Moldovan culture. Moldova and the mutual influence of the cultures of the peoples of the world at the present stage

The first thing that comes to mind at the mention of Moldova is great wine and endless vineyards. Even looking at the map of the country, you can see the outlines of a bunch of grapes. Here the Wine Festival in early October is a national celebration.

On this day, which is held under the patronage of the president himself, festivities are held. People sing, dance, watch performances of folk groups, have fun and, of course, drink wine with amazing taste.

A beautiful ancient legend is associated with grapes and storks (another of the symbols of Moldova). When the Turkish Janissaries tried to conquer the fortress of Gorodeshty, the defenders of the homeland fought to the death. Forces were running out, provisions and water ran out, but the proud Moldavians fought to the last. And suddenly white storks appeared in the sky, they were visible and invisible, and each carried a bunch of grapes in its beak.

The surprised conquerors froze, and the warriors - the defenders of the fortress - were fed up with grapes and continued the battle with a vengeance. The fortress was defended, and the white-winged stork with a bunch of grapes in its beak turned into a symbol of freedom and happiness.

Moldova is an agrarian country, here each farmstead has its own vineyard and cellar for storing wine. The cultivation of vineyards and the production of wine is both a source of income and a tradition that has been preserved for many centuries. Feteasca Alba, Feteasca Regala, Rare Neagre- the most famous varieties of wine that the country produces for export.

Song and dance traditions of Moldova

Doins and Kolindas are the folk songs of the Moldavians, unusually beautiful and melodic, still used in folk ceremonies - weddings, Epiphany, Christmas and many others. The lyricism and smoothness of the doins are especially expressed in female and ensemble singing. Initially, they were the tunes of shepherds, later they were reborn into one of the symbols of national culture.

Incendiary Moldavian folk dances - zhok, moldovenyaska, chora- known to all. In Soviet times, the Zhok dance group shone on world stages. Now folk dances can be admired at national holidays and art festivals.

The name is inextricably linked with Moldova Evgeniya Dogi- Soviet composer, author of the beautiful "Waltz" from the film "My Sweet and Tender Beast" and many other works. The Moldovan singer Nadezhda Chepraga, a popular performer of pop and national songs in her time, was brought up on folk tunes and the unique traditions of song culture.

Song and dance rituals of Moldovans are carefully and lovingly preserved as the greatest value. Until now, they can be seen - for example, at the celebration of a wedding. Folk music creates a joyful, uplifting mood. Both the newlyweds, and parents, and guests are happy to participate in singing, dancing to the music played on folk instruments (fluer, nai, cymbals, kobza).

One of the most beautiful traditions of Moldova is the spring holiday of Martisor. It is celebrated on the first day of spring and is also associated with a folk legend. Spring, coming into its own, cleared the ground of snow to help the first flower, the snowdrop, break through. Winter, not wanting to give way, got angry and sent a blizzard on the beautiful Spring. She, protecting the snowdrop from the wind, scratched herself on the thorns of the blackthorn. Drops of blood fell on the snow.

Martisors, woven from threads of red and white, are considered a symbol of the holiday. They are given to each other by the inhabitants of Moldova in honor of the onset of spring. These delicate decorations are worn for a whole month, and at the end of March they are hung on trees in the forest, while making cherished wishes. It is believed that they always come true.

Folk crafts

The oldest craft of Moldova - pottery - has earned recognition in many parts of Europe. Handmade ceramics is decorated with national ornaments and drawings depicting animals and plants. Pots and other earthenware are widely used in Moldavian cuisine; baked vegetables and meat are especially tasty.

Moldovan wood carving masters create delightful patterned souvenirs and interior items. It is also common to decorate wooden buildings with carvings. The houses in Calarasi, Rezina and Straseni regions of Moldova are especially beautiful.

Carpets and national embroidery are another type of needlework that the people of the country are proud of. Carpets decorated with flowers are completely smooth to the touch. This speaks of the high skill of Moldovan needlewomen. Embroidered products are real works of art. You can admire them in the Chisinau Museum of Local Lore.

Each nation has its own unique traditions and customs. Moldova is a country with a special flavor, its cultural heritage is distinguished by bright colors and a sunny mood.

Traditions and customs of the inhabitants of the Moldovan land, rooted deep in the past, are sacredly preserved and passed down from generation to generation.

Hospitality is a hallmark of the Moldovan people. It is customary to greet guests with bread - salt and a glass of good wine.

Each village in Moldova honors a certain saint, who is their patron, and in connection with this they celebrate the Temple of the village / city. On this day, all houses are cleaned and tables are laid.

The hostesses prepare delicious dishes: sermalutse moldovenesti (stuffed cabbage), kyrnacei, mititei, vertuts, pies, hominy, cheese and many others.

The owner takes out his best wines from the cellar and treats his relatives and friends. In the national game trynte, the strongest is determined, who receives the main prize - a ram. The choir unites all - a collective dance.

Capital Chisinau celebrates its birthday on the Intercession of the Mother of God - October 14th. In the morning, divine services are held in all churches, and then festivities are held on the streets of the city. On the same days - the second Sunday of October - the national tradition of celebrating the Day of Wine is officially legalized in Moldova.

