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Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of the sphere of use. Special vocabulary (professional)

Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of the sphere of use. Special vocabulary (professional)

20.09.2019

General vocabulary.

Social differentiation of Russian vocabulary (Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of the scope of its use).

Lecture No. 9 (4 hours).

1. National vocabulary.

2. Dialect vocabulary.

3. Professional and special vocabulary.

4. Slang vocabulary.

The vocabulary that makes up the dictionary of the Russian national language is not the same in the areas of its use. Some words are known to all Russian speakers ( ground, go, white, okay, here and many others. etc.), others are used in one locality, and outside are unknown and incomprehensible ( peplum– ʼʼgoodʼʼ in northern dialects, squishy- ʼʼriding a horse without a saddleʼʼ in South Russian dialects, etc.), others are used by people of a certain profession (special technical terms) or isolated social groups (cf.
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thieves' slang), etc.

Depending on the scope of use, the vocabulary of the Russian language should be divided into several groups: 1) general folk vocabulary, 2) dialect vocabulary, 3) professional and special vocabulary, 4) jargon vocabulary.

Words, the use of which is characteristic of all Russian speakers and is not limited to any territory, profession or social environment, constitute nationwide vocabulary of the Russian language.

Common words are the core of the lexical system of the language; without them its existence is impossible, communication is impossible. Common vocabulary includes words denoting vital and socially important concepts, actions, properties: water, earth, man, father, mother, work, go, see, hear, big, kind, good, evil, white, light, dark, fast and many others. others
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Οʜᴎ usually have definite and stable meanings that are common to all native speakers and do not change over long periods of time. The stability and comprehensibility of the national vocabulary serve the mutual understanding of different people as in one; and across successive generations.

This does not mean that the popular vocabulary is a closed group of words that is not subject to any influences. On the contrary, it can be replenished with words that previously had a limited (dialect or professional) scope of use. Yes, the words burning, motley, loser, tyrant, regular, tedious and some etc., in the first half of the 19th century. were not known to all Russian speakers: the scope of their use was limited to professional ( lively, variegated) or dialect (loser, tyrant, regular, boring) environment. In modern Russian, these words are part of the national vocabulary.

On the other hand, some common words over time may go out of general circulation ͵ narrow the scope of their use: for example, the words zobat – There is, disdain– ʼʼdawnʼʼ, cf.
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cognate verb glimpse) now found only in some Russian dialects. There are times when a word from the popular dictionary goes into professional jargon.

2. Dialect vocabulary.

Words, the use of which is characteristic of people living in a certain area, are dialect vocabulary. Dialect words are used mainly in the oral form of speech, since the dialect itself is ϶ᴛᴏ mainly oral colloquial and everyday speech of the inhabitants of the countryside.

Dialect vocabulary differs from the national one not only in a narrower scope of use, but also in a number of phonetic, grammatical and lexico-semantic features. In accordance with these features, several types of dialectisms are distinguished:

a) phonetic dialectisms- words that reflect the phonetic features of this dialect: barrel, vanka, tippyatok(instead of barrel, Vanka, boiling water) - South Russian dialectisms; chicken, cyasy, man, nemchi(instead of chicken, clock, man, Germans) - dialectisms, reflecting the sound features of some northwestern dialects;

6) grammatical dialectisms- words that have grammatical characteristics other than in the literary language or differ from the common vocabulary in morphological structure. So, in southern dialects, neuter nouns are often used as feminine nouns. (the whole field, such a thing, The cat smells, whose meat it ate); forms are common in northern dialects in the cellar, in the club, in the table(instead of in the cellar, in the club, in the table); instead of common words side, rain, run, hole and etc.
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in dialect speech, words with the same root are used, but different in morphological structure: sboch, dozhzhok, run, burrow and so on.;

V) lexical dialectisms- words, both in form and in meaning, differ from the words of the national vocabulary: kochet - rooster, bark - ladle, the other day -ʼʼ the other day, recentlyʼʼ, speed up - harrow, ground - manure, chatting - speak, indus -ʼʼevenʼʼ, etc. Among lexical dialectisms, local names of things and concepts common in a given area stand out. These words are called ethnographisms. . For example, ethnography is the word poneva - so in Ryazan, Tambov, Tula and some other regions they call a special kind of skirt. In areas where oxen are used as draft power, the word is common nalygach - designation of a special belt or rope tied to the horns of oxen. The pole at the well, with the help of which water is obtained, in some places is called ochep; birch bark sandals used to be called cats and so on.

