The Mayan civilization has left us with many mysteries and questions. This ancient culture began to form as early as two millennia BC and reached its peak in the period from 250 to 900 AD. The Maya were excellent astrologers and astronomers. For example, their calculations of the motion of Venus differed from modern astronomical data by only a few seconds per year. As for the Mayan calendar, it should be noted that it correlates even better with the astronomical year than the modern Gregorian calendar.
Studies show that the ancient Maya lived according to several calendars. All of them were correct and should have helped in compiling a single, most accurate, fully reflecting the cosmic cycles of the Mayan calendar.
HAAB
Haab is the Mayan civil calendar. It was a solar calendar consisting of 365 days. Haab was divided into 19 months: 18 of them had 20 days each, and one had only five additional "days without names" (this month was added so that the total number of days was 365). These five days were called Wayeb. They were considered unlucky.
Days within a month were numbered from 0 to 19. This calendar was the basis of agricultural work and daily life of the Maya. The months of the Haab calendar had the following names: Pop, Vo, Sip, Sots, Sek, Shul, Yakshin, Mol, Chen, Yash, Sak, Keh, Mak, Kan-kin, Muan, Pash, Kayyab, Kumkhu, Vayeb.
You can determine your sign by haab here:
http://direct-time.com/index.php?id=12#
enter your date of birth and select the Mayan calendar on the left
Haab printing:
According to the Law of Time, the basis of the Universe is the Synchronic Order. The nature of Time is the fourth dimension, time is a single universal synchronization frequency that informs and controls all three-dimensional manifestations. This universal clock frequency is a fixed ratio, mathematically expressed as 13:20 and displayed in the galactic constant matrix, the Tzolkin.
The ancient Maya considered the Tzolkin to be "a stellar heritage - the Sacred Calendar", giving the possibility of conscious interaction with the forces of the Universe. "Tzolkin" in the Mayan language means "account of kins". A kin is any natural cycle: one day, one year, a thousand years. The Mayans also called a person, the Sun, the Planet, that is, a kin is any integral being, a multidimensional model of displaying any process in nature. This calendar was also used by other Central American peoples - the Aztecs, Toltecs, etc.
LONG COUNT
For long periods of time, the Maya used the so-called long count. The minimum unit in the long account is the kin (day). Larger units:
1 uinal = 20 days;
1 tun = 18 uinals = 360 days (approximately 1 year);
1 katun = 20 tuns = 7200 days (19 years 265 days); 1 baktun = 20 katuns = 144,000 days (394 years 190 days; 400 tuns);
1 pictun = 20 baktuns = 2,880,000 days (7890 years 150 days; 8000 tuns);
1 qalabtun = 20 pictuns = 57,000,000 days (156,164 years 140 days; 160,000 tuns);
1 kinchilbtun = 20 qalabtuns = 1,152,000,000 days (3,156,164 years 140 days; 3,200,000 tuns).
1 alautun = 20 kinchilbtun = 23,040,000,000 days (63,123,287 years 245 days; 64,000,000 tun):
Kin, tun and katun take values from 0 to 19. Winal takes values from 0 to 17. Baktun takes values from 1 to 13.
Each kin (day) has its own serial number (tone) from 1 to 13, in addition, the days have names that repeat with a period of 20. Each name of the day has its own symbol, the so-called solar seal. It is believed that these seals describe the stages of development of consciousness - from birth (first seal: Red Dragon, or Imish) to enlightenment (twentieth seal: Yellow Sun, or Ahau).
The numbers and names of the days change in the Tzolkin at the same time. Combinations of tones and solar seals are repeated with a period of 260 days. Tzolkin is considered completed when the last day of the 20-day cycle (Ahau) corresponds to the number (tone) 13. Each seal has its own color - yellow, red, white or blue, which are associated with the cardinal points (yellow - south, red - east , white - north, blue - west). Each of the 13 tones also has certain qualities and characteristics, they are, as it were, the stages of creation (which is why they are also called the tones of creation).
It is these 260 combinations (kins) that are called the Mayan horoscope. It is believed that each person carries the vibration of one of the 260 kin. In accordance with your birthday, you can determine the kin of your destiny and find out your destiny.
(With) http://www.starfate.ru/ezo/goroskop_maija.html 
You can determine your seal by “Long Count”
NEW TIME CALENDAR (Drimspell)
Dreamspell is an esoteric calendar based on a modern interpretation of the New Age Mayan calendar by the philosopher and writer José Argüelles.
“The traditional Mayan calendar is the Tzolkin itself - it appears in both counting systems. In one version, leap days are counted (Long Count), in the other they are skipped (DreamSpell). Both versions of the Tzolkin's kin count are valid, but the Long Count version was created long ago by the Galactic Maya to measure the Ray of Synchronization, in the last fifth of which the Earth entered 13.08.-3113 BC. e. and left it on 12/21/2012. We perceive this Ray as our human History. The era ends with the movie 160 - 4 Sun-AHAU. This is the end of the Mayan Long Count, where all days are counted without exception: kin after kin, day after day ...
The Dreamspell is a description of the Synchronic Order. The Long Count is the sacred count of days. They both use the same harmonic standard, the Tzolkin, or Harmonic Module. For the Dreamspell, the Harmonic Module is an absolute four-dimensional matrix of relationships and a measure of synchronicity. For the Long Count, this is a constantly repeating 260-day count that began on 4 Ahau, 8 Kumhu and which sets up endless cycles of vinals, tuns, katuns and baktuns.
Dreamsell is a new distribution. The Tzolkin was combined with the lunar calendar tun uk. His account is calibrated from July 26, 1987. As his measure, he uses the converted ways of counting Tun Uk (13 Moons of 28 days) + Day Out of Time = 365. Because the purpose of Dreamspell has two aspects - to replace the artificial and uneven Gregorian calendar, and to establish the Synchronous Order of the Law of Time as a new basis knowledge and transformation of the human mind in the form of a purely four-dimensional knowledge - it functions within the perfect 52-year solar-galactic cycles. It does not recognize leap days and therefore preserves the perfection of the Synchronic Order - a purely four-dimensional order in which the irregularity of a leap day does not take place.
Kirill Zaporozhets believes that “there is no conflict between Dreamspell and Long Count. They are simply two different standards that serve two different purposes and apply the same system in different ways. The Synchronic Order harmonizes all systems of time, including the Long Count, all lunar and solar calendars, etc.” (With) http://yamaya.ru/yamaya-articles/calend-hron/311/
Information on the calendar 13 moons for 28 days (Tun Uk): http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/3186072/post128209497/
You can also download the DreamSpell program here.
According to these two calendars, the days have different solar seals.
, but the names of the seals themselves in the Long Count and Dreamsell do not differ:
Ahau, Imish, Ik, Akbal, Kan, Chikchan, Kimi, Manik, Lamat, Muluk, Ok, Chuen, Eb, Ben, Khish, Men, Kib, Boar, Etsnab, Kavak.
The names in Russian are different, do not be surprised. In the Dreamspell version, the seals got more beautiful names.