Winemakers from all over the country come to the central square to treat their young wine, and the best one is determined at the competition. Guests from many countries of the world come to participate in this holiday.

Autumn in Moldova is rich not only in harvest, but also in weddings. Many newlyweds prefer to create families at this time of the year.

The customs of the Moldavian wedding are aimed at creating a strong family, for this purpose, the newlyweds choose the planted parents - nanash and nanash, for whom they become fins. In the future, Nanashi are the mentors of a young family, and they, in turn, should listen to their advice, visit, and congratulate them on the holidays.

The ritual of giving gifts to newlyweds, according to folk tradition, is called Masa Mare (Big Table). Each guest with congratulations and wishes publicly announces his gift. Imprisoned parents set an example and, as a rule, give the most significant gift.

With the birth of a child - Moldova, mostly an Orthodox country - he is baptized, choosing godparents and celebrating kumetriya (christening). All godfathers, and there can be up to 50 of them, receive kalachi from their parents and, in turn, give gifts to the baby.

Since ancient times, all Moldovans have been united by the holiday of Martisor, which is celebrated with the arrival of spring - March 1. Everyone, young and old, gives each other red and white handmade jewelry in the form of two woven threads with flowers at the end.

Martisor is worn for a month, attached to clothes, on the left side of the chest. At the end of the month, they take it off, make a wish and hang it on a tree.

On national holidays celebrated in many countries of the world, the Moldovan people added their own color. So on the first day of the New Year, it is customary to scatter grain in houses as a symbol of the future rich harvest; at Christmas, children go from house to house, sing carols, wishing peace and prosperity, and receive sweets in return.

All relatives are united by the Memorial Day, which is celebrated a week after Easter. Families gather in the parental home, visit the graves of relatives and friends and commemorate the dead, honoring their memory.

Plan:

Introduction

• 1. History
  • 1.1 Middle Ages
  • 1.2 19th century
  • 1.3 Bessarabia within Romania
  • 1.4 Moldavian ASSR
  • 1.5 Moldavian SSR
    • 1.5.1 Music
• 2 Modern Moldova
  • 2.1 Historical outline
  • 2.2 Church building
  • 2.3 Cinematography
  • 2.4 Music
  • 2.5 Languages
  • 2.6 art
  • 2.7 Humor
  • 2.8 Press
  • 2.9 Holidays
  • 2.10 National cuisine
  • 2.11 Tales
  • 2.12 Winemaking
• 3 Notable cultural figures associated with Moldova

Introduction

Culture of Moldova- the culture of the Moldavian Principality, later Bessarabia and Zaprut Moldova, the Moldavian ASSR, the Moldavian SSR, the modern Republic of Moldova and the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. Moldavian culture is inextricably linked with the peoples inhabiting Moldavia (primarily with the Moldavian people), with the Moldavian language and other languages ​​​​of Moldavia, is in interaction with the cultures of Romania, Ukraine and Russia, as well as other countries neighboring Moldova.

1. History

The development of the culture of Moldova is closely connected with history. It was influenced by Romanesque roots dating back to the 2nd century AD, to the period of the Roman colonization of Dacia. As a result, the majority of the population of modern Moldova, the Moldovans, being the descendants of immigrants to this region from the Prut (starting from the 14th century), have a common ethnicity with the Romanians. The formation of Moldavian culture took place in the Middle Ages with the emergence of the Moldavian principality. It was formed in the conditions of contacts with the East Slavic (Old Russian) population, and later under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. In 1812, the territory of modern Moldova was liberated from Ottoman domination and included in the Bessarabian province of the Russian Empire, which had a great influence on the development of the culture of the region. After the October Revolution in 1918, Bessarabia was ceded to Romania for 22 years, and the Moldavian ASSR was formed on the left bank of the Dniester, as a result of which, for some time, the development of culture in them evolved differently.

During the years of the existence of the MSSR, the rapid development of culture began, the film studio "Moldova-Film" was created, education developed, etc. The collapse of the USSR and gaining independence led to the strengthening of the national Moldavian component in the modern culture of Moldova.

1.1. Middle Ages

Church of St. Theodore Tiron (Chuflya), Chisinau, Moldova, 1858

The local population began to identify themselves broadly under the name "Moldovans" by the fourteenth century. One of the oldest sources certifying the appearance of the ethnonym "Moldovan" is the pastoral ballad "Mioritsa". Another example of Moldavian medieval creativity is the legend about the founding of the Moldavian Principality. Doins, kolindas, ureturs, snoaves were common, many of which have survived to this day. The majority of the population of medieval Moldova professed Orthodoxy, which led to cultural ties with other Orthodox peoples living on the territory of modern Romania and Ukraine. Byzantine-South Slavic writing influenced the Moldavian-Slavic chronicles, while Polish historiography influenced the official chronicle, carried out under the patronage of the Moldavian rulers.

Church of the monastery "Hinku"

Since the development of culture took place in the Moldavian principality in the conditions of a feudal society, it is possible to single out the culture of the ruling class, represented by written monuments and folk culture, which is reflected in folklore and the way of life. The formation of the ideological orientation of the medieval culture of Moldova took place in two stages. In the first, pre-Ottoman period (XIV - first half of the XVI centuries), the ideological necessity of creating a strong centralized and independent state was manifested in culture. The Ottoman period is characterized by the development of the idea of ​​struggle for the overthrow of the Turkish yoke and gaining independence.

