Personal pronoun. Features of personal pronouns in the oblique case of the Russian language

In Russian, pronouns are of particular importance, it is incredibly difficult to do without them in speech and more efforts are needed to build any sentence without their participation. They allow you to avoid tautology and can replace the word, indicate the relationship between objects and phenomena and characterize many parts of speech: noun, adjective, numeral and even adverb!

By meaning, pronouns are divided into the following categories: personal, reflexive, possessive, relative, interrogative, demonstrative, attributive, indefinite and negative. According to grammatical features, this part of the speech of the Russian language is divided into three groups: generalized subject, generalized qualitative and generalized quantitative.

All personal pronouns

Their function is to indicate an object or a person. This group includes the following words: I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they.

The first four personal pronouns characterize the persons participating in the dialogue.

• But I given to another; I I will be faithful to him forever. (A. Pushkin)
• You remember You of course, remember... (S. Yesenin)
• The more We talking to each other, the less We we understand each other. (E. Remarque)
• At dawn You don't wake her up... (A. Fet)

It is interesting to note that in the Russian language there are also obsolete personal forms of pronouns that have gone out of our everyday life. For example, onet , used to refer to a group of persons that consists exclusively of objects belonging to the feminine gender.

The last four words from the group characterize persons not participating in the dialogue.

• At dawn she sleeps so sweetly ... (A. Fet)
• He was silent at random and sang along out of time, He always talked about something else ... (V. Vysotsky)

They play a role additions or subject. Pronouns change according to cases, numbers and persons. Pronouns referring to the third person can also change by gender.

Refundable

Only one pronoun is reflexive - myself (and other forms).

1. Genitive case - at home;
2. Dative - to yourself;
3. Accusative - into yourself;
4. Instrumental case - in front of you (yourself);
5. Prepositional - with me.

It indicates an object, phenomenon or person who is acting in a dialogue.

• I often think about yourself as an important and intelligent person.
• Despite her modest demeanor, she often admired yourself, spinning in front of the mirror for hours.

Reflexive pronouns play a role additions.

Possessive

Possessive inflected pronouns are ours, yours, yours, mine. Their function is to indicate the belonging of an object to any person.

• The teacher said that my writing was the best!
• Everyone in the family needs to their household chores to keep everything in order.
• I'm scared because yours the dog growls at me.
• Your The new dress really suits you.
• It was our the first award received for excellent performance.

Changing possessive pronouns is similar to how adjectives change. That is, by gender, number and case. In a sentence, they act as definitions, always agreed upon.

Invariable possessive pronouns are her, him, them . These are modified personal pronouns used in the form of the genitive case and the third person.

• Her platinum hair riveted the enthusiastic glances of passers-by.
• His the voice was firm and stern.
• Their the job was great!

relative

They answer questions Which? whose? Who? What? which? How many? what? Often used to connect several simple sentences as part of a complex one.

• It was noisy, so it was difficult for me to understand Who said these words.
• Look, How many cows are grazing in the meadow!
• Lost, I did not know the way home, but to return to the dark forest, from which just got out, didn't intend to.
• Mom was released from the hospital and I was able to see my little brother. He wasn't like that at all. what I imagined him.
• I didn't want to eavesdrop, but curiosity got the better of me and I began to listen, about what these two say.

Interrogative

They are most often used in interrogative sentences of the Russian language. Pronouns who what There is no gender, no number, no person. Pronouns which, whose, which, what vary by gender and number. All of them, except for the word what, change in cases.

• Who came to us this morning? I heard noise.
• What is that a bundle on the table?
• Which Do you like the color more: orange or red?
• Whose did the dog bark last night and keep everyone awake?
• Which hour?
• What is it on the face?

pointing

Pronouns this, this, that, such, then So , are indicative. They are designed to distinguish an object from a group of similar ones. For example:

• This I like the puppy more than the others.
• This the dress looks amazing!
• That the person looks suspicious to me.
• Such A look can drive anyone crazy.
• Then we were very happy and relaxed.

It is important not to confuse the pronoun This with a particle. “Is it your work that won the competition?” In this sentence, the word "it" is not a pronoun.

Determinants

Himself, most, all, everyone, each, any other, other are examples of definitive pronouns.

This rather large section is divided into several more. The first includes pronouns himself and the most. They have a distinguishing role and give individuality to the object in question.