As mentioned above, Dreamspell is a Tzolkin counting system. Just like in the "Long Count" - combinations of 13 Galactic Tones and 20 Solar Seals create 260 archetypes of wholeness and form the Tzolkin matrix. The Tzolkin Matrix, which is a hologram of many levels of consciousness and being, and includes a structure of 52 "green" cells - 52 Galactic Activation Portals, creating the possibility of a transition to a deeper level of awareness. (rice)
The New Time calendar synchronizes a cycle of 365 days with a Galactic rotation of 260 days. The combination of two rhythms, 13:28 and 13:20, opens the gate to the Synchronic Order, cultivating the ability to hold two or more levels of information in consciousness. The 365 day cycle of the year helps us move through the cycles of the physical and biological realms of the third dimension. Following the New Time Calendar day by day, we weave these two dimensions together!
Tzolkin matrix by Dreamspell, solar seals on the left side
The so-called cross of fate appeared in Dreamspell.
Complete Oracle of Keene (Cross of Destiny)
In the center is your seal, in this case the White Mirror (Etsnab)
On the right is an analogue (in this case, a dragon (Imish)) - supporting, nourishing energy. The analog glyph symbolizes your best ally. This glyph has more in common with you than any of the others, and people who are born on these days will be natural allies for you.
On the left - the antipode (in this example, the star (lamat)) - testing, strengthening and balancing power. Difficult relationships, not necessarily bad, but a person far from you in consciousness and you will definitely run into trials, additions.
Below - the occult teacher (night (akbal)) - a hidden, unexpected and invisible power. The secret glyph symbolizes the magical gift that you have hidden within your limits, the "ace in the hole" that helps you on your way.
Above - the ruler (leading seal), in this example the connector of the worlds (kimi) - the power (energy) of the result, which catalyzes clarity and controls your consciousness. The leading part of your Self is controlled by this sign. You have approximately 30% of the energy of this seal. She is key.
You can determine your sign by haab here.
As in other types of astrology, Maya horoscopes have specific signs and symbols to represent each sign. The Mayan calendar is different from what we are used to, the months in it are shorter and consist of twenty days. Below is a Mayan calendar by date of birth with a description of the signs and images of their symbols.
Please note that the Tzolkin ritual calendar is not used, but the traditional Mayan solar calendar Haab, which has nineteen months.
Meaning: black tornado, black sky, moon, one flower, west.
The ancient Mayans considered those born in the month of Chen to be people of the night. They are given power and vitality by the hours from sunset to the first rays of dawn. Using the calm energy of the dark time, they will fully develop their individuality. They have a natural inclination to perceive lunar energy. It is favorable to wear a moonstone, it increases the connection with the moon. Totem - Frog. Favorable direction is west. Facing the west while meditating is very beneficial for them.
Meaning: green storm, Venus, two flowers, south.
Those born under the sign of Yash have good compatibility with people of the Yashkin sign. The planet Venus patronizes them, giving nature tender and loving. They must develop their peacemaking abilities in order to bring harmony into the world. In our times, the gift of a peacemaker is a great gift, and they are able to do a lot of good. A good direction is south.
Meaning: white storm, frog, three flowers, north.
Those born in the month of Sak are people of the day. The hours of the day, and especially the morning, are especially favorable times for them. Representatives of the Sak sign need to find time for reflection in the early hours of the day, that's when great wisdom can come to them. The main direction is north. The magical animal is the Frog, known for its ability to adapt and change. The frog is able to make a quick and easy transition from one state to another. The Mayan horoscope advises these people to accept change, because in change lies their power.
Meaning: red storm, trees, deer, east.
Keh people have an affinity for nature and a natural balance. They will help restore natural order to our planet by setting their own example. They are protected by the element of Fire, and the magic color is red. Embrace this powerful force and your fiery nature will be known. Meditating in the forest is good for developing natural talents.
Favorable direction is east. The totem is a gentle and noble Deer.
Meaning: secret, hidden, number 3
People born in the calendar month of Mac are under the cover of one of the main secrets of Mayan astrology. In the Mayan calendar, the meaning of this sign is less clear than any other, and this makes them a mystery. It is best if they keep their secrets from others. The words describing the Mac symbolism, again, refer to what is "under cover" or hidden. According to the horoscope of the ancient Mayans, they need to find time for reflection and meditation. If they allow themselves to spend time away from others, they will be able to penetrate the mysteries of existence. The magic number is 3. It is considered the number of divinity, balance and completion.
Meaning: earth, dog, yellow color, yellow Sun.
People of the Kankin sign are patronized by the Earth and the Sun. They have a connection both with the earth under their feet and with solar energy. By spending time under the rays of the Sun and meditating, they can gain wisdom. If possible, meditate in a cave, or at least visit a cave and feel the peace and tranquility of being in the womb of mother earth. Totem - Dog, especially yellow or light brown. Dogs are well known for their loyalty, but a lesser known quality of this animal is their incredible inner strength.
Meaning: owl, rain god, fire.
Those born in the days of the month of Muan are under the auspices of the elements of Fire and Water. For them, the time of a thunderstorm is auspicious, when fire and water are present in the form of rain and lightning. The storm is their magical time. Totem - Owl. This bird is distinguished by the ability of clear vision, it penetrates the essence of things with its eyes.
Meaning: sowing time, puma, steam, arrow, drum.
The totem animal of the representatives of the Pash sign is the Jaguar. Jaguars in Maya culture were given special importance, as they personify leadership. These people have enough inner strength and charisma to become leaders. They also have a straight, like an arrow, character and unshakable self-confidence. Using the drum, they will be able to gain stability and balance. The symbol is water vapor, which is a combination of Earth, Water and Fire, because the vapor rises from the earth under the influence of heat. They need to combine all three elements in their lives.
Meaning: turtle, moon goddess, number 1.
Those born in the month of Kayyab have a natural inclination towards the Moon and spiritual pursuits. Most likely, they will find deep meaning in everyday realities. The totem animal is the Turtle. Among the Mayans, she was considered the bearer of ancient wisdom. It is good to use the image of a turtle when meditating.
Meaning: grain, crocodile, two rulers, darkness, god of rain.
In the Mayan calendar, the Kumhu period has a dual nature. These people are able to see opposite perspectives, and both of them offer their advantages. The totem is the Crocodile, which has the gift to survive in adverse conditions. As you know, crocodiles survived, while most reptiles died out at the end of the Mesozoic period. They are not embarrassed by change, they only benefit from change. They have been granted longevity and stability, and this great gift from heaven should be treasured.
Meaning: unlucky days, earth god, ghost, missed days
The days of Wayeb are the shortest month at 5 days, while all other signs of the Mayan calendar are 20 days. The ancient Maya believed that during the Vayeb period, the natural balance is disturbed, and other forces come to Earth. This is reminiscent of the Celtic holiday of Samhain, when, according to legend, ghosts come to our world. Although birth during this period is not interpreted in a negative sense. This means that you have close connections with other worlds and other realms. With the ability to extrasensory perception, you can see other worlds.
Meaning: jaguar, leader, leader, soft ground.
Representatives of the Pop sign are born leaders. Among the ancient Maya, the jaguar symbol represented power. They can show direction to those around them by remaining sensitive to everyone's needs. Their gift is to be at the forefront, to lead people. They have an affinity with the element of Earth, and meditation on the earth enhances abilities.
In
Meaning: black sky, black jaguar, black storm, night, frog.