A dialect word may differ from a common word not in form but in meaning; in this case they are talking about semantic dialectisms . Yes, in a word top in some southern dialects they call a ravine, a verb to yawn used in the meaning of ʼʼshoutʼʼ, call, guess- in the meaning of ʼʼ to recognize someone in personʼʼ, dark - in the meaning of ʼʼvery, stronglyʼʼ ( dark love- ʼʼI love you very muchʼʼ); in northern dialects plow means ʼʼ to sweep the floorʼʼ, in Siberian wonderful means ʼʼmanyʼʼ, etc.

Dialecticisms are often used as expressive means in works of fiction - for the speech characterization of characters, for the transfer of local color, for a more accurate, from the point of view of the author, naming of some things and concepts.

ʼʼ It was frosty and poignant, but in the evening it became rejuvenate ʼʼ (L. N. Tolstoy) - this verb in the Oryol and Tula dialects means ʼʼ cloudy, tend to bad weather ʼʼ, as V. I. Dal explains this meaning; ʼʼ We went to the forest, or, as we say, to order ʼʼ (I. S. Turgenev); ʼʼ– All face so like blue becameʼʼ (I. E. Babel); ʼʼ– We are used to bread ist without weightʼʼ (M. A. Sholokhov), etc.

General vocabulary. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "National vocabulary." 2017, 2018.

Social differentiation of Russian vocabulary (Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of the scope of its use).

Lecture No. 9 (4 hours).

1. National vocabulary.

2. Dialect vocabulary.

3. Professional and special vocabulary.

4. Slang vocabulary.

The vocabulary that makes up the dictionary of the Russian national language is not the same in the areas of its use. Some words are known to all Russian speakers ( ground, go, white, okay, here and many others. etc.), others are used in one locality, and outside are unknown and incomprehensible ( peplum- "good" in northern dialects, squishy- “riding a horse without a saddle” in South Russian dialects, etc.), others are used by people of a certain profession (special technical terms) or isolated social groups (cf. thieves’ slang), etc.

Depending on the scope of use, the vocabulary of the Russian language can be divided into several groups: 1) common folk vocabulary, 2) dialect vocabulary, 3) professional and special vocabulary, 4) jargon vocabulary.

Common words are the core of the lexical system of the language; without them its existence is impossible, communication is impossible. Common vocabulary includes words denoting vital and socially important concepts, actions, properties: water, earth, man, father, mother, work, go, see, hear, big, kind, good, evil, white, light, dark, fast and many others. etc. They usually have definite and stable meanings that are common to all native speakers and do not change over long periods of time. The stability and comprehensibility of the national vocabulary serve the mutual understanding of different people as in one; and across successive generations.

This does not mean that the popular vocabulary is a closed group of words that is not subject to any influences. On the contrary, it can be replenished with words that previously had a limited (dialect or professional) scope of use. Yes, the words burning, motley, loser, tyrant, frequenter, tedious and some etc., in the first half of the 19th century. were not known to all Russian speakers: the scope of their use was limited to professional ( lively, variegated) or dialect (loser, tyrant, frequenter, boring) environment. In modern Russian, these words are part of the national vocabulary.

On the other hand, some common words over time may go out of general circulation, narrow the scope of their use: for example, the words goit – "There is", disdain- "dawn", cf. cognate verb glimpse) now found only in some Russian dialects. There are times when a word from the popular dictionary goes into professional jargon.

