The novel is based on the memoirs of the fifty-year-old nobleman Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, written by him during the reign of Emperor Alexander and dedicated to the “Pugachevshchina”, in which the seventeen-year-old officer Pyotr Grinev, due to a “strange chain of circumstances”, took an involuntary part.
Pyotr Andreevich recalls his childhood with slight irony, the childhood of a noble undergrowth. His father, Andrey Petrovich Grinev, in his youth “served under Count Munnich and retired as prime minister in 17 .... Since then, he lived in his Simbirsk village, where he married the girl Avdotya Vasilyevna Yu., the daughter of a poor local nobleman. The Grinev family had nine children, but all Petrusha's brothers and sisters "died in infancy." “Mother was still my belly,” recalls Grinev, “as I was already enrolled in the Semyonovsky regiment as a sergeant.”
From the age of five, Petrusha has been looked after by the stirrup Savelich, “for sober behavior” granted to him as uncles. “Under his supervision, in the twelfth year, I learned Russian literacy and could very sensibly judge the properties of a greyhound male.” Then a teacher appeared - the Frenchman Beaupré, who did not understand the "meaning of this word", since he was a hairdresser in his own country, and a soldier in Prussia. Young Grinev and the Frenchman Beaupré quickly got along, and although Beaupré was contractually obliged to teach Petrusha "in French, German and all sciences", he preferred to soon learn from his student "to chat in Russian." Grinev's upbringing ends with the expulsion of Beaupre, convicted of debauchery, drunkenness and neglect of the duties of a teacher.
Until the age of sixteen, Grinev lives "undersized, chasing pigeons and playing leapfrog with the yard boys." In the seventeenth year, the father decides to send his son to the service, but not to St. Petersburg, but to the army "to smell gunpowder" and "pull the strap." He sends him to Orenburg, instructing him to serve faithfully "to whom you swear", and to remember the proverb: "take care of the dress again, and honor from youth." All the "brilliant hopes" of the young Grinev for a cheerful life in St. Petersburg collapsed, "boredom in the deaf and distant side" awaited ahead.
Approaching Orenburg, Grinev and Savelich fell into a snowstorm. A random person who met on the road leads a wagon lost in a snowstorm to a litter. While the wagon was “quietly moving” towards the dwelling, Pyotr Andreevich had a terrible dream in which the fifty-year-old Grinev sees something prophetic, connecting it with the “strange circumstances” of his later life. A man with a black beard lies in the bed of Father Grinev, and mother, calling him Andrei Petrovich and “an imprisoned father,” wants Petrusha to “kiss his hand” and ask for blessings. A man swings an ax, the room is filled with dead bodies; Grinev stumbles over them, slips in bloody puddles, but his "terrible man" "calls affectionately", saying: "Do not be afraid, come under my blessing."
In gratitude for the rescue, Grinev gives the “counselor”, dressed too lightly, his hare coat and brings a glass of wine, for which he thanks him with a low bow: “Thank you, your honor! God bless you for your goodness." The appearance of the “counselor” seemed “wonderful” to Grinev: “He was about forty, medium height, thin and broad-shouldered. Gray hair showed in his black beard; living large eyes and ran. His face had a rather pleasant, but roguish expression.
The Belogorsk fortress, where Grinev was sent to serve from Orenburg, meets the young man not with formidable bastions, towers and ramparts, but turns out to be a village surrounded by a wooden fence. Instead of a brave garrison - disabled people who do not know where the left and where the right side is, instead of deadly artillery - an old cannon clogged with garbage.
The commandant of the fortress Ivan Kuzmich Mironov is an officer "from soldiers' children", an uneducated man, but an honest and kind one. His wife, Vasilisa Egorovna, manages him completely and looks at the affairs of the service as if they were her own business. Soon, Grinev becomes “native” to the Mironovs, and he himself “invisibly ‹…› became attached to a good family.” In the daughter of the Mironovs, Masha, Grinev "found a prudent and sensitive girl."
The service does not burden Grinev, he became interested in reading books, practicing translations and writing poetry. At first, he becomes close to Lieutenant Shvabrin, the only person in the fortress who is close to Grinev in terms of education, age and occupation. But soon they quarrel - Shvabrin mockingly criticized the love "song" written by Grinev, and also allowed himself dirty hints about the "custom and customs" of Masha Mironova, to whom this song was dedicated. Later, in a conversation with Masha, Grinev will find out the reasons for the stubborn slander with which Shvabrin pursued her: the lieutenant wooed her, but was refused. “I do not like Alexei Ivanovich. He is very disgusting to me, ”admits Masha Grinev. The quarrel is resolved by a duel and wounding Grinev.
Masha takes care of the wounded Grinev. Young people confess to each other "in a heartfelt inclination", and Grinev writes a letter to the priest, "asking for parental blessings." But Masha is a dowry. The Mironovs have “only one girl Palashka”, while the Grinevs have three hundred souls of peasants. The father forbids Grinev to marry and promises to transfer him from the Belogorsk fortress "somewhere far away" so that the "nonsense" will pass.
After this letter, life became unbearable for Grinev, he falls into gloomy thought, seeks solitude. "I was afraid to either go crazy or fall into debauchery." And only “unexpected incidents,” Grinev writes, “which had an important impact on my whole life, suddenly gave my soul a strong and good shock.”
At the beginning of October 1773, the commandant of the fortress received a secret message about the Don Cossack Emelyan Pugachev, who, posing as "the late Emperor Peter III", "gathered a villainous gang, made an outrage in the Yaik villages and already took and ruined several fortresses." The commandant was asked to "take appropriate measures to repulse the aforementioned villain and impostor."
Soon everyone was talking about Pugachev. A Bashkir with "outrageous sheets" was captured in the fortress. But it was not possible to interrogate him - the Bashkir's tongue was torn out. From day to day, the inhabitants of the Belogorsk fortress expect an attack by Pugachev,
The rebels appear unexpectedly - the Mironovs did not even have time to send Masha to Orenburg. At the first attack, the fortress was taken. Residents greet the Pugachevites with bread and salt. The prisoners, among whom was Grinev, are taken to the square to swear allegiance to Pugachev. The first to die on the gallows is the commandant, who refused to swear allegiance to the "thief and impostor." Under the blow of a saber, Vasilisa Yegorovna falls dead. Death on the gallows awaits Grinev, but Pugachev pardons him. A little later, Grinev learns from Savelich "the reason for mercy" - the ataman of the robbers turned out to be the tramp who received from him, Grinev, a hare sheepskin coat.
In the evening, Grinev was invited to the “great sovereign”. “I pardoned you for your virtue,” Pugachev says to Grinev, “‹…› Do you promise to serve me with diligence?” But Grinev is a “natural nobleman” and “sweared allegiance to the empress”. He cannot even promise Pugachev not to serve against him. “My head is in your power,” he says to Pugachev, “let me go - thank you, execute me - God will judge you.”
Grinev's sincerity amazes Pugachev, and he releases the officer "on all four sides." Grinev decides to go to Orenburg for help - after all, Masha remained in the fortress in a strong fever, whom the priest passed off as her niece. He is especially worried that Shvabrin, who swore allegiance to Pugachev, was appointed commandant of the fortress.