Those born in the month of Wo have similarities and compatibility with those born under the sign of Chen. Like people of the Chen sign, their time is the hours from dusk to the first rays of the sun. Like the representatives of the Chen sign, the totem animal is the Frog. They are able to easily move from one level of consciousness to another. Mystical personalities are born under this sign, seeking hidden wisdom and wanting to discover secrets.
Meaning: red crossroads, red sky, red storm, deer.
The month of Sip has a connection with the elements of Fire and Air. The magical animal is the Deer, symbolizing grace and connection with the forest. In the view of the ancient Maya Indians, the Deer was a noble leader of the forest dwellers. Those born this month carry its energy, grace and nobility. The magical color is red.
Meaning: bat, fish, beginning of winter.
Representatives of the Sots sign have two totem animals - the Bat and the Fish. This month of the Mayan calendar is ruled by the elements Air and Water. One of the symbols, the Bat, is associated with Mother Earth. Bats are very sensitive creatures, they have intuition, sensitivity, the ability to see through illusions. The fish represents the depths of the subconscious. Combining together, Pisces and Bat endow these people with a deep intuition that is inaccessible to most. It is important for them to spend their days of rest on the ground.
Meaning: Heaven and Earth.
The Mayan sign Sek is associated with two elements - Earth and Sky (wind, air). Those born in this month are passionate about the sky, they are interested in everything that is above. Air is the element of psychic energy, and Earth signifies practicality. Thanks to this combination, they have the gift of correctly understanding any situation and identifying the most effective solution. This is a great gift by which they are able to help the world through practical perception.
Meaning: dog, days of birds, god of dogs.
Those born in the days of the month of Shul are closely associated with their totem animal, the Dog. She was an important animal for the ancient Maya Indians, who believed that the Dog is a guide to the next life after the end of earthly existence. People of this sign are endowed with the traditional features of the Dog symbol: loyalty, strength, determination. They also have strong connections in the world of the next life, helping others overcome the fear of death and transition to another world.
Meaning: new Sun, sun god, red clouds, green color.
Those born in the month of Yashkin have connections with the Mayan sun god Yash Kin, who gives protection from darkness, drought and disease. These people are natural healers. They have the ability to heal others through healing words or as a healing practitioner. This sign has one drawback - susceptibility to doubt, because Yash Kin was known to bring doubt and indecision. It is important to learn to trust your decisions.
Meaning: water, clouds, jaguar, harvest.
Mole is associated with the element of Water. It is believed that those born in this month of the Mayan calendar are endowed with the gift of making rain. To develop their talent, they need to pay special attention to how the weather affects their well-being. The time of their power comes with the rain. The totem is the Jaguar. The Mayan jaguar personified the secrets of the shamans and the powers of the leaders. They have the ability for both of these roles, they are able to become spiritual leaders and lead others.
24.11.2015
The Mayan calendar is the generalized name of the calendar system created by the Indians of the Mayan civilization of the pre-Columbian era. This time system was used (after the Maya) by the Aztecs, Toltecs, Mazatecs and other Central American peoples.
At present, interest in the Mayan calendar has revived, since the system, according to experts in ancient history, was devoted not only to determining the past time, but also to predicting future events. In other words, the ritual calendar of the Indians is not just a chronograph familiar to all of us in the form of a wall and pocket calendar, but a whole science that studies vast cycles of time.
Mayan calendar - description and general information
A little about the history of the Mayan calendar. The Indians themselves believed that the ancient calendar was presented to them by divine beings who descended to Earth in time immemorial. There were two types of reckoning:
- Tzolkin (ritual calendar);
- Haab (civil calendar).
Haab was used for agricultural purposes, its cycle consisted of 365 days - the approximate time of the complete revolution of our planet around the sun. Another name for the system is the solar calendar. The year was divided into 19 months. 18 of them consisted of 20 days, one month - of 5 days (the so-called "days without names"). Haab was intended for field work and was used in everyday life.
The ritual calendar of the Mayan Indians (Tzolkin) lasted 260 days. It consisted of periods of 20 and 13 days, which succeeded each other. Each day had its own name and a corresponding symbol - the solar seal. The Indians combined both calendars into one, which was called the "calendar circle".
Probably every person imagines what the Mayan calendar looks like: it is a stone circle delimited into sectors. The calendar demonstrates a deep knowledge of astronomical cycles. It turns out that the ancient Indians calculated the almost exact duration of the solar year - 365, 242 days. Scientists believe that such accurate Mayan calculations would have required about 10,000 years of constant observation. However, the period of existence of this civilization is only 3,500 years. How the ancient astronomers managed to obtain such reliable information about the celestial cycles remains a mystery.
In addition to the two above-mentioned calendars, the Indians also had a third one - the so-called "long count calendar". It was intended for large intervals of time. The duration of one complete cycle is 5125 years. The current cycle began in 3224 BC. and ended in 2012. In addition to a cycle of 5,000 years, the calendar mentions an even longer cycle, the duration of which is 26,000 years. Scientists attribute this period to the galactic alignment cycle.
The end of the Mayan calendar means not just the end of one cycle and the debut of another - it implies the complete destruction of the civilization existing in this time period. The current cycle is already the fifth. The previous ones, according to the history of the Maya, ended, respectively, with earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, and a flood. The fifth cycle was to end with the movement of the Earth's orbit and an evolutionary leap.
Since no special cataclysms happened in 2012, the predictions of the Mayan calendar should either be considered erroneous, or the end of civilization should be understood in a metaphorical sense - as the end of a purely materialistic period in the history of mankind and the aspiration to spiritual development.
Expert opinion
The Mayan civilization ceased to exist over a thousand years ago. The reason for her disappearance is unknown. Some historians believe that this ancient culture was destroyed by internecine wars, others hypothesize that the death of the Maya was caused by natural disasters. The indigenous people of Central America left to their descendants only stone pyramids, writing and evidence of extensive knowledge of astronomy and mathematics.
Researchers believe that the true meaning of the Mayan calendar has to do with the natural rhythms of energy in the universe. If you consider your date of birth in the Tzolkin ritual calendar system, you can determine the name of the day and its solar seal. In Mayan chronology, each day is considered unique and has its own message and purpose. You can find information on each day and try to correlate the natural rhythms of the cosmos with the events of a particular human life. The Mayan calendar gives a person a chance to move from a purely material approach to a spiritual and intuitive one.
On the physical plane, this number system is fully consistent with the cycles of motion of large and small celestial bodies. The Indians made not only detailed star charts, but also predicted eclipses of the sun and moon. In addition, they knew in advance about global wars, outbreaks of global terrorism and other events that had an impact on the history of mankind.
In the 2nd - 10th centuries AD, in the southern part of Mexico and on the territory of present-day Guatemala, Honduras and Belize, there was a very high and extremely peculiar culture of the Maya Indians. The Maya civilization was a network of city-states, most of which were destroyed at the end of the 9th century. In the 16th century, the Mayan culture was destroyed by the Spanish colonialists, who, eradicating the local religion, burned almost all the manuscripts containing both knowledge and the very history of the people. When the ruins of Maya cities began to be discovered in the 19th century, the remains of colossal observatory temples were also discovered. One of the most famous Mayan cities, founded in the 8th century, Chichen Itza (in the north of Yucatan) was already ruins by the time of the Spaniards. But the remains of its grandiose religious and astronomical structures (including the Karakol observatory) still amaze researchers.