2. Dialect vocabulary.

Words, the use of which is characteristic of people living in a certain area, are dialect vocabulary. Dialect words are used mainly in the oral form of speech, since the dialect itself is mainly the oral colloquial and everyday speech of the inhabitants of the countryside.

6) grammatical dialectisms- words that have grammatical characteristics other than in the literary language or differ from the common vocabulary in morphological structure. So, in southern dialects, neuter nouns are often used as feminine nouns. (the whole field, such a thing, The cat smells, whose meat it ate); forms are common in northern dialects in the cellar, in the club, in the table(instead of in the cellar, in the club, in the table); instead of common words side, rain, run, hole etc. in dialect speech, words with the same root are used, but different in morphological structure: sboch, dozhzhok, run, burrow and so on.;

V) lexical dialectisms- words, both in form and in meaning, differ from the words of the national vocabulary: kochet -"rooster", bark -"ladle", the other day -"the other day, recently" speed up -"harrow", ground -"manure", chatting -"speak", indus -“even”, etc. Among lexical dialectisms, local names of things and concepts that are common in a given area stand out. These words are called ethnographisms. . For example, ethnographic is the word poneva - so in Ryazan, Tambov, Tula and some other regions they call a special kind of skirt. In areas where oxen are used as draft power, the word is common nalygach - designation of a special belt or rope tied to the horns of oxen. The pole at the well, with the help of which water is obtained, in some places is called ochep; birch bark sandals used to be called cats and so on.

A dialect word may differ from a common word not in form but in meaning; in this case they talk about semantic dialectisms . Yes, in a word top in some southern dialects they call a ravine, a verb to yawn used to mean "shout" call, guess- in the meaning of "to recognize someone by sight", dark - in the meaning of "very, strongly" ( dark love- "I love you very much"); in northern dialects plow means "to sweep the floor", in Siberian wonderful means "a lot", etc.

Dialectisms are often used as expressive means in works of fiction - for the speech characterization of characters, for conveying local color, for more accurate, from the point of view of the author, naming some things and concepts.

« It was frosty and poignant, but in the evening it became rejuvenate "(L. N. Tolstoy) - this verb in the Oryol and Tula dialects means "to become cloudy, to tend to bad weather", as V. I. Dal explains this meaning; " We went to the forest, or, as we say, to order "(I. S. Turgenev); "- All face so like blue became» (I. E. Babel); "- We are used to bread ist without weight"(M. A. Sholokhov), etc.

Common vocabulary

The vocabulary that makes up the dictionary of the Russian national language is not the same in terms of the scope of use. Some words are known to all people who speak Russian: ground, go, white, okay, here etc. But there are words that only certain groups of people know, for example: intarsia, phoneme, heifer, kolomaz, eastbock. These groups of people are united either socially or territorially, so we are talking about either social or territorial dialects. Third words are used by people of a certain profession (special technical terms).

Depending on the scope of use, the vocabulary of the Russian language can be divided into two groups:

1) popular vocabulary (generally used) ;

2) vocabulary of limited use (dialect, slang, professional).

National vocabulary of the Russian language make up words, the use of which is characteristic of all people who speak Russian, and is not limited geographically. Common words- this is the core of the lexical system of the language, without them the very existence of the language and communication in it is impossible.

Common vocabulary includes words denoting vital and socially important concepts, actions, properties, qualities: water, earth, man, father, mother, work, go, see, hear, big, kind, good, evil, white, light, dark, fast and etc.

These words usually have specific, fixed meanings that are common to all native speakers and do not change over a long period of time.

The popular vocabulary does not constitute a closed group of words; on the contrary, it can be replenished with words that previously had a limited (dialect or professional) scope of use.

So, for example, the words burning, motley, loser, tyrant, frequenter, tedious and some others in the first half of the 19th century were not known to all Russian speakers, because the scope of their use was limited to areas and, consequently, environments of use:

a) professional environment: lively, variegated,

b) dialect environment: loser, tyrant, frequenter, tedious.

In modern Russian, these words are part of the national vocabulary.