• Myself The director of the firm set out to solve the problem.
• Most a great gift of life is a strong and loving family.

Word the whole covers the full breadth of facial characteristics. For example:

• Whole the garden was trampled by goats.
• The sun illuminated all room.
• All the meeting was in place.

Another, the other have the opposite meaning to what was discussed earlier.

• We found different way out of the current situation.
• It turned out that it leads to his house another road.

Anyone, everyone, anyone indicate the possibility of choosing from the majority.

• Anyone can say that he is a good and sincere person.
• Everyone knows how rainy the weather is here.
• Anyone can try their luck at this attraction.

Undefined

They are formed from interrogative and relative. For example, from the pronoun What indefinite pronoun formed something; from the pronoun which indefinite some.

• They say that someone broke into our neighbor's house and stole everything valuable that was in it.
• Something terrible and frightening happened last night.
• Some things are so secret that they cannot be discussed in public.
• From the closeness standing in the room, a certain lady fainted.
• Several dogs, barking, rushed to catch up with the unfortunate cat.
• Some say that everything Oleg said that evening was a lie.
• A piece of paper, hanging on the building of the unfinished church, said that the whole congregation asked the parishioners to donate at least some money to complete the repair.

Negative

They either describe the negative characteristics of objects or persons, or indicate their complete absence.

• Nobody none of us expected this turn of events.
• Nothing couldn't convince him.
• None we could not dissuade him from this reckless act.
• He repented, realizing that there was no one to blame for this act, except himself.
• Lenochka resolutely nothing she had to do, and out of boredom she idly dangled from one end of the apartment to the other.

MEANING AND GRAMMATIC FEATURES OF THE PRONOUN

Pronoun - a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them. An icy stream snaked through the hollow, beyondhim lay the village of Dubrovitsy. The fight ended after an hour.He sometimes it flared up here and there, then it completely died down. The same pronoun He in various sentences indicates an object, but does not name it. The lexical meaning of this pronoun is determined by the context. In the first sentence He- This Creek, in the second the battle.

Some a man, sitting on the ground two steps away from him, fired into the sky with a revolver. Pronoun some indicates a sign, but does not directly correlate with a specific word. It can be replaced by any adjective ( unfamiliar, unknown, alien, strange, young, old and so on.).

Suddenly they jumped out of the forestsome people and began to frantically wave their hands. Pronoun some indicates the number of objects, but does not name a specific number. It can be replaced by any numeral ( five, eight, ten, thirty, nine, eleven etc.).

Pronouns that refer to things ( I, you, we, you, he, it, she, they, yourself, who, what, someone, something, anyone, anything, anyone, anything, someone, something, someone, something, no one, nothing, nobody, nothing), have some characteristics of nouns. Pronouns someone, anyone, someone, someone, someone, he indicate masculine nouns, she- female, it, that, something, something, something, something, something, nothing- neuter. Pronouns I, you indicate masculine, feminine ( I did, I did, you decided, you decided).

Pronouns me, you, you, we who point to animate objects, and What- on the inanimate.

Some of these pronouns are both singular and plural: he, it, she, they.

All these pronouns change by case. Their case forms retain traces of changes in pronouns in ancient times, for example: you - about you; you are about you; she is about her and others. That is why almost every pronoun changes in its own way.

Pronouns that indicate a sign ( mine, yours, ours, yours, yours, that, this, such, such, such, any, each, any, whole, whole, different, other, himself, most, which, which, whose, what, some, any, any, someone, someone, someone, some, some, some, none, none, no one), have the grammatical features of adjectives. They change in cases, numbers and gender, and agree with nouns: any book, any object, any work, any news, about any work etc. Unlike adjectives, they do not have a short form.

There are very few pronouns indicating quantity: how much, how many, a few, how much, not at all. They change only in cases.

The initial form of pronouns is the nominative singular.

In a sentence, pronouns are used as a subject, definition, addition, less often - circumstances: If you only knew... if you only realized what a great thing we are doing! Something close to envy touched the mother's heart. Someone's strong hand clenched his mother's fingers, someone's voice spoke excitedly: "Your son will be an example of courage for all of us." She was searched several times, but always on the day after the leaflets appeared at the factory. you, we, something are subject (who? you, we, something); pronouns ( For) us, her,(after) that - additions ( example for whom? - for us, searched whom? - her, appeared after what? - After that); pronouns what (case), someone's (hand), someone's (voice), your (son), all (us), another (day) - agreed definitions, they all answer the question what?; pronoun repeatedly) - circumstance.