In only four manuscripts found so far (the so-called codes) of the Maya, information about astronomical, cosmogonic and cosmological knowledge and ideas of this people dating back to different eras BC was also found. Some confusion of the surviving astronomical and astrological information can be explained by the fact that the surviving manuscripts are incomplete, and most importantly, these are mostly simplified rural priestly "reference books". A number of texts were also found on stone slabs-steles.
The worship of the Maya, Incas, Aztecs to the Sun and the Moon dates back to ancient times. Priests at their observatories - platforms located on the flat tops of grandiose, tens of meters high, stepped pyramids, systematically monitored the sky, believing that all phenomena on Earth and in the state are determined by its laws.
Particular attention was paid to eclipses and the movement of moving luminaries - planets, which were credited with a great influence on the life and affairs of people and the state as a whole. Mayan priests predicted happy or unlucky days for certain actions, not for individuals, but for certain social strata or age groups of the population, according to the heavenly bodies.
As a result of systematic observations, the Mayan astrologer-priests determined the synodic periods of all known planets with fairly high accuracy. Particular attention was paid to the observations of the "Big Star" - Venus (mainly for astrological purposes). In addition to Venus, according to the Maya, the Moon and shooting stars had a particularly strong influence on people.
The Maya adopted a 20-ary counting system, which was reflected in the structure of the calendar. Another, besides 20, the main number in Mayan astronomy and astrology was the number 13. The region of the sky, through which the Sun passed among the stars during the year, was divided by the Maya into 13 sections-constellations ("Zodiac"): 1. - ?; 2. -?; 3. Bat; 4. Frog; 5. Parrot; 6. Serpent with a trunk; 7. Owl; 8. Scorpio; 9. Turtle; 10. Rattlesnake; eleven. - ?; 12. Jaguar; 13. Monkey.
The astronomical basis of the classical Mayan calendar was complex. First, it was a sunny tropical year (haab). It was composed of 18 months of 20 days each (360 days), to which 5 extra days were added without a name to "change the power of the main gods." The Maya knew about the discrepancy between the 365-day calendar year and the true solar year, to account for which they introduced a system of inserting extra days. This system gave the length of the year only 20 seconds less than the true one (the error of our Gregorian calendar is one and a half times more). According to the research of V.I. Kozhanchikov, the Mayan calendar also took into account the synodic periods of the movement of all five planets.
In addition, for astrological purposes, the Maya used a "short year" of 260 days, based on the key numbers 13 and 20 already mentioned. several explanations why such a cycle was singled out.
First, the average time between conception and birth is 266 days, and Mayan women to this day associate the Tzolkin with the period of pregnancy.
Names of the 18 months of the year Haab Maya
(in the order of the pictures in the picture)
pop in sip
social sec shul
yashkin mol chen
yash sak keh
mac cankin moan
pash kayab kumhu
Second, there are at least four celestial events associated with the 260-day cycle:
- the average time interval between the appearances of Venus as a morning or evening star is 263 days;
- the average synodic period of Mars is 780 days, that is, exactly three "short years";
– the average time interval between two successive halves of an eclipse season of 173.5 days refers to the Tzolkin as 3:2;
- the celestial rhythm, which makes sense only in tropical latitudes, is associated with periods of time during which the noonday Sun at its highest point is in the north and in the south. These intervals vary with latitude, but at 14.5° N, which is close to the position of the great Mayan city of Copan and the preclassic city of Izapa, the annual cycle is thus clearly subdivided into periods of 105 and 260 days.
For the beginning of their reckoning, the Maya took the mythical settlement date - 5,041,738 BC But they kept their chronology (in European counting) from 3113 BC time. The Maya had a whole hierarchy of periods. Starting from 1 kina (1 day) there were multiple 20 (with one exception) periods: vinal = 1 kin x 20; tun = 1 vinal x 18 = 360 kin; k "atun = 20 tuns (about 20 years); baktun = 20 k" atuns; piktun \u003d 20 baktuns ... alav "tun \u003d 64 million years! The multiplicity of 20 is violated once, to coordinate the account with the real solar year. Why these periods were introduced and how the Maya calculated the zero date of their chronology remains unknown. This interest of civilization Maya to especially large numbers and eras brings them closer to the natural philosophers of Ancient India.
Thus, the Maya used two calendar systems: a long year, used in civilian life, and a short year of 260 days, associated with astrology and religious rites. The long year was divided into two types. A year of 360 days ("tun") was used for special purposes, while in everyday life the Maya used a year of 365 days ("haab"), consisting of 18 months of 20 days. The five remaining days ("days without a name") were placed at the end of the year. They were considered fatal. The short 260-day year ("Tzolkin") had 13 months of 20 days, with weeks of 13 days. The days of the week were designated by numbers from 1 to 13. There was also a 9-day week. Years were combined into cycles: 4-year (it repeated the names of days and numbers of months) and 52-year (a combination of haab and tzolkin, 365 x 52 = 260 x 73 = 18,980).
According to the Maya, the universe, like the Nahua, consisted of 13 heavens and 9 underworlds. The lower "heaven of the Moon" (the goddess of the Moon) was followed by the "heaven of the stars and the god of the Earth", then the "heaven of the Sun and the goddess of water", and after it the "heaven of Venus and the god of the Sun". Even higher was the "sky of comets and the goddess of love." The sixth heaven is "the black sky of the night and the god of death", the seventh is "the blue sky of the day and the god of corn". Above it is the "sky of storms and the god of rain", and then the "white sky of the god of the winds", the "yellow sky of Um-tsek" (i.e. the god of death) and the "red sky of sacrifices". The penultimate sky was given to the god of grain, and the last, thirteenth, was associated with the god in the form of an Owl and in some manuscripts is deciphered as belonging to the one "who owns the sky." Indian sources often mention a group of gods Oshlahun-Ti-Ku, the rulers of heaven. These deities, the patrons of the 13-day week, were at enmity with another group of gods - the lords of the underworld, Bolon-Ti-Ku. Often these groups were perceived as a single entity. In the center of the universe, according to the Maya, stands world tree, penetrating all layers of the heavens, and at its corners, i.e. cardinal points - four others: red (east), white (north), black (west) and yellow (south). The four cardinal points were associated with chaks (rain gods), pavahtuns (wind gods) and bakabs (carriers or holders of the sky), they were located on world trees and differed in color associated with one or another side of the world. Each colored trinity ruled the year.
Aztec astrology
Among the Aztecs, who came to the Mexico Valley from the north of the country in the 13th century and adopted the ideas of their predecessors, the Toltecs, as well as the Zapotecs, Mayans, Mixtecs and Tarascos, the main motives of mythology are the eternal struggle of two principles (light and darkness, sun and moisture, life and death). etc.), the development of the universe in certain stages or cycles, the dependence of man on the will of the deities, personifying the forces of nature, the need to constantly feed the gods with human blood, without which they would die, the death of the gods would mean a worldwide catastrophe. According to the myths, the universe was created Tezcat sticky And Quetzalcoatlem and went through four stages (or eras) of development. The first era ("Four Jaguars"), in which Tezcatlipoca was the supreme deity in the form of the Sun, ended with the extermination of the tribe of giants who then inhabited the earth by the jaguars. In the second era ("Four Winds"), Quetzalcoatl became the Sun, and it ended with hurricanes and the transformation of people into monkeys. Tlaloc became the Third Sun, and his era ("Four Rains") ended with a worldwide fire. In the fourth era ("Four waters") the Sun was the goddess of waters Chalchiutlicue; this period ended with a flood, during which people turned into fish. Modern, fifth era ("Four earthquakes") with the sun god Tonatiu should end in terrible cataclysms.
