Introduction. 3
Causes and types of speech errors. 4
Factors leading to communication failure. 8
Conclusion. eleven
References.. 12
Introduction
Russian is one of the richest languages in the world. He has a huge vocabulary. No less important is the fact that language is also an instrument of thought. Human thinking is based on linguistic means, and the results of mental activity are formed in the form of certain speech units - statements complete in meaning and integral texts.
Language is a form of existence of national culture, a manifestation of the very spirit of the nation. In proverbs and sayings, songs and fairy tales that have survived to this day, in archaic words, the language keeps references to the features of the past life of the people. The greatest works of literature have been written in Russian.
The ability to competently and effectively build one's speech is a necessary prerequisite for the training of highly qualified specialists of any profile. Mastering the culture of speech allows you to avoid interference in communication when attention is drawn to the illiterate, tongue-tied form of the statement, and not to its content. Knowing the rules of style helps to communicate not only competently, but also expediently. Acquaintance with the basics of rhetoric contributes to the development of the ability to quickly perceive speech in all types of words, the ability to create a monologue, conduct a dialogue and manage it.
The word is the most important unit of language, the most diverse and voluminous. The word not only names an object or phenomenon, but also performs an emotionally expressive function.
And when choosing words, we must pay attention to their meaning, stylistic coloring, usage, compatibility with other words. Since the violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.
The purpose of the work is to study the types and causes of language errors and communication failures.
Causes and types of speech errors
Speech errors are errors not in the construction of a sentence, not in the structure of a language unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word, that is, a violation of lexical norms.
The causes of speech errors will be discussed below.
1. Misunderstanding the meaning of the word:
a) The use of a word in an unusual sense.
Example: The fire got more and more inflamed, blazed. In this case, the mistake lies in the wrong choice of the word "burn up" - 1. Heat up to a very high temperature, heat up. 2. Get into a strong excitement, become seized by some strong feeling. To flare up - to start strongly or well, to burn evenly.
b) The use of significant and functional words without regard to their semantics.
Example: Thanks to a fire that broke out from a fire, a large area of \u200b\u200bthe forest burned down. In modern Russian, the preposition "thanks" retains a certain semantic connection with the verb thank and is usually used only in cases where it refers to the reasons that cause the desired result: thanks to someone's help, support. The error occurs in connection with the semantic distraction of the preposition from the original verb "thank". In this sentence, the preposition "thanks" should be replaced with one of the following: because of, as a result, as a result.
c) The choice of words-concepts with different bases of division (concrete and abstract vocabulary).
Example: We offer a complete cure for alcoholics and other diseases. If we are talking about diseases, then the word alcoholics should be replaced by alcoholism. An alcoholic is someone who suffers from alcoholism. Alcoholism is a painful addiction to the use of alcoholic beverages.
d) The use of paronyms is incorrect.
Example: A person leads a festive life. I'm in an idle mood today. Idle and festive are very similar words, the same root. But they have different meanings: 1) festive - an adjective to the noun holiday (festive dinner, festive mood); 2) idle - not filled, not busy with work, work (idle life). To restore the meaning of the statements in the example, you need to swap the words.
2. Lexical compatibility.
When choosing a word, one should take into account not only the meaning that it has in the literary language, but also lexical compatibility. The boundaries of lexical compatibility are determined by the semantics of words, their stylistic affiliation, emotional coloring, grammatical properties, etc.
Example: Their strong friendship, hardened in life's trials, was noticed by many. The word "friendship" is combined with the adjective "strong" - strong friendship.
3. The use of synonyms.
Synonyms enrich the language, make our speech figurative. Synonyms may have different functional and stylistic coloring. Thus, the words “mistake”, “miscalculation”, “oversight”, “error” are stylistically neutral and commonly used. "Prorukha", "overlay" - colloquial words; "oversight" - colloquial; "blooper" - professional slang. The use of one of the synonyms without taking into account its stylistic coloring can lead to a speech error.
Example: Having made a mistake, the plant manager immediately began to correct it.
4. The use of homonyms.
Due to the context, homonyms are usually understood correctly. But, nevertheless, in certain speech situations, homonyms cannot be understood unambiguously.
Example: The crew is in excellent condition. Is the crew a wagon or a team? The very word "crew" is used correctly. But to reveal the meaning of this word, it is necessary to expand the context.