But in Orenburg, Grinev was denied help, and a few days later the rebel troops surrounded the city. Long days of siege dragged on. Soon, by chance, a letter from Masha falls into Grinev's hands, from which he learns that Shvabrin is forcing her to marry him, threatening otherwise to extradite her to the Pugachevites. Again, Grinev turns to the military commandant for help, and is again refused.
Grinev and Savelich leave for the Belogorsk fortress, but they are captured by the rebels near Berdskaya Sloboda. And again, providence brings Grinev and Pugachev together, giving the officer a chance to fulfill his intention: having learned from Grinev the essence of the matter on which he is going to the Belogorsk fortress, Pugachev himself decides to free the orphan and punish the offender.
On the way to the fortress, a confidential conversation takes place between Pugachev and Grinev. Pugachev is clearly aware of his doom, expecting betrayal, first of all, from his comrades, he knows that he can’t wait for the “mercy of the empress”. For Pugachev, as for an eagle from a Kalmyk fairy tale, which he tells Grinev with “wild inspiration”, “rather than eating carrion for three hundred years, it is better to drink living blood once; and then what God will give!”. Grinev draws a different moral conclusion from the tale, which surprises Pugacheva: “To live by murder and robbery means for me to peck at carrion.”
In the Belogorsk fortress, Grinev, with the help of Pugachev, frees Masha. And although the enraged Shvabrin reveals the deceit to Pugachev, he is full of generosity: “Execute, execute like this, favor, favor like that: this is my custom.” Grinev and Pugachev part "friendly".
Grinev sends Masha as a bride to his parents, and he remains in the army due to his “debt of honor”. The war "with robbers and savages" is "boring and petty." Grinev's observations are filled with bitterness: "God forbid to see a Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless."
The end of the military campaign coincides with the arrest of Grinev. Appearing before the court, he is calm in his confidence that he can be justified, but Shvabrin slanders him, exposing Grinev as a spy sent from Pugachev to Orenburg. Grinev is condemned, shame awaits him, exile to Siberia for an eternal settlement.
Grinev is saved from shame and exile by Masha, who goes to the queen to "beg for mercy." Walking through the garden of Tsarskoye Selo, Masha met a middle-aged lady. In this lady, everything "involuntarily attracted the heart and inspired confidence." Having learned who Masha was, she offered her help, and Masha sincerely told the lady the whole story. The lady turned out to be the empress, who pardoned Grinev in the same way that Pugachev had pardoned both Masha and Grinev in his time.
Year of writing:
1836
Reading time:
Description of the work:
The work of Alexander Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", a summary of which we invite you to read, was written by the famous Russian writer in 1836. This is one of his last works.
In order to more accurately describe historical events, Pushkin went to the Urals, where the Pugachev uprising took place, and talked with the Pugachevites. It is also known that Alexander Pushkin worked hard on The Captain's Daughter, because as many as five versions of the story have survived to this day.
Read the summary of "The Captain's Daughter" below.
The basis of the novel is the memoirs of one person who wrote them when Emperor Alexander occupied the throne. This man is a nobleman, now he is fifty years old, and his name is Pyotr Andreevich Grinev. At that time, which he recalls, he was seventeen years old, and due to very strange circumstances, he became an unwitting participant in the events associated with the "Pugachevshchina". This is what the novel is about.
Grinev is somewhat ironic in his childhood memories. He was a nobleman. His father, Andrei Petrovich Grinev, was awarded the title of retired prime minister, and he remained to live in the village, marrying the daughter of an impoverished nobleman. Petrusha had many brothers and sisters, but none of them survived. Grinev writes that he did not have time to be born, but was already listed as a sergeant in the Semyonovsky regiment.
From the age of five, Petrusha was entrusted with the care of the aspiring Savelich, who, thanks to his sober behavior, began to be called the boy's uncle. Savelich supervised Petrusha's studies well, and he quickly learned both the Russian language with all his literacy, and the tricks of hunting. Soon Grinev got along with a new French teacher, whose name was Beaupre. This same Frenchman in his homeland was engaged in a different craft - cutting his hair, and in Prussia he was in military service. And although Beaupre had a contract, according to which he had to teach the young student French, German and help comprehend other sciences, the Frenchman himself studied Russian with Petrusha. It ended with the fact that Beaupre was convicted of drunkenness, dissolute behavior and failure to fulfill his teaching duties, as a result of which he was expelled.
Pyotr Grinev spends his early years having fun - chasing birds, playing with the neighbor's guys around the yard, chasing leapfrog. But at the age of sixteen, his father took it into his head to send Petrusha to serve the Fatherland. Moreover, it was not about St. Petersburg - it's too simple, but about the army in Orenburg. Let the young man learn what gunpowder is, and “pull the strap.” Of course, Grinev did not like such an idea, because his dreams were about a fun life in the capital, and now boring days were ahead in the deaf and remote Orenburg. Let's continue the summary of "The Captain's Daughter", because the most interesting is just beginning.
Grinev goes to Orenburg together with Savelich, however, at the entrance to the city, they are caught by a strong snowstorm. On the way, they meet a man who helps the wagon get to the floor, and at that time Pyotr Andreevich sees a dream that frightened him, where now Grinev, from the age of fifty, sees some prophetic features. And then he dreamed of a black-bearded peasant, who, according to Petrusha's mother, was "an imprisoned father" and Andrei Petrovich, and he was lying in his father's bed. This same man wants to give the young man a kiss on his hand and then bless him. Then he starts swinging an ax, bloody puddles appear, but he says to the frightened Grinev that there is no need to be afraid, come on, they say, I will bless you.
The wagon gets out of the blizzard thanks to a random leader, and Grinev wants to thank him. Moreover, the counselor is dressed lightly. Therefore, Pyotr Grinev treats him with wine and gives him clothes - a hare coat, to which he hears words of gratitude and respect in response. Grinev remembered his appearance: age - forty years or so, thin build with broad shoulders, medium height, black beard.
In Orenburg, Grinev must find the Belogorsk fortress in order to serve there. But the fortress is one name. There are no formidable bastions, towers and ramparts there. This is a simple village surrounded by a wooden fence. Several disabled people live there, unable to distinguish the right side from the left, and all the artillery is an old cannon, and then garbage is stuffed into it.
The name of the commandant of the fortress is Ivan Kuzmich Mironov. Although he is not educated, he is honest and kind. The wife of the commandant, Vasilisa Yegorovna, took over the management of affairs, and even manages the service independently, as if she were a household. Grinev fits well into the Mironov family, and they consider him almost like a native. The Mironovs have a daughter, Masha, a prudent and sensitive girl in the eyes of Pyotr Grinev.
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Grinev is not at all burdened by the service, on the contrary. He reads a lot, translates and writes poetry. There is a lieutenant Shvabrin in the fortress - the only, in fact, person who is educated in the same way as Grinev, about the same age and does the same. At first, young people get close, but not for long. Soon there is a big fight. It turns out that Shvabrin made attempts to get the location of Masha Mironova, tried to woo her, but the girl refused him. Grinev did not know this, and earlier showed Shvabrin small poems with a love theme dedicated to Masha. The lieutenant, of course, reacted in a peculiar way - he subjected the poems to criticism, and even expressed his opinion about Masha's "morals and customs" with dirty hints. As a result, Shvabrin and Grinev met in a duel in which Grinev was wounded.
