Literary arguments for the exam in Russian. USE Russian language

You need to use at least 1 of your arguments taken from fiction, journalistic or scientific literature. Most often, examples are given from fiction, since it is these works that are taught in literature classes as part of the school curriculum.

Here is an exemplary list of literature, arguments from which you can take to justify your point of view. It is compiled on the basis of works from which arguments are most often given when writing an essay on the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. The list is sorted alphabetically by author's last name.

It should be noted that this list of references is not strictly defined and is only a recommendation. Arguments can be given from any other works, the main thing is that they correspond to the main problem of the text. It is also not necessary to read all the works below, it is enough for each topic that the text can be devoted to, prepare 2 arguments from some works.

List of literature for the arguments of the composition of the exam in the Russian language

Vasil Bykov "Sotnikov", "Obelisk" A striking example of moral choice can be found in the work of Vasil Bykov "Sotnikov". Partisan Sotnikov, faced with a choice between life and death, was not afraid of execution and confessed to the investigator that he was a partisan, and the rest had nothing to do with it. Another example can be found in Vasil Bykov's story "Obelisk": the teacher Frost, having the choice to stay alive or die along with his students, whom he always taught goodness and justice, chooses death, remaining a morally free person.

Arguments for writing

A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" A hero with high moral character is Petrusha Grinev, a character in A. S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter". Peter did not tarnish his honor even in those cases when it was possible to pay for it with his head. He was a man of high morals worthy of respect and pride. He could not leave Shvabrin's slander on Masha unpunished, so he challenged him to a duel. Shvabrin is the complete opposite of Grinev: he is a person for whom the concept of honor and nobility does not exist at all. He walked over the heads of others, stepping over himself for the sake of his momentary desires.

Happiness

Arguments for writing

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" Happiness is understood differently by everyone. The hero of the story, for example, by A.I. Solzhenitsyn “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich,” realizes himself “happy” because he didn’t end up in a punishment cell, got an extra bowl of soup, didn’t get sick, but the main thing is that he enjoys honest work. The writer admires the patience, hard work of a Russian person who believes in God and hopes for his help.

Evil, good and artistic activity

Arguments for writing

Akutagawa Ryunosuke "The Torments of Hell" He creates a psychological portrait of the old artist Yoshihide, very famous in his locality - first of all, for his terrible, asocial character and the corresponding paintings. The only thing that pleases his eyes is his only daughter. Once the ruler ordered from him a painting depicting Hell and the torment of sinners in it. The old man agreed, however, on the condition that, for greater realism, he would see the death of a woman in a falling carriage. He was given such an opportunity, however, as it turned out later, that woman turned out to be his own daughter. Yoshihide calmly works on the painting, but upon completion of it, commits suicide. Thus, it is worth evaluating art through morality, but this assessment entirely depends on the actual ideals of the evaluating subject. Yoshihide had one value - his daughter, whom he lost because of art.

Does a person have freedom of choice?

Arguments for writing

V.Zakrutkin "The Human Mother" The main character Maria, having met a wounded enemy (German), faced a moral choice, to kill him or not to kill him? for all their atrocities, but it was a boy, his cry "mother" stopped her, the heroine could not take a desperate step, managed to stop in time, realizing that the hatred that overwhelmed her would not have led to anything good. V. Rasputin "Farewell to Matyora" On the banks of the Angara, the authorities were going to build a dam that would flood the nearby island, so the population had to move to another place. The main character, the old woman Daria, is presented with the right to make a moral choice: to leave, or to defend her right to happiness, to life in her native land.

The attitude of the crowd towards people who stand out from it

Arguments for writing

Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" Comedy "Woe from Wit" by Griboyedov. Chatsky - a rebel, a rebel, rises against the crowd., Moscow society of that time. Their habits are wild and alien to him, the morality of society amazes him. He is not afraid to speak his mind. In the monologue "Who are the judges?" fully reveals its essence. The problem with the crowd is that they don't know how to listen and don't even want to listen to the truth. They consider as "truth" the precepts of their hypocritical fathers, which have long since outlived their usefulness. Creativity Mayakovsky Mayakovsky's work is devoted to the theme of the confrontation between the hero and the crowd. The crowd is vulgar people who live without spirituality. They do not see beauty, they do not understand true art. The hero is alone in his world. He does not leave the crowd, does not hide, but boldly challenges it, is ready to fight misunderstanding. For example, in the poem “Could you?” a sharp line is drawn between "I" and "you".