5. The use of polysemantic words.
When including polysemantic words in our speech, we must be very careful, we must monitor whether it is clear exactly the meaning that we wanted to reveal in this speech situation.
Example: He has already sung. It is not clear: or he began to sing, got carried away; or, after singing for a while, he began to sing freely, easily.
6. Lexical incompleteness of the statement
This error is the opposite of verbosity. The incompleteness of the statement consists in the omission of the necessary word in the sentence.
Example: The advantage of Kuprin is that there is nothing superfluous. Kuprin may not have anything superfluous, but this sentence lacks (and not even one) word.
7. New words.
Unsuccessfully formed neologisms are also speech errors.
Example: And last year, 23 thousand rubles were spent on patching after the spring thaw. And only the context helps to understand: “patching” is the repair of pits.
8. Obsolete words.
Archaisms - words that name existing realities, but for some reason forced out of active use by synonymous lexical units - must correspond to the style of the text, otherwise they are completely inappropriate.
Example: Now the university had an open day. Here the obsolete word now (today, now, at the present time) is completely inappropriate.
9. Words of foreign origin.
Now many people are addicted to foreign words, sometimes not even knowing their exact meaning. Sometimes the context does not accept a foreign word.
Example: The work of the conference is limited due to the lack of leading experts. Limit - to set a limit on something, to limit. The foreign word "limit" in this sentence should be replaced by the words: it is slower, it has stopped. Dialectisms are justified in artistic or journalistic speech to create the speech characteristics of the characters. The unmotivated use of dialectisms indicates a lack of knowledge of the norms of the literary language.
Example: A scraper came to me and sat all evening. Shaberka is a neighbor. The use of dialectism in this sentence is not justified either by the style of the text or by the purpose of the utterance.
10. Colloquial and colloquial words.
Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary, in contrast to the dialect (regional) vocabulary, is used in the speech of the whole people.
Example: I have a very thin jacket. Thin (colloquial) - full of holes, spoiled (thin boot). Errors occur when the use of colloquial and colloquial words is not motivated by the context.
Thus, when choosing a word, it is necessary to take into account not only its semantics, lexical, stylistic and logical compatibility, but also the scope of distribution. The use of words that have a limited scope (lexical neoplasms, obsolete words, words of foreign origin, professionalism, jargon, dialectisms) should always be motivated by the conditions of the context.
The word is an important element of our daily life and, in particular, speech. This unit can rightfully be called extremely diverse and voluminous. With its help, we not only give names to phenomena and objects, but also convey our thoughts and feelings. By remembering the main ones, you can avoid them in the future and make your communication style cleaner.
When we decide what word to say, there are several aspects to consider. These, first of all, include stylistic coloring, appropriateness of use and the level of compatibility with other components of the sentence. If you break even one of these rules, the likelihood of saying something wrong will increase significantly.
Watching the value
Examples of speech errors are often associated with the fact that the speaker does not understand the meaning of the word and uses it in a situation that is not suitable for this. So, in the phrase "the fire grew stronger and stronger," the verb was used incorrectly. It has two meanings.
The first of them is “get hot, warm up to a high temperature”, and the second is “excited”. In this situation, it would be much more logical to use the word "flare up." It just conveys the meaning that the author was trying to put into the phrase.
irrelevance
Often, speakers use significant and functional words without taking into account their semantics. Often there are such in the media. Examples of them can be from the category "thanks to the tornado, several thousand people died." The preposition with which this phrase begins should be used only in those situations when we want to say what caused the desired, and not destructive, result.
The nature of this error is hidden in the semantic abstraction of the word from the verb, which gave impetus to its appearance. In the above case, instead of "thanks to" you need to say "due to", "because of" or "as a result".
In any field of activity, speech errors are inevitable. Examples from life are often associated with the choice of words-concepts that have different bases for division. That is, we are talking about a combination of concrete and abstract vocabulary in one context. So, often there are phrases in the style of "we will provide a complete cure for drug addicts and other diseases." If we are talking about an illness, we need to use its name, and not talk about the people who suffer from it. In this situation, it would be correct to use the word "addiction".