Of the medieval Moldavian chroniclers, Grigore Ureche, Ion Neculce, Miron and Nikolai Costin are known.

The first books (in the form of religious texts) appeared in Moldavia in the middle of the seventeenth century under the reign of Vasil Lupu with the participation of Metropolitan Varlaam and with the help of Moscow, Kiev and Lvov, from where printing equipment and paper were brought.

1.2. 19th century

Mihai Eminescu, national Romanian and Moldovan poet

After the accession of Bessarabia to Russia, communication with the Zaprut Moldavia, which remained under Ottoman rule, was not completely interrupted. This is especially true in literature. In the 19th century, such writers as Gheorghe Asachi, Alexandru Donici, Constantin Negruzzi, Alecu Russo, Mihai Kogalniceanu, Vasile Alexandri, Constantin Stamati and many others worked. The works of Derzhavin, Zhukovsky, Lermontov, Karamzin, Pushkin were translated into Moldovan.

Starting from the nineteenth century, the Frenchization of Romanian literature and art began, which enriched the culture and brought it closer to Western European. This process also took place in Zaprut Moldova, which was part of Romania, but in Bessarabia it went to a much lesser extent.

During 1812-1917, when Bessarabia became part of the Russian Empire, Moldavian culture drew a lot from Russian culture. If before 1812 secular education was not widespread in Bessarabia, then after 1812 a state education system began to take shape: elementary schools, county schools and gymnasiums began to open in all county cities. By 1858, there were about 400 schools of all types in Bessarabia, where more than 12 thousand students studied. Despite the wide network of educational institutions, literacy in the region remained quite low. By 1897, there were only 15.6% literate (22% men and 8.83% women).

In Bessarabia, the "Russian-Moldovan Primer" (1814), "A Brief Russian Grammar with a Translation into the Moldavian Language" (1819) were developed and published.

In the second half of the 19th century, Ion Creanga, Mihai Eminescu, Bogdan-Petriceicu Hasdeu made their debuts.

1.3. Bessarabia within Romania

After joining Romania, education was reorganized based on the Romanian system. Between 1920 and 1940, the number of elementary schools increased from 1,564 to 2,188, but the number of secondary schools, on the other hand, almost halved from 76 in 1917 to 39 in 1940. Until the mid-1930s there was an increase in vocational schools, but their number dropped from 55 in 1932 to 43 in 1940. In 1930, according to the Romanian census, more than 72% of the population remained illiterate, 86,300 people (3.02%) had secondary education, and 10,800 (0.3%) had higher education.

1.4. Moldavian ASSR

The development of culture in the left-bank regions of Moldova, where the Moldavian ASSR was formed, was influenced both by the struggle between the directions of Romanizers and originalists, and by class ideology. Significant progress has been made in public education. Literacy increased from less than 20% before the revolution to 36.9% by 1926. In 1930, compulsory primary education was introduced, and from the mid-1930s, compulsory seven-year education. A system of vocational education was founded, the foundations of science were laid, higher educational institutions were founded. The Tiraspol Institute of Public Education (1930), the Tiraspol Fruit and Vegetable Institute (1932), and the Baltic Teachers' Institute (1939) were opened. Of the negative trends of the interwar period, one should note severe repressions (the persecution of some writers, scientists and other cultural figures who were declared bourgeois), and the closure of churches.

1.5. Moldavian SSR

Immediately after the accession of Bessarabia to the USSR in June 1940, the Soviet government assumed responsibility for providing universal free education. A network of institutions of public education, printing, book publishing, cultural enlightenment, physical culture and sports was created. By 1941, there were 1896 schools in the Moldavian SSR, 70% of which taught in the Moldavian language. In 1940-41. more than 100 thousand schoolchildren received clothes and shoes for free. The number of teachers has almost doubled in a year. In the autumn of 1940, unions of writers, composers, architects and artists were created, a state philharmonic society was formed, three new theaters and an opera studio were created. In 1940, 138 books were published with a circulation of 1.5 million, of which 1.2 million were in the Moldavian language. 56 newspapers and 3 magazines were published.

The development of culture was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War, but after the end of the war, rapid development began, as a result of which culture became the property of the broad masses of the population.

Meanwhile, the Soviet government was not interested in maintaining the region's close cultural ties with Romania. Representatives of the local Romanian intelligentsia, as well as those that arrived from the regions of the old kingdom after 1918, were forced to emigrate. The rest were expelled or even destroyed, which certainly could not but affect the cultural situation in Moldova. For the development of the sphere of culture, education and science, the Soviet government at the first stage actively attracted qualified specialists from other parts of the USSR. Later, with the help of personnel training in large Soviet scientific and educational centers, a national Moldavian intelligentsia was created.

During the MSSR, the formation of cinema in Moldova began. A film studio "Moldova-Film" was created, producing several full-length feature films a year, not counting documentaries and animated films.