National feud

Arguments for writing

A. Pristavkin “A golden cloud spent the night” The problem of national enmity is particularly acute in A. Pristavkin's story "A golden cloud spent the night." The author shows us the tragic events of the 40s of the twentieth century, associated with the resettlement of orphanages in the Caucasus, in the territories "liberated" from local residents - Chechens. Revenge of people forcibly evicted from the land of their ancestors falls on innocent people, including children. We see how a brutal murder separates the twin brothers Sasha and Kolka Kuzmenyshi. It is symbolic that at the end of the story, Kolka calls the Chechen boy Alkhuzur his brother. So the author convinces us that all peoples are brothers, that the humane human principle is stronger than evil, that the authorities, inciting national hatred, commit a crime against humanity and humanity.

Tragedy of the "little man"

Arguments for writing

N.V. Gogol "Overcoat" The problem of the "little man" is most fully revealed by the Russian writer, poet, and critic N.V. Gogol. In the story "The Overcoat", the playwright tells the reader about Akaki Akakievich, a poor titular adviser from St. Petersburg. He zealously fulfilled his duties, was very fond of manual copying of papers, but in general his role in the department was very insignificant, which is why young officials often laughed at him. In his tragedy of stealing a new greatcoat, the hero does not find a response from society's help.

Personality in history: Peter I

Arguments for writing

A.S. Pushkin "The Bronze Horseman" A.S. Pushkin wrote in The Bronze Horseman ... Here we are destined by nature to cut a window into Europe ... These lines were written about Peter the Great. He is a man who changed the course of history, one of the most prominent statesmen who determined the direction of Russia's development in the 18th century. Peter launched large-scale reforms of the Russian state, changed the social order: he cut off the sleeves and beards of the boyars. He built the first Russian fleet, thereby protecting the country from the sea. Here he is, that person, that person who accomplished a lot of great and heroic things in his life, who made history. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy denied the possibility of an active influence of an individual on history, believing that history is made by the masses and its laws cannot depend on the desire of an individual. He considered the historical process as the sum of "an innumerable number of human arbitrariness", that is, the efforts of each person. It is useless to oppose the natural course of events, it is vain to try to play the role of arbiter of the fate of mankind. This position of the writer is reflected in the novel "War and Peace". Using the example of two historical figures: Kutuzov and Napoleon, Tolstoy proves that it is the people who are the creator of history. Millions of ordinary people, and not heroes and generals, unconsciously move society forward, create great and heroic things, make history.

Rudeness

Arguments for writing

M.A. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog" The main character of the story M.A. Bulgakov "The Heart of a Dog", Professor Preobrazhensky is a hereditary intellectual and an outstanding medical scientist. He dreams of turning a dog into a man. This is how Sharikov is born with the heart of a stray dog, the brain of a person with three criminal records and a pronounced passion for alcohol. As a result of the operation affectionate, though cunning, Sharik turns into a boorish lumpen, capable of betrayal. Sharikov feels himself the master of life, he is arrogant, swaggering, aggressive. He quickly learns to drink vodka, be rude to servants, turn his ignorance into a weapon against education. The life of a professor and his inhabitants apartments become a living hell.Sharikov is an image of a boorish attitude towards people. D.I Fonvizin "Undergrowth" Indignant at other people's rudeness, people often do not notice that they themselves sometimes behave just as outrageously. Perhaps the best way to see this is in the way parents treat their children. The character of a person is formed in the family, and what kind of person could Mitrofanushka become? He adopted all the vices from his mother: extreme ignorance, rudeness, greed, cruelty, contempt of others, rudeness. Not surprising, because parents are always the main role model for children. And what example could Mrs. Prostakova set for her son if she allowed herself to be rude, rude, and humiliate others before his eyes? Of course, she loved Mitrofan, but in this regard she spoiled him greatly.

False/true values, search for the meaning of life

Arguments for writing

I. Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco" I. Bunin in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and that god he worshipped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is. W.S. Maugham "The burden of human passions" The novel by the famous English writer W.S. Maugham "The Burden of Human Passions" touches on one of the most important and burning questions for every person - is there a meaning in life, and if so, what is it? The protagonist of the work, Philip Carey, painfully searches for the answer to this question: in books, in art, in love, in the judgments of friends. One of them, the cynic and materialist Cronshaw, advises him to look at the Persian carpets and refuses to explain further. Only years later, having lost almost all his illusions and hopes for the future, Philip understands what he meant and admits that “life has no meaning, and human existence is aimless. Knowing that nothing makes sense and nothing matters, a person can still find satisfaction by choosing the various threads that he weaves into the endless fabric of life. There is one pattern - the simplest and most beautiful: a person is born, matures, marries, produces children, works for a piece of bread and dies; but there are other, more intricate and amazing patterns, where there is no place for happiness or striving for success - perhaps some disturbing beauty is hidden in them.

