If the ending of the verb is stressed, then in writing we write the letter that we hear without any difficulty. We put the verb in the 3rd person unity. numbers swim - he swims, bloom - it blooms, these are verbs I sp, but: fly - he flies, they fly, speak - he speaks, they say are verbs of the second conjugation. We are talking about conjugation, since the spelling of the personal endings of verbs depends precisely on which conjugation the verb belongs to, that is, what endings it has in the forms of a different person.
If the verb has an unstressed personal ending, then its conjugation is determined by the initial form, that is, the infinitive.
-at,-ot,-et etc. (except for verbs in -it and exceptions), refer to I conjugation: nap (dozing, dozing, dozing, slumber), fight (fighting, fights, we fight, are fighting, are fighting), sway, babble, adore, cry, whisper, stomp, pour, hesitate, retire and so on.
Verbs that end in infinitive in -it, refer to II conjugation: believe (do you believe, believes, we believe, believe, believe), sting (sting, stings, we sting, sting, sting), praise, pray, sluggish, ride, remember, prepare, disturb, drag and so on.
As we can see, it is easier to remember which verbs belong to the II conjugation, let's repeat it again ! :
these are all verbs –it(except for verbs shave , lay , which belong to the I conjugation, so we write he shaves, she lays). Also II conjugation includes 7 verbs in - et (twirl , see , depend , hate , offend , look , tolerate ) and 4 verbs in - at (drive , breathe , hold , hear ).
All other verbs belong to the I conjugation.
Exceptions are easy to remember with a simple rhyme:
|
DRIVE, BREATHE, HOLD, OFFEND, SEE, HEAR, HATE, and also TWIST, ENDURANCE, And DEPEND AND WATCH. |
A few remarks should be made regarding complex cases of writing.
1. Firstly, the exceptions include verbs with prefixes, which are formed from the above
Verbs shave , lay and their derivatives: shave, shave And lay out, cover, lay down, re-lay etc. - have personal endings I ref.: He choose no temple. He cares ut head. Winter has passed no white carpet. The hostess remade no bed.
2. Secondly, many verbs have a prefix YOU- takes on the stress, resulting in difficulty in writing. In these cases, it is recommended to check the doubtful ending with a non-prefixed word: fly - fly, speak - speak (speak - speak), sleep - sleep (sleep - sleep), shave - shave (cut - cut).
3. Thirdly, if in doubt what suffix is in the infinitive, then remember that in addition to the verb GLUE with suffix - AND- all others end in - YAT: sow, winnow, sow, melt, smell, bark, repent, toil, hope, cherish, start, and therefore belong to the first conjugation. For example: peasant no , wind ve e T, chu dogs ut , people hope ut Xia.
4. Fourthly, one should pay attention to the fact that the forms of the 2nd person plural, close in sound, differ. imperative mood numbers and forms of the 2nd person plural. numbers of the present or future (in perfective verbs) tense of the indicative mood such as knock and knock.
The imperative mood is formed with the help of the suffix -I- (2nd l., singular) and the ending -TE (plural): sit, write, jump. Forms of the imperative mood are easy to check if you discard TE (send out!)
In the indicative mood, the verb has an ending depending on the conjugation: -ETE or -ITE.
Therefore, for verbs I sp. these forms differ; cf .: Write "those, please, be careful! (imperative mood) and you write" neatly, so it's easy to check your dictation! (indicative).
And for verbs II sp. such forms coincide in writing; cf .: Hold "those pen correctly! (imperative mood) and If you hold the pen correctly, you will not get tired while you write the dictation (indicative mood).
In addition, there are two heterogeneous verbs that do not belong to either of the two conjugations: want And run away. In different forms of these verbs there can be endings of different conjugations.
The verb is one of the most difficult parts of speech in the Russian language to learn and write. The most difficult spelling in this topic is the spelling of the endings of verbs in an unstressed position. Their correct spelling depends on such a thing as conjugation.
What is conjugation?
Conjugation is a linguistic term for changing the person and number of a verb. In other words, this is the set of personal endings that the word acquires when the person and number change. Fortunately for students, there are only two types of conjugation in Russian. Whatever verb out of several million existing ones is taken as an example, when changed, it will acquire inflections:
- U/U, EAT, ET in the singular and EAT, ETE, UT/UT in the plural.
- U / Yu, ISH, IT, in the singular and IM, ITE, AT / YAT in the plural.
Conjugate the verb sleep: I sleep, we sleep, you sleep, you sleep, he sleeps, they sleep. Its endings, when changed, show that it belongs to the second conjugation. Another word is live. I live, we live, you live, you live, he lives, they live. Therefore, it is a verb of the first conjugation.