Every 52 years, the universe was in danger of being destroyed, so the end of such a cycle and the beginning of a new one was accompanied by especially significant rites. According to the myths, the universe was divided horizontally into four parts of the world and the center. The center was dominated by the fire god Xiuhtecuhtli. The East was considered a country of abundance and was dedicated to Tlaloc and the god of clouds and stars, Mixcoatl. The lords of the south were the god of sowing Xipe-Totek and Macuilxochitl, but he was regarded as an area of evil. The West had an auspicious meaning, since it served as the home of the planet Venus, one of the incarnations of Quetzalcoatl. Finally, the north was subject to the god of death, Mictlantecuhtli. Vertically, the world was divided into 13 heavens (in each of which a certain god lived) and 9 hells. By the time of the Spanish conquest, there was a special group of gods of stars and planets in the Aztec pantheon: Tonatiu, the god of the moon - Metzli, Mixcoatl, the god of the planet Venus - Tlauiscalpantecuhtli, the star gods of the north - Senzon-Mimiscoa, etc.
The Aztecs paid special attention to the cult of the planet Venus, associated with Quetzalcoatl. Both the morning star and the evening star, Venus was the symbol of life and death. Aztec astrologers found that 8 annual cycles of Venus correspond to 5 solar years. Every 65 solar years (i.e. 104 periods of Venus), the 13-year and 5-year cycles coincide, and this gives special importance to the 65-year cycle.
Bruce Scofield notes that Mesoamerican Indian astrology gave the same importance to intervals of time as Western astrology gives to regions of space. The Western Zodiac, aspects, houses are all spatial elements. In the Mesoamerican system, intervals of time, with the day as the basic unit, had the same purpose.
There are 20 key signs that move in a clear sequence, controlling time intervals of 1 or 13 days. The 12 zodiac signs of Western astrology correspond to the Mesoamerican decans, a set of signs within signs. Like the Zodiac, the 20 key signs of Mesoamerican Indian astrology archetypally describe an evolutionary sequence. Celestial events and human births have been interpreted according to the symbolism of the time intervals in which they occurred.
The 20 signs of Mesoamerican astrology are grouped into five groups of 4 signs. An important role in the assessment of the sign is played by its connection with a certain side of the world.
| EAST | NORTH | WEST | SOUTH |
| 1. Crocodile | 2. Wind | 3. House | 4. Lizard |
| 5. Snake | 6. Death | 7. Deer | 8. Rabbit |
| 9. Water | 10. Dog | 11. Monkey | 12. Grass |
| 13. Reed | 1. Ocelot | 2. Eagle | 3. Vulture |
| 4. Movement | 5. Knife | 6. Rain | 7. Flower |
Each of these signs, called "tonalli" by the Aztecs, governs one day in the order shown above (from left to right). After 20 days, the cycle of such "daily signs" is repeated. Each day also has its own number - from 1 to 13, this cycle runs simultaneously with the 20-day cycle (1 - Crocodile, 2 - Wind ... 13 - Reed, 1 - Ocelot ... 7 - Flower, 8 - Crocodile, etc. .d.). The sign with number 1 is considered the ruler of the entire 13-day period. 20 cycles of these thirteen numbers, coinciding with 13 cycles of twenty daily signs, form a 260-day calendar-astrological cycle, which the Maya called "tzolkin", and the Aztecs - "tonalpouhalli". Thus, in a 260-day cycle, each day is associated with a daily sign and at the same time enters into a 13-day sign. Each of the 20 groups of 13 days began with the number 1 and a new name. Depending on the first day, each group was favorable, unfavorable or neutral. Thus, there were 260 different combinations in the cycle. Numbers containing seven, as well as 10 or more, were considered favorable, and nine foreshadowed misfortune.
The daily sign and the 13-day sign are fundamental concepts of Native American astrology and provide the key to understanding personality and to the analysis of celestial events. In the view of the Aztecs, the birth sign of each of the people predetermined his entire fate, as well as his path to another world. The role of astrologers was enormous, because no one dared to undertake something important without first consulting and receiving the approval of one of the specialists who simultaneously performed the role of scientists, psychologists and priests.
Indian horoscope
Let's take a few examples. Those born on the 1st day of Ocelot are more at risk than others of being captured and dying in a foreign land; on the 2nd day of the Rabbit - indulge in drunkenness; The 4th day of the Dog promises wealth to the newborn. The East was a symbol of fertility, and the North - on the contrary, infertility, the West was associated with withering and death, the South had no distinct features.
| Name of the day | Prediction for those born on this day | |
| Mayan | Aztecs | |
| Imish (world tree) |
Crocodile | A dishonorable, lustful sinner, the nastiest person, indecisive, doubting |
| ik (wind) |
Wind | A very lustful, dishonorable person, his fate is bad |
| Ak "bal (dark) |
House | Pitiful plebeian with no future, poor, hunter |
| K "an (iguana) |
Lizard | Jack of all trades, rich, wise |
| Chikchan (cloud serpent) |
Snake | Fire soul, killer, bad fate |
| Kimi (death) |
Death | Very bad fate, killer |
| Manik (eating) |
Deer | His claws are bloody, very bad |
| lamat (shining star) |
Rabbit | Intrusive, drunkard, dishonest talker, sower of discord |
| Muluk (water) |
Water | From the fire of his soul, his fate is bad |
| OK (dog) |
Dog | Reckless, stupid, sower of discord, adulterer |
| Chuen (artisan) |
Monkey | Skillful carpenter and weaver, jack of all trades, rich life, good luck in business, prudence |
| eb (fog) |
Grass | Rich, his wealth is community, generous, not quarrelsome, very good person |
| Ben (weed shoots) |
Cane | Pitiful, poor, plebeian |
| ish (jaguar) |
Ocelot | Brave jaguar, bloody mouth and claws, meat eater, killer |
| Maine (Job) |
Eagle | Jack of all trades, very good, will speak soon |
| Kib (peck) |
Vulture | Thief, hunter character, brave, also a killer, bad fate, bad |
| Boar (earthquake) |
Movement | Wise and prudent merchant, bleeder and medicine man, good, sensible |
| Esanab (flint knife) |
Knife | Medicine man and bleeder, healthy, brave |
| Kavak (bad weather) |
Rain | Noble, very dreamy |
| Ahau (lord) |
Flower | Rich, prudent, brave, good |
Each 13-day period also has its own astrological meaning, determined by the first day of this period: Crocodile(1. Crocodile - 13. Reed). He has no conflict between love and work. Daredevil, but goes to the goal with a cool head. Brings happiness to those around you. Personal well-being is dear to him. Exudes optimism and generosity. Touchingly takes care of the partner, sometimes deifying him. Women are attractive creatures, feminine, combine work and family life. Next to them, a man rests from everyday life. She is the mistress of the house, tends to work in a team, has many friends. People of this sign are all lucky, they know how to handle money.