Self-realization, aspirations

Arguments for writing

And A. Goncharov "Oblomov" A good, kind, talented person, Ilya Oblomov, did not manage to overcome himself, his laziness and licentiousness, did not reveal his best features. The absence of a high goal in life leads to moral death. Even love could not save Oblomov. U.S. Maugham "Razor's Edge" In his late novel The Razor's Edge, W.S. Maugham draws the life path of a young American Larry, who spent half of his life with books and the other half in travel, work, search and self-improvement. His image clearly stands out against the background of young people of his circle, who spend their lives and outstanding abilities in vain on the fulfillment of fleeting whims, on entertainment, on a carefree existence in luxury and idleness. Larry chose his own path and, ignoring the misunderstanding and censure of loved ones, searched for the meaning of life in hardships, wanderings and wanderings around the world. He completely surrendered himself to the spiritual principle in order to achieve enlightenment of the mind, purification of the spirit, and discover the meaning of the universe. D. London "Martin Eden" The protagonist of the novel of the same name by the American writer Jack London, Martin Eden, is a working guy, a sailor, a native of the lower classes, about 21 years old, meets Ruth Morse, a girl from a wealthy bourgeois family. Ruth begins to teach the semi-literate Martin the correct pronunciation of English words and awakens in him an interest in literature. Martin learns that magazines pay decent fees to the authors who are published in them, and firmly decides to make a career as a writer, earn money and become worthy of his new acquaintance, with whom he managed to fall in love. Martin is putting together a self-improvement program, working on his language and pronunciation, and reading a lot of books. Iron health and unbending will moves him to the goal. In the end, having gone a long and thorny path, after numerous failures and disappointments, he becomes a famous writer. (Then he becomes disillusioned with literature, his beloved, people in general and life, loses interest in everything and commits suicide. This is so, just in case. An argument in favor of the fact that the fulfillment of a dream does not always bring happiness) Scientific facts A shark, if it stops moving its fins, will go to the bottom like a stone, a bird, if it stops flapping its wings, will fall to the ground. Similarly, a person, if aspirations, desires, goals fade away in him, will collapse to the bottom of life, he will be sucked into a thick quagmire of gray everyday life. A river that stops flowing turns into a fetid swamp. Similarly, a person who stops searching, thinking, torn, loses "the soul's wonderful impulses", gradually degrades, his life becomes an aimless, miserable stagnation.

self-sacrifice

Arguments for writing

M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil" In the story of the Russian writer, prose writer and playwright Maxim Gorky "The Old Woman Fiend" the image of Danko is striking. This is a romantic hero who sacrificed himself for the sake of people. Danko was "the best of all, because a lot of strength and living fire shone in his eyes." He led the people through the forest with calls to defeat the darkness. But weak people began to lose heart and die along the way. Then they accused Danko of ineptly managing them. He overcame his indignation and, in the name of his great love for people, tore his chest, took out his burning heart and ran forward, holding it like a torch. People ran after him and overcame a difficult road. And then they forgot their hero. Danko is dead. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" In his work "Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky addresses the topic of self-sacrifice for the sake of saving someone else's soul, revealing it on the example of the image of Sonechka Marmeladova. Sonya is a poor girl from a dysfunctional family who follows Raskolnikov to hard labor to share his burden and fill him with spirituality. Out of compassion and a sense of high social responsibility, Sonya goes to live “on a yellow ticket”, thus earning a living for her family. People like Sonya, who have "infinitely insatiable compassion" are still found today. (another version) Self-sacrifice, compassion, sensitivity and mercy are an ambiguous problem. This is clearly seen in the work of the great Russian playwright F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Two of his heroines, Sonechka Marmeladova and Dunya Raskolnikova, sacrifice themselves in the name of people dear to them. The first sells her own body, thus earning a living for her family. The girl suffers cruelly, is ashamed of herself and her life, but even denies herself suicide, because she understands that without her, her relatives will be lost. And the family gratefully accepts her sacrifice, practically idolizes Sonya, her self-sacrifice is for the good. The second is going to marry a low, mean, but rich man in order to help a beggar brother.