During the courtship of Masha for the patient after being wounded by Grinev, the relationship of young people is getting stronger, and feelings of sympathy are mutual. They even confessed this to each other, and Grinev had already decided to ask for the father's consent to the wedding, for which he wrote him a letter. However, the father turned out to be against this marriage, because the Grinevs have three hundred peasants, and the Mironovs are poor - there is only one girl Palashka. The priest's ban is strict, and he even threatens to beat the "nonsense" out of Petrusha's head by transferring him to serve in another place.
Grinev is experiencing this letter from the priest painfully, the environment around him seems dreary and unbearable, he is gloomy, and all the time he wants to be alone. Suddenly, everything changes, because events occur that greatly change his life, as Grinev himself notes in his memoirs. You can’t tell everything in a summary of The Captain’s Daughter, but we will try to convey the essence of the following events accurately.
In October 1773, the commandant received a notice that the Don Cossack Yemelyan Pugachev was impersonating the deceased Emperor Peter III. Having gathered a gang of villains, he caused confusion in the surrounding settlements, destroyed more than one fortress, which is why the commandant must be ready to repel Pugachev's attack if the impostor shows up.
Pugachev is already on everyone's lips, and soon they managed to grab one Bashkir who had "outrageous sheets" with him, but he could not be interrogated, because the poor fellow had his tongue torn out. Everyone is waiting that Pugachev is about to attack the Belogorsk fortress.
In the end, the rebels are announced, but the fortress did not expect to see them so soon. Masha did not even have time to leave for Orenburg. The first attack - and the fortress in the hands of Pugachev. The prisoners must swear allegiance to the impostor, for which they are lined up in the square. Grinev was also taken prisoner. First, the commandant is hanged, who refuses the oath, then Vasilisa Yegorovna is also killed with a saber. Grinev's turn comes, but Pugachev leaves him alive. As it turned out later, mercy was not just like that - Savelyich told Pyotr Andreevich that the very tramp who met them on the way and helped them get out of the snowstorm was Pugachev, and after all, Grinev granted him a sheepskin coat and wine.
In the evening, Grinev is received by the “great sovereign”. He reminds Peter of the mercy shown and asks if he is ready to serve him. However, even here Grinev refuses the robber, because his loyalty belongs to the empress. Moreover, Grinev even honestly admits that he might fight against Pugachev. The impostor is so surprised by the sincerity of the young officer that he decides to let him go. Grinev goes to Orenburg to ask for help - he really wants to save Masha, who has remained in the fortress. Popadya said that this was her niece, so no one touched Masha. But the most unpleasant thing is that now the commandant of the fortress is Shvabrin, who swore to serve the rebel.
Orenburg soon also finds itself surrounded by Pugachev's troops, the siege began, and they refuse to help the Belogorsk fortress. Grinev accidentally reads a letter where Masha writes that Shvabrin threatens to tell the whole truth if she does not agree to become his wife. Unsuccessfully, Grinev asks the military commandant to help, he again refuses him.
Grinev and Savelich have their own plan, so they themselves go to help Masha, but the rebels manage to grab them. By chance, Pugachev and Grinev converge again, and when the impostor finds out the whole essence of the story, he himself is determined to release Masha and punish Shvabrin. While the officer and the invader are driving, they have a candid conversation. It turns out that Pugachev understands that he is doomed, and expects his comrades to betray him. He recalls a Kalmyk tale, from which it follows that it is better for an eagle to drink living blood at a time than to be an ordinary scavenger for years. Grinev and Pugachev look differently at the moral side of this issue, because, according to the officer, it is those who live by robbery that peck at the carrion. Our portal site does not give an assessment, leaving it for the reader to think, read the summary of "The Captain's Daughter" to the end.
Be that as it may, Masha is released, Shvabrin tries to reveal all the cards to Pugachev, but he calmly lets Grinev go, and Pyotr Andreevich decides to send the girl, as his bride, to her parents. The young officer himself is still in the service in order to observe the "duty of honor".
The military campaign ends, but Grinev is arrested, although at the trial he is calm and confident, because he has a lot of excuses. Here Shvabrin speaks with false accusations of Grinev of espionage - allegedly Pugachev sent him to Orenburg. The court accepts these arguments and condemns Grinev, who now, disgraced, must go to Siberia.
Masha acts as a savior, who is determined to ask the queen for mercy, for which she goes to St. Petersburg. In Tsarskoye Selo, when Masha is walking along the paths of the garden, she meets a middle-aged lady. The lady finds out what Masha is doing here and invites her to tell about everything that the girl does. It turns out that this lady is the empress herself, she pardons Grinev in the same way as some time ago Pugachev showed mercy to both Masha and Grinev.
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The historical story "The Captain's Daughter" was first published by Pushkin in 1836. According to researchers, the work is at the intersection of romanticism and realism. The genre is not precisely defined either - some consider The Captain's Daughter a story, others a full-fledged novel.
The action of the work takes place during the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev and is based on real events. The story is written in the form of memoirs of the protagonist Pyotr Andreevich Grinev - his diary entries. The work is named after Grinev's beloved, Marya Mironova, the captain's daughter.
Main characters
Pyotr Andreevich Grinev- the main character of the story, a nobleman, an officer on behalf of whom the story is told.
Maria Ivanovna Mironova- daughter of captain Mironov; "a girl of about eighteen, chubby, ruddy".
Emelyan Pugachev- the leader of the peasant uprising, "forty years old, medium height, thin and broad-shouldered", with a black beard.
Arkhip Savelich- an old man who from an early age was Grinev's tutor.
Other characters
Andrey Petrovich Grinev- Father of Pyotr Andreevich, retired prime minister.
Ivan Ivanovich Zurin- an officer whom Grinev met in a tavern in Simbirsk.
Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin- an officer whom Grinev met in the Belogorodskaya fortress; joined the rebels of Pugachev, testified against Grinev.
Mironov Ivan Kuzmich- captain, father of Marya, commandant in the Belogorodskaya fortress.
Chapter 1. Sergeant of the Guard
The father of the protagonist, Andrey Petrovich Grinev, retired as a prime minister, began to live in his Simbirsk village, married the daughter of a local nobleman. From the age of five, Petya was given to the upbringing of the aspirant Savelich. When the protagonist turned 16, his father, instead of sending him to St. Petersburg to the Semyonovsky regiment (as previously planned), assigned him to serve in Orenburg. Savelich was sent along with the young man.
On the way to Orenburg, in a tavern in Simbirsk, Grinev met the captain of the hussar regiment Zurin. He taught the young man to play billiards, offered to play for money. After drinking the punch, Grinev got excited and lost a hundred rubles. The distressed Savelich had to repay the debt.
Chapter 2
On the way, Grinev dozed off and had a dream in which he saw something prophetic. Peter dreamed that he came to say goodbye to his dying father, but in bed he saw "a man with a black beard". The mother called the peasant Grinev's "planted father", told him to kiss his hand so that he would bless him. Peter refused. Then the man jumped up, grabbed an ax and started killing everyone. A terrible man affectionately called: "Do not be afraid, come under my blessing." At that moment Grinev woke up: they had arrived at the inn. In gratitude for the help, Grinev gave the counselor his hare sheepskin coat.
In Orenburg, Grinev was immediately sent to the Belogorod fortress, to the team of Captain Mironov.