Ocelot(1. Ocelot - 13. Death). Hunter, for him there is no ban. Resourceful, nature endowed him with many abilities with which another would have achieved much. He seeks only his own happiness, pleasure, does not know remorse. He does not like all sorts of duties both in love and in work. These are free, carefree natures who always play with love. They are adored, they willingly test themselves in the arts, often with varying degrees of success. Accuracy and accuracy are not their forte. They know how, however, to glide through life.
Deer(1. Deer - 13. Rain). Horns do not threaten you. These people climb the wall wisely, as they do not tolerate obstacles. Very proud. Behind their temperament lies a timid nature, fear of a cliff of happiness. Jealous, fall in love quickly and strongly. They are looking for a type who will worship them. They know how to caress a partner. Happy in life. They always need a person who is ready to serve.
Flower(1. Flower - 13. Grass). These people are born artistic people: musicians, writers, experts in their field. They have a cheerful disposition, they are happy and contented, even if there is no special reason for it. Their frivolity is dangerous. Sometimes they are arrogant and can offend, offend. They expose their merits, which, however, are obvious. If something doesn't work out right away, they back off. Therefore, they are either above or below, but not in the middle. Women are cheerful, love to dance, enjoy life. They love to dress and know how to wear clothes with taste. A sensible and faithful wife, if she finds a suitable partner.
Cane(1. Reed - 13. Snake). The sign associated with the wind. People of this sign are quick-tempered, hot-tempered, internally disturbed, fickle and absent-minded. They cannot take root anywhere. Adventurers, discoverers, love travel. Major speakers, lawyers. They love big words, you have to be careful with them, because they are created to be troublemakers and spies. Wealth does not fall on them, but they know how to float, sometimes at the expense of others. A difficult partner, although he may like it.
Death(1. Death - 13. Knife). Born under this sign is a minion of fate. Life in abundance. Spiritual and material wealth, respect, honor, but they are afraid of him. Although he is a hospitable person who loves to arrange feasts, he gives his mercy and disgrace according to his mood. It is dangerous to have an enemy in it. Loyalty is not his forte. He has few friends, he is capricious, power-hungry. From misfortune can benefit. You have to take care of your fragile health.
Rain(1. Rain - 13. Monkey). His days are under the influence of formidable goddesses - women who are envious of a person. A person of this sign must be quirky in order to win a place under the sun. He is engaged in magical powers, magic, witchcraft. Men are bad guys, seducers, they seek only pleasure. Women are carefree, fickle, seek pleasure and find it. They are capable of commerce, because in addition to cunning, they have amazing stability. Beware of their language, for this they are not sympathized, but sometimes respected.
Grass(1. Grass - 13. Lizard). They mistakenly see themselves as failures. Gentle, affectionate, but sometimes strangle with their affection. The man is a reliable artisan "with two right hands". A woman knows many crafts, loves children and sacrifices herself for them. prone to pessimism. Mine and yours - they do not separate these two concepts. So, like magpies, they collect those treasures that do not belong to them in order to enjoy them. Friction with neighbors and friends.
Snake(1. Snake - 13. Movement). Sign of good mothers. Knows how to approach life on the easy side. Forgets often about duty and duty. Fate favors her; career - ascending to well-being. Strikingly lazy, can fall; if this happens, then he gets to a reliable place, and things will go better than before. Even debts and guilt will not be taken out of a state of rest. Appreciates gluttony, company. She has many friends, everywhere for her sake, she is a merry fellow. In youth, she causes a lot of worries, is sick, disobedient. The Snake Woman is valued as an intelligent employee. In the role of a wife, she is a reliable comrade, like a mother above others. Her birth is easy, she is lucky here too.
Knife(1. Knife - 13. Dog). These are lucky people with great abilities. The main properties are strength and insight. Great physical strength, performance. They love to work and eat. They can be top athletes. In love, feeling is not the strongest side, but they are strong and inventive, they find a bad approach to a partner. They know how to lead. A person of this sign is not a means for mechanical traction. The combination of vitality with the mind. It is straightforward and simple. He is incorruptible in his position, his advice is valuable. Nerves are like steel wire. Sometimes pedantic. Always sincere and decent, the minion of fate, who succeeds in everything.
Monkey(1. Monkey - 13. House). Carefree, cheerful, frivolous. If it is necessary to expend labor to achieve wealth, she will not strive for it, as she is afraid of regular work. Her dream in the profession: dancer, musician, singer. Favorite pastime is a game, a dream. She loves coquetry, but it is impossible to be offended by her. She believes in castles in the air, which she herself will break. She loves children, as she herself has a lot of childish carelessness. People of this sign are loved in society. They bring a good mood, but in principle are predisposed to melancholy. A lot of health care. But they don't have to worry about that.
Lizard(1. Lizard - 13. Vulture). She is the best partner. Connected with nature and physically very dexterous. Hates inactivity and immobility. Always in the fresh air, so she has good health. These are gardeners, foresters, peasants, i.e. "farmers" - stand firmly on the ground. Reliably, with a sense of duty does its job. Even better than required, it easily endures losses and defeats. In marriage, reliable, gives support. You are safe with her, she controls her nerves. She's doing well.
Movement(1. Movement - 13. Water). A loving person does not know boredom, is constantly active, he is overcome by ideas and thoughts. Energetic. Not a very comfortable marriage partner. She is a beautiful, thoroughbred woman, her sensual radiation completely destroys the world of a man. He is a merciless daredevil, knows his strength. Everything they do goes up in smoke. Fickle, changeable, but can enter the position of a partner. Not at any cost, but faithful in their own way. After a long search, they find a permanent partner.
Dog(1. Dog - 13. Wind). His love requires sacrifice. Happiness falls unexpectedly. He does not expect a miracle, does not rely on chance, and even more so in love. He knows how to fight for happiness, but he does it not as a player, but as a worker. Able to do big things, to lead. Created to be a director, conductor. He has a flair for the essential, the necessary. Faithful and reliable, if his life does not turn into hell. An almost ideal partner in marriage, but "married" firmly with his profession, so he may lose a partner. It is not very easy to understand him. To love him, you need to sacrifice something, which he, however, will generously and generously pay for. What is given to him comes back a hundredfold.
House(1. House - 13. Eagle). In love, a person of this sign is not homely. By nature a player. The tendency to pessimism, sometimes there is a reason for that. They play passionately, at worst they risk everything they have. Women are sociable, talkative, love to pour out their hearts, waiting for new adventures. They love passionately and sacrifice everything in love. You need a firm hand in a partner that will lead people born under this sign.
Vulture(1. Vulture - 13. Rabbit). They love a quiet life, they are faithful. Long life guaranteed. Children get sick at first, but live long. Do not run after happiness. Reasonable, born scientists. They make a problem out of love. They want to possess a partner not only physically, but also his thoughts, although they themselves do not like it when they climb into their souls. Very faithful, homely, friendly, but taciturn, thrifty, but sometimes generous.
Water(1. Water - 13. Crocodile). They love surprises in marriage. The goddess (water) is very changeable, she shows a new face every moment. People of this sign are neither good nor evil, neither poor nor rich ... They are often in conflict with themselves. This is not an easy partner, but often brings pleasant surprises. They are easy to manage, you can not openly offend them. They are gentle and affectionate. Happiness must be fought for. They demand a lot from them, especially in their younger years, but then it is easier for them. They have the right to reap the fruits of their labors.