In the Soviet period, the culture of the Gagauz also developed, living compactly in the southern regions of Moldova. An alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet was created, dictionaries, school textbooks, books were published: “Legendanyn easy” (Trace of legends, 1974), “Uzun kervan” (Long caravan, 1985), “Zhanavar yortulary” (Wolf Holidays, 1990) and many others .

Prizes of the Komsomol of Moldova named after Boris Glavan.

1.5.1. Music

In 1940, a state conservatory, a philharmonic society, a music and drama theater, and a secondary music school were opened in Chisinau. The Philharmonic included a symphony orchestra, a choir "Doina", as well as a group of pop artists. The war years saw a fruitful period in the work of the Moldavian composer Stefan Neaga. David Grigorievich Gershfeld, S. B. Shapiro and others worked in the genre of patriotic song.

After the war, musical groups resumed their activities, and the rapid development of music began. Composers such as L. S. Gurov, S. M. Lobel, V. G. Zagorsky, S. V. Zlatov, V. L. Polyakov, G. S. Nyaga, P. B. Rivilis, N. I. Makovei, A. P. Luxembourg, T. V. Kiriyak. D. G. Gershfeld, D. G. Fedov, A. B. Mulyar, Z. M. Tkach, E. D. Doga work in the instrumental concerto genre. Moldavian composers of the Soviet period create numerous rhapsodies, suites, ballads, arrangements of Moldavian folk songs, music for children, romances. Much attention is paid to the development of choral art.

The operas Grozovan by David Gershfeld, The Heart of Dominica by A. G. Styrcha, The Bedbug, Called by the Revolution, and The Dragon by E. L. Lazarev gained fame. The ballets "Dawn" by V. G. Zagorsky (1959), "The Broken Sword" (1959), "Ghosts" (1959), "Antony and Cleopatra" (1965), "Arabesques" (1970) by E. L. Lazarev, "Radd" by D. G. Gershfeld (1975), "Crossroads" by V. G. Zagorsky (1974).

During the Soviet period, much attention was paid to the development of music education. In 1963, the State Institute of Arts named after GV Muzicescu was established, there were three music schools, more than 50 children's music schools, a secondary specialized music boarding school.

The academic ensemble of folk dance "Zhok", the orchestra of Moldovan folk instruments "Fluerash", the ensembles "Codru", "Leutarii", the groups "Noroc", "Contemporanul", "Orizont", "Play" enjoyed great popularity.

2. Modern Moldova

2.1. Historical outline

The collapse of the USSR and gaining independence were accompanied by the announcement of the Romanian language as the only official language, the transfer of writing to the Latin basis, the introduction of the course "History of Romanians" into the school curriculum and other similar transformations, which partially caused the Transnistrian conflict. In 1992, a presidential decree was published, according to which in 1994 it was envisaged to conduct an exam on knowledge of the state language for civil servants, and the examiners were given the right to decide on the dismissal of any employee. Later, the Moldovan parliament postponed the language certification. In 1994, a new constitution was adopted, according to which Moldovan was declared the official language of the country, and citizens were given the right to choose the language of instruction for children.

Nai is a longitudinal multi-barreled flute, the national musical instrument of Moldova.

2.2. Church building

The end of the 20th - the beginning of the 21st century is characterized by the massive restoration of temples, cathedrals, churches and monasteries: the Calarasi Monastery, the Caprian Monastery, the Khincu Monastery, the Chisinau Cathedral and many others. Simultaneously with the coming to power of the Communist Party, the previously demolished monuments to Lenin in a number of settlements of the country were restored, and the memorial to the soldiers who fell in the Great Patriotic War was also restored.

big nai

2.3. Cinema

After the collapse of the USSR, due to lack of funds, the activity of the film studio "Moldova-Film" was sharply reduced. New films after 1991 are practically not released. If they do, they are usually small-length short films. At the same time, in 1989, Alexandru Gromov founded the first specialized film newspaper in the republic, Lanterna magica, dedicated to the issues of both Moldovan and world cinema.

2.4. Music

Moldovan music has deep national traditions. It is characterized by the use of such folk musical instruments as nai, fluer, etc. In recent decades, modern musical trends have been developing. Musical rock bands "Zdob şi Zdub" and "Gyndul Mycei", as well as pop singers Aura, Ricky Artezianu and others, become famous in the country and abroad. Cleopatra Stratan, the daughter of the Moldovan singer Pavel Stratan, is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the youngest pop singer. She began performing on stage in 2006 at the age of three. In recent years, Moldova has been participating in the European song contest - Eurovision. In 2005, the group "Zdob şi Zdub" performed for Moldova, in 2006 - Natalia Gordienko and Arsenium. Following Russia and Ukraine, Moldova launched the second edition of the project "Factory de Starur" (analogous to "Star Factory").

2.5. Languages

The Moldavian language is the state language of Moldavia. Russian, Ukrainian, Gagauz, and Bulgarian are also common languages ​​in Moldavia.

The consequence of the Transnistrian conflict was the actual independence of Transnistria, which led to some alienation of cultures on different banks of the Dniester. In particular, Pridnestrovie remained in the Cyrillic alphabet, while the main Moldavia switched to the Latin alphabet. The official languages ​​in Transnistria are Moldovan, Russian and Ukrainian.