Dialect vocabulary

Words, the use of which is characteristic of people living in a certain area, are dialect vocabulary. Dialect words are used mainly in oral speech, since the dialect itself is mainly the oral colloquial and everyday speech of the inhabitants of rural areas.

Dialect vocabulary differs from the national one not only in a narrower scope of use, but also in phonetic, grammatical and lexical-semantic features.

In accordance with these features, the following types of dialectisms are distinguished:

A) phonetic dialectisms - words that have received a special phonetic design in the dialect cai (tea), chep (chain), kuricha (chicken), tsyasy (hours), tselovek (man), nemchi (Germans) - consequences of "clatter" and "clatter" characteristic of northern dialects; hverma (farm), bamaga (paper), (w[ O]on instead of wife, p[ And]snya, m[ And]one hundred instead of song, place; doom[a]t instead of thinks in northern Russian dialects; n[i]s y, p[i]k A instead of carry, river; [hv] A mercury instead of apron and others in South Russian dialects.

b) grammatical dialectisms - words that have grammatical characteristics other than in the literary language:

1) the use of a neuter noun as a feminine noun in South Russian dialects: Whole field; Such a thing; The cat smells whose meat it has eaten.

2) in Northern Russian dialects, the use of the dative case form is common instead of the prepositional: in the cellar - in the cellar; in the club - in the club; in the table - in the table.

3) the use of words with a different morphemic structure, but having the same root, instead of commonly used lexemes: Side - on the side; Dozhzhik - rain; Bech - to run; Nora - nora and etc.

V) lexical dialectisms - words known only to speakers of the dialect and outside of it, having neither phonetic nor word-forming options: For example, beetroot(southern) - beets, cibula(southern) - onion, to talk (to speak); golitsy(sev.) - mittens, fur coats(sev.) - mittens; peplum(sev.) - beautiful; veksha(sev.) - squirrel; stitch(southern) - track; beam(southern) - ravine, guy(southern) - forest, etc. In the common language, these dialectisms have equivalents that name identical objects, concepts. The presence of such synonyms distinguishes lexical dialectisms from other types of dialect words.

G) ethnographic dialectisms - words that name objects known only in a certain area: shanezhki-"Pies prepared in a special way", shingles- "special potato pancakes", nardek- "watermelon molasses", manarca- "type of outerwear", poneva- a kind of skirt ochep - " a pole by the well, with which water is drawn, cats - " birch bark sandals, etc. Ethnographisms do not and cannot have synonyms in the national language, since the objects themselves, designated by these words, have a local distribution. As a rule, these are household items, clothes, food, plants, etc.

e) lexico-semantic dialectisms - words that have an unusual meaning in the dialect: bridge- "floor in the hut", lips- "mushrooms of all varieties except porcini", scream(someone) - "call" myself- "master, husband"; temple And (Kursk., Voronezh.) - hair on the whole head and temple And (lit., pl. from the temple) - the lateral part of the skull above the line running from the ear to the eye; hair growing on the side of the skull in front of the ear; b O dry(south., Ryazan.) - smart, beautifully cleaned and b O dry(lit.) - full of strength, healthy, energetic; goat(Southern, Kaluga, Orlov, Kursk) - snake And goat(lit.) - wild goat; wad(Volzh.) - the bow of the ship, the very front of it; wad(north, east) - hemp chaff and wad(lit.) - a bundle of hemp, cloth, paper for driving a charge, etc. Such dialectisms act as homonyms for common words used with their inherent meaning in the language.

e) derivational dialectisms - words that have received a special affix in the dialect: song (rooster), guska (goose), heifer (calf), strawberry (strawberry), bro (brother), shuryak (brother-in-law), darma (for free), forever (always), from where (from where), pokeda (for now), evonny (his), theirs (theirs) etc.

and) morphological dialectisms - forms of inflection not characteristic of the literary language: soft endings for verbs in the 3rd person (go, go); ending -am nouns in the instrumental plural (under the pillars); ending e for personal pronouns in the genitive singular: me, you(For example, I saw with my own eyes, I spoke with smart people, where there is a coincidence of the endings of the creation. and dates. plural cases numbers in northern dialects, and nisho [th], let's go [th] instead of carries, goes or at m [and] n [e], at s [and] b [e] instead of at me, at myself- in the south), etc.