Prefix you- and verb conjugation
Verbs with a prefix belong to the same conjugation as non-prefix verbs with the same root. This information is very important for words with the prefix You-, which has the property of "pulling" the stress on itself. For example, to determine the conjugation of the word fly out, you need to remove the prefix, and you get the verb flies with a stressed personal ending, which belongs to the second conjugation.
Thus, the endings of verbs in personal forms that are under stress indicate belonging to one or another conjugation. But what to do if the stress is not the ending, but the basis of the word? Indeed, in this case, the desired letter is not clearly heard, it is in a weak position, and you can make a mistake. The rule comes to the rescue.
How to determine the conjugation if the personal ending is unstressed?
To determine which of the two types of conjugation available in the Russian language the verb belongs to, if the stress falls not on the ending, but on the stem, you need to form the initial form of the word. This form is called the infinitive and you can ask questions to it. what to do?(perfect form) and what to do?(imperfect species). Next, you should look at what the resulting word ends with and apply the rule. In other words, unstressed verb endings can be written correctly only if their conjugation is determined.
The 2nd conjugation includes verbs that have unstressed personal endings, which in the infinitive form end in -it.
The 1st conjugation includes verbs with personal endings in an unstressed position, which in the infinitive end in any letter except -it. It could be combinations -et, -at, -ot, -t, -ch and many others.
For example, the word dreaming. The emphasis falls not on the ending, but on the basis of the word. To determine the conjugation, we put the verb in the infinitive form: what to do? - dream. Ends in - at. This means that this verb belongs to 1 conjugation, and, changing in persons and numbers, it will take the appropriate endings.
You saw. We form the initial form - to nag. At the end of a word it, therefore, it is a verb of the second conjugation, and a set of personal endings would be appropriate.
So, in order to correctly write vowels in the endings of verbs in an unstressed position, you need to put the word in the infinitive form and, depending on what it ends in, determine the conjugation. Everything seems to be simple. But if in Russian there were not a dozen exceptions for every rule, it would not be considered one of the most difficult languages in the world to learn. And in a simple rule about conjugation, there are also insidious exception words.
Exception verbs
Exceptions are those words that do not follow the general rule. There are 14 exception verbs in the conjugation rule that you need to remember in order to avoid spelling mistakes.
There are 7 words in -et, which, changing in persons and numbers, take the endings of verbs 2 conjugations: these are words offend, depend,endure, hate, watch,twirl,see. For example, the word tolerate accepts the following endings: I endure, we endure, you endure, you endure, he endures, they endure.
4 verbs in - at, which also conjugate not in accordance with the rule and have personal endings of 2 conjugations: drive, hear, hold, breathe. I hear, we hear, you hear, you hear, he hears, they hear.
And finally, 3 verbs in - it - lay,shave And be based- have personal endings of verbs of the 1st conjugation: I lay, we lay, you lay, you lay, he lays, they lay.
The endings of these 14 verbs must be known by heart, because they do not follow the general rule.
Opposite conjugated verbs
It is noteworthy that there are 2 interesting verbs in the Russian language, which are called heterogeneous, because, when the person and number change, they acquire the endings of the first conjugation in some forms, and the second in others, without obeying any rules. Fortunately, their personal endings are stressed, so there are no mistakes in their spelling. But still they need to be remembered. These are verbs want And run away. When they are conjugated, the following picture is obtained.
Want: I WANT, we WANT, you WANT, you WANT, he WANTS, they WANT(in the singular, the verb changes according to the type 1 conjugation, in the plural - according to the type of the second). Run: I run, we run, you run, you run, he runs, they run(in the form of the 3rd person plural, the verb has the ending of the 2nd conjugation, in all other forms - the endings characteristic of the 1st conjugation).
Verb Ending Selection Algorithm
So, the spelling of verb endings is subject to a fairly simple and logical rule, it is important to just understand it. To correctly write the endings of verbs, you must be able to determine their conjugation. For this, a clear algorithm should be used.
1. See where the stress falls: on the ending or on the basis of the word (do not forget about the insidious prefix You: if it is, it is necessary to determine the conjugation by a non-prefixed synonym).
2. If the stress falls on a personal ending, then the conjugation is determined from it, in accordance with the rule.
3. If the stem is stressed, then it is necessary to put the verb in the infinitive form. The last three letters of the formed form will be important.
- The verb ends in -it (except for three exceptions), which means it is of the second conjugation. Here we include 7 verbs ending in - et, and 4 verbs -at.