2.6. art

Among contemporary Moldovan artists, Stanislav Semyonovich Babyuk and his son, Stanislav Stanislavovich Babyuk, should be noted. They created many paintings of different themes. Many works are in private collections in Italy, Ireland, USA, Russia, Ukraine.

2.7. Humor

In Moldova, humor and laughter are organically merged with the national one, and one can speak of fun and gaiety as a national trait. Moldavia, which was adjacent to other Danubian principalities and for some time was part of Romania, even more than Romania itself, could be called a country not so much of laughter and humor as of joy and fun, so here at every step you meet a beautiful joke and healthy humor, but most importantly - cordial fun.

The traditional characters of Moldovan humor are Pecala and Tyndale.

2.8. Press

In Moldova, many printed publications (magazines, newspapers) are published, the main representatives are:

• "Komsomolskaya Pravda in Moldova"
• "Broker"
• "Independent Moldova"

2.9. Holidays

Among the official holidays of Moldova are New Year, Christmas, Independence Day, National Language Day. A well-known Moldavian and Romanian folk holiday is Martisor (Rom. Mărţişor, from Rum. martie - March) - a traditional holiday of meeting spring, which is celebrated on March 1. The majority of the population celebrates a number of Orthodox holidays, among which Easter, Parent's Day, Trinity are especially widespread. Since the Soviet period, the tradition of celebrating holidays on February 23, March 8, May 1 and 9 has been preserved. Of the new holidays, National Wine Day, celebrated for the first time in 2002, should be noted.

2.10. National cuisine

Moldavian cuisine is the national cuisine of Moldova. Moldova is located in a region of rich natural resources, grapes, fruits and various vegetables, as well as sheep and poultry farming, which determines the richness and diversity of the national cuisine.

Moldavian cuisine was formed under the influence of Greek, Turkish, Balkan, Western European, and later Ukrainian and Russian cuisines, and yet it is distinguished by its originality.

2.11. Fairy tales

Among the numerous Moldavian fairy tales, the Nameless Warrior and Kyrmyza found distribution. Such folklore characters as Fat-Frumos, Ilyana Kosynzyan, Balaur, Baba Dokiya are widely known.

2.12. Winemaking

For a long time, Moldova has been famous for its numerous wines, which are consumed not only in Moldova, but also in other countries. In the 90s, wines were exported to Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Romania, Bulgaria and other European countries. In 2006, due to the suspicion that Moldovan wines contain harmful pesticides, the import of wines into Russia was banned. Currently, negotiations are underway to resume the export of wine products to Russia.

3. Famous cultural figures associated with Moldova

• Peter Mohyla (1597 -1647) - Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and All Rus'
• Dmitry Cantemir (1673-1723) - Moldavian and Russian statesman and historian.
• Doga, Evgeny Dmitrievich (born 1937) - Moldavian Soviet composer.
• Luxembourg, Arkady Petrovich (born 1939) - Moldovan - American composer.
• Chepraga, Nadezhda Alekseevna (born 1956) - Moldavian and Soviet singer.
• Loteanu, Emil Vladimirovich (1936-2003) - Soviet, Moldavian film director, screenwriter, poet.
• Zheregi, Valery Isaevich (born 1948) - Moldavian, Russian Soviet film director and screenwriter.
• Bernardazzi, Alexander Osipovich (1831-1907) - Russian architect.
• Shchusev, Alexey Viktorovich (1873-1949) - Russian and Soviet architect.
• Mednek, Valentin Petrovich (born 1910) - Moldavian architect.

Small Moldova is often simply not noticed on the map of Europe. For some reason, it is believed that Moldova is a kind of "Romania in miniature". To some extent, this is, of course, true. But, nevertheless, Moldova is an independent unique state that any traveler will like. Moldova has medieval monasteries, churches, fortresses, and other interesting sights. In addition, this country has several balneological resorts and, of course, a lot of wine.

Moldova is located in Eastern Europe. In the west it borders with Romania, and in the north, south and east - with Ukraine. The total area of ​​Moldova is 33,846 sq. km., and the total length of the border is 1,389 km.

About 13% of the territory of Moldova is occupied by forests, the highest point of the country is Mount Balanesti, whose height reaches 430 meters.

The capital of Moldova is the city of Chisinau, whose population now totals more than 730 thousand people. The settlement of people on the territory of modern Chisinau appeared in the first half of the 15th century.

In Moldova, the official language is Moldovan, belonging to the Romance language family.

The overwhelming majority of the Moldovan population (over 93%) professes Orthodox Christianity. However, there is also a small number of Protestants in the country (more than 1.9%).

According to the Constitution of 1994, Moldova is a parliamentary republic, the head of which is the President, who is elected by the deputies of the local Parliament. The Moldovan Parliament consists of 101 deputies.

Deputies of the Moldovan Parliament are elected by direct universal suffrage for 4 years.

The climate in Moldova is temperate continental with mild and dry winters and warm summers. The average air temperature in January is from -4C, and in summer +20C. As for precipitation, in the north of Moldova it falls on average 600 mm per year, and in the south - 400 mm.