Jargon

slang vocabulary (slang)– these are words, the use of which is characteristic of people who form separate social groups, that is, these are words and expressions found in the speech of people associated with a certain type of activity, a way of spending time.

Especially a lot of jargon arose before the revolution in the speech of the ruling classes, which is explained by an attempt to artificially create a special kind of language by introducing specific elements and thereby somewhat separate the people of their circle from the rest of the speakers of the national Russian language.

This is how, for example, the Russian-French salon jargon of the nobles, merchant-merchant jargon, etc. arose. For example: plaisir- in the meaning of "pleasure, fun", promenade- in the meaning of "walk"; sentiment- in the sense of "excessive sensitivity", magarych- in the meaning of "a treat about the conclusion of a profitable deal", etc.

In our time, people usually talk about the jargon of people of a certain profession, about student, school, youth jargon in general. For example: slur– printers have “an extraneous imprint on the print”, goat (goats)- for printers "omission of text in prints"; goat- the pilots have "involuntary jump of the aircraft during landing." The school environment is characterized by the following jargon: teacher, spurs, cheat sheet, control, penny, and for the student: money(money), cool(special, very good) slip ( sit back), hut(apartment), stipukha ( scholarship), bullshit (nonsense, low-cost proof), idle (idle), shine, strength, iron, awesome (excellent), like a bayonet (required), etc. The use of such vocabulary clogs the language and should be suppressed in every possible way.

The speech of certain socially closed groups (thieves, vagabonds, etc.) is called slang(fr. argot closed, inactive). It's a secret, artificial language of the underworld (thieving music) known only to the initiated and existing also only in oral form. Separate argotisms are spreading outside of slang: thug, mokrushnik, pen (knife), raspberry (den), split, nix, fraer etc., but at the same time they practically pass into the category of colloquial vocabulary and are given in dictionaries with the corresponding stylistic marks: “colloquial”, “coarse colloquial”.

Jargons have expression, therefore they are sometimes used in fiction as a means of creating an image, mostly negative. Some works by L.N. Tolstoy, N.G. Pomyalovsky, V.M. Shukshin, D. Granin, Yu. Nagibin and others.

Special vocabulary

In Russian, along with common vocabulary, there are words and expressions related to special vocabulary:

Special vocabulary – words and expressions, the use of which is limited to special areas of human activity: science, technology, art, production, agriculture, medicine, etc.

Professional vocabulary- these are words and expressions used by groups of people united by the nature of their activities, i.e. by profession. For example, there is military vocabulary, accounting vocabulary, building vocabulary, etc.

Professional vocabulary includes professionalism, nomenclature designations And terms.

Professionalisms characterized by greater differentiation in the designation of tools and means of production, in the names of specific objects, actions, persons, etc. They are distributed mainly in the colloquial speech of people of a particular profession, sometimes being a kind of unofficial synonyms for special names. Often they are reflected in dictionaries, but always marked “professional”. In the texts of newspapers and magazines, as well as in works of art, they usually perform a nominative function, and also serve as a figurative and expressive means.

So, in the professional speech of actors, a complex abbreviated name is used glavrezh; in the colloquial speech of builders and repairmen, the professional name of overhaul is used capital; maintenance personnel of computer centers are called machinists And VEEM workers; on fishing boats, workers who gut fish (usually by hand) are called shkershchik etc.

Professionalisms are words and expressions characteristic of people of the same profession. These words are semi-official names for the concepts of this profession. So, for example, pilots call the fuselage belly, training aircraft - ladybug, sailors grandfather they call the chief mechanic, cook - candeem, captain - cap, ordinary rope - end.