- The verb in its initial form ends with any other letters (except for the 11 verbs listed above), which means that it is conjugated like the first conjugation. Let's add here 3 exception verbs in -it.
4. Verbs want And run away- heterogeneous, they cannot be attributed to either the first conjugation or the second, and this feature just needs to be remembered.
Summing up
Spelling the endings of verbs requires knowledge of the rules and the use of a clear algorithm. The main thing is to correctly determine which of the two conjugations the word belongs to, and depending on this, write the desired letter in an unstressed personal ending. Verbs are insidious, among them there are many exceptions who do not want to obey the general rules, but attention to the word and the application of a simple rule will help to avoid many mistakes!
The spelling of personal endings of verbs is a rule that is checked during the state final certification in the ninth and eleventh grades. Despite the large number of hours devoted to the study of this topic by the school curriculum, many students continue to make annoying spelling mistakes. It is difficult to explain this phenomenon, since the topic can hardly be considered complex.
Some theory about verbs
The words of this part of speech are usually divided into two large groups: conjugated and non-conjugated. The first group is formed by verbs that change in tense, person and mood. They have another name - personal. The second group includes the infinitive, participle, gerund, since they do not have the grammatical category of person, mood.
The personal endings of the verbs included in the first group can be unstressed and stressed. The choice of vowels in endings that are under stress is not difficult. The rule says that you should write the letter that is heard. For example, they shout, weave, they say, they burn. Unstressed personal endings of verbs should be written on the basis of the infinitive.
In order not to make mistakes in spelling, you need to know what verb conjugation is. The personal endings of verbs depend precisely on this constant morphological feature.
Correct spelling algorithm
To avoid mistakes, you should act according to the following plan:
- Put the word in the initial form. It is imperative to ensure that the word and its dictionary form belong to the same form: perfect or imperfect.
- Determine the conjugation at the end of the infinitive.
- Choose an ending depending on the person and number.
Reasoning pattern
1. In the sentence “A man is hiding behind a curtain at the far window”, a vowel is missing at the end of the predicate. The second syllable -va- is stressed, so the choice of the missing letter must be done on the basis of conjugation.
2. A person (what is he doing?) is hiding .. hiding. This is an imperfective verb, which in an indefinite form will answer the question "what to do?". The initial form is hiding.
3. The word ends in -at and is not among the exceptions, therefore "to hide" is a verb of the first conjugation.
4. Personal endings of the verbs of this group are written with a vowel e. In the form of the 3rd person singular, this word will have the ending -et: A person is hiding behind a curtain at a far window.
Conjugation
There are two conjugations in Russian.
The first conjugation includes words ending in -at, -et, -yat, -ot, -ut. For example, sink, bargain, get dark, prick, fight, pick, tickle, hang, rush, shoot, weed, blacken.
The second conjugation includes all verbs in -it. For example, to stain, demolish, injure, paint, argue, spoil, cut.
However, as is often the case in Russian, there are exceptions to the rule. There are thirteen such words, and they need to be memorized.
On a note
It is important to remember that words that are prefixed from exceptions will have the same permanent morphological feature as their non-prefixed forms. For example, shave, shave, lay, lay will belong to the first conjugation, and endure, consider, hold, drive - to the second.
Very often, students incorrectly determine the conjugation of verbs with the prefix you-, which leads to an erroneous spelling of the ending. The reason for this phenomenon can be the dragging of the accent by the prefix itself, which automatically makes the ending unstressed. In order to correctly write the personal endings of verbs, it is necessary to determine the conjugation by their non-prefixed form.
Verbs with the postfix -sya have the same constant morphological feature as their generators. For example, shave-shave, cut-cut, dig-dig, drive-chase, look-look, throw-throw away.
Some words may have forms of both conjugations. The word "honor", for example, has 2 forms in the 3rd person plural: honor and honor.
| face | I | II | ||
| pick | pick out | raise | grow | |
| 1 | poking, poking | dig out, dig out | grow, grow | grow, grow |
| 2 | poking, poking | dig out, dig out | grow, grow | grow up, grow up |
| 3 | poking, poking | dig out, rip out | grows, grows | grow up, grow up |
Vowel spelling
Vowels in the personal endings of verbs that are in an unstressed position depend on the conjugation. Words of the first conjugation end with a vowel e, words of the second conjugation - with a vowel And.
Difficulties can arise with different conjugated verbs. Unstressed personal endings of verbs of this category can have endings of both conjugations. This group is formed by the words want, run, honor. Verbs give, There is and their derivatives do not belong to this group, but also have distinct endings when modified in persons and numbers.