There are several large rivers in Moldova. These are, first of all, the Dniester, Prut, and Reut. In addition, Moldova has 600 meters of Danube coastline.

As for the lakes in Moldova, there are almost 60 of them in this country. The largest of them are Beleu, Drachele, Manta, and Rotunda.

The first people on the territory of modern Moldova appeared about 6,500 years ago. During the Eneolithic period, Tripoli and Gumelnytsky cultures lived in Moldova. Then Cimmerians, Thracians, and even Scythians lived on the territory of modern Moldova.

At the beginning of the 6th century, the Slavs appeared in Moldova, and in the 10th century, the Cumans. Then a significant part of Moldova became part of the Mongol-Tatar Golden Horde.

Only in 1359 the Moldavian principality was formed, which was dependent on Poland. In 1456, the Principality of Moldavia became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.

In the 18th century, Moldova fell into the sphere of interests of the Russian Empire. As a result of long wars with the Ottoman Empire, after the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace, the Moldavian principality actually became part of the Russian Empire.

In accordance with the Bucharest Peace Treaty of 1812, Moldavia officially became part of Russia, while having greater autonomy. In 1871, Moldavia was transformed into the Bessarabian Governorate within Russia.

In January 1918, Bessarabia declared its independence from Russia. As a result of the turbulent events of the first half of the 20th century, part of Moldova (Bessarabia) was annexed to Romania, and the rest of the country formed the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, within the USSR.

In 1940, under pressure from the USSR, Romania was forced to agree to the annexation of Bessarabia to the Moldavian SSR.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the Moldavian SSR received significant funds from the USSR budget for the development of industry, science, and housing construction. At that time, the standard of living in Moldova was one of the highest in the entire USSR.

In August 1991, Moldova declared its independence. After that, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic was created in Tiraspol, which is now referred to as the so-called. "unrecognized" republics.

Moldova is located at the intersection of Slavic and Latin (Catholic) cultures. Thanks to this, Moldovan culture is very original and unique.

The most popular holidays in Moldova are New Year, Christmas, Independence Day, National Language Day, Martisor (welcome of spring), Easter, Trinity, and National Wine Day.

The holiday "Martisor" is celebrated in Moldova every year on March 1. On this day, Moldovans give each other chains decorated with flowers - Martisors. This means that Spring conquers Winter.

Moldovan cuisine is very similar to Romanian cuisine. At the same time, Russian, Ukrainian, and Turkish culinary traditions also had a noticeable influence on Moldovan cuisine. The main products of Moldovan cuisine are meat (beef, pork), potatoes, cabbage.

For tourists in Moldova, we definitely recommend trying Zama soup, lamb chorba, corn grain borscht, Moldavian schnitzel, hominy (corn porridge), olivanka (a dish of corn, sheep cheese, pork and flour), placinda with a variety of fillings (pastries), sarali with cottage cheese (reminiscent of pies), and much more.

Moldova is famous for its wines. In general, in Moldova there is a kind of cult of wine. Every year on the second Sunday of October, Moldova celebrates the Day of Wine. In addition, Moldovans make several good brands of cognac.

The centuries-old history of Moldova is reflected in a large number of various sights. The top ten Moldovan attractions, in our opinion, include the following:

1. Novo-Nyametsky Monastery
2. Triumphal Arch in Chisinau
3. Wine cellars in Milestii Mici
4. Fortress Soroca
5. Monument to Stephen the Great in Chisinau
6. Monastery of Capriana
7. Memorial complex "Sherpen Bridgehead"
8. Hincu monastery
9. Tipova monastery
10. Causeni Church.

The largest cities in Moldova are Rybnitsa, Balti, and, of course, Chisinau.

There are many thermal and mineral springs in Moldova. Balneological resorts have been built near some of them. So, the mineral springs of the Moldavian city of Cahul were known in the days of the USSR.

, Ukraine and Russia, as well as other countries neighboring Moldova.

1. History

The development of the culture of Moldova is closely connected with the history of the country. She was influenced by Romanian roots, which was the era of the 2nd century AD, the period of the Roman colonization of Dacia. As a consequence, the majority of Moldova's population, Moldovans, share a common ethnicity with Romanians. The formation of the actual Moldavian culture took place in the Middle Ages with the emergence of the Moldavian Principality. It was formed under the conditions of contacts with the East Slavic and Old Russian population, as well as the neighborhood and dominion of the Ottoman Empire. During the 19th century, the territory of modern Moldavia was liberated from the Ottoman and included in the Bessarabian Governorate, which left its mark on the culture. After the October Revolution, Bessarabia ceded to Romania for 22 years, and the Moldavian ASSR was formed on the left bank of the Dniester, as a result of which the development of culture in them evolved in different ways. During the years of the existence of the MSSR, the rapid development of culture began, the film studio "Moldova-Film" was created, science developed, etc. The collapse of the USSR and gaining independence led to the emergence of national motives in the modern culture of Moldova.

1.1. Middle Ages

For many centuries after the departure of the Romans in the year of our era, the population of today's Moldova did not have its own statehood, was under the influence of the Byzantine Empire and neighboring Slavic, as well as Hungarian peoples, and later under a long Turkish yoke.