According to the method of education, we can distinguish:

1) actually lexical professionalisms , which appear as new, special names. For example, in this way the word arose in the speech of professional fishermen shkershchik from the verb slander- "gut the fish"; in the speech of carpenters and joiners, the names of various types of planer: calevka, zenzubel, tongue and groove and etc.;

2) lexico-semantic professionalisms arising in the process of developing a new meaning of the word and its rethinking. This is how, for example, the professional meanings of words in the speech of printers arose: Christmas trees or paws- a kind of quotation marks; a cap– common title for several publications, paddock- spare, additional set, not included in the next issue; in the speech of hunters, the professional names of animal tails are distinguished: in a deer - kuiruk, burdock, the wolf - log, at the fox - pipe, at the beaver shovel, at the squirrel fur, at the hare flower, bunch, repeek etc.;

3) lexical and derivational professionalisms , which include words like spare tire- a spare mechanism, a part for something; glavrezh- the main director, etc., in which either a suffix is used, or a way of adding words, etc.

Professionalisms usually do not receive wide distribution in the literary language; their scope remains limited.

Terms - words or phrases naming special concepts of any sphere of production, science, art.

Each term is necessarily based on the definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent an accurate and at the same time concise description of an object or phenomenon. Each branch of knowledge operates with its own terms, which are the essence of the terminological system of this science.

As part of the terminological vocabulary, several “layers” can be distinguished, differing in the scope of use, features of the designated object.

1. General scientific terms , which are used in various fields of knowledge and belong to the scientific style of speech as a whole: experiment, adequate, equivalent, predict, hypothetical, progress, reaction etc. These terms form a common conceptual fund of various sciences and have the highest frequency of use.

2. Special terms which are assigned to certain scientific disciplines, branches of production and technology; For example, in linguistics: subject, predicate, adjective, pronoun; in medicine: heart attack, myoma, periodontitis, cardiology etc. In these terminologies the quintessence of each science is concentrated.

Terminological vocabulary, like no other, is informative. Therefore, in the language of science terms irreplaceable: they allows you to briefly and extremely accurately formulate an idea. However, the degree of terminology of scientific works is not the same. The frequency of the use of terms depends on the nature of the presentation, the addressing of the text.

Modern society requires such a form of description of the data obtained, which would make it possible to make the greatest discoveries of mankind the property of everyone. However, the language of monographic studies is often so overloaded with terms that it becomes inaccessible even to a specialist. Therefore, it is important that the terminology used be sufficiently mastered by science, and newly introduced terms must be explained.

A peculiar sign of our time has become the spread of terms outside of scientific works. This gives grounds to talk about the general terminology of modern speech. So, quite a few words that have terminological meaning have been widely used without any restrictions: tractor, radio, television, oxygen. Another group consists of words that have a dual nature: they can function both as terms and as commonly used words. In the first case, these lexical units are characterized by special shades of meaning, giving them special accuracy and unambiguity. So, the word mountain, which means in wide use - "a significant hill rising above the surrounding area" and having a number of figurative meanings, does not contain specific measurements of height in its interpretation.

In geographical terminology, where the distinction between the terms "mountain" and "hill" is essential, a clarification is given - "a hill over 200 m in height." Thus, the use of such words outside the scientific style is associated with their partial determinology.

The terms of the subject area "Informatics and IT", for example, include the words

Terminology is a collection of special words (terms) of various fields of science and technology, functioning in the field of professional communication. This is, for example, linguistic terminology (word, phoneme, morpheme, case, etc.), technical terminology (electricity, electric charge, electric field, etc.). The terminology of each specific field of knowledge contains a system of terms correlated with the system of concepts of the corresponding branch of knowledge. Such a system is created in the course of classification, systematization and definition of scientific concepts. The meaning of each term in the system depends primarily on its correlation with a scientific or technical concept, and the links between the terms are determined mainly by the links that exist between the concepts. For example, the terms phonology, morphology, syntax express general system-related scientific concepts in the field of the science of language. And each of these scientific linguistic disciplines has its own system of hierarchically subordinate rows of terms, correlated and connected with hierarchical relations between scientific concepts within this discipline. Thus, the terminology in a particular field of science and technology is a closed system in which the term occupies a certain place in subordination with other terms. In different languages, specialists create terminological names for scientific concepts, phenomena, which form harmonious terminological systems. Thus, the term (lat. border, limit) is a word or phrase that is the name of a scientific or technical concept.