The pronoun can be used as a predicate, but much less often: Now he's mine! I myself am like that - and I do not boast of this more than that. I know who you were. In these sentences, pronouns mine, that's who - predicates, they answer questions what? who is he?

CATS OF PRONOUNS BY MEANING

According to their meaning and grammatical features, pronouns are divided into several categories:

• - personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
• - returnable: myself
• - interrogative:
• - relative: who, what, which, whose, which, what, how much
• - indefinite: ne who, ne what, ne which, ne how many
• - negative: nobody, nothing, nobody, nobodye whom, ne what
• - possessive: mine, yours, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs
• - indicative: that, this, such, such, so much
• - defining: all, everyone, each, himself, the most, any, other, other

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Personal pronouns I And You indicate the participants in the speech. I just need to touch the mathI again I will forget everything in the world.You Do you remember, Alyosha, the roads of the Smolensk region? The author talks about himself I ... forget, it's worth touching me) or addresses the interlocutor ( Do you remember?..).

Pronouns he, she, it, they indicate the subject that is being said, has been said before or will be said. They serve to connect independent sentences in the text: The doctor was young and so tiny that she looked like a girl. Serpilin and Sintsov standing next to him, and everyone who was around, looked ather with wonder and tenderness or simple sentences in complex ones: Serpilin, leaning on a stick, hobbled to the stands,They were almost full. Pronoun (on) her related to noun doctor in the previous independent sentence. Pronoun They - with a noun stands in the first part of a complex sentence.

Pronouns we you do not mean "a lot of me", "a lot of you". They indicate the speaker or his interlocutor along with other persons.

Pronoun You can refer to one person. Iyou I loved. Love, perhaps, has not entirely died out in my soul. The verb-predicate and the short form of adjectives and participles are used in the plural: You they wrote to me, do not deny; beloved, meYou did not love;You maybe we should bless fate for the fact that I don’t want to take off the mask; For thatYou punished by me.

If the predicate is expressed by the adjective of the full form, then it is used in the singular: “ You a literate man,” Serpilin finally said, breaking the silence that was painful for Sintsov. "Indeed,You is hungry!” Yolkin said.

Pronouns You And You can denote not a specific person, but any person:

Did you seeYou how, under a coniferous roof, a gingerbread man walks in morocco boots ... ?;

How many sunrisesYou met in the forest? No more than two or three, when, disturbing the dew on the blades of grass, wandered aimlessly until dawn.

When declining personal pronouns in indirect cases, sometimes completely new words appear ( I - me, you - you, she - hers, they - them), sometimes at the root there is an alternation of sounds ( me - me, you - you etc.), but all these are forms of one word.

Declension of personal pronouns

1. Prepositions before, with, to, about (both) etc., standing before the forms of indirect cases of the pronoun I, used with O:before me,co me,to to me,necessary me,both to me.

2. Pronouns of the 3rd person he, she, it, they after prepositions have at the beginning n: at him, near her, near them, towards him, behind her, near him, on her, between them, in front of her, under him, in him, from him and etc.

3. H after the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs is not used: faster than her, further than them, closer to him, more trusting than her, higher than them.

After prepositions thanks to, outside, in spite of, due to, in defiance of, towards, according to, like not used: thanks to her, outside of him, like him, towards them, according to him.

RETURNIVE PRONOUNMYSELF

reflexive pronoun myself indicates the person they are talking about. How many rememberedmyself Serpilin, after the civil war, he studied almost all the time.

Pronoun myself does not have a nominative form, in all oblique cases it changes as a pronoun You.

Pronoun myself does not have a face, number, gender. It can be applied to any person, singular and plural, any gender: I - I saw the sky ... I flew into it, measured it, knew the fall, but did not break, but only stronger inmyself I believe. (I... into myself). INmyself will you take a look? There is no trace of the past. (You ... in yourself). Everyone even became scared when they realized what kind of loneliness he doomsmyself . (He… himself). She couldn't forgiveyourself that left her daughter. (She… to herself). Innocent people feltmyself guilty and nervous at every long stop. (People… themselves).

reflexive pronoun myself in a sentence it is an addition, sometimes a circumstance. And he curled up in a ball on a stone, proud of himself. (proud by whom? yourself). Sintsov jumped up and half-awake began to fumble around him, looking for his cap. (fumbling Where? around you).