Chapter 3
"Belogorsk fortress was forty miles from Orenburg." On the very first day, Grinev met the commandant and his wife. The next day, Pyotr Andreevich made the acquaintance of officer Alexei Ivanovich Shvabrin. He was sent here "for murder" - "stabbed a lieutenant" during a duel. Shvabrin constantly made fun of the commandant's family. Mironov's daughter Marya liked Pyotr Andreevich very much, but Shvabrin described her as "a complete fool".
Chapter 4
Over time, Grinev found in Mary "a prudent and sensitive girl." Pyotr Andreevich began to write poetry and somehow read one of his works, dedicated to Marya, Shvabrin. He criticized the verse and said that the girl would prefer "a pair of earrings" instead of "gentle rhymes". Grinev called Shvabrin a scoundrel and he challenged Pyotr Andreevich to a duel. The first time they failed to get along - they were noticed and taken to the commandant. In the evening, Grinev learned that Shvabrin had been wooing Marya last year and had been refused.
The next day, Grinev and Shvabrin again met in a duel. During the duel, Savelich ran up and called out to Pyotr Andreevich. Grinev looked around, and the enemy struck him "in the chest below the right shoulder."
Chapter 5
All the time while Grinev was recovering, Marya looked after him. Pyotr Andreevich offered the girl to become his wife, she agreed.
Grinev wrote to his father that he was going to get married. However, Andrei Petrovich replied that he would not give consent to marriage and would even bother to transfer his son "somewhere far away." Upon learning of the answer of Grinev's parents, Marya was very upset, but did not want to get married without their consent (in particular, because the girl was a dowry). From then on she began to avoid Pyotr Andreevich.
Chapter 6
The news came that “the Don Cossack and schismatic Emelyan Pugachev” escaped from under guard, gathered a “villainous gang” and “produced indignation in the Yaik villages”. It soon became known that the rebels were going to go to the Belogorsk fortress. Preparations have begun.
Chapter 7
Grinev did not sleep all night. A lot of armed people gathered at the fortress. Pugachev himself rode between them on a white horse. The rebels broke into the fortress, the commandant was wounded in the head, Grinev was captured.
The crowd shouted "that the sovereign is waiting for the prisoners in the square and is taking the oath". Mironov and Lieutenant Ivan Ignatich refused to take the oath and were hanged. The same fate awaited Grinev, but at the last moment Savelich threw himself at Pugachev's feet and asked to be let go of Pyotr Andreevich. Shvabrin joined the rebels. Mary's mother was killed.
Chapter 8
Marya hid the priestess, calling her her niece. Savelich told Grinev that Pugachev was the same peasant to whom Pyotr Andreevich had given a sheepskin coat.
Pugachev summoned Grinev. Pyotr Andreevich admitted that he would not be able to serve him, since he was a “natural nobleman” and “sworn to the empress”: “My head is in your power: let me go - thank you; you execute - God will judge you; but I told you the truth." The sincerity of Pyotr Andreevich struck Pugachev, and he let him go "on all four sides."
Chapter 9
In the morning, Pugachev told Grinev to go to Orenburg and tell the governor and all the generals to wait for him in a week. The leader of the uprising appointed Shvabrin as the new commander in the fortress.
Chapter 10
A few days later news came that Pugachev was moving towards Orenburg. Grinev received a letter from Marya Ivanovna. The girl wrote that Shvabrin was forcing her to marry him and treated her very cruelly, so she asked Grinev for help.
Chapter 11
Not having received support from the general, Grinev went to the Belogorodsk fortress. On the way, Pugachev's people seized them and Savelich. Grinev told the leader of the rebels that he was going to the Belogorod fortress, since there Shvabrin offends an orphan girl - Grinev's bride. In the morning, Pugachev, together with Grinev and his people, drove to the fortress.
Chapter 12
Shvabrin said that Marya was his wife. But when they entered the girl’s room, Grinev and Pugachev saw that she was pale, thin, and from the food in front of her there was only “a jug of water covered with a slice of bread”. Shvabrin reported that the girl was Mironov's daughter, but Pugachev still let Grinev go with his lover.
Chapter 13
Approaching the town, Grinev and Marya were stopped by guards. Pyotr Andreevich went to the major and recognized him as Zurin. Grinev, after talking with Zurin, decided to send Marya to her parents in the village, while he himself remained to serve in the detachment.
At the end of February, Zurin's detachment set out on a campaign. Pugachev, after being defeated, again gathered a gang and went to Moscow, causing confusion. "Gangs of robbers were outrageous everywhere." "God forbid to see a Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless!".
Finally Pugachev was caught. Grinev went to his parents, but a paper arrived about his arrest in the Pugachev case.
Chapter 14
Grinev, on orders, arrived in Kazan, he was put in prison. During the interrogation, Pyotr Andreevich, not wanting to involve Marya, kept silent about why he was leaving Orenburg. Grinev's accuser, Shvabrin, claimed that Pyotr Andreevich was a spy for Pugachev.
Marya Ivanovna was received by Grinev's parents "with sincere cordiality". The news of the arrest of Pyotr Andreevich amazed everyone - he was threatened with life exile in Siberia. To save her lover, Marya went to St. Petersburg and stayed in Tsarskoye Selo. During a morning walk, she got into a conversation with an unfamiliar lady, told her her story and that she had come to ask the Empress for Grinev's pardon.
On the same day, the carriage of the Empress was sent for Marya. The Empress turned out to be the same lady with whom the girl had spoken in the morning. The Empress pardoned Grinev and promised to help her with the dowry.
According to not Grinev, but the author, at the end of 1774, Pyotr Andreich was released. "He was present at the execution of Pugachev, who recognized him in the crowd and nodded his head to him." Soon Grinev married Marya. "The manuscript of Pyotr Andreevich Grinev was delivered to us from one of his grandsons."
Conclusion
In the historical story of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" both main and secondary characters deserve attention. The most controversial figure in the work is Emelyan Pugachev. The cruel, bloodthirsty leader of the rebels is portrayed by the author as a person who is not devoid of positive, somewhat romanticized qualities. Pugachev appreciates the kindness and sincerity of Grinev, helps his beloved.
The characters that oppose each other are Grinev and Shvabrin. Pyotr Andreich remains true to his ideas to the last, even when his life depended on it. Shvabrin easily changes his mind, joins the rebels, becomes a traitor.
Story test
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captain's daughter summary, captain's daughter movie
Historical novel
Alexander Pushkin
« Captain's daughter"- a historical novel (or story) by A. S. Pushkin, which takes place during the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev. First published without indicating the name of the author in the 4th book of the Sovremennik magazine, which went on sale in the last decade of 1836.
- 1 Plot
- 2 Work on the book
- 3 Walterscott motifs
- 4 Publication and first reviews
- 5 Subsequent reviews and opinions
- 6 Characters
- 7 Adaptations
- 8 Notes
Plot
In his declining years, the landowner Pyotr Andreevich Grinev narrates the turbulent events of his youth. He spent his childhood on his parents' estate in the Simbirsk province, until at the age of 17 his strict father, a retired officer, ordered him to be sent to serve in the army: "It's enough for him to run around girls and climb dovecotes."
By the will of fate, on the way to the place of service, the young officer meets with Emelyan Pugachev, who then was just a runaway, unknown Cossack. During a snowstorm, he agrees to accompany Grinev with his old servant Savelich to the inn. a sign of gratitude for the service, Peter gives him his hare sheepskin coat.