Speech lies in wait for us at every step, and their examples can become so rooted in our lives that we may not even notice that we are speaking incorrectly. Such cases include the incorrect use of paronyms. Many people are confused about the concepts of "addressee" (the one to whom we write a letter) and "addresser" (sender, author). To avoid embarrassment, you just need to remember the meaning of such problematic words.
incongruous
Another eternal problem of many people is that they do not follow the phrases they pronounce. After all, when we choose a suitable word, it is necessary to monitor not only its literary meaning. Not all designs can harmoniously combine with each other. To maintain speech balance, it is necessary to take into account semantics, style, grammatical features of words, and more.
You can find a variety of sentences with speech errors. Examples might be something like, "A good father should set an example for his children." In this case, the word "example" should be used.
Synonyms, homonyms, paronyms
Speech errors on television are often associated with the misuse of synonyms. Examples are often associated with the wrong choice of the emotional coloring of the word and the scope of its use: "The CEO made a mistake and immediately set about correcting it." The neutral word "mistake" would be much better for this situation, instead of the chosen jargon.
Homonyms are also often the cause of incorrect statements. If you do not take them out of context, the meaning of such words will be quite clear. But there are cases when they are used in a situation that is absolutely not suitable for this. Having heard the sentence “Now the crew is in excellent condition”, we will not be able to understand who or what it is about: the team or the wagon. In this situation, additional context is indispensable.
Types of speech errors (we will deal with examples a little later) are often associated with the fact that speakers incorrectly use ambiguous words. To avoid such oversights, it is necessary to monitor how appropriate a certain word is for a particular situation.
Context plays a big role in this. It is with its help that you can understand the meaning of many words. An example is "she was so sung." Without additional explanation, it is difficult to understand whether the heroine was carried away by the action performed or simply gained momentum.
Too much or too little
Examples of speech errors are also often associated with lexical incompleteness of the statement. This is a gap in the sentence of a word that logically should be there. Such a blunder is present in the proposal "not to publish on the pages of newspapers and television statements that may cause an aggressive reaction." One gets the impression that the author says "on the pages of television."
New and old
Many types of speech errors with examples are associated with the use of inappropriate new ones and often the authors unsuccessfully fit them into the context or come up with their own, inappropriate forms. Thus, in the sentence “More than twenty thousand rubles have been allocated this year”, the author’s neologism “patching” means “pit repair”, which cannot be understood without additional context.
Archaisms are words that have gone out of use. You also need to be careful with their use. Some insert them into texts that require the use of neutral vocabulary, not obsolete ones. “Now there is a subbotnik at school” - this is the case when it would be better to say “now” in order to make the text more logical in style.
foreign words
Examples of speech errors also often appear due to the incorrect use of words that came to our country from abroad. Many people manage to throw beautiful phrases of this origin without even fully understanding their meaning and sematic nuances.
"My buying plan is limited because I don't make enough money." This is the case when it was necessary to use a simpler wording like the phrase "runs slower."
Problems with vocabulary
Speech errors in literature, examples of which can be found in many books, are often associated with the wrong choice of vocabulary. These may be dialectisms, vernacular, jargon and phraseological units that are not quite suitable for a particular text. When choosing words from these groups, it is necessary to monitor how harmoniously they fit into the general context. You also need to adhere to one specific style of presentation in the narrative. If we want to say “I met a neighbor at the entrance”, you don’t need to call her “scrapper” (dialectical).
In the sentence “I bought a thin TV”, it is better to use the neutral word “thin” or “bad” instead of colloquial speech, depending on what meaning you put into the text. Otherwise, the addressee of your speech may misunderstand what exactly you are saying.
The professional jargon “steering wheel” is appropriate in the dialogue of drivers, but not in any way in the description of the interior of a new car model by the seller: “The seats and steering wheel are upholstered in genuine leather.” Phraseologisms also cause a lot of difficulties in their correct use: "This person constantly casts pearls in front of pigs." This expression means "to invent, to lie", but without additional context it can be interpreted literally.
Instruction
Watch for the absence of pleonasms in speech - superfluous words. For example, you should not use expressions: the main essence, the price list, future prospects, time period, eventually getting to know each other for the first time, etc.
Please note that the replacement of one of the constituent words in stable ones also becomes one of the most common speech mistakes. Do not say "in the spotlight" instead of "in the spotlight" or "in the field of view", "play a value" instead of "play a role" or "make a difference", etc.
