Introduction
At present, an extensive network of cultural institutions can be characterized on a territorial basis. The territorial sign takes into account the number of institutions at their location on the scale of the district, city, region, territory, republic. The trade union network is undergoing cardinal changes in connection with the transition to market relations. Many enterprises refuse to maintain the Palaces of Culture, and they have to change the profile of work.
In the process of reforming cultural construction, various types have developed - these are clubs, houses of culture, houses of creative intelligentsia, parks of culture and recreation, libraries, museums, cinemas, leisure centers, cultural complexes.
The further democratization of society gave rise to a large number of amateur associations, foundations, unions, centers, associations in the field of culture and art.
The study of the practice of these associations, the experience of interaction between state, trade union and public structures is the most important condition for the functioning of the activities of cultural institutions.
The Russian Creative Union of Cultural Workers plays an increasingly prominent role in cultural life.
The analysis of value orientations, programs of activities of cultural institutions, the presence of contacts between them and state structures will make it possible to more competently assess the state of culture and significantly influence its development.
Recently, the activities of cultural associations created under public foundations have become more active. Their actions, which often have an international character, create a wide public response. At the same time, foundations and associations invest significant funds to finance individual cultural programs.
The activity of national-cultural centers is of particular importance in the conditions of aggravation of interethnic contradictions. Many of them consider cultural activity their main task.
About associations, foundations, unions, associations in the field of culture operating on the territory of the Russian Federation, and data on informal associations are presented in the form of business cards with brief information about their activities in various reference books prepared by the state association "Russia" and published by the publishing house " Culture.
1. Club establishments
The club remains the most common type of cultural institutions, which is a multifunctional combine capable of creating a variety of conditions for development and recreation for a person, having a complex intellectual and emotional impact on him.
Clubs have firmly entered the life of people, especially in the countryside, and have become a necessary part of public life. They act as the most important centers of human communication.
Club institutions are a generalized concept. These include small clubs, and large houses and palaces of culture. There is no fundamental difference between the club, the House and the Palace of Culture. Their difference lies in the opportunities they have, in the volume and scale of work.
Despite the fact that the process of decollectivization, privatization, denationalization is underway in the countryside, mainly club institutions have been preserved here. These are the regional House of Culture, the rural House of Culture, the village club.
The District House of Culture, located in the district administrative center, along with conducting extensive cultural and leisure activities among the population, is doing a lot of work to provide methodological assistance to all cultural institutions located in the district.
The regional House of Culture has its own independent budget, current and current bank accounts. It has two sources of funding: from the local budget and from earned funds through a special account.
There are also clubs of educational institutions, houses of officers, clubs of military units, houses of actors, writers, architects, teachers, medical workers, etc.
At enterprises in industry, construction, transport, state farms, institutions, educational institutions, trade union clubs, houses and palaces of culture are still predominantly operating. According to their subordination, they are divided into three groups: clubs, houses and palaces of culture, serving employees of one enterprise, institution or educational institution and directly subordinate to the FZMK.
The unity of goals and objectives facing club institutions, regardless of their affiliation, makes them universal institutions in the organization of people's leisure, significantly distinguishes them from other types of cultural institutions.
2. Parks of culture and recreation
Parks of culture and recreation were created and are being created for the optimal use of natural conditions in the interests of strengthening the health, cultural development of workers and organizing their leisure time in the open air.
The first parks were conceived as universal combines of culture and recreation for workers, combining cultural and educational and sports and recreational activities.
The very name "parks of culture and recreation" reflects the main idea of this institution. Part of the name "park" means that it is primarily a natural object. The word "culture" indicates the educational, educational nature of the activities of the park, and finally, the word "recreation" indicates that the park provides opportunities for entertainment on attractions for emotional relaxation and fatigue.
Many new things have appeared in the activities of parks of culture and recreation, both in content and in form.
At the present stage in the activities of parks of culture and recreation, the importance of the ecological function, its role in the formation of the ecological consciousness of the population, especially increases. This phenomenon is associated with the already mentioned trend of the well-known separation of city dwellers from nature, the weakening of contacts between modern city dwellers and the natural world.