Arriving at the service in the border fortress of Belogorsk, Peter falls in love with the daughter of the commandant of the fortress, Masha Mironova. Grinev's friend, officer Shvabrin, is also not indifferent to the captain's daughter and challenges Peter to a duel, during which he wounds Grinev. The duel becomes known to Peter's father, who refuses to bless the marriage with the dowry.
Meanwhile, "a Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless" flares up. Pugachev advances with his army and captures fortresses in the Orenburg steppe. He executes the nobles, and calls the Cossacks into his army. Masha's parents die at the hands of the rebels, Shvabrin swears allegiance to Pugachev, and Grinev refuses. Savelich saves him from certain execution, turning to Pugachev. He recognizes the person who helped him in the winter, and gives him life.
Grinev does not agree to the offer to join Pugachev's army. He leaves for Orenburg, besieged by the rebels, and fights against Pugachev, but one day he receives a letter from Masha, who remained in Belogorskaya due to illness. From the letter, he learns that Shvabrin wants to forcefully marry her. Grinev, with the help of Pugachev, saves Masha. Later, on a denunciation, he was arrested by government troops. While Grinev is in prison, Masha goes to Tsarskoye Selo to Catherine II and begs for forgiveness for her fiancé, saying that he was slandered.
Book work
The Captain's Daughter belongs to the range of works with which Russian writers of the 1830s responded to the success of Walter Scott's translated novels. Pushkin planned to write a historical novel as early as the 1820s (see "Arap of Peter the Great"). The first of the historical novels on the Russian theme was published "Yuri Miloslavsky" by M. N. Zagoskin (1829). Grinev's meeting with the counselor, according to Pushkin scholars, goes back to a similar scene in Zagoskin's novel.
The idea of a story about the Pugachev era matured during Pushkin's work on a historical chronicle - "The History of the Pugachev Rebellion". In search of materials for his work, Pushkin traveled to the Southern Urals, where he talked with eyewitnesses of the terrible events of the 1770s. According to P. V. Annenkov, “the concise and only in appearance dry presentation, adopted by him in the History, seemed to find an addition in his exemplary novel, which has the warmth and charm of historical notes”, in the novel, “which represented the other side of the subject - the side of the mores and customs of the era.
The Captain's Daughter was written casually, among the works on Pugachevism, but there is more history in it than in The History of the Pugachev Rebellion, which seems like a long explanatory footnote to the novel.
V. O. Klyuchevsky
In the summer of 1832, Pushkin intended to make Mikhail Shvanvich (1749-1802), an officer who went over to Pugachev’s side, the hero of the novel, uniting him with his father, who was expelled from the life campaign after he cut Alexei Orlov’s cheek with his broadsword in a tavern quarrel. Probably, the idea of the work about a nobleman who, due to a personal insult, became a robber, was eventually embodied in the novel "Dubrovsky", the action of which was transferred to the modern era.
Catherine II on the engraving by N. Utkin
Later, Pushkin gave the narrative the form of a memoir, and made the narrator and main character a nobleman who remained faithful to his duty, despite the temptation to go over to the side of the rebels. The historical figure of Shvanvich, thus, split into the images of Grinev and his antagonist - the "frankly conditional" villain Shvabrin.
The scene of Masha's meeting with the Empress in Tsarskoye Selo was obviously suggested by a historical anecdote about the mercy of Joseph II to the "daughter of one captain." The non-standard, “homely” image of Catherine, drawn in the story, is based on the engraving by N. Utkin from the famous portrait of Borovikovsky (performed, however, much later than the events depicted in the story).
Walterscott motifs
Many plot points of The Captain's Daughter echo Walter Scott's novels, as pointed out, in particular, by N. Chernyshevsky. Savelich Belinsky saw the "Russian Caleb". The comic episode with Savelich's score to Pugachev has an analogue in Nigel's Adventures (1822). On the Tsarskoye Selo stage, “the daughter of Captain Mironov is placed in the same position as the heroine of the Edinburgh Dungeon” (1818), A. D. Galakhov pointed out at one time.
In "Rob-Roy" the father calls his son, like Grinev, suddenly deciding that he is in years (you are nearly of age), and immediately sends him from home to Northern England. There is a similar episode at the beginning of "Waverley" - a novel, and later also close to "The Captain's Daughter". Here, in Chapter II, Edward Waverley, promoted to officer, says goodbye to his family and goes to the regiment. Pushkin, like Scott, supplies his hero with a letter of recommendation to "an old comrade and friend", reproducing the very text of the letter (to Baron Bredwardane - to General R.).
D. P. Yakubovich
Both the detailed system of epigraphs from "old songs" and the design of the narrative with an afterword by a fictitious publisher go back to Scott's novels.
Publication and first reviews
The Captain's Daughter was published a month before the death of the author in the journal Sovremennik, which he published, under the guise of notes by the late Pyotr Grinev. From this and subsequent editions of the novel, for censorship reasons, a chapter about the peasant riot in the village of Grineva was released, which was preserved in a draft manuscript. Until 1838, no printed reviews of the story followed, but Gogol in January 1837 noted that it "produced a general effect." A. I. Turgenev wrote on January 9, 1837 to K. Ya. Bulgakov:
Shortly before publication, P. A. Vyazemsky, who had heard the novel in the author’s reading at the Ostafyevo estate, sent Pushkin minor remarks regarding the facts. Pushkin also asked for criticism from Prince V.F. Odoevsky, who answered in a January letter:
Follow-up reviews and opinions
Masha's letter is handed over to the Empress (from a painting of 1861)N. Strakhov noted the similarity of Grinev’s “family notes” with S. Aksakov’s “Family Chronicle” and with the family chronicle genre in general: this is a story about family relationships, “about how Pyotr Grinev married the daughter of Captain Mironov”, where the feelings of the bride and groom are clear from the very beginning and only all sorts of accidents prevent their marriage. However, the combination of historical and family chronicles is also characteristic of the novels of Walter Scott.
Pushkin successfully transferred the motifs traditional for the Walterscottites to Russian soil: “No more than one-fifth of the average novel by Walter Scott. The style of the story is concise, precise, economical, although more spacious and unhurried than in Pushkin's stories,” notes D. Mirsky. In his opinion, "The Captain's Daughter" more than other works of Pushkin influenced the formation of realism in Russian literature - it is "realism, economical in funds, restrainedly humorous, devoid of any pressure."
Discussing the style of the story, N. Grech wrote in 1840 that Pushkin "with amazing skill was able to capture and express the character and tone of the middle of the 18th century." Do not sign Pushkin under the story - “and you really might think that it was actually written by some old man who was an eyewitness and hero of the events described, the story is so naive and artless,” F. Dostoevsky agreed with him. An enthusiastic review was left about the novel by N.V. Gogol:
Foreign critics are far from being as unanimous in their enthusiasm for The Captain's Daughter as the Russians. In particular, a harsh review of the work is attributed to the Irish writer James Joyce:
Characters
Masha and Grinev. Drawing by P. P. Sokolov.- Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, a 17-year-old undergrowth, from childhood recorded in the guards of the Semyonovsky regiment, during the events described in the story - an ensign. It is he who leads the story for his descendants during the reign of Alexander I, sprinkling the story with old-fashioned maxims. The draft version contained an indication that Grinev died in 1817. According to Belinsky, this is an "insignificant, insensitive character" that the author needs as a relatively impartial witness to Pugachev's actions.