Interrogative and relative pronouns

Words that are answered by nouns (who? what?), adjectives (what? whose? what?), numerals (how much?), form a group of interrogative pronouns. " What will I do for the people? Danko shouted louder than thunder. Suddenly he turned to his mother: “Avdotya Vasilievna, andHow many years of Petrusha?

The same pronouns without a question, as well as the pronoun which They are used to link simple sentences into complex sentences. These are relative pronouns.

In sentences containing a question, pronouns what, how much interrogative. Let the Nazis knowWhat able Russian patriot and Bolshevik. Look,How many flat-bottomed scows lies on my shore,How many fishing nets are dried on oars made into goats. In complex sentences, allied words which, what, how much- relative pronouns.

Interrogative pronouns Who And What have no gender or number. Verbs-predicates associated with them are used in the singular: Who knocking at the gate?What there is noiseWhat there ringing from afar early before the dawn?
Pronoun related words Who, used in the masculine: Who did he say that?What - in the middle kind: What did it happen to me?

Pronouns which, which, whose change in cases, numbers and genders and are declined like adjectives. They agree with nouns in case, number and gender.

Declension of pronounswho, what, whose

pronoun declensionHow many

When parsing by members of a sentence, the pronoun How many together with the noun it governs is treated as one: Sasha cried as the forest was cut down, and now she feels sorry for him to tears.How many there were curlybirches ! (How many birches - subject ).

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

indefinite pronouns ( ne who, ne what, ne which, ne how many etc.) indicate indefinite objects, signs, quantity: Somebody played the violin ... the girl sang in a soft contralto, laughter was heard; He was ready to go to the ends of the world to doanything ; And from the darkness of the branches looked at the walkingsomething terrible, dark, cold; It became scary, as if in this silence silently lay in wait for him.some danger;Some for a while he sat motionless, listening with one ear to the noises and rustles of the night.

Someone, something, something, some, some These are indefinite pronouns.

Indefinite pronouns are formed by adding prefixes to interrogative and relative pronouns something (something, some and etc. ) And non- (ne who, ne what, ne How many and etc. ) , which is always under stress, as well as suffixes -something, -either, -someone (someone, anyone, somebody and etc. ) .

Indefinite pronouns change according to the type of pronouns from which they are formed. Pronouns someone, something, someone, someone, somebody, anyone and others change like interrogative and relative pronouns, while the endings of pronouns with suffixes - something, something, something in oblique cases appear inside the word before the suffix: someone, someone, someone, someone, about someone; some, some, some, some, about some; anyone, anyone, anyone, anyone, anyone.

In indefinite pronouns with a prefix something prepositions in oblique cases come after this prefix: with someone, about something, with someone, for something and etc.
Pronoun ne Who has only one form of the nominative case: livedsomeone a man without a root…. Pronoun ne What It has two forms - nominative and accusative: Happenedsomething unforeseen. I sawsomething unexpected.

Pronoun ne cue is obsolete, rarely used in modern language and, as a rule, only in the nominative case: Some The rich man, Mr. Kovalevsky, decided at his own risk and fear to build a water pipe for the city.

Pronoun ne How many changes like a pronoun How many. In the nominative and accusative cases, it requires the placement of nouns after itself in the form of the genitive case, plural: It's been moresome anxious days; The boy was surprised that a policeman andsome civilian man.

In a sentence, indefinite pronouns are subject: Someone came to your house (commended ( Who? ) - somebody); additions: I wanted to tell you about this for a long time, but I was, I don’t remember, entertained by something (entertained ( how? ) - something); definitions: My soul here is compressed by some kind of grief (grief ( what? ) - somehow).

NEGATIVE PRONOUNS

Negative pronouns ( nobody, nothing, ne whom, ne nothing, nothing, nobody, not at all etc.) serve to deny the presence of any object, feature, quantity, or to reinforce the negative meaning of the entire sentence.
They are formed from interrogative (relative) pronouns using an unstressed prefix ni- (no one, nothing, none, no one) and impact attachment non- (ne whom, ne what).