The spelling of personal endings of verbs does not require students to memorize large amounts of theoretical information. You should correctly place the accents, remembering a few nuances (conjugation, the phenomenon of conjugation, the algorithm for choosing a vowel), and be guided by them when writing.
Spelling of suffixes and verb endings
1) Remember the rules for spelling personal endings of verbs.
In the present and future (simple) tense, two types of conjugation are distinguished depending on the personal endings of the verbs; to determine the type of conjugation, you need to put the verb in an indefinite form and correlate it with the type of conjugation (it is easier to check starting from the second conjugation).
II conjugation includes all verbs that in an indefinite form end in -it, except for the verbs to shave, lay, build, sway, + 11 verbs in -at and -et: drive, breathe, hold, offend, hear, see, hate , endure, twirl, depend and watch.
The I conjugation includes, respectively, all other verbs, i.e. those that have indefinite endings -at, -ot, -et (meaning unstressed endings), and exceptions from II conjugation ( shave, lay, build(only two forms are used: builds and builds
), sway).For example: to glue - a verb ending in -it, - 2 sp., therefore, you are gluing; fight - a verb ending not in -it, 1 sp., therefore, they are fighting; to lay - a verb - an exception from 2 sp., therefore, 1 sp. - creeping; see - verb 2 sp., therefore - you see.
There are so-called multi-conjugated verbs. These are the verbs to glimpse, to run, to want. Wed he runs and they run; dawn breaks and breaks change. Pay attention to the forms of the verb to torment. There are possible conjugation options for this verb (both in the 2nd and in the 1st conjugation):
- i'm hurting i'm hurting
- you hurt you hurt
- he hurts he hurts
- they torment they torment
The literary verbs measure, measure, measure, etc. are conjugated according to the II conjugation (I measure, measure, measure ... measure), and the colloquial verbs measure, measure, measure are conjugated according to the I conjugation (measure, measure, measure).
So, the verbs of the I conjugation have the endings -eat, -et, -em, -et, -ut/-yut; verbs of II conjugation have endings -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at/-yat.
Pay attention to the verbs with the prefix you-; for example, look, sleep. The conjugation of these verbs should be determined by the non-prefixed form:
sleep - we check on the verb sleep (II conjugation, endings are stressed): you sleep, he sleeps, they sleep; therefore, you will sleep, he will sleep, they will sleep.
2) Remember the spelling of verb suffixes
Writing suffixes –ova-/-eva-, -yva-/-iva- in the indefinite form and in the past tense of the verb causes difficulty, because they are unbeatable. To determine which suffix is written, you need to put the verb in the form of the present (or simple future) tense; if the suffix is retained, then it is written -yva- ; if the suffix is missing, then - -ova-/-eva- .
For example: to scout (present time - I reconnoiter-yva-yu - the suffix is preserved, therefore, it is written -yva- ); condition (present time - I condition-iva-yu - the suffix is preserved, therefore, it is written -willow- ), advise (present time - I advise - y-y - the suffix disappears, therefore, it is written -ova- ), regale (current time - I potch-y-y - the suffix disappears, therefore, it is written -Eve-
).From suffixes –ova-/-eva-; -yva-/-iva- suffix must be distinguished –va- . This suffix is always stressed; it is preceded by a root vowel that can be checked. For example: overcome - overcome; to be in time - to be in time; publish - publish; wrap around - wrap around; wrap around - wrap around, overcome - overcome.
The spelling of some verbs should be remembered: in them before the stressed suffix –va- spelled –e- ; For example: obscure, exhort, intend
.Writing suffixes –e
-And -And- determined by the transitivity and intransitivity of verbs. If verbs denote intransitive actions, i.e. are performed by the subject itself, in the objects themselves and do not pass to the object, then it is written –e- ; if verbs denote actions that pass to an object, then it is written -And- . Compare pairs of verbs:deprivation of money e t - deprivation And t (he is deprived of money e l - left without money; large expenses of his deprivation And whether - they took the money);
exhausted e t - exhausted And th (he pissed off e l - left without strength; work exhausted And la him - took strength);
dehydration e t - dehydration And t (area of dewatering e l - lost water; drought dehydration And la plot).
3) Spelling of verbs in the past tense.
Recall that the spelling of root vowels before suffixes in past tense verbs has nothing to do with conjugation. The past tense of verbs is formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of a suffix l . Accordingly, in gerunds and real participles of the past tense, the stem vowel is also preserved.
For example: to see is a verb of 2 conjugations, in the present tense it is written And - you look And sh, but the letter is preserved in the past tense e - you kind e l (from the infinitive see+ suffix l ); hope I tsya - hope I hope - hope I s; multiply And t - multiply And l - multiply And former; aligned I t - aligned I l - aligned I former.