Another feature of the activities of modern parks of culture and recreation is that there are changes in the content of visitors' recreation, therefore, the importance of the recreational function increases. The recreational function is associated today with the inherent value of recreation in the natural environment, with the fact that in the conditions of nature it is easier for a person to change the familiar environment of the environment, the pace and rhythms of behavior, the norms of his activity in the sphere of production, life, education.
Their activities are based on a paid basis, which makes it possible for independent economic development.
3. Libraries
This is a widespread type of cultural institutions that collect books and other printed publications, their special processing, propaganda and organize mass work with readers.
According to the composition of book funds, methods of their processing, storage and use, libraries are divided into two main groups: mass libraries with universal book funds and special libraries with books on certain types of scientific, educational, and industrial activities.
The most common types of state mass libraries are rural, district, city, regional, regional, republican.
Rural libraries, in addition to lending books, organize mobile libraries, lending points for books at production facilities, and home-to-door book shopping.
The regional library is under the jurisdiction of the department of culture. It has a department for issuing books at home (subscription), a reading room with an auxiliary book fund, a mobile fund and a children's department (in the absence of an independent children's library). Along with serving literature to the population, local institutions and organizations, carrying out extensive mass work, the district library helps the culture department in managing library institutions, in coordinating their activities, drawing up unified interdepartmental plans for library services for the population in order to bring books to each family. It organizes reference, bibliographic and consulting work, classes for employees and public activists of the district libraries.
The regional (regional) library is a repository of printed works, a scientific, methodological and bibliographic center. Its typical structure is made up of departments: services (with sectors of the subscription, reading rooms, interlibrary loan), scientific-methodical and bibliographic departments, funds and catalogs (with sectors of acquisition and book storage), special storage, administrative and economic departments.
The most important task of the regional (regional) library is the development of theoretical and methodological issues of library science and bibliography, the implementation of scientific and methodological management of all public libraries and control over their work.
Self-supporting libraries, which have been widely developed in recent years, constitute a new type. They are created in places where there are no public libraries nearby. Such libraries are opened in the presence of a small number of books. The opening of a paid library is formalized by the relevant documents.
Special libraries include: libraries of branch academies, republican academies, libraries of scientific institutions, research institutes, theatrical, museum, musical and musical, military technical, educational institutions, scientific and technical (technical), libraries of industrial enterprises. They are completed with special literature according to the profile of the enterprise, institution.
4. Museums
Museums occupy an important place in the cultural life of societies. Museums are not limited to collecting and exhibiting material and spiritual values. They also do a lot of cultural and educational work. They organize lectures, conduct excursions, arrange exhibitions, distribute specialized literature not only within their own walls, but also at enterprises. Many museums are engaged in research work.
All museums are divided into several types depending on their profile: historical, local history, material, natural science, art history, industry and others.
The subject and object of activity of cultural institutions is the individual. The activities of institutions should be directed to the process of realizing the essential forces of the individual, satisfying her spiritual needs.
Activities of cultural institutions:
Activities related to civic education.
Activities related to labor education.
Activities related to additional education.
Activities related to aesthetic education.
Activities related to recreational function.
Activities related to environmental education.
Activities related to the promotion of a healthy lifestyle.
In leisure activities, a person realizes primary, social and cultural needs in one or another dominant setting, therefore the content of the activities of cultural institutions should include: direct experiences, impressions and states in a particular leisure activity, comprehension by the subject and object of perceived information, artistic images, evaluation service quality.
Successful activity is also determined by a person's realization of his aspirations, the embodiment of his life position.
One of the main activities of cultural institutions is associated with the circulation and understanding of professional art and folk culture, acquaintance with historical monuments and artistic masterpieces of the culture of the peoples of the world.
Leisure activities of cultural institutions should be formed on the basis of positive socio-psychological and interpersonal contacts.
Types of cultural institutions.