Pronouns ne whom, ne what do not have a nominative case.

Negative pronouns change by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender. Pronoun nobody does not change either by numbers or by gender.
Pronouns nobody, nobody, nobodye whom, ne what can be used with a preposition that comes after the prefix: from no one, on nothing, under no one, for no one, from no one, not because of anything etc. Sintsov could notno one find out when the train to Minsk, with which he was supposed to go, will go.From no one ask when it's your fault.

If the predicate has a particle Not, then a negative pronoun with neither reinforces the negative meaning of the whole sentence: INot I want to make you sadnothing ; Plainlynobody nothing did not know.

Prefix pronouns non- (ne what, ne whom) most often used in impersonal sentences, in which the predicate is expressed in an indefinite form of the verb: Well, do it nownothing ; He already told me everything about himself, and I wasnothing tell.

Negative pronouns in a sentence are subjects, objects, definitions: Imagine I'm here alone, no one understands me(nobody - subject). There was no one in the hall, all the people ran to look at Kirila Petrovich(nobody - addition). I tried to appear cheerful and indifferent, so as not to arouse any suspicion and avoid annoying questions (no - definition ) .

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Possessive pronouns mine, yours, ours, yours indicate to which person the object belongs.

Pronoun my indicates that the subject belongs to the speaker himself: My friend Samad Virgun, leaving Baku, arrived in London. Is yours indicates that the object belongs to the person with whom we are talking: Far away, in the mountains of the Urals,is yours the boy is sleeping. Ours, yours indicate that an object belongs to many persons or objects: With the blood of righteous scarletour friendship forever sealed; Which ones are temporary? Get off! it's overyour time.

Pronoun mine denotes the belonging of the subject to the speaker, or his interlocutor, or a third party, who are the subjects in the sentence: What I want? For what purpose will I open my soul to youmy ? (I…mine). Do not understand those who did not wait for them, as in the midst of a fire waitingtheir you saved me. (You ... yours). The dawn rises in a cold haze; on the fields, the noise of work ceased; Withhis like a hungry wolf, a wolf comes out on the road. (He ... with his).

Possessive pronouns mine, yours, ours, yours change, like adjectives, in cases ( ours - ours - ours, ours - ours - about ours), numbers ( yours - yours) and childbirth ( my, mine, mine). … Is yours sad noise,is yours I heard the summoning noise for the last time. What are you bending over the waters, willow, crownmy ? October has already come - the grove is already shaking off the last leaves from the nakedtheir branches.

All of these pronouns in the sentence are agreed definitions.

To indicate belonging, personal pronouns of the 3rd person in the form of the genitive case can be used him, her, them. Winter!his the horse, smelling the snow, trots somehow. Possessive pronoun his (horse) indicates that horse belongs peasant (horse) whose? - him, the peasant), it does not agree with the word horse ( compare: his horse, his horse, his bulls). Happened to the nightingale at the noisetheir fly in. Possessive pronoun their remains unchanged if the noun is replaced ( their noise, their quarrel, their cries).

Distinguishing personal pronounshim, her, them from possessive pronounshim, her, them

DEACTIVE PRONOUNS

Demonstrative pronouns that, this, such, such, so much, this ( obsolete ) serve to distinguish among others any specific object, attribute, quantity. I would strictly forbidthis gentlemen to drive up to the capitals at a shot. Mother nature! When wouldsuch sometimes you didn’t send people to the world, the field of life would die out. AllThis It would be funny if it weren't so sad. How many headsso many minds. You listen to the roar of thunders, and the voice of the storm and the waves, and the cry of the rural shepherds - and send an answer; you have no feedback...Such and you, the poet!

Sometimes demonstrative pronouns that, such, such, so much serve to form complex sentences: Ten minutes had not passed, when at the end of the square appearedThat which we have been waiting for. In this case, they are demonstrative words in the main clause, in the subordinate clause, as a rule, they correspond to relative pronouns, which are allied words in it: ANDthe one who walks through life with a song,That will never disappear anywhere; Yes, pitifulthe one in whom conscience is not clear;That the heart does not learn to love,which tired of hating; For every sip of water, people had to pay Mr. Kovalevskyas much as he wishes.

