friend.
3. Pour in the first number
In the old days, schoolchildren were often flogged, often without any fault of the punished. If the mentor showed particular zeal, and the student got hit especially hard, he could be released from further vices in the current month, up to the first day of the next month. This is how the expression "pour on the first number" arose.
4. Get into trouble
Prosak used to be a special machine for weaving ropes and ropes. It had a complex structure and twisted strands so strongly that getting clothes, hair, beard into it could cost a person life. It was from such cases that the expression “get into a mess” came about, which today means to be in an awkward position.
5. The latest Chinese warning
In the 1950s and 1960s, American aircraft often violated Chinese airspace for the purpose of reconnaissance. The Chinese authorities recorded every violation and each time sent a "warning" to the United States through diplomatic channels, although no real action followed, and such warnings were counted by the hundreds. This policy has given rise to the expression "the last Chinese warning", meaning threats without consequences.
6. Hang dogs
When a person is blamed, accused of something, you can hear the expression: "They hang dogs on him." At first glance, this phrase is absolutely illogical. However, it is not associated with an animal at all, but with another meaning of the word "dog" - burr, thorn - now almost unused.
7. Silent glanders
The word sape means "hoe" in French. In the 16th-19th centuries, the term "sapa" meant a way to open a trench, ditch or tunnel to approach the fortifications. Gunpowder bombs were sometimes planted in the tunnels to the castle walls, and the specialists trained to do this were called sappers. And from the secretive digging of tunnels came the expression "sleep glanders", which today is used to denote cautious and inconspicuous actions.
8. Big bump
The most experienced and strong hauler, walking in the strap first, was called a bump. This has evolved into the expression "big shot" to refer to an important person.
9. The case burned out
Previously, if a court case disappeared, then a person could not be legally charged. Cases often burned down: either from a fire in the wooden buildings of the courts, or from deliberate arson for a bribe. In such cases, the defendants said: "The case burned out." Today, this expression is used when we talk about the successful completion of a major undertaking.
10. Leave in English
When someone leaves without saying goodbye, we use the expression "left in English." Although in the original this idiom was invented by the British themselves, but it sounded like "to take French leave" ("leave in French"). It appeared during the Seven Years' War in the 18th century as a mockery of French soldiers who arbitrarily left the location of the unit. Then the French copied this expression, but in relation to the British, and in this form it was fixed in the Russian language.
11. Blue blood
The Spanish royal family and nobility prided themselves on the fact that, unlike the common people, they traced their ancestry to the West Goths and never mixed with the Moors who entered Spain from Africa. Unlike the dark-skinned commoners, blue veins stood out on the pale skin of the upper class, and therefore they called themselves sangre azul, which means "blue blood". Hence, this expression for the designation of the aristocracy penetrated into many European languages, including Russian.
12. No brainer
The source of the expression “And a no-brainer” is a poem by Mayakovsky (“It is clear even to a hedgehog - / This Petya was a bourgeois”). It became widespread first in the Strugatsky story "The Land of Crimson Clouds", and then in Soviet boarding schools for gifted children. They recruited teenagers who had two years left to study (grades A, B, C, D, E) or one year (grades E, F, I). The students of the one-year stream were called “hedgehogs”. When they came to the boarding school, two-year students were already ahead of them in a non-standard program, so at the beginning of the school year, the expression "no brainer" was very relevant.
13. Wash the bones
The Orthodox Greeks, as well as some Slavic peoples, had a custom of secondary burial - the bones of the deceased were removed, washed with water and wine and put back. If the corpse was found undecayed and swollen, this meant that during his lifetime this person was a sinner and he was cursed to come out of the grave at night in the form of a ghoul, vampire, ghoul and destroy people. Thus, the rite of washing the bones was needed to make sure that there was no such spell.
14. The highlight of the program
The opening of the Eiffel Tower, which looked like a nail, was timed to coincide with the 1889 World Exhibition in Paris, which caused a sensation. Since then, the expression "highlight of the program" has entered the language.
15. Not by washing, so by skating
In the old days, village women, after washing, “rolled” the laundry with the help of a special rolling pin. Well-rolled linen turned out to be wrung out, ironed and clean, even if the washing was not of very high quality.
: History is not a teacher, but a warden, magistra vitae: she does not teach anything, but only punishes for ignorance of the lessons.