1. Houses and palaces of culture. Carries out wide cultural and leisure activities among the population, does a lot of work to provide methodological assistance to all cultural institutions of the region. A universal institution in organizing the leisure of the people.
2. Parks of culture and recreation - natural objects of a cognitive and educational nature, having the possibility of entertainment for emotional relaxation and relieving fatigue. The activity is based on a paid basis, which makes it possible for independent economic development.
3. Libraries - a type of cultural institutions that collect books and other printed publications, their special processing, propaganda and organizing mass work with readers (rural, district, city, regional, regional, republican). The regional library, in addition to the above functions, performs the development of theoretical and methodological issues of library science and bibliography, the implementation of scientific and methodological management of all public libraries.
4. Museums - a type of cultural institution that collects, exhibits material and spiritual values, conducts cultural and educational work. They organize lectures, excursions, arrange exhibitions, distribute special literature, and engage in research work.
5. Cinemas - a type of cultural institution designed to show films to the public. are standard and portable.
6. Leisure centers - a type of cultural institution that creates optimal conditions for the mass, group, family and individual development of creative abilities, communication, recreation, entertainment, restoration of spiritual and physical strength based on the study of cultural needs and interests of various categories of the population.
7. Cultural complexes - complexes created on the principles of voluntary merging of cultural institutions, regardless of their departmental affiliation, within one or more farms and pooling the material resources of local authorities, their own income and appropriations of the economy from the fund for socio-cultural needs and sponsorship.
8. Cultural and sports complexes - a new type of cultural institution aimed at providing cultural services to the population based on the integration of culture and sports and all types of leisure management.
9. Youth leisure centers and cafes. They can engage in cultural and leisure activities to organize leisure and recreation for young people.
Type of ownership:
federal institutions,
institutions of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation,
institutions of municipal property,
private institutions.
Type of cultural institution:
1. producing goods and cultural products,
2. providing various kinds of services: material (restoration, video and photography), non-material (training, cultural development, information, gaming)
3. engaged in trade in cultural goods and art objects.
Target orientation:
1. cultural enlightenment,
2. artistic creation,
3. development of aesthetic feelings,
5. entertainment.
Business method:
commercial,
non-commercial,
mixed,
Types of cultural institutions:
Libraries.
Natural landscape areas.
Parks of culture and recreation.
Sports grounds.
Playgrounds.
Diversified cultural centers.
Institutions of additional professional education: sports, music, art schools.
Infrastructure of culture and leisure - a complex of institutions, industries and organizations of economic practice that create the conditions for their functioning as an economic industry, ensuring its existence.
Consider the main elements of the infrastructure of culture and leisure:
1. Production and service complexes of those sectors of the economy that serve the population in their spare time and create conditions for recreation, individual development of the individual, and entertainment.
· Historical centers, cultural monuments, memorial territories.
Industry organizations in the field of culture and art (libraries, cinemas, theaters, museums, exhibition halls, philharmonics, etc.)
· Developing organizations, training firms.
· Urban recreation areas (parks, squares, beaches).
· Recreational zones outside the city (national parks, sanatoriums, resorts).
Institutions and firms providing sports, recreational, cultural, artistic and educational services (stadiums, fitness clubs, water parks, dance classes)
· Travel agencies and related transportation, hospitality system.
· Theme parks, game and cultural and leisure centers.
· Restaurants, cafes.
· Model business.
2. Production and broadcasting of cultural and leisure information, as well as goods for cultural, leisure and informational and artistic purposes:
· Entertainment TV programs, radio programs.
· Internet.
· Art products (preparation and recording of various shows, TV and radio programs, musical discs, computer games).
· Editorial and publishing activities (issue of books, magazines, newspapers).
· Manufacture of goods and equipment for cultural and sports purposes (sportswear, souvenirs, board games, stage equipment, etc.).
· Roads, communication, transport.
· Professional staff and institutions for their training.