Wind(1. Wind - 13. Ocelot). These people stand for clear relationships. Not very diplomatic. Appreciate the open, direct word. Where they are, clear relationships are created, but they are achieved in an indelicate way. Everything is thought out, the nature of a revolutionary. They know how to captivate, inspire, and sometimes confuse. In love they conquer immediately. They want all or nothing. The partner is expected to be actively involved. Spirituality is more important to them than sex. A difficult but generous person.
Eagle(1. Eagle - 13. Deer). Demanding in love. A loner, contacts are difficult, selfish, arrogant. He surpasses many in intelligence, few can be at his level. He attaches great importance to his appearance, takes care of himself. In love, demanding and selective. It's not easy to get in touch. A partner for him is an ornament to his person. He knows how to interpret everything in his favor. Don't fiddle with the little things. Becomes a gourmet. Happiness catcher.
Rabbit(1. Rabbit - 13. Flower). Disinterested and selfless, born peasants and educators. They think about others, often forgetting about themselves, although they plan the future with a cool head and businesslike. They love children. They give advice. In love - not an active partner, but a yielding one, as well as a man and a woman. They play a second role voluntarily. In work, too, in the shade, they do not like the light of the ramp. In difficult times, they turn to art, which means more to them than money, which they often refuse. They need a realistic partner who understands them.
North associated with the sun god. This is restlessness, excitement, confusion, anxiety, militant spirit, enthusiasm and unbridled temperament.
East associated with the wind god. Among the Aztecs, it symbolizes progress, inventions and discoveries, it is favorable for poets, scientists, but also for lovers.
South associated with the god of the stars. Not everything works out right away, but it does work. During this period there are no storms, but there are attractions and recessions.
West associated with the rain god. His years are fruitful and plentiful. Those born under his patronage correspond to success and health. He has wealth and abundance.
1, 3, 7 - very good, these numbers are strong, that is, they eliminate everything bad from the horoscope.
10, 11, 12, 13 - soften all bad omens and strengthen good ones.
4, 5, 6 - worsen the good, and less good worsen even more.
2, 8, 9 - smooth out everything that is in the horoscope. They weaken both good and bad.
While a very large part of the correspondences accepted in Mayan astrology has been lost, data on Aztec astrology have been preserved. Each of the 20 signs was considered to be under the control of a special deity of the Aztec pantheon. Knowledge of the Aztec gods and goddesses is crucial to understanding what these signs represent (just as understanding the signs of the Zodiac requires knowledge of the planetary rulers).
The Aztecs also had a solar calendar (Xihihuitl) which had 365 days: 360 days were 18 months of 20 days, and five extra days were considered unlucky. Every fourth year was a leap year. Each year was named after its first day: the year of the Reed, the year of the Knife, the year of the House, the year of the Rabbit. The Year of the Reed has always been considered unlucky. Such was, for example, the year 1519, when the Spaniards invaded.
Several books that have survived after the Spanish conquest hint that there was a whole complex of symbolic knowledge that was used by priests and astrologers. From these books one can predict eclipses and conjunctions of the planets, as well as determine the signs in which they should occur. Predictions of the effects of various combinations can be extended into the future with relevant mathematical precision.
Indian astrology was a complex subject: in Mesoamerica, not only individual, but also mundane astrology was developed. She operated with time intervals of 7200 days (which is close to the duration of the Jupiter-Saturn cycle), called "katun". The katun was regarded by the Maya as a fundamental unit of measurement in political and cultural matters. Katuns were united in groups of 13 and 20; 260 katuns constituted the epoch of creation. Since the Maya were excellent mathematicians and left many dates imprinted on stone, it is absolutely certain that the current era began on August 11, 3113 BC and will end on December 21, 2112 AD. A time span of 5125 years (260 katuns) is almost exactly one-fifth of the precession cycle. In Indian astrology, astrological eras were not measured, as in Western astrology, 1/12 of the precession cycle and were not associated with signs (like the era of Pisces, the era of Aquarius, etc.); instead, the eras in 1/5 of the precession cycle were divided in the same way as the Tzolkin - into 20 parts of 13 and 13 parts of 20. Now humanity has entered the last katun of the entire era of creation, which began on April 6, 1993.
The reconstruction of Mesoamerican astrology is far from complete. It should be taken into account that the true philosophical and natural philosophical ideas and ideas about the world around the Maya and other Indian peoples may have remained unknown to us due to the almost complete destruction of their entire spiritual heritage, especially written monuments, by the Spanish conquerors. There are a number of practitioners in Mexico today using their systems, which they believe to have achieved the pure and perfect form of Indian astrology. In many cases they dismiss the work of academic researchers and ignore the strains on the correlation between the ancient pre-Columbian calendar and the Christian chronology. However, after a great deal of research and careful comparisons of colonial documents, oral traditions, and ancient inscriptions, the consensus seems to be found in the Goodman-Martinez-Thompson correlation, which considers the beginning of this creation epoch on August 11, 3113 BC to be the correct correlation. Bruce Scofield points out: "The tradition of Mesoamerican astrology appears to be the most subtle and complex of all the world's time-based astrological systems, and in time it may become a great aid to world-class astrological research."
Astrology of the Incas
Among the South American myths about the origin of the heavenly bodies, those whose heroes are the Sun and the Moon stand out. They are considered brothers (rarely - brother and sister) or a married couple. In the latter case, the Sun is usually male. There is a widespread myth about a love triangle between the Sun, the Moon and some third character (a bird, the daughter of the Sun), and according to some versions, the Moon appears as a woman, according to others (in the same mythology), as a man. In the latter case, the lower brightness of the Moon is explained by its defeat in the struggle with the Sun. Botokuds have a full moon - a man, a flawed one - a woman.
South American myths explaining the origin of spots on the Moon are extremely diverse. More often than others, there is a version according to which the Moon - a man descends to his beloved on earth, and she, in order to find out who she meets, smears his face with soot. In other cases, they see the silhouette of a creature living on the moon in the spots. Toba has the Moon - a man with a thin one, through which the insides shine through. In the myth of the tribes, she is the Sun beats the Moon, and scars remain on her body. The movement of the Sun and Moon across the sky is considered as a continuation of their earthly path (among Quechua), as the pursuit of one luminary by another (among her). Eclipse explain by an attack on the luminary by a celestial monster, most often a jaguar (among the Toba, Guarani), or a struggle between the Sun and the Moon, in which one or the other side wins (among the Yunk, Khivaro, Botokuds). Most Indian tribes have myths about the brightest stars and constellations. The Pleiades and Orion's Belt attracted particular attention of the Indians of South America. For the most part, the stars are considered to be people who went to heaven before its connection with the earth was broken, the souls of people who died during the catastrophe (among the Araucans), women descending to earth to enter into a love affair with people (among the toba, Karazha ). Star mythology is especially developed among the Chaco tribes in eastern Brazil. Very popular are the myths about two brothers-heroes who, having accomplished a series of feats, turn into the Sun, Moon or stars at the end of the story.
Many tribes of South America have an idea of the supreme deity. Sometimes (Guarani, Apinaye) it is a god who is perceived as the old Sun, in contrast to his son, the new Sun.