- colorful figure Emeliana Pugacheva, in which M. Tsvetaeva saw the "single character" of the story, somewhat obscures the colorless Grinev. P. I. Tchaikovsky for a long time nurtured the idea of an opera based on The Captain’s Daughter, but abandoned it because of fears that the censorship “would find it difficult to miss such a stage performance, from which the viewer leaves completely fascinated by Pugachev,” because he was taken from Pushkin “in essence of a surprisingly likable villain."
- Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin, Grinev's antagonist, is "a young officer of short stature with a swarthy and remarkably ugly face" and hair that is "black as pitch." By the time Grinev appeared in the fortress, he had already been transferred from the guard for a duel for five years. He is reputed to be a freethinker, knows French, understands literature, but at the decisive moment changes his oath and goes over to the side of the rebels. in essence, a purely romantic scoundrel (according to Mirsky, this is generally "the only scoundrel in Pushkin").
- Maria Ivanovna Mironova, “a girl of about eighteen, chubby, ruddy, with light blond hair, combed smoothly behind her ears”, the daughter of the commandant of the fortress, who gave the name to the whole story. "Dress simply and cute." To save his beloved, he travels to the capital and throws himself at the feet of the queen. According to Prince Vyazemsky, the image of Masha falls on the story with a “pleasant and bright shade” - as a kind of variation on the theme of Tatyana Larina. At the same time, Tchaikovsky complains: “Maria Ivanovna is not interesting and characteristic enough, because she is an impeccably kind and honest girl and nothing more.” “The empty place of any first love,” Marina Tsvetaeva echoes him.
- Arkhip Savelich, stirrup Grinev, from the age of five assigned to Peter as an uncle. He treats a 17-year-old officer like a minor, remembering the order to "look after the child." "A faithful serf", but devoid of moral servility - directly expressing uncomfortable thoughts in the face of both the master and Pugachev. The image of a selfless servant is usually attributed to the most successful in the story. his naive worries about a hare sheepskin coat show traces of the type of comic servant characteristic of the literature of classicism.
- Captain Ivan Kuzmich Mironov, commandant of the Belogorsk fortress, a vigorous old man of high stature. A native of soldiers' children who did not receive any education. Forty years of service gained a reputation as a good officer. At home he wears a cap and a Chinese robe. In everything, he almost obeys the will of a smart and insightful wife. According to Tsvetaeva, "the type is almost comical, if he had not had to die with honor before our eyes." Yu. Aikhenvald notes the spiritual relationship of Captain Mironov with Lermontov’s staff captain Maxim Maksimych and Tolstoy’s captain Tushin: he “best of all embodies this modest greatness, this supreme heroism of simplicity”, which Pushkin grows “from everyday life, from modest and ineffective material ".
- Vasilisa Egorovna Mironova, wife of the commandant, "an old woman in a padded jacket and a scarf on her head", the owner of the only serf girl Palashka. She has a reputation as a "brave lady." “She looked at the affairs of the service as if they were her master’s, and ruled the fortress as precisely as she did her house.” She preferred to die next to her husband rather than leaving for a safe provincial town. According to Vyazemsky, this image of marital fidelity is "successfully and faithfully captured by the master's brush."
Adaptations
The story has been filmed many times, including abroad:
- 1928 - Guards Sergeant ("The Captain's Daughter"), dir. Yuri Tarich (USSR)
- 1934 - Volga on fire (fr.) Russian, dir. Vyacheslav Turzhansky (France)
- 1947 - Captain's daughter (Italian) Russian, dir. Mario Camerini (Italy)
- 1958 - Storm (Italian) Russian, dir. Alberto Lattuada
- 1958 - The Captain's Daughter, a film by Vladimir Kaplunovsky (USSR)
- 1976 - Captain's daughter, teleplay by Pavel Reznikov (USSR)
- 2000 - Russian riot, dir. Alexander Proshkin
- 2005 - The Captain's Daughter, an animated film by Ekaterina Mikhailova
In 1941, Sigismund Katz wrote an opera based on the plot of The Captain's Daughter.
Notes
- "The Captain's Daughter", according to D. Mirsky, is "the only full-fledged and complete Pushkin's novel published during his lifetime."
- "The Captain's Daughter" in Criticism and Literary Studies // Pushkin A.S. The Captain's Daughter. - L.: Science. Leningrad. Department, 1984. - S. 233-280
- The description of the steppe snowstorm was partly borrowed by Pushkin from the essay of the same name by S. Aksakov.
- There is a plot rhyme: just as the main character did not recognize the formidable Pugachev in the counselor, his girlfriend did not recognize the formidable empress in the peaceful old woman. Instead of the inexorable logic of the justice of the fate of the heroes, another miracle of royal mercy leads to harmony.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Mirsky D.S. History of Russian literature from ancient times to 1925 / Per. from English. R. Grain. - London: Overseas Publications Interchange Ltd, 1992. - S. 186-191.
- Petrunina N. N. Pushkin and Zagoskin. ("The Captain's Daughter" and "Yuri Miloslavsky"). - "Russian Literature", 1972, No. 4, p. 110-120.
- 1 2 Hillelson M. I., Mushina I. B. The story of A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter": Commentary. A guide for the teacher. - L .: Education, 1977.
- Annenkov P. V. Materials for the biography of A. S. Pushkin. SPb., 1855, p. 361.
- Speech delivered at the solemn meeting of Moscow University on June 6, 1880, on the day of the opening of the monument to Pushkin. - Rus. thought, 1880, No. 6, p. 20-2.
- Ovchinnikov R. V. Pushkin's notes about Shvanvichi // Pushkin: Research and materials / USSR Academy of Sciences. In-t rus. lit. (Pushkin. House). - L.: Science. Leningrad. Department, 1991. - T. 14. - S. 235-245.
- Petrunina N. N., Fridlender G. M. Above the pages of Pushkin. L., 1974, p. 73-123.
- 1 2 3 Makogonenko G.P. Historical novel about the people's war // Pushkin A.S. Captain's daughter. - L.: Science. Leningrad. Department, 1984. - S. 200-232. - (Lit. monuments).
- Vremennik of the Pushkin Commission, 4-5. M.-L., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1939, p. 487-488.
- Pushkin A.S. Complete Works. L.: Nauka, 1977-1979. T. 6. Artistic prose. pp. 511-559.
- Lib.ru/Classic: Chernyshevsky Nikolay Gavrilovich. Essays on the Gogol period of Russian literature
- Otechestvennye zapiski, 1846, No. 10, dep. 5, p. 66.
- 1 2 3 4 Yakubovich D. P. "The Captain's Daughter" and the novels of Walter Scott // Pushkin: Provisional of the Pushkin Commission / Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Institute of Literature. - M.; L .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1939. - 4/5. - S. 165-197.
- A. Galakhov. About the imitation of our first-class poets. // Russian Antiquity, 1888, No. 1, January, p. 27.
- Letters from Alexander Turgenev to Bulgakov. M., 1939, p. 204.
- Ten years later, Vyazemsky wrote that in the story “the history of the Pugachev rebellion or details about it is somehow more alive than in history itself,” because here “you briefly get acquainted with the situation in Russia in this strange and terrible year.”
- Strakhov N. N. Critical articles about I. S. Turgenev and L. N. Tolstoy. 4th ed. Kyiv, 1901. p. 222-225.
- Grech N. Readings about the Russian language. SPb., 1840, part 1, p. 339.