Leisure industry:
1. cultural goods industry,
2. tourism industry,
3. audio and video industry,
4. entertainment industry:
newspapers, magazines, entertainment books,
film industry and video production,
film distribution network, TV channels, radio stations,
the music industry, producing and selling musical products,
art business (galleries, exhibition halls),
organization of concerts, tours, show business,
gaming and gambling business,
theaters, concert organizations, circuses,
Leisure centers, clubs, entertainment complexes, discos,
· model business,
catering network.
Modern cultural centers bear little resemblance to the establishments of the club plan of the times of the USSR, when more than thirteen million people participated in it alone. In addition, houses and palaces of culture existed at the expense of the state, visiting any studios and circles, any kind of amateur art was free, unlike what is happening now. Most often, neither educational nor leisure tasks are faced by the institutions of the club plan of the Russian Federation.
Terminology
What does a cultural center mean in the understanding of modern man? Most often, this term is used when they want to designate an organization or certain buildings where the various values of the surrounding society are concentrated, multiplied and promoted, most often from the field of art or culture. It can be a public artistic association or a private initiative, but most often cultural centers are run by the state.
Use of the term
This term is used in practice when it is necessary to indicate which category an object belongs to. This refers either to a large multifunctional complex that can simultaneously cover several areas of culture or types of art, that is, institutions and objects with a narrow specialization cannot be called this term. When the traditional cultural function of an institution is one, it is not a center. For example: library, museum, theater, concert hall and so on.
In the second case, they speak of an institution of a cultural nature, which has a confessional, national, social orientation. For example, the Russian Cultural Center in the state of Monaco, which was founded not so long ago, through a library, a children's school, language courses and the Russian Club, not only supports the native among the Russian-speaking people of the surrounding territories, but also acquaints the indigenous people of Monaco with the diversity of Russian realities.
Variety of forms
It turns out that the boundaries in which this term is used are quite blurred. On the one hand, it is close to the traditional form of the institution, which is represented by the People's Club, the Palace or the House of Culture. On the other hand, these are such types of public organizations as national associations or art centers.
These can be exhibition galleries, libraries and concert halls, if all kinds of enlightenment and educational work are carried out there, that is, if these are broad-based organizations where culture and science cooperate.
Character traits
Nevertheless, one important feature of a cultural institution must be present without fail, regardless of its type - this is a non-commercial basis of activity. As well as promoting a culture of a multilateral and complex nature. If they say about the city, for example, that St. Petersburg is an important industrial, transport and cultural center, then this does not mean a separate institution.
You can also say about the distinctive feature of a certain area, that is, the same term, only in "urban planning" use. For example, there is a place in the city where all theaters, concert halls, libraries, stadiums and even a zoo are concentrated. Maybe it happened historically, but it is likely that this is the intention of the "fathers of the city".
It must be admitted that many modern cities are built according to this principle: infrastructure - kindergartens, schools, hospitals, squares and parks in remote microdistricts are present, and buildings of cultural purpose are taken out of their borders. This area, where they are concentrated, can be called the cultural center of the city. And this will be the next value.
In 2008, under the Ministry of Culture, options for planning cultural centers were developed in order to optimally correlate their occupancy and costs. A schedule has also been drawn up for the creation of such institutions in small towns of the country. In Moscow, it was created in the amount of fifty people, among whom were journalists, architects, museum workers, writers, artists. The rich experience of the Soviet period was discussed, when cultural institutions were present even in the smallest settlements and were extremely functional.
Each had a variety of children's clubs and studios, choirs, folk theaters, interest clubs, various public events and amateur art shows were periodically held. In the construction of cultural centers, this experience had to be taken into account. In 2015, about fifty such institutions should have already opened.
Club or House of Culture
In the USSR, each House or Palace of Culture was necessarily the center of educational and cultural work. The classification of such institutions was as follows: territorial clubs and houses of culture under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture; departmental - under the control of the trade union of an enterprise, educational institution, institution, and so on; clubs for the intelligentsia: Teacher's House, Writer's House, Architect's House, Artist's House and others; House of culture of a separate state farm or collective farm; House of officers; House of Folk Art; Palace for pioneers and schoolchildren.