Make sure that the subject is not covered by a direct object, otherwise the meaning of the sentence may become ambiguous. For example, the phrase "Wide loggias frame tinted glass screens" will sound better if the subject is also interchanged: "Tinted glass screens frame wide loggias."
Sometimes the wrong word can completely change the meaning of a sentence, so if you are writing text, be sure to read it after a while, this will allow you to avoid phrases like: “The store received cribs for babies in various colors” and “We made an inspection of the scene where the accident was committed with the participation of witnesses.
Make sure that your sentences are always logically complete, they should be traced to the main idea. An example of an unsuccessful proposal is: "The production of metals requires a large increase in the supply of scrap metal, since about half of all steel is smelted from scrap metal." To emphasize the need to increase the collection of scrap metal, rewrite the phrase as follows: "Increasing the collection of scrap metal is very important for steel production, since half of all ferrous metals are smelted from scrap."
Related videos
Helpful advice
If you find it difficult to take care of yourself, and you can not always identify mistakes in your speech, ask someone you know to correct you.
“A forest of hands rose during the voting. After the announcement of the results, everyone applauded enthusiastically and selflessly. Their hearts beat in unison,” this short text is filled with speech stamps, and it is very unpleasant to read.
hackneyed words
Speech stamps are words and expressions that give off unpleasant pathos, loud phrases, behind which there is nothing. Over the years, a fairly large number of people have developed certain stereotypes of thinking. Often they slip into a person's speech. She becomes dull, dull and unemotional.
For a phrase to become a cliche, it must be used very often in the lexicon of every member of society. Sometimes even a characteristic that reflects the absolute uniqueness of something can eventually turn into a speech stamp. This happened with one of the names of oil (“black gold”). However, such constructions greatly simplify life, allowing you not to think for a long time when talking.
Speech stamps deprive the thought of concreteness (for example, the annual meeting was held at the highest level). It is easier to say this than to provide a long report, answering numerous questions. A person who often uses clichés in speech becomes unpleasant for others. It seems to them too superficial. In most cases, it is.
Chancellery
There are words that are appropriate only in a certain style of speech. These include stationery used in the official business style. It is characterized by the absence of emotions and a very clear presentation of thoughts. Everything should be as concise and to the point as possible. Is this approach suitable for artistic or conversational style?
Of course not. In this case, clericalism will turn into a speech stamp, which will make speech heavier and impoverish. For example, you will say: "There is a lack of spare parts for the car." If you use this in your speech when talking to someone, do not be surprised that they will look at you askance. Isn't it easier to say that there are no spare parts for the car?
Locales
Language standards are a kind of speech stamps of a journalistic style. However, in this case they are appropriate, since they most accurately describe the object and its properties. For example, "humanitarian aid", "power structures", etc. In society, such phrases are not perceived as ordinary speech stamps.
Cliche
Cliches are clichés, but like language standards, they are appropriate in certain situations. "Hello" and "Goodbye" refer to these constructions. Despite the frequent repetition, they do not lose their emotional coloring. Sometimes clichés are used in scientific literature or in official writing.
The purpose of the lesson:
Introduce students to the types of speech errors and give training exercises to correct them.
Technologies:
- Computer technology.
- Business game technologies: lecture for two, lecture-visualization, lecture-provocation.
Formed competencies:
- Listening skills.
- Faculty of Computer Presentation.
- Ability to apply knowledge in practice.
- The ability to transfer knowledge into reality.
Lesson equipment:
1. Computer.
2. Multimedia projector.
4. A package of materials for the lesson for each student on the desk: a memo “Types of speech errors”, exercises to consolidate the studied material, individual cards for homework.
During the classes
- Introduction by the teacher.
- Computer presentation on the topic of the lesson with the correction of speech errors in the examples given.
- Oral training exercises to correct speech errors.
- Written exercises to consolidate the acquired knowledge.
- Lesson results.
- Homework.
1. Introductory speech of the teacher.
Remember the previous lesson and name the main signs of a good speech.
All errors in writing fall into several groups: factual, logical, speech.
Speech errors violate the correctness of speech, its accuracy, expressiveness, purity, imagery.