4) Use b in verbs
Letter b written in the indefinite form of the verb. Presence or absence b in the forms of the verb should be checked on the question posed to the verb (if the question has b , then in the verb it is written b ). For example: need to work- the verb is indefinite and answers the question what to do?- therefore, it is written b
; store should open - the verb is indefinite and answers the question what to do?- therefore, it is written b . Please note that in verbs of the present or future tense, 3 persons singular b is not written. For example: he is working what is he doing?- hence b not written; store will open soon- the verb is in the form of 3 l. units numbers and answers the question what will he do?- hence b is not written.Compare
pairs of phrases: you need to prepare - he will definitely prepare; he boasts - no need to boast; it's time for him to leave - he will soon leave.Please note that in impersonal verbs (similar to the form of the 3rd person singular of the present or future tense) b not written, for example: he is unwell; he has to work hard
.Letter b written in the 2nd person singular of the present or future tense and in the imperative mood, for example: hold b, organize b, imagine b sya; leaving b, adding b those swear b those.
Earlier, we learned to determine the conjugations of verbs by their personal endings. Let's talk in more detail about writing personal endings of verbs, as well as the use of a soft sign after hissing at the end of the verb.
Spelling of personal verb endings
WITH stressed endings of verbs all clear. The letter is under stress and is a test:
Words kip et , kip ish , track ish and so on - shock endings. They are spelled the way they are pronounced (heard).
IN unstressed verb endings spelling of letters e And And are determined by the indefinite form of these verbs:
Verbs ending in –it belong to II conjugation: remember it ,smooth it .
All other verbs belong to the I conjugation, namely the verbs in the indefinite form ending in
-at, -ot,
-yat, -yet
-et, -ut.
But there are verbs - exceptions related to the II conjugation, which must be remembered. The easiest way to remember them is with a rhyme:
Drive, hold, look and see
Breathe, hear, hate,
And depend, and twirl,
And hurt and endure
Do you remember friends
You can't hide them in -e.
Let's make a table of unstressed verb endings:
|
I conjugation |
II conjugation |
|
-e- -ut, -ut (in the 3rd person plural) |
-And- -at, -yat (in the 3rd person plural) |
2 verbs - exceptions to-it:
verbs in indefinite form,with endings in At, -ot, -ut,-yat, -et, -yt wash count etc . |
verbs in indefinite form –it
:
service it, crush etc. 7 verbs - exceptions to–et :
4 verbs - exceptions to –at:
|
There are different conjugated verbs, for example, the verbs - to run and want. Let's look at their endings:
I want uh, run
You want eat, run
he wants uh, running
We are hot im running
You are hot ite, run
They hot yat, run
In Russian, there are verbs that are not used in the 1st person singular.
For example, the verb win. Instead of the first person singular, they say:
I want to win or I will try to win .
So, in order to check the correct spelling of the ending of the verb, one should argue as follows:
1. Determine the ending of the verb (stressed or unstressed).
If shock, then this is the test. If unstressed, we argue further.
2. We put the verb in an indefinite form and check its ending:
If the verb ends in -it, then this is a verb of the II conjugation - we write in the ending -i, and if the verb is in the 3rd person plural, then we write -at or –yat.
3. Check if the verb is included in the list of exceptions on –at And –et.
If included, then this is a verb of II conjugation, at the end we write -And:
hate et - hate - hate .
If it is not included, then this is a verb of the I conjugation, at the end we write –e, and if the verb is in the 3rd person plural, then we write -ut or –ut.
For example:
Twist..sh.
This verb is in the future tense, in the 2nd person and in the singular:
- The ending is uneventful.
- In an indefinite form spin it- ending –it- this is the II conjugation, at the end we write -And : swirl ish .
Depend..t.
This verb is in the present tense, in the 3rd person, plural:
- The ending is uneventful.
- In an indefinite form stuck et - ending –et.
- The verb is included in the list of exceptions - this is the II conjugation, the verb is in the 3rd person, plural, ending -yat: stuck yat .
Spelling of a soft sign after hissing verbs in the endings
Verbs of the present and future tense in the 2nd person, in the singular ending in hissing –sh. In this case, after –sh soft sign is written:
beige ish, scream, sing .
The soft sign is written before -sya:
look oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh .
It should be remembered that for the use of a soft sign after hissing, it is possible not to determine the forms of verbs, since:
A soft sign after hissing verbs at the end is written ALWAYS, it is preserved before -sya And -those:
screaming
save - take care
cut - cut.