Demonstrative pronouns are also a means of connecting independent sentences in the text: A person who wants to become a scientist should develop the ability to work hard as soon as possible.To that I would add one more quality, especially important for a scientist - absolute honesty.

Pronouns that, this, this, this change in the same way as full adjectives - by cases, numbers and gender: You are right: from the fireThat whoever manages to stay with you for a day will come out unharmed, will breathe the air alone and the mind will survive in it; Let Molchalin have a lively mind, a brave genius, but is there anythat passion?That feeling? ardorthat so that, besides you, the whole world seemed to him as dust and vanity; Herethose who lived to gray hair; Am I fromthose for whom the purpose of all life is laughter.

Pronoun such is changes like a short adjective ( such, such, such, such), that is, by numbers and gender: Whom do I lovesuch is : Molchalin is ready to forget himself for others; What is the mastersuch is and business; What is Ustinyasuch is she also has boots.

Pronoun so many changes, as a quantitative numeral, only in cases, agrees in all cases, except for the nominative and accusative, with nouns. In the nominative and similar accusative case, the pronoun so many requires a noun in the genitive case.

Demonstrative pronouns can be different members of a sentence: Who was nothing will become everything. That - subject. Hints are thin on what no one knows. hints for what? for that- addition. This book is a small volume, much heavier. Which book? this - definition. The peculiarity of the local climate is such that winter immediately turns into summer. Takova acts as a predicate.

DEFINITIONAL PRONOUNS

Definitive pronouns - all, every, every, every obsolete ), each, himself, the most, any, different, other.

Pronouns each, any, most point to one object from a series of homogeneous: Every those who are young, give them in your arms - into our ranks, friends!; It was him, thatmost sailor!;Any work is good.

Pronoun any indicates any object from many homogeneous: Learn to control yourself; Notany you, like me, will understand; inexperience leads to trouble;Any the work of the master praises.

Pronouns all, everyone define an object as something indivisible: We, the young, echo that songthe whole globe of the earth.

Pronoun myself indicates the person or thing that performs the action: Climbing up withO big sleep, beats on the branches with a club andmyself he sings a daring, boastful song to himself.

Pronoun most, in addition to the above meaning, can denote the highest degree of a feature, serve to form the superlative degree of adjectives: The most a great victory will come only to those who know how to win over themselvesthe most small victories that are invisible to others.

Declension of attributive pronouns

The accusative case of masculine and neuter singular and plural pronouns coincides in form with the nominative if the pronoun refers to inanimate nouns, and with the genitive if the pronoun refers to animate nouns.
Accusative feminine pronoun herself has two forms: most And herself. Form herself used in colloquial speech.

Pronoun- a part of speech that indicates a person, object or sign, but does not name them. Pronouns are divided into:

Personal: I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they.

returnable: myself.

Possessive: mine, ours, yours, yours.

Interrogative-relative: who, what, which, which, which, whose, how much.

pointing: this, that, such, such, so much.

Determinants: himself, most, all (all, all, all), everyone, everyone, any, other.

Negative: no one, nothing, none, no one, no one, no one, nothing.

indefinite: someone, something, some, some, a few and etc.

1. Personal pronouns- pronouns indicating persons who are involved in speech: these are noun pronouns. A constant morphological feature for all personal pronouns is the person (I, we are the first person; you, you are the 2nd person; he (she, it, they) are the 3rd person). A constant morphological feature of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person is the number (I, you - singular; we, you - plural). All personal pronouns change in cases, while not only the ending changes, but the whole word (I - me, you - you, he - his); the pronoun of the 3rd person changes by number and gender (in the singular) - he, she, it, they.

2. Reflexive pronoun- a pronoun that means that the action performed by someone is directed at the actor himself. This pronoun is a noun. A reflexive pronoun has no gender, person, number, or nominative form; the reflexive pronoun changes in cases (himself, himself, himself).

3. Possessive pronouns- indicate the attribute of an object by its belonging: these are pronouns-adjectives.

Possessive pronouns change by number, gender (in the singular), cases (mine, mine, mine, mine, mine, etc.). When indicating belonging to a third person, frozen forms of the genitive case of personal pronouns are used - his, her, them.