The local population began to identify themselves under the name "Moldova" before the fourteenth century, but continued to maintain close cultural ties with other Danubian principalities. One of the ancient sources certifying the appearance of the ethnonym "Moldavanin" is the pastoral ballad "Mioritsa". Another example of Moldavian medieval creativity is the "legend about the founding of the Moldavian Principality". Doins, Kolinda, urethra, snoaves were common, many of which have survived to this day. The majority of the population of medieval Moldova professed Orthodoxy, which led to cultural ties with other Orthodox peoples who lived on the territory of modern Ukraine. Byzantine-South Slavic writing influenced the Moldavian-Slavic chronicles, while Polish historiography influenced the official chronicle, which was carried out under the patronage of the Moldavian masters.

Church of the monastery "Hinku"

Since the development of culture took place in the Moldavian principality in the conditions of a feudal society, one can single out the culture of the ruling class, represented by written monuments and folk culture, which is reflected in folklore and in the arrangement of everyday life. The formation of the ideological orientation of the medieval culture of Moldova took place in two stages. In the first, pre-Ottoman period (XIV - first half of the XVI century.) In culture manifested the ideological need to create a strong centralized and independent state. The period of the empire is characterized by the development of the idea of ​​struggle for the overthrow of the Turkish yoke and gaining independence.

From medieval Moldavian chroniclers famous Grigore Ureki, Miron Costin and Nikolai Costin.

The first books (in the form of religious texts) appeared in Moldova in the middle of the 17th century under the master Vasily Lupu with the participation of Metropolitan Varlaam and with the help of Moscow, Kiev and Lvov, from where printing equipment and paper were brought.

1.2. 19th century

Starting from the nineteenth century, the Frenchization of Romanian literature and art began, enriched the culture and brought it closer to the pan-European. Such a process also took place in Zaprut Moldova, which was part of Romania, but in Bessarabia it was much slower.

After the accession of Bessarabia to Russia, the connection with Zaprutsky Moldova, which remained under Ottoman rule, was not completely interrupted. For example, this manifested itself in fiction. In the 19th century, such writers as Gheorghe Asachi, Alexandru Donici, Constantin Negruzzi, Alicu Russo, Mihai Kogelniceanu, Vasile Alexandri, Constantin Stamati and many others worked. The works of Derzhavin, Zhukovsky, Lermontov, Karamzin, Pushkin were translated into the Moldavian language.

In the second half of the 19th century, Ion Creanga, Mihai Eminescu, Bogdan-Petriceicu Hasdeu made their debuts.

1.3. Bessarabia within Romania

After joining Romania, education was reorganized based on the Romanian system. From year to year, the number of elementary schools increased from 1564 to 2188, but the number of secondary schools, on the contrary, almost halved - from 76 per year to 39 in 1940. By the mid-s there was an increase in the number of vocational schools, but their number decreased from 55 a year to 43 a year. According to the Romanian census, more than 72% of the population remained illiterate, 86.3 thousand people (3.02%) had secondary education, and 10.8 thousand (0.3%) had higher education.

1.4. Moldavian ASSR

Of the negative trends of the interwar period, the closure of churches should be noted, which was accompanied by the destruction or loss of many church documents. Criticism of bourgeois nationalism was widespread, and some writers, scientists and cultural figures declared bourgeois were persecuted.

1.5. Moldavian SSR

Although the Soviet government promoted education, it also did its best to sever the region's cultural ties with Romania. Many ethnically Romanian intellectuals either emigrated, or were killed or exiled during or after the German-Soviet War, certainly led to the deterioration of the cultural situation in Moldova. To make up for the losses, the Soviet government developed urban, cultural and scientific centers and institutions, which were subsequently filled with Russian and other non-Romanian ethnic groups.

Immediately after the accession of Bessarabia to the USSR in June of the year, the Soviet government assumed responsibility for providing general free education. A network of institutions of public education, printing, book publishing, cultural enlightenment, physical culture and sports was created. By the year, 1896 schools were operating in the Moldavian SSR, in 70% of which education was conducted in the Moldavian language. In 1940-41, more than 100,000 schoolchildren received clothes and shoes for free. The number of teachers almost doubled in a year. In the autumn of 1940, unions of writers, composers, architects and artists were created, a state philharmonic society was formed, three new theaters and an opera studio were created. In 1940, 138 books were issued with a circulation of 1.5 million, of which 1.2 million were in the Moldavian language. It turned out 56 newspapers and 3 magazines.

The development of culture was interrupted by the German-Soviet War, however, after the end of the war, rapid development began, as a result of which culture became the property of the broad masses of the population.

It was during the times of the MSSR that the formation of cinema in Moldova began. A film studio "Moldova-Film" was created, producing several full-length feature films a year, not counting documentaries and animated films.

In the Soviet period, the culture of the Gagauz also developed, living compactly in the southern regions of Moldova. An alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet was created, dictionaries, school textbooks, books were published: "Legendary easy" (Follows legends), "Uzun kervan" (Long caravan), "Zhanavar yortulary" (Holy wolf) and many others.