Such ideas became the soil from which the original astrology of the Incas grew, who lived in the mountainous regions of Peru, Chile and Ecuador in the XII-XVI centuries.
The most important object in the celestial sphere, the Incas considered the Milky Way - Maya (Heavenly River). It is on it, according to their ideas, that all more or less significant objects of the sky are located. The Heavenly River continued on earth in the form of Vilcanota - an earthly river flowing near the capital of the Incas, the city of Cusco.
In the Milky Way, the Incas identified not so much constellations as spots of interstellar dust - coal sacks that can be seen on it in dark silhouettes. These "black constellations" are named after animals. Rising from the horizon, they seem to be chasing each other. But the ecliptic and the zodiac associated with it were apparently not known to ancient Peruvian astrologers.
The sun was the main object of worship of the Incas: the supreme ruler of their state, the Great Inca, was personified with it. In ancient Cusco, stone pillars stood on the crest of a mountain, later destroyed by the conquistadors. There were 8 of them, and maybe even 16. One half towered over the western, and the other half - over the eastern part of the city. On these pillars, observing from the main temple of the city, the priests observed the points of sunrise and sunset on the days of the equinox and solstice.
The Incas had another type of "observatories" - intihuatana, that is, "the place where the Sun is tied", "solar berth". The intihuatans were carved into the rocks. In the middle of the "pier" there was a stone column - a gnomon. It was possible to determine "what time" by its shadow. Twice a year (when the Sun was exactly at the zenith at noon), this column did not cast a shadow at all and could serve as a kind of calendar. In addition to 12 months of 30 days in the year of the Incas, there were 5 more (and in leap years - 6) final days set aside for holidays.
The astrological and astronomical system of the ancient Peruvians served their creators no worse than Mayan or Babylonian astronomy. As elsewhere in antiquity, it determined, for example, the timing of field work. The time of their beginning and end was indicated by the priests up to the day. And there were at least 18 types of the most important agricultural work (!). They lasted from one and a half to two weeks to two and a half months and covered the whole year. Unfortunately, we have much more meager and fragmentary information about the astrology of the Incas than about the astrological concepts of Mesoamerica.
The article was prepared on the basis of materials from the site
About the structure of the Mayan calendar, its mysteries and mysteries, as well as the ability to predict the future with its help.
Probably, only the deaf have not heard anything about the date of December 21, 2012. According to the Mayan calendar, on this day a great era ends on earth, which the Indians themselves call the era of the Fifth Sun and which lasted 5200 years. Before this abyss of time, even breathtaking!
But where did the Indians get this strange date - 12/21/2012? And what is their mysterious calendar, which surpasses in accuracy not only the European, but in general all calendars of the world?
In fact, not everything here is so simple. The fact is that the Maya used several calendars at once. One of them was intended for agricultural work and totaled (as it should be for any agricultural calendar) 365 days. However, for the performance of sacred rituals, the Mayans used a completely different calendar from ancient times, which is usually called Tzolkin, which literally means “counting the Sun” or “counting days” (from the Mayan words tsol, “count”, and kin, “day”, “Sun”) .
However, in the sacred books of the Maya, this sacred Tzolkin calendar has a different name: Yok-ka-Yumil, or "The Way of Our Lord." It was his Mayan priests who considered him the main one and, like the apple of their eye, cherished his secrets. Diego de Landa, whose Yucatan Manuscript is the main source of information about the life of the ancient Maya, wrote about this amazing calendar as follows: “This was the science they believed in the most, and which they considered the highest. Not all priests knew how to understand it. .
One of the oddities of this calendar is that it is based not on a year or a month, but on a completely incomprehensible cycle of 260 days - mind you, not three hundred, but two hundred and sixty days, or 20 periods of 13 days.
More precisely, this 260-day cycle is the result of the superimposition of two cycles - a 20-day and a 13-day cycle.
The days of the 20-day cycle have their own names, which successively replace each other: first comes the day of Imish (World Tree), followed by the day of Ik (Wind), then - Akbal (Night), etc. All these days are indicated in the left column of the table.
A 13-day cycle is superimposed on this cycle, the days in which do not have their own names and differ only in numbers - from 1 to 13, as indicated in the table:
| Name | Translation | Order of days in a calendar cycle | ||||||||||||
| Imish | World. Tree | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 |
| ik | Wind | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 |
| Akbal | Night | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 |
| Caen | Corn | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 |
| Chikchan | Serpent | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 |
| Kimi | Scull | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 |
| Manik | Deer | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 |
| lamat | Sunrise | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 |
| Muluk | Water | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 |
| OK | Dog | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 |
| Chuen | Master | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 |
| eb | Ladder | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 |
| Ben | Cane | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 |
| ish | Jaguar | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 |
| Maine | Eagle | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 |
| Kib | Vulture | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 |
| Boar | Earthquake. | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 |
| Etsnab | Flint | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 |
| Kavak | Storm | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 |
| Ahau | Lord | 7 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 |
The first day of the 260-day calendar circle, as seen in the table, is called the World Tree-1 day. Next come Wind day-2, Night-3 day, Grain-4 day, and so on. When the number of the day reaches thirteen, the count is updated and starts again at one. So, for example, after the day of Reed-13, the day of Jaguar-1 follows. After 260 days, the account resumes from the beginning, that is, from the day of the World Tree-1.
If a day has a numerical value of 1, it is considered the beginning of a new 13-day cycle (the beginning of each new 13-day cycle is highlighted in blue in the table). Moreover, each cycle is called by the first day, since it is the first day that leaves its mark on all 13 days of the cycle. From this it is clear that the cycles in the Mayan calendar have the same names as the days, but follow each other in a different order. First comes the World Tree cycle (beginning on World Tree-1 day), followed by the Jaguar cycle (beginning on Jaguar-1 day), then the Deer cycle (beginning on Deer-1 day), and so on.
To determine which Mayan day and cycle falls on today, it is enough to know under what sign it passed yesterday. For example, if yesterday was the day Grain-3, then today, respectively, there should be Serpent-4, tomorrow - Skull-5, etc.
Well, to find out the cycle, you need to find the nearest day with number 1 in reverse order. In the case of the Serpent-4 day, the first day of the cycle is Wind-1, respectively, the day of Serpent-4 falls on the Wind cycle.
Traditionally, the beginning of our Mayan era was chosen on the day that, according to the Gregorian calendar, falls on August 11, 3114 BC(Thompson). It's the start of the day Imish-5(World Tree-5, Earthquake cycle). Using this date as a starting point, you can determine which Mayan day and cycle falls on any date in the European calendar.
Or, for convenience, in order not to be confused with the zero year (which was not in the Gregorian calendar) and other calendar subtleties, you can use any other reference point, for example: for the 20th century it is convenient to count from January 1, 1900(day Etsnab-4, or Flint-4, Eagle cycle), and for the 21st century - from January 1, 2000(day Ik-11, or Wind-11, Stair cycle).
This is how the Mayan calendar works in general terms. In addition to these 260-day cycles, the Maya also counted longer cycles - tuns (time intervals of 360 days), katuns (20 tuns of 360 days, i.e. 7200 days), baktuns (20 katuns or 144,000 days). And finally, the whole era has 260 katuns among the Maya, i.e. 5200 years (more precisely 5200 tun, which corresponds to approximately 5125 solar years).