4. Interrogative pronounsare used in interrogative sentences. Who? What? - noun pronouns. They have no gender, person, number; change in cases (who, whom, what, what, etc.). Which? whose? which? - pronouns-adjectives, change by number, gender (in the singular), cases (what, what, what, what, what, etc.). How many? - pronoun-numeral; changes in cases (how many, how many, how many, etc.). Where? When? Where? where? For what? and others - pronominal adverbs; immutable words.

5. Relative pronounscoincide with interrogatives - who, what, what, whose, which, where, when, how much, where, where, why and others, but are used not as interrogative words, but as allied words in subordinate clauses (I know how much effort he put into this task; I know who is to blame for our failure; I know where the money is hidden. ). Morphological and syntactic characteristics of relative pronouns are the same as for interrogative pronouns.

6. Demonstrative pronouns- these are means of pointing to certain objects, signs, quantity (with a distinction between one and the other). That, this, this, such are pronouns-adjectives and change according to numbers, genders (in the singular), cases (that, that, that, those; such, such, such, such, etc.). So much - pronoun-numeral; varies by case (so many, so many, so many, etc.). There, here, here, there, here, from there, from here, then, therefore, then others - pronominal adverbs; immutable words.

7. Defining pronouns- serve as a means of clarifying the subject, the sign in question. Himself, most, all, everyone, everyone, different, other, any - pronouns-adjectives and change by number, gender (in the singular), cases (any, everyone, everyone, everyone, everyone, etc.). Everywhere, everywhere, always - pronominal adverbs; immutable words.

8. Negative pronouns- indicate the absence of objects, signs, quantities. Negative pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns with the help of prefixes not-, none-: who → nobody, how many → not at all, where → nowhere, when → never. The morphological and syntactic characteristics of negative pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns, from which negative pronouns are formed.

9. Indefinite pronouns- indicate indefinite, unknown objects, signs, quantity. Indefinite pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns with the help of prefixes not-, something- and postfixes -something, -or, -someone: who → someone, someone, someone, someone, someone, someone; how much → several, how many, how many; where → somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere. The morphological and syntactic characteristics of indefinite pronouns are the same as for interrogative pronouns, from which indefinite pronouns are formed.

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Having the properties of pronouns and formed from pronouns - first of all, these are pronominal adverbs, and some scientists also distinguish pronominal verbs - but usually they are not combined with "nominal" pronouns.

Personal pronouns refer to the person in question. Pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person designate the participants in the speech ( I, You, We, You). 3rd person pronouns indicate a person or persons not taking part in the speech ( He, she, it, They).

reflexive pronoun

Transfers the value of the direction of the action to the subject of the action ( I see myself in the mirror).

Declines in cases:

• myself ( rd. , int. cases), yourself ( dt. , etc.), oneself, oneself ( tv.).

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns indicate the belonging of an object (object, property, etc.) to a particular person.

Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are used in interrogative sentences. This group (as well as its related groups) relative, negative And uncertain pronouns) includes the most heterogeneous words from a grammatical point of view. The ability to change by numbers and gender, as well as decline by cases, fully corresponds to the properties of the words they replace:

Relative pronouns

Same as interrogative. Used to attach a subordinate clause to the main clause. At the same time, they become allied words and play the role of a union, while being a member of the sentence. For example: Ask him what his grade is. Scheme: SPP (Complex Subordinate Sentence); [=], (what -) (the word “what” will be underlined with a wavy line, as it will be a definition)

Demonstrative pronouns

Definitive pronouns

Negative pronouns

Comment. In negative pronouns neither is always unstressed, and Not is under stress.

Indefinite pronouns

• someone
• something
• some
• some
• interrogative pronouns with a prefix something or suffixes -That, -or, someday: someone, somewhere, someone, something ...

Comment. Indefinite pronouns contain a stress particle Not.

Categories of pronouns in Russian

1. pronouns related to nouns(generalized subject): I, we, you, you, he (she, it), they, one, who, what, nobody, nothing, someone, something, someone, something and others; In academic grammar, some pronouns are sometimes distinguished into a special part of speech - pronominal noun, which includes the pronouns of the different classes indicated above on the basis of syntactic and morphological characteristics common with the noun (for example: all personal, reflexive, part of interrogative - who what, negative - nobody, nothing, indefinitely personal - someone, something and etc.)

2. pronouns related to adjectives(generalized qualitative): mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, which, which, whose, that, this, the most, everyone, each and others;

3. pronouns related to numbers(generalized-quantitative): as much as.