Club institutions of other countries
The countries of the former USSR and the Warsaw Pact, like the Russian Federation, are now moving away from the names of the Soviet era. Houses of culture are now called magnificently: Concert Hall or cultural center. However, in many places the old names remain due to tradition. In addition to the socialist countries, similar institutions (and not in name, but in essence) have existed in many capitalist countries for a long time and are functioning successfully.
There are a lot of houses of culture in Latin America (they are called so - Centro cultural), in Spain. Folk art and social activities in Germany are extremely developed, for example, concerts, performances, festivals, exhibitions are held in the House of Culture of the Peoples of the World in Berlin, and all these mass events are prepared with the support of the government, but on a voluntary basis. In France and Canada, the institutions of the club plan are called houses of culture (Maison de la Culture), and their activity is absolutely similar to the clubs of our country of the Soviet era. There are twelve such houses of culture in Montreal alone.
Arkaim
Cultural centers have always existed throughout Russia, and new ones are currently being created: parks with natural landscape themes, as well as historical and archaeological ones. There are many places in the country where such distant times are studied, about which even folklore no longer remembers anything.
Centers where culture and science interact are becoming very popular, for example, such a plan is the city of Arkaim (Chelyabinsk region), where two seemingly unremarkable hills were discovered, which archaeologists are interested in. This discovery was sensational.
At first, representatives of various esoteric groups flocked there, then the study of the area came under the wing of the state, and a reserve was formed. By the way, he is not alone there: the "Country of Cities" of the Southern Urals has twenty-four such places where the cultural center is the city.
The experimental site, from which the reserve began to be equipped, gradually revealed a number of ancient dwellings of the seventeenth century BC. First, the reconstruction touched one of them, and this was done without modern tools, using only those made exactly like the Bronze Age samples found during excavations.
This is how the cultural and historical center was born, called the Museum of Ancient Industries. Tourists can not only watch the buildings of the age of the pyramids, but also take part both in experiments and in the construction itself, in the reconstruction of dwellings. Only here you can join the culture of different eras with more than four hundred of the most interesting ones.
Tatar settlement
Cultural institutions have many types: these are libraries, museums, theaters, houses of culture and palaces. And there are complex, syncretic plans, such as the NOCC on the outskirts of Stavropol. The "Tatar Settlement", the local history museum and the local university served as a base for it. Cultural centers have united so that scientific work, security and museum (exposition) work is combined with cultural, entertainment and educational activities on the territory of this archaeological paleolandscape park.
This is a very complex, one might say - a multi-layered monument that operated in four historical periods: Khazar, Sarmatian, Scythian and Koban. The cultural centers of Russia almost nowhere have such well-preserved fortifications, places of worship, with systems of roads, burial grounds and many more objects that can be used to trace different aspects of the life of our very distant ancestors - from the eighth century BC. These are the ruins of ancient walls, strewn with centuries-old shards of jugs and pots, the ashes of fires and hearths that went out hundreds and hundreds of years ago.
prospects
The preservation and use of the archaeological heritage, as a rule, takes place through the creation of such complexes on the basis of open-air museums that will combine scientific, educational and many entertainment activities, therefore, many cultural centers of the historical and cultural direction are now open and are preparing to open.
In small towns, any community of local historians with the support of the local administration can become the basis for their functioning. Even a house of culture can become a starting point for creating a center for studying the historical heritage of the region. The road will be mastered by the walking one, therefore it is necessary to help enthusiasts who begin this path in every possible way. Almost all successful enterprises start small, here we can recall the museum of technology located in the suburbs. Cultural institutions should enjoy the full support of the state.
Problems of development of small towns
The government is interested in creating new educational and entertainment facilities in the form of historical and cultural centers in small towns in Russia. As early as 2013, the government’s materials included wordings indicating the goals for such work.
The cultural centers of Russia are located very unevenly. Most of their concentrations are in big cities. Therefore, there is a disproportion in the quantity, quality and variety of cultural services that citizens receive in the country. The cultural centers of Moscow or St. Petersburg cannot be compared in these parameters with the services offered to residents of remote small settlements. And everyone, without exception, needs to create new opportunities for creativity, self-realization, physical development, and spiritual enrichment.