Compassion, love in the neighbor

Arguments for writing

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor" In the story "Matryonin Dvor" by the Russian writer, Nobel Prize winner in literature A.I. Solzhenitsyn is struck by the image of the peasant woman Matryona, her humanity, disinterestedness, compassion and love for everyone, even strangers. Matryona "helped strangers for free", but she herself "did not chase the equipment": she did not start "good", she did not try to get a tenant. Especially her mercy is manifested in the situation with the upper room. She allowed her house (where she had lived all her life) to be dismantled into logs for the sake of Kira's pupil, who had nowhere to live. The heroine sacrifices everything for the sake of others: the country, neighbors, relatives. And after her quiet death, there is a description of the cruel behavior of her relatives, who are simply overwhelmed by greed. Thanks to her spiritual qualities, Matryona made this world better and kinder, sacrificing herself, her life. Boris Vasilyev "My horses are flying..." In the work “My horses are flying ...” Boris Vasiliev tells the story of a wonderful person - Dr. Jansen. Out of a sense of compassion, the doctor, at the cost of his life, saved the children who fell into the sewer hole! L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" Having been taken prisoner, Pierre Bezukhov met a simple soldier Platon Karataev there. Plato, despite his sufferings, lived lovingly with everyone: with the French, with his comrades. It was he who, with his mercy, helped Pierre gain faith and taught him to appreciate life. M. Sholokhov "The fate of man The story tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act shows that love and the desire to do good give a person strength for life. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" Raskolnikov, out of a sense of compassion, gives the last money for the funeral of Marmeladov.

Ingratitude of children, parental love

Arguments for writing

A. S. Pushkin "The Stationmaster" Samson Vyrin, the protagonist of the story, has a daughter, Dunya, in whom he does not care. But a passing hussar, who has laid eyes on the girl, takes her away from her father's house by deceit. When Samson finds his daughter, she is already married, well dressed, lives much better than him and does not want to return. Samson returns to his station, where he subsequently becomes an inveterate drunkard and dies. Three years later, the narrator passes through those places and sees the grave of the caretaker, and the local boy tells him that in the summer a lady with three barchats came and cried for a long time at his grave. F.M. Dostoevsky "Humiliated and Insulted" Natasha, the heroine of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Humiliated and Insulted", betrays his family by running away from home with his lover. The girl's father, Nikolai Ikhmenev, painfully perceives her departure to the son of his enemy, considering it a shame, and curses his daughter. Rejected by her father and having lost her beloved, Natasha is deeply worried - she has lost everything that was valuable in her life: her good name, honor, love and family. However, Nikolai Ikhmenev is still madly in love with his daughter, in spite of everything, and after much mental anguish, at the end of the story, he finds the strength to forgive her. In this example, we see that parental love is the strongest, most selfless and all-forgiving. D. I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth" Despite the fact that Mrs. Prostakova is a rude, greedy landowner, she loves her only son Mitrofan and is ready for anything for him. But the son turns away from her at the most tragic moment. This example shows us that parents try to do everything for the benefit of their children. But children, unfortunately, cannot always appreciate and understand this. A. S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" The Russian writer A. S. Griboyedov did not bypass the problem of fathers and children in his work “Woe from Wit”. The comedy traces the relationship between Famusov and his daughter Sophia. Famusov, of course, loves his daughter and wishes her happiness. But he understands happiness in his own way: happiness for him is money. He teaches his daughter to think about profit and thereby commits a real crime, because Sophia can become like Molchalin, who has adopted only one principle from her father: to seek profit wherever possible. The fathers tried to teach their children about life, in their instructions they passed on to them what was most important and significant for them.

Generation conflict

Arguments for writing

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" The novel of the Russian writer I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". We see the conflict of generations in the relationship between Bazarov and his parents. The main character has very conflicting feelings towards them: on the one hand, he admits that he loves his parents, on the other hand, he despises the "stupid life of fathers." First of all, his convictions are alienated from Bazarov's parents. If in Arkady Kirsanov we see superficial contempt for the older generation, caused more by a desire to imitate a friend, and not coming from within, then with Bazarov everything is different. This is his position in life. With all this, we see that it was to the parents that their son Eugene was truly dear. The old Bazarovs love Yevgeny very much, and this love softens their relationship with their son, the lack of mutual understanding. She is stronger than other feelings and lives even when the main character dies.

Influence of the teacher

Arguments for writing

In the story of V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" an ordinary rural boy, hard fate and hunger force him to contact local boys and start playing for money. Having found out that the child is malnourished, and he has no other way to get the funds he needs, a young French teacher, Lidia Mikhailovna, invites the boy to study French additionally. But this is only a plausible suggestion. In reality, she seeks to somehow help a child in a difficult situation, but out of pride, he refuses to dine with his teacher, indignantly returns the package with food to her. Then she offers to play with her for money, knowing for sure that he will beat her, get his coveted ruble and buy the milk that he needs so much. She deliberately commits a crime from the point of view of pedagogy, violates all the existing rules for the sake of her student, showing genuine philanthropy and unostentatious courage. The director of the school, however, considered the game with the student a crime, seduction and dismissed Lidia Mikhailovna. Having left for her place in the Kuban, the woman did not forget the boy and sent him a parcel with food and even apples, which the boy had never tried, but had only seen in pictures.