- Dostoevsky: Articles and materials / Ed. A. S. Dolinina. L., 1924 (in the region: 1925), Sat. 2, p. 526-529.
- Gogol NV Selected passages from correspondence with friends. M., 1847. Ch. XXXI.
- Arthur power. Conversations with James Joyce. Lilliput Press, 1999. ISBN 9781901866414. Page 61.
- draft editions - Basharin, Valuev, Bulanin.
- Belinsky V. G. Full. coll. op. M., 1955, vol. 7, p. 577.
- Tsvetaeva M. I. My Pushkin. M. 1967, p. 138.
- Tchaikovsky P.I. Correspondence with N.F. von Meck. M., 1936, v. 3, p. 529.
- 1 2 Tchaikovsky P.I. Correspondence with N.F. von Meck. M., 1936, v. 3, p. 643-644.
- According to Yu. Oksman, one unwitting Pugachev, interpreted as a villain and a traitor, was needed by Pushkin only as a "lightning rod to provide a positive image of the other from the censorship-police thunderstorm."
- 1 2 Vyazemsky P. A. A look at our literature in the decade after Pushkin's death. 1847. - Full. coll. op. SPb., 1879, v. 2, p. 377.
- Pushkin and Pugachev
- Types of Pushkin / Ed. N. D. Noskov with the cooperation of S. I. Povarnin. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House "Words. lit. types", 1912. - S. 149-153.
- Aikhenwald Yu. Pushkin. 2nd ed. M., 1916, p. 152-153.
| Works by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin | |
|---|---|
| Novel in verse | Eugene Onegin |
| poems |
Ruslan and Lyudmila Prisoner of the Caucasus Gavriiliada Vadim Brothers robbers Bakhchisaray fountain Gypsies Count Nulin Poltava Tazit House in Kolomna Yezersky Angelo the Bronze Horseman |
| Poems |
Poems 1813-1825 (list) Poems 1826-1836 (list) |
| Dramaturgy |
Boris Godunov Mermaid Scenes from chivalrous times Little Tragedies: Miserly knight Mozart and Salieri Stone guest Feast during the plague |
| Fairy tales |
The Groom The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda The Tale of the Bear The Tale of Tsar Saltan The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs The Tale of the Golden Cockerel |
| Artistic prose |
Arap of Peter the Great The history of the village of Goryukhina Roslavlev Dubrovsky The Queen of Spades Kirdzhali Egyptian nights Journey to Arzrum A novel in letters The Tale of an Archer Tales of Belkin: Shot Blizzard Undertaker Stationmaster Peasant Young Lady |
| historical prose |
History of Pugachev History of Peter |
| Other |
List of Pushkin's works Translations of Pushkin from foreign languages |
| Unfinished works are in italics | |
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Captain's daughter Information About
There are times when you need to quickly familiarize yourself with a book, but there is no time to read. For such cases, there is a brief retelling (brief). "The Captain's Daughter" is a story from the school curriculum, which certainly deserves attention, at least in a brief retelling.
The main characters of The Captain's Daughter
Before you get acquainted with the story "The Captain's Daughter" in abbreviation, you need to get acquainted with the main characters.
The Captain's Daughter tells about several months in the life of Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, a hereditary nobleman. He is doing military service in the Belogorod fortress during the peasant unrest led by Emelyan Pugachev. Pyotr Grinev himself tells this story with the help of entries in his diary.
Main characters
Minor characters
Chapter I
Even before birth, Pyotr Grinev's father enlisted in the ranks of sergeants of the Semyonovsky regiment, since he himself was a retired officer.
At the age of five, he assigned his son a personal servant named Arkhip Savelich. His task was to bring him up to be a real gentleman. Arkhip Savelyich taught little Peter a lot, for example, to understand the breeds of hunting dogs, Russian literacy and much more.
Four years later, the father sends sixteen-year-old Peter to serve his good friend in Orenburg. Servant Savelich rides with Peter. In Simbirsk, Grinev meets a man named Zurin. He teaches Peter how to play billiards. Having drunk, Grinev loses one hundred rubles to the military man.
Chapter II
Grinev and Savelich got lost on the way to their duty station, but a passer-by showed them the way to the inn. There Peter examines the guide- He looks about forty years old, he has a black beard, a strong physique, and in general he looks like a robber. Having entered into a conversation with the owner of the inn, they discussed something in a foreign language.
The escort is practically undressed, and therefore Grinev decides to give him a rabbit sheepskin coat. The sheepskin coat was so small for him that it literally burst at the seams, but despite this, he was glad of the gift and promised never to forget this good deed. A day later, young Peter, having arrived in Orenburg, introduces himself to the general, who sends him to the Belgorod fortress to serve under Captain Mironov. Not without the help of Father Peter, of course.
Chapter III
Grinev arrives at the Belgorod fortress, which is a village surrounded by a high wall and one cannon. Captain Mironov, under whose leadership Peter came to serve, was a gray-haired old man, and two officers and about a hundred soldiers serve under him. One of the officers is the one-eyed old lieutenant Ivan Ignatich, the second is called Alexei Shvabrin - he was exiled to this place as punishment for the duel.
With Aleksey Shvabrin, the newly arrived Peter met the same evening. Shvabrin told about each of the captain's family: his wife Vasilisa Yegorovna and their daughter Masha. Vasilisa commands both her husband and the entire garrison. And daughter Masha is a very cowardly girl. Later, Grinev himself gets acquainted with Vasilisa and Masha, and also with constable Maksimych . He is very scared of that the upcoming service will be boring and therefore very long.
Chapter IV
Grinev liked the fortress, despite Maksimych's worries. The soldiers here are treated without much strictness, despite the fact that the captain at least occasionally arranges exercises, but they still cannot distinguish “left” and “right”. In the house of Captain Mironov, Pyotr Grinev becomes almost a member of the family, and also falls in love with his daughter Masha.
In one of the outbursts of feelings, Grinev devotes poetry to Masha and reads them to the only one in the castle who understands poetry - Shvabrin. Shvabrin, in a very rude manner, makes fun of his feelings and says that the earrings are it's a more useful gift. Grinev is offended by this too harsh criticism in his direction, and he calls him a liar in response, and Alexei, emotionally challenging him to a duel.
An excited Peter wants to call Ivan Ignatich as a second, but the old man believes that such a showdown is too much. After dinner, Peter tells Shvabrin that Ivan Ignatich did not agree to be a second. Shvabrin proposes to hold a duel without seconds.
Having met in the early morning, they did not have time to find out the relationship in a duel, because they were immediately tied up and taken under arrest by soldiers under the command of a lieutenant. Vasilisa Yegorovna forces them to pretend that they have reconciled, and after that they are released from custody. From Masha, Peter learns that the whole point is that Alexei had already received a refusal from her, which is why he behaved so aggressively.
This did not cool their ardor, and they meet the next day by the river to bring the matter to an end. Peter had already almost defeated the officer in a fair fight, but was distracted by the call. It was Savelich. Turning to a familiar voice, Grinev is wounded in the chest area.
Chapter V
The wound turned out to be so serious that Peter woke up only on the fourth day. Shvabrin decides to make peace with Peter, they apologize to each other. Taking advantage of the moment that Masha is caring for the sick Peter, he confesses his love to her and receives reciprocity in return.