Many dozens of different nationalities live on the territory of Russia, and cultural centers can contribute to a full-fledged cultural exchange between neighboring nationalities. The quality of life with the good work of the unifying multifunctional centers will contribute to improving the quality of life of the population, regardless of place of residence. Also, this path will help develop the infrastructure of a village or city, and even create new jobs. The outflow of population from small towns will be prevented.
2.1. Concert and entertainment cultural institutions. They include theaters, concert organizations, sports and entertainment complexes, circuses, cinemas and are mainly focused on demonstration, broadcasting of samples, cultural values, i.e. for the actualization of the cultural fund, for the introduction into circulation of such values, samples, norms, their reproduction and the introduction of innovations into the existing cultural fund, including the fund of artistic culture. All of them do not exist outside the audience, outside direct contact with it. the exception is cinema, where such contact is mediated by technical means that make it possible to replicate the creative result (film). This makes film production widely available, while theater, play, concert, sport, spectacle, etc. are individual events.
In relation to society, these institutions perform socializing role, introducing people to values, norms not only artistic, but also moral, political, etc., presenting them with samples, standards of socially significant situations. It is no coincidence that in Russia at all times great social importance was attached to the theater as a “teacher of life”, capable of influencing the mind and heart of a person. The heroes of plays and films are often looked upon as models.
important and consolidating role institutions of this type, uniting certain categories of people on the basis of common interests. Such are groups, communities, even clubs of theater lovers, fans of any artists, sports fans.
The block of functions focused on the activity of the individual occupies, on the whole, a more modest place. They are largely recognized and declared as satisfying the diverse tastes of different groups of the population.
2.2. Museums are research and educational institutions. Museums mainly implement two blocks of functions: a block of functions focused on the actualization of cultural values - the creation, expansion of museum funds, collections, their fixation, study; exhibiting museum items and other materials; block of personality socialization functions
Education. enlightenment of different social groups, formation of standard cultural environments Social functions are carried out by specifically museum means. where the main role is played museum object, i.e. disseminate, broadcast reference samples related to the historical past and present of national and world culture.
Museumification covers various spheres of culture, art, history of countries and peoples, production, household activities, natural and artificial environment.
Less space in the functioning of the museum is occupied by a set of tasks associated with personal problems - self-realization, self-education, amateur cultural activities, etc.
2.3. Libraries mass and specialized. These are independent cultural institutions where funds of printed materials are collected, stored, their special processing, distribution, and organization of use in society are carried out. Thus, libraries contribute to the actualization of the cultural potential. Libraries are scientific, information, cultural and educational institutions. They are a link in the “book-reader” system, which experts often put in the forefront in real functioning. This applies mainly to mass public libraries that do not carry out the so-called memorial function, i.e. do not store a mandatory copy of printed materials, original, unique documents, etc. For such libraries, the main thing is not the book collections as such, but their use by the reader. Hence the great importance of the block of socialization functions aimed at educating readers, developing their skills in working with printed publications, periodicals, and various informing. The personal, functional block is, as it were, relegated to the background. This is the creation of conditions for the self-development of a person, his self-education.
The ratio of functional blocks is flexible and depends not only on the type of library, but also on the specific socio-cultural situation, the quality of the social environment.
2.4. Park of Culture. It differs from other institutions in that its functions are related to the natural basis, the natural environment. On this basis, its orientation towards personal and socialization functions is formed. active, health-improving and entertaining, developing recreation, individual and group, associated with the processes of social integration, establishing social ties (festivities, sports and other games, holidays). Socializing functions should be woven into recreational processes. They are carried out through the involvement of a person in the park environment, landscape, park architecture.
The function of socialization of the valuable cultural fund is somewhat inferior to the first two functional areas, although the park, as a natural and cultural entity, allows cumulating and transmitting cultural experience, activates a person’s concern for natural objects, and forms his adequate behavior in the natural environment.