A special kind of professional vocabulary is nomenclatural designations (nomens). Nomenclature (from lat. nomenclatura - list of names, list, list) is a set of special terms-names used in a given scientific field, the names of typical objects of a given science (as opposed to terminology, which includes the designations of offshoot concepts and categories). This is, for example, biological, botanical, zoological nomenclature, etc.

The nomenclature of each field of knowledge is created by its own special techniques and is largely determined by extralinguistic reasons. Nomenclature names express individual concepts: the name of specific machines, preparations, plant species, etc. They are characterized by the predominance of subject meaning over conceptual: sulfidine, vitamin C, etc. In a number of cases it is not difficult to draw a line between a nomenclatural name and a term. The main difference is that the term corresponds to a definition that expresses the essential features of the concept, while the nomenclature name that characterizes the subject is characterized by a description that contains the features of the corresponding subject. Nomenclature names are the most artificial, and therefore this part of the vocabulary is most subject to change.

The difference between technical terms and professionalisms can be shown by the following examples.

In metallurgy, the term nasty denote the remains of the solidified metal in the ladle, and the workers call these remains goat, hence, stuck - official term, that is, special vocabulary, and goat - professionalism.

In the manufacture of optical instruments, one of the abrasive devices is called concave grinder(special term) and the workers call it cup(professionalism).

Nuclear physicists jokingly refer to synchrophasotron(special term) saucepan(professionalism).

Doctors (primarily therapists) call candle a special kind of temperature curve with a sharp rise and fall.

Cabinet makers are called sandpaper(official terminological name) skin, moreover, it is this professionalism that is also characteristic of colloquial vocabulary.

Special vocabulary is created by conscious and purposeful efforts of people – experts in any field. Professionalisms are less regular, because they are born in the oral speech of people, as a result of which they rarely form a system.

Unlike special terms, professionalisms have a bright expressive coloring and expressiveness due to their metaphorical and, often, figurativeness.

In some cases, professionalisms can be used as official terms. In these cases, their expressiveness is somewhat erased, fading, but the metaphorical meaning is still felt quite well. Compare, for example terms: lever arm, gear tooth, knee tubes and etc.

It should be remembered that, despite the limited scope of the use of special and professional vocabulary, there is a constant connection and interaction between it and the popular vocabulary. The literary language masters many special terms: they gradually begin to be rethought in the process of use, as a result of which they cease to be terms, that is, they are determined . Compare, for example, the use in modern journalism, in colloquial speech, and sometimes in fiction, of such phrases created according to the “term + common word” scheme: ideological vacuum; bacillus indifference; orbit glory; To Corrosion souls; contact with the population and etc.

Special vocabulary (professional)

In this case, you can guess which word is missing.

Should: Student Belov won first place at the Physics Olympiad.

RUSSIAN VOCABULARY FROM DIFFERENT POINTS OF VIEW

The vocabulary of any language is heterogeneous; different layers of vocabulary are distinguished in it: common and dialect, special and colloquial, obsolete and new words, etc.

COMMON AND NON-COMMON USE WORDS (general and limited vocabulary)

Any person for whom Russian is native knows what the words mean bonfire, needle, grumble, runny nose, rope, clothes, gape, but not everyone knows such words as breast(bonfire), shershotka(needle), rep(grumble), rhinitis(runny nose), lounge(a rope attached to the belt of a circus gymnast, acrobat), outfit(cloth), waffle leaf(distracted).

The first group of words fire, needle, grumble, etc.) belongs to the common folk (common) vocabulary. Its understanding and use do not depend either on the geographical place of residence, or on the profession, occupation of a person. The national vocabulary is the basis of the national Russian language. It includes all literary words. It also includes those non-literary words that are common among people of different ages and professions: bullshit, fit, foolishly, hang around etc. (they are vulgar).