4. pronouns related to adverbs: Shots came from the right: there battle broke out.

Views of different schools and scholars

The position of the pronoun in parts of speech has historically not been so strong. Its inclusion in the ranks of parts of speech refers to the European grammatical tradition, dating back to antiquity. But in a number of grammatical theories of the 20th century, quite strong objections appeared against this approach. They emphasized the grammatical heterogeneity of pronouns, which qualified as:

• "pointing words" (K. Brugmann, K. Buhler, U. Weinreich);
• "indices" or "indicators" (C. S. Pierce, W. Collinson);
• "words with non-permanent signification" (A. Nuren);
• "movable determinants" or "shifters" (O. Jespersen, R. O. Jacobson);
• "actualizers" or "means of transition from language to speech" (Sh. Bally, E. Benveniste);
• words with "subjective-objective" lexical meaning (A. M. Peshkovsky);
• "word substitutes" or "substitutes" (L. V. Shcherba, L. Bloomfield, Z. Z. Harris);
• "representatives" (F. Bruno);
• "survivals of a special part of speech" (V. V. Vinogradov); and so on.

M. V. Lomonosov and F. I. Buslaev consider them as official

Pronouns of the 2nd and 1st person (singular or plural) can indicate certain persons, a person walking past, an interlocutor (I, you, you, we).

3rd person pronouns (singular or plural) indicate those or someone who Not participates in a dialogue, or on an object (he, she, it, they). Personal pronouns can be used with prepositions: at him, to him, behind him, with them, with him, thanks to him, her, them.

Forms of personal pronouns in Russian

Pronouns of the 3rd person have different forms in the presence and absence of a preposition: her - with her, them - with them (after the preposition "n-" is added).

Some pronouns in the instrumental case have additional "elongated" forms: me - me, you - you, her - her, her - her.

All personal pronouns have the same genitive and accusative forms.

Definitions and applications relating to personal pronouns are always separated by commas.

Case designation in the table: I - nominative, P - genitive, Rp - genitive with a preposition, D - dative, Dp - dative with a preposition, V - accusative, Vp - accusative with a preposition, T - instrumental, Tp - instrumental with a preposition, P - prepositional (always with a preposition).

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See what "Personal pronouns" are in other dictionaries:

Personal pronouns- PERSONAL PRONOUNS. Nouns denoting the 1st or 2nd person of speech (see Person). In Russian. here belong L.M. of the 1st and 2nd persons of both numbers (I, me, etc.; you, you, etc.; we, us, etc.; you, you, etc.). In the name pad. L.M. can… … Dictionary of literary terms

PERSONAL, oh, oh; chen, chna. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

A category of pronouns indicating the participants in the speech - the author (I, we), the addressee (you, you) and all non-participants (he, they), as well as possessive pronouns. The rules for using personal pronouns (you and you) are determined by speech etiquette. Literature ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns- 1. The pronoun of the 3rd person (he, she, it, they) usually replaces the nearest preceding noun in the form of the same gender and number. However, this connection of a pronoun with a noun is sometimes determined by the meaning, and not by the order of words, ... ... A guide to spelling and style

See personal pronouns (in the article pronoun) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

personal pronouns- Nouns denoting the 1st or 2nd person of speech (see face). In Russian. here belong L.M. of the 1st and 2nd persons of both numbers (I, me, etc.; you, you, etc.; we, us, etc.; you, you, etc.). In the name pad. L. M. can be used, m. pr., ... ... Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms

This article deals with the forms of personal pronouns in Catalan. Stress form Catalan Russian jo I tu you ell he ella she vostè you (polite form, singular) nosaltres we vosaltres you ells they (m. R.) elles they (F. R.) ... ... Wikipedia

Terms and concepts of general morphology: Dictionary-reference book

personal pronouns in grammar- Words that express grammatical meanings, but are not modifiers, since they are autonomous fully grammaticalized roots denoting objects, although they do not contain any lexical semes. For example:… … Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Books

• Niger-Congo language. Personal pronouns, Babaev Kirill Vladimirovich. The book is devoted to a comparative analysis of personal marking systems in the languages ​​of the Niger-Congo macrofamily, the largest genetic association of languages ​​in the world. The macrofamily includes...