1.6. Music

In 1940, a state conservatory, a philharmonic society, a musical drama theater, and a secondary music school were opened in Chisinau. The Philharmonic included a symphony orchestra, a choir "Doina", as well as a group of pop artists. In the autumn of the same year, the first amateur art competition was held. In 1940, a jazz orchestra was organized under the direction of Shiko Aranov during the years of the German-Soviet War, performed in military units and hospitals. The war years saw a fruitful period in the work of the Moldavian composer Stefan Neaga. In 1943-1944 he wrote the symphonic suite "Moldavia", in 1943-44 - "Doina" for coloratura soprano with piano accompaniment and a concerto for violin and symphony orchestra, in - "Poem about the Dniester", dedicated to the struggle of the Moldavian people against the invaders. He also owns choral works based on poems by Emelian Bukov "Chorus of Victory" and "We Carry Victory on Banners". D. G. Gershfeld, S. B. Shapiro and others worked in the genre of patriotic song.

After the war, musical groups resumed their activities, and the rapid development of music began. Stefan Nyaga creates cantatas "Stefan the Great" (1945), "Bessarabka" (1947), "Jubilee" (1949), the oratorio "Song of the Renaissance" (1951). Yevgeny Koka creates string quartets, the symphonic poem "Codry" (1948), the oratorio "Song of Kotovsky" (1950), the composition "New Doina" for voice and an orchestra of folk instruments. Composers such as L. S. Gurov, S. M. Lobelya, V. R. Zagorsky, V. L. Polyakov, G. S. Nyaga, P. B. Rivilis, N. I. Makovy, T. V. Kiriyak.

D. R. Gershfeld, D. R. Fedov, A. B. Mulyar, S. M. Tkach, E. D. Doga work in the instrumental concerto genre. Moldavian composers of the Soviet period create numerous rhapsodies, suites, ballads, arrangements of Moldavian folk songs, music for children, romances. Much attention is paid to the development of choral art.

The genres of opera and ballet are not bypassed. The Moldavian historical-legendary opera "Grozovan" () by David Gershfeld to the libretto of V. A. Russo gained popularity. Gershfeld's opera "Aurelia" (1958) is dedicated to the defenders of the motherland in the Great Patriotic War. Opera A. G. Torchu "Heart of Dominica" () tells about the struggle of the Bessarabia underground for reunification with the Soviet Union. E. L. Lazarev creates the operas The Bedbug (1963) based on the play by Vladimir Mayakovsky, Called by the Revolution (1970), Dragon (1976) based on the fairy tale by Yevgeny Schwartz, the radio opera Pigeons in an oblique line (1976). The ballets "Dawn" by V. G. Zagorsky (1959), "The Broken Sword" (1959), "Ghosts" (1959), "Antony and Cleopatra" (1965), "Arabesques" (1970) by E. L. receive public recognition. Lazarev, "Radd" by D. G. Gershfeld (1975), "Crossroads" by V. G. Zagorsky (1974).

During the Soviet period, much attention was paid to the development of music education. The State Institute of Arts named after G. V. Muzichesku was established in 1999, three music schools, more than 50 children's music schools, and a specialized secondary music boarding school were operating.

The academic ensemble of folk dance "Zhok", the orchestra of Moldovan folk instruments "Fluerash", the ensemble "Codru", the groups "minks", "Contemporanul", "Orizont", "Play" enjoyed great popularity.

2. Modern Moldova

2.1. Historical outline

The collapse of the USSR and gaining independence were accompanied by the announcement of the Romanian language as the only official language, the transfer of writing to the Latin basis, the introduction of the course "History of Romanians" into the school curriculum and other similar transformations, partly caused the Transnistrian conflict. In 2009, a presidential decree was published, according to which it was envisaged to conduct an exam in the knowledge of the state language for civil servants, and the examiners were given the right to decide on the release of any employee. Later, the Moldovan Parliament postponed the language certification. A new constitution was adopted that year, according to which Moldovan was declared the official language of the country, and citizens were given the right to choose the language of instruction for children.

2.2. Church building

The end of the XX - the beginning of the XXI century is characterized by the massive restoration of temples, cathedrals, churches and monasteries: Calarasi Monastery, Kapriyansky, Khinku, Chisinau Cathedral and many others. Simultaneously with coming to power, monuments to Lenin were restored and demolished earlier in a number of settlements of the country, and the memorial to the soldiers who fell in the Great Patriotic War is also being restored.

Big most

2.3. Cinema

After the collapse of the USSR, due to lack of funds, the activity of the film studio "Moldova-Film" was sharply reduced. New films after a year are practically not released. If they are released, they are usually small-length short films.

2.4. Music

Moldovan music has deep national traditions. It is characterized by the use of such folk musical instruments as the most, fluer, etc. In recent decades, modern musical trends have been developing. Musical rock bands "Zdob SI Zdub" and "Gindul Mitsei", as well as pop singers Aura, Ricky Artezian and others are becoming famous in the country and abroad. Cleopatra Stratan, the daughter of the Moldovan singer Pavel Stratan, is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the youngest pop singer. She began performing on stage at the age of three. In recent years, Moldova has been actively participating in the European song contest - Eurovision. In 2006, the group "Zdob SI Zdub" performed for Moldova, in 2006 - Natalia Gordienko and Arsenium.