2. Presentation "Speech errors".
The presentation was made and commented by the student with the collective correction of speech errors in the examples given. (Presentation and student handouts attached)
3. Oral training exercises to correct speech errors.
(Students are offered the material in the form of a computer presentation, errors are corrected orally with a collective discussion of correction options. You can discuss 1-2 examples orally, and invite students to complete the rest in writing on their own with subsequent verification)
I. The use of a word in an unusual sense.
1. He fell back (prone) and buried his face in the ground.
2. He intently (attentively) listened to my story.
3. The monument amazes us with its bizarre dimensions (dimensions).
II. Indistinguishability of shades of meaning introduced into the word by a prefix and a suffix.
III. Distinguishing synonymous words.
IV. The use of words of a different stylistic coloring.
1. There are squares and parks in our city deployed (located) very well.
3. In advance of the meeting, we need to prepare all the necessary papers (documents, papers).
4. In view of the lack red rose, the prince's heart will be broken.
NOTE. The famous writer V. Soloukhin did not accept the title Matrimonial Palace ; it is “... anyway,” he thought, “that a clerical pin is attached to a string of pearls on a woman’s neck.”
V. Inappropriate use of emotionally colored words and phraseological units.
NOTE. A.P. Chekhov deliberately replaced the component of the stable phrase shout in all Ivanovskaya, updating phraseology and making speech more expressive.
VI. Unjustified use of colloquial and dialect words.
VII. Violation of lexical compatibility.
- was born
VIII. The use of superfluous words (pleonasm - from the Greek "excess").
IX. The use of nearby or closely related words (tautology - from the Greek "the same word").
1. This extraordinary the case happened (happened) with me in my youth.
2. In the poem "Dead Souls" N.V. Gogol captured (reflected) their impression about the Russian village.
3. Poetically describes poet (A.S. Pushkin) our town.
X. Unjustified repetition of words.
1. Pavel works hard on his plan book . Finally three chapters books written. He sends these chapters books to my friends.
2. I recently read one book . This book called "Young Guard". In this
the book tells...
XI. Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions.
1. The man was wearing a burnt padded jacket. Vatnik was rough mended. Boots were almost new. Socks were eaten away moth. (The man was dressed in a burned-out padded jacket, roughly mended. His boots were almost new, and his socks were moth-eaten.)
2. Pavel works hard on his plan book . Finally three chapters books written.
He sends these chapters books to my friends. (Pavel is working hard on the book he has planned, and when he finishes three chapters of it, he sends them to his friends.)
XII. Poor use of pronouns.
1. I took the book out of my bag and put it in her(book or bag?) on the table.
2 After his (perfect) of killing, fear seizes him.
4. Written exercises to consolidate the acquired knowledge.
(Exercises in printed form lie on the desk of each student. The first exercise is performed on the board by 2 students in 5 sentences. The rest of the exercises are performed by everyone on their own with subsequent verification)
Exercise #1
Rewrite, inserting instead of points the words you need in meaning.
1. Laugh ... with laughter. Transfer ... disease (contagious, contagious). 2. Have… intentions. Possess ... character (hidden, secretive). 3. ... master. ... silk (artificial, skillful). 4. ... a woman. ... word (offensive, touchy). 5. Stand in ... pose. Take ... measures against violators of discipline (spectacular, effective). 6. Watch for ... the development of plants. Go ahead ... (process, procession). 7. To be an ill-mannered person, .... It is not enough to read, to be ... (ignorant, ignorant). 8. The writer I.S. Turgenev spoke about the tragic fate of ... Gerasim. Troekurov was cruel ... (serf, serf). 9. An experienced ... works in the hospital. In the play, a negative ... (character, staff) is displayed. 10. ... child. ... a jacket and boots (put on, put on).
Exercise #2
Read and look for speech errors. Rewrite, making necessary corrections.
1. Friends, let's try to look into the future. 2. The plot of patriotism runs through the whole novel. 3. Very early I realized that biology is an exciting science. 4. From the first moment, he may even seem like a very wonderful person. 5. The sudden departure of Khlestakov and the news of the arrival of a real auditor lead officials into a stupor. 6. It is impossible to treat various Chichikovs, Nozdrevs, Plyushkins without angry indignation. 7. The author decides in a new way the question of the place of the poet in life, of the citizenship of poetry.
Exercise #3
Read. Indicate what speech errors were made, correct and rewrite.
1. The story is written in high-calorie language. 2. There were many young athletes among the accomplices of the competition. 3. When smelting steel, a new, more effective technology was applied. 4. Women's images are of great importance in the novel. 5. Critics praised the poet's new poems. 6. The students of our group paid a visit to the sick teacher. 7. Chichikov did not soon realize what Plyushkin's clothes consisted of.