2.5. club establishments. Club institutions, unlike other cultural and leisure institutions, are primarily social institutions. This means that their activities should primarily solve social problems in the region, offering new models of lifestyle.
The club must be considered from two positions:
As a club institution subordinate to the Ministry of Culture, trade unions, other departments or organizations, which is an instrument of state policy and lives according to legal norms established by the state;
As some kind of social institution, “a voluntary association of people for the purpose of communication related to various interests” (according to the definition given in the Encyclopedic Dictionary).
The range of these interests is quite extensive - from joint entertainment to the collective solution of serious socio-political problems. The club, "clubbing" - in this case, are not defined by the forms of departmental affiliation - this is a special way of communication, relationships between people, even more - a certain way of their life. It should be noted that club communities as an institution of social activity of the population have not been fully implemented at any stage of the existence of our society. Appeal to club issues shows that today there is a rethinking of the traditional functions of culture in society. Now this is not ideological education and cultural service, but the creation of conditions for normal human life. In connection with this, cultural leisure has also changed its content, which has become one of the mechanisms of social stabilization and adaptation. In the leisure space, now much more active than before, the formation of a social and cultural sphere that protects a person is underway. The compensatory function of the club team has always played an important role, since the club is an additional space for self-realization and development, relaxation and recovery. Therefore, today we can talk about strengthening the role of the club as a means capable of easing the acuteness of social tension, helping to adapt to the new economic and political conditions, and promoting psychological relaxation.
To perform these functions, new types of socio-cultural activities are needed - individual and group, based on the awareness of the social value of leisure as a space for self-actualization of the individual, no less important than professional activity, and contributing to the social integration of people.
Summing up the above, it should be noted that the leading place in the functioning of the club institution is occupied by a set of tasks related to the problems of cultural self-realization, the manifestation of social activity and individual initiative, cultural amateur performance and recreation.
Notes of travelers, chronicles, memoirs of war veterans and many other testimonies of the past are contained in books. Books are handwritten and printed. They are of great value to the historian. There is no such researcher of the past who would not turn to the library. Translated from Greek, “biblio” is a book, “teka” is a storehouse, that is, this word means “book depository”.
Studying sources helps historians to see how people lived in the past. To do this, you first need to collect historical materials, and then carefully check their authenticity.
Pictures (photos, drawings)
Storage of documents in the archive
State Historical Museum. Russia, Moscow
House-Museum of A.P. Chekhov. Russia, Taganrog
Artistic and architectural palace and park museum-reserve "Peterhof". Russia, near St. Petersburg
National Museum. Czech Republic, Prague
Art and History Museum. Austria, Vienna
Uffizi Gallery. Italy, Florence
National Gallery. UK, London
Courtyard of the British Museum, London
Louvre. France, Paris
In the hall of the Louvre
Open-air museum. Italy, Rome
Exhibits of the Capitoline Museum. Italy, Rome
Cairo Museum. Egypt
Inside the Cairo Museum
Summer Imperial Palace. China, Shanghai
Exhibits of the Shikumen Museum. China, Shanghai
National Museum of Anthropology. Model of the ancient city of Tenochtitlan, located on the site of the modern city of Mexico City. Mexico, Mexico City
Exhibits of the National Museum of Anthropology. Mexico, Mexico City
National Museum of the Republic of Tyva. Russia, Kyzyl
Exhibits of the Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics. Russia, Moscow
In the halls of the State Museum of Fine Arts. A.S. Pushkin. Russia, Moscow
Museum of the History of Railway Engineering of the Moscow Railway. Russia, Moscow
State Museum of Weapons. Russia, Tula
In the hall of the State Museum of Weapons
Arabic botanical atlas. 15th century Princeton University Library. USA
British Museum Library, London
Page of a handwritten book. 15th century british library
Service book. 15th century british library
Library of José Vasconcelos. Mexico, Mexico City
Library of the Strakhov Monastery. Czech Republic, Prague
National Library of France, Paris
US Library of Congress, Washington