Common (common) vocabulary – These are the words known to all the people and used by all:

Non-general (non-common) vocabulary - these are words, the understanding and use of which are associated with the profession of a person, his place of residence, occupation. Non-national vocabulary includes dialect, special and slang words.

Dialect (regional) vocabulary

Dialectisms(from Greek dialektos - "dialect", "adverb") - these are words or set combinations that are a characteristic affiliation of the population of any locality, district, region.

Dialectisms can denote the names of objects and phenomena that are called differently in the literary language, for example: kochet(rooster), veksha(squirrel), stubble(stubble).

There are two main adverbs (dialects) in the national Russian language - north and south, which include independent dialects. A special group is Central Russian dialects that have features of both the North Russian and South Russian dialects.

Dialect vocabulary is deliberately used, especially in fiction, to create a local flavor, for a more realistic depiction of reality, for the speech characterization of characters.

For many years, the process of assimilation of dialect vocabulary by the literary language took place. A lot of dialect words came into the Russian literary language, which became common. Among them there are stylistically neutral (taiga, hill, eagle owl, dugout, plow, smile, etc.) and expressively colored (take a nap, mumble, tedious, etc.).

In the speech of people living in rural areas, there may be dialect words, the use of which is assessed as a violation of the literary norm.

Ex. 1. Read the text. Specify dialectal words. In the explanatory dictionary or in the dictionary of V.I. Find their meaning.

1. Melnikov flaunted in a red shirt, in plush trousers, new pimas (Mamin-Sibiryak). 2. Veksha chirps - prophesies guests (Dal). 3. As soon as the Cossack reached the village, he watered the horse from the well. Zhalitsa, sorrel, wild radish, lungwort and a lot of things grew in the meadows (Astafiev). 4. From the jacket, all the horses became the same color - gray-haired (Chernousov). 5. A white river flows out of a bright glade (Prishvin).

Special vocabulary (professional)

Special vocabulary – these are words and phrases , denoting concepts of a certain field of knowledge or activity.

Among special words, terms and professionalisms can be distinguished.

term (fromlat. terminus - "limit", "border", "boundary sign" - a word or a combination of words that is an officially accepted, legalized name for any concept of science, technology, art.

Among the terms are highly specialized and general commonly understood). Examples of highly specialized medical terms: immobilization(creation of immobility, peace), hemothorax(accumulation of blood in the pleura), etc. Examples of commonly used medical terms: amputation, cardiogram, angina pectoris etc . Terms, as a rule, have one meaning and are not emotionally charged.

Words, the use of which is characteristic of all Russian speakers and is not limited to any territory, profession or social environment, constitute the common folk (common) vocabulary of the Russian language.

Common words are the core of the lexical system of the language; without them its existence is impossible, communication is impossible. Common vocabulary includes words denoting vital and socially important concepts, actions, properties: water, earth, man, father, mother, work, go, see, hear, big, kind, good, evil, white, light, dark, fast etc. They usually have definite and stable meanings that are common to all native speakers and do not change over long periods of time. The stability and comprehensibility of common vocabulary serve the mutual understanding of different people both in one and in different, successive generations.

This does not mean that common vocabulary is a closed group of words that is not subject to any influences. On the contrary, it can be replenished with words that previously had a limited (dialect or professional) scope of use. So, the words of the stomach

squealing, motley, loser, tyrant, regular, tedious and some others in the first half of the 19th century. were not known to all Russian speakers: the scope of their use was limited to professional (burning, motley) or dialectal (loser, petty tyrant, frequenter, tedious) environment. In modern Russian, these words are part of the commonly used vocabulary.

On the other hand, some common words over time may go out of common circulation, narrow the scope of their use: for example, the words zobat ‘to eat’, brezg ‘dawn* (cf. the single-rooted verb to dawn) are now found only in some Russian dialects. There are times when a word from the popular dictionary goes into professional jargon.

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Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of the sphere of use. Special vocabulary (professional)

Special vocabulary (professional)

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