Exercise number 4
Rewrite, correcting speech errors and distributing sentences into three types: the use of words of a different stylistic coloring, tautology, pleonasm.
1. In the evenings, the peasants go to the center of culture. 2. Grinev composed a song and took it to Shvabrin for consideration. 3. Wealthy nobles paid each other visits. 4. It so happened that it was on these days that the exhibition opened. 5. A carriage drove up to the pier, a beautiful girl got out of it. 6. In Krasnodon, young patriots organized the underground organization "Young Guard". 7. The girl, with her head up, looked longingly at her beloved. 8. He was seized by nostalgia for his homeland.
5. The results of the lesson.
The knowledge gained today is very important for you in life, and not just when writing an essay. Any incorrectness makes it difficult to understand and interferes with your communication.
6. Homework.
As homework, students are offered individual cards with their speech errors, written out from notebooks for the development of speech. Task: classify the speech errors made and correct them.
Example (card of 11th grade student “B” Alina Khalilullina):
- So N.V. Gogol reveals to readers the problem communication skills. In this text, the author compares ability to communicate Russian and foreigner.
- And the Russian man, as Gogol shows, shows his servility if someone is higher than him in rank, he pleases in everything...
- The position of the author is that a person is not must to be a clerk, not must show arrogance and must always remember human dignity.
- Chatsky always behaved with dignity, not being afraid to treat people the way they do. such deserve.
49. Types of speech errors: a methodology for their prevention and correction.
Types and examples of speech errors
Speech errors – These are errors associated with violation of the requirements of correct speech.
The use of words in their meanings. Example: We were shocked by the excellent performance of the players.
Repetition of single-root words in one sentence (tautology): The writer vividly describes the events of that day.
Speech deficiency (occurs when the right word is missing). The car dropped both.
A mixture of vocabulary from different historical eras. Anna Sergeyevna and the prince went to the registry office to get married.
Pleonasm (hidden tautology). Example: colleagues.
The use of extra words. A young girl, very beautiful.
Poor use of pronouns. This text was written by K. Ivanov. It belongs to the artistic style.
Unjustified repetition of words. Maria loves flowers. Mary knows all about them.
Causes of speech errors
“The complexity of the mechanism for generating speech acts as a factor contributing to the occurrence of speech errors” Nikolai Ivanovich Zhinkin.
The main causes of speech errors are:
Misunderstanding of the meaning of the word (when the word is used in an unusual sense). The fire got hotter and hotter and hotter.
The use of synonyms (each such word can have its own functional and stylistic coloring, this leads to speech errors). For example: "blooper"- professional jargon, but "hole"- a common word.
The use of ambiguous words (using them, be sure to make sure that they are understandable to the interlocutor).
Lexical incompleteness of the statement (missing an important word).
Use of obsolete words. (Example: Everything in the store is now discounted.
Words of foreign origin (having a passion for borrowed words, be sure to find out their exact meaning).
Errors in the formation of words (for example: they want; dog kennel; on the forehead, etc.)
Incorrect use of paronyms (words similar in sound, as a rule, of one part of speech, but different in meaning and structure). For example: addressee - addressee.
Lack of lexical compatibility in the sentence. A good leader must set an example for his subordinates in everything.(The word "sample" is used inappropriately, it should be replaced by the word "example").
Inappropriate use of dialectisms (expressions or ways of speech used by people of a particular locality). For example: A scraper came to me, and sat until the morning. ( Shaberka is a neighbor).
When choosing words, it is necessary to pay attention to their meaning, usage, stylistic coloring, compatibility with other words. Since the violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.
Ways to correct and prevent speech errors
Often in the speech of people (especially very young people) there are lexical and stylistic errors, i.e. the use of words in an inaccurate or unusual meaning (and the reason for this is ignorance of the meaning of the word). IN the book "Speech Secrets" edited by T. A. Ladyzhenskaya options for working on the prevention and elimination of these errors are presented.
In the meantime, we offer you our selection, designed to prevent speech errors:
Associate with knowledgeable and educated people.
Visit theaters, museums, trainings.
Constantly monitor your speech (pronounce words correctly).
Good speech exercises are recognized - essays and presentations.