In love and inspired Grinev writes a letter home asking for blessings for the wedding. In response, a strict letter comes with a refusal and the sad news of the death of his mother. Peter thinks that his mother died when she found out about the duel, and suspects Savelich of the denunciation.
The offended servant shows the proof to Peter: a letter from his father, where he scolds and scolds him because he did not tell about the injury. After a while, suspicions bring Peter to the conclusion that Shvabrin did this in order to interfere with his happiness and Masha and disrupt the wedding. Upon learning that her parents do not give blessings, Maria refuses to marry.
Chapter VI
In October 1773 very quickly rumor is spreading about the Pugachev rebellion, despite the fact that Mironov tried to keep it a secret. The captain decides to send Maksimych to reconnaissance. Maksimych returns two days later and reports that among the Cossacks an unrest of great strength is rising.
At the same time, Maksimych was informed that he went over to the side of Pugachev and incited the Cossacks to revolt. Maksimych is arrested, and in his place they put the person who denounced him - the baptized Kalmyk Yulai.
Further events pass very quickly: constable Maksimych escapes from custody, one of Pugachev's people is taken prisoner, but he cannot be asked about anything, because he does not have a language. The neighboring fortress is captured, and very soon the rebels will be under the walls of this fortress. Vasilisa and her daughter go to Orenburg.
Chapter VII
The next morning, a bunch of fresh news reaches Grinev: the Cossacks left the fortress, capturing Yulai; Masha did not have time to reach Orenburg and the road was blocked. By order of the captain, the rioters' sentinels are shot from a cannon.
Soon the main army of Pugachev appears, led by Emelyan himself, smartly dressed in a red caftan and riding a white horse. Four traitorous Cossacks offer to surrender, recognizing Pugachev as ruler. They throw Yulai's head over the fence, which falls at Mironov's feet. Mironov gives the order to shoot, and one of the negotiators is killed, the rest manage to escape.
The fortress begins to be stormed, and Mironov says goodbye to his family and gives his blessing to Masha. Vasilisa leads her terrified daughter away. The commandant fires one cannon, gives the order to open the gate, and then rushes into battle.
The soldiers are in no hurry to run after the commander, and the attackers manage to break into the fortress. Grinev is taken prisoner. A large gallows is being built on the square. A crowd gathers around, many greet the rioters with joy. The impostor, sitting on an armchair in the commandant's house, takes oaths from the prisoners. Ignatich and Mironov are hanged for refusing to take the oath.
The queue reaches Grinev, and he notices among the rebels Shvabrin. When Peter is escorted to the gallows to be executed, Savelich unexpectedly falls at Pugachev's feet. Somehow he manages to beg pardon for Grinev. When Vasilisa was taken out of the house, she, seeing her dead husband, emotionally calls Pugachev - "a runaway convict." She is immediately killed for it.
Chapter VIII
Peter began to look for Masha. The news was disappointing - she lies unconscious with the priest's wife, who tells everyone that this is her seriously ill relative. Peter returns to the old ransacked apartment and learns from Savelich how he managed to persuade Pugachev to let Peter go.
Pugachev is the same passer-by whom they met when they got lost and presented a rabbit coat. Pugachev invites Peter to the commandant's house, and he eats there with the rebels at the same table.
During dinner, he manages to overhear how the military council is making plans to go to Orenburg. After dinner, Grinev and Pugachev have a conversation where Pugachev again demands to take the oath. Peter again refuses him, arguing that he is an officer and the orders of his commanders are the law for him. Such honesty is to the liking of Pugachev, and he again releases Peter.
Chapter IX
On the morning before Pugachev's departure, Savelyich comes up to him and brings the things that were taken from Grinev during his capture. At the very end of the list is a hare sheepskin coat. Pugachev gets angry and throws out a sheet of paper with this list. Leaving, he leaves Shvabrin as commandant.
Grinev rushes to the priest's wife to find out how Masha's health is, but very disappointing news awaits him - she is delirious and in a fever. He can't take her away, but he can't stay either. So he has to leave her temporarily.
Worried, Grinev and Savelich walk at a slow pace to Orenburg. Suddenly, unexpectedly, they are overtaken by the former constable Maksimych, who is riding a Bashkir horse. It turned out that it was Pugachev who said to give the officer a horse and a sheepskin coat. Peter gratefully accepts this gift.
Chapter X
Arriving in Orenburg, Peter reports to the general about everything that was in the fortress. At the council, they decide not to attack, but only to defend themselves. After a while, the siege of Orenburg by Pugachev's army begins. Thanks to a fast horse and luck, Grinev remains safe and sound.
In one of these sorties, he intersects with Maksimych. Maksimych gives him a letter from Masha, which says that Shvabrin kidnapped her and forcibly forces her to marry him. Grinev runs to the general and asks for a company of soldiers to liberate the Belgorod fortress, but the general refuses him.
Chapter XI
Grinev and Savelyich decide to flee from Orenburg and without any problems go towards the Bermuda settlement, which was occupied by Pugachev's people. After waiting for the night, they decide to go around the settlement in the dark, but they are caught by a detachment of sentinels. He miraculously manages to escape, but Savelich, unfortunately, does not.
Therefore, Peter returns for him and is subsequently captured. Pugachev finds out why he fled from Orenburg. Peter informs him about the tricks of Shvabrin. Pugachev begins to get angry and threatens to hang him.
Pugachev's adviser does not believe in Grinev's story, claiming that Peter is a spy. Suddenly, a second adviser named Khlopusha begins to intercede for Peter. They almost start a fight, but the impostor calms them down. Pugachev decides to take the wedding of Peter and Masha into his own hands.
Chapter XII
When Pugachev arrived to the Belgorod fortress, he began to demand to show the girl who was kidnapped by Shvabrin. He brings Pugachev and Grinev to the room where Masha is sitting on the floor.
Pugachev, having decided to look into the situation, asks Masha why her husband is beating her. Masha indignantly exclaims that she will never become his wife. Pugachev is very disappointed in Shvabrin and tells him to let the young couple go immediately.
Chapter XIII
Masha with Peter go on the road. When they enter the town, where there should be a large detachment of Pugachev’s, they see that the town has already been liberated. They want to arrest Grinev, he enters the officer's room and sees his old acquaintance, Zurin, at the head.
He remains in Zurin's detachment, and sends Masha and Savelich to his parents. Soon the siege was lifted from Orenburg, and the news comes of the victory and the end of the war, as the impostor is captured. While Peter was going home, Zurin received an order for his arrest.
Chapter XIV
In the Court, Pyotr Grinev is accused of treason and espionage. Witness - Shvabrin. In order not to involve Masha in this matter, Peter does not justify himself in any way, and they want to hang him. Empress Catherine, taking pity on his elderly father, changes the execution to serving a life sentence in a Siberian settlement. Masha decides that she will wallow at the feet of the empress, begging to have mercy on him.
Having gone to St. Petersburg, she stops at an inn and finds out that the hostess is the niece of the furnace stoker in the palace. She helps Masha to get into the garden of Tsarskoye Selo, where she meets a lady who promises to help her. After a while, a carriage arrives from the palace for Masha. Entering Catherine's chambers, she is surprised to see the woman she was talking to in the garden. She announces to her that Grinev is acquitted.
Afterword
It was a short summary. "The Captain's Daughter" is a rather interesting story from the school curriculum. A summary of the chapters is needed for.