Globalization, technical and scientific progress, their impact on man and society

Arguments for writing

E.I. Zamyatin - Russian writer of the early 19th, late 20th century "We" In the novel "We" by Yevgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin, the main character, D-503, describes his life in the totalitarian "United State". He enthusiastically talks about the organization based on mathematics, the life of society. The author in his work warns people about the harmful effects of scientific and technological progress, about its worst sides, that scientific and technological progress will destroy morality and human feelings, since they are not amenable to scientific analysis. M.A. Bulgakov - Russian Soviet writer and playwright of the 20th century "Fatal Eggs" The problem of scientific and technological progress is reflected in M. Bulgakov's story "Fatal Eggs". Pursuing only his own goals, Professor Rokk mindlessly uses Persikov's invention and grows giant reptiles, ostriches. In this ridiculous catastrophe, Rocca Manya's wife, thousands of people and Persikov himself perish. M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog" The problem of interaction between people and nature is also reflected in the literature. In M. Bulgakov's story "Heart of a Dog", Professor Preobrazhensky performs an operation to transform a dog into a human. In the work, the reader sees how the pretty dog ​​Sharik turns into the disgusting Sharikov. “The moral of this fable is this” - you cannot interfere in the natural processes of nature without foreseeing the nature of the consequences.

The memory of the feat of soldiers

Arguments for writing

K.Simonov The poet Konstantin Simonov, who during the war years worked as a correspondent for the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper and was constantly in the army, writes: “Do not forget about the soldiers, Who fought with all their might, Moaned in bandages in medical battalions And so hoped for peace!” I am sure that none of those soldiers Simonov wrote about will ever be forgotten, and their feat will forever remain in the memory of posterity.

Arguments for writing

M.A. Sholokhov "The fate of man" The main character, Andrey Sokolov, fought to save his homeland and all mankind from fascism, losing relatives and comrades. He endured the most difficult trials at the front. The news of the tragic death of his wife, two daughters, and son fell upon the hero. But Andrey Sokolov is a Russian soldier of unbending will who endured everything! He found the strength in himself to accomplish not only a military, but also a moral feat, adopting a boy whose parents were taken away by the war. Soldiers in the terrible conditions of the war, remained a man under the onslaught of enemy forces and did not break. This is the real feat. It was only thanks to such people that our country won a victory in a very difficult struggle against fascism. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet" Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich, Galya Chetvertak and foreman Vaskov, the main characters of the work, showed real courage, heroism, moral endurance, fighting for the Motherland. More than once they could save their lives, it was only necessary to step back a little from their own conscience. However, the heroes were sure: you can’t retreat, you need to fight to the end: “Do not give the German a single piece ... No matter how hard, no matter how hopeless - to keep ...”. These are the words of a true patriot. All the characters of the story are shown acting, fighting, dying in the name of saving the Motherland. It was these people who forged the victory of our country in the rear, resisted the invaders in captivity and occupation, and fought at the front. Boris Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man" Everyone knows the immortal work of Boris Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man." The dramatic story is based on the real facts of the biography of fighter pilot Alexei Meresyev. Shot down in battle over the occupied territory, he made his way through the steppe forests for three weeks until he got to the partisans. Having lost both legs, the hero subsequently shows amazing strength of character and replenishes the account of air victories over the enemy.

Love to motherland

Arguments for writing

S. Yesenin, poem "Rus" The theme of love for the motherland permeates the work of S. Yesenin: “But most of all, Love for the native land tormented, tormented and burned me.” Desiring with all his heart to help the Fatherland in difficult times, the poet writes the poem "Rus", in which the voice of people's anger is heard. Yesenin fully reveals the theme of love for the Fatherland: “If the holy army shouts:“ Throw you Rus', live in paradise! I'll say: "Don't need paradise, Give me my homeland" A. Blok The lyrics of A. Blok are filled with a very special love for Russia. He spoke about his homeland with infinite tenderness, his poems are full of sincere hope that his fate and the fate of Russia are inseparable: “Russia, impoverished Russia, Your gray huts are for me, Your wind songs are for me, Like the first tears of love! ..” Legend There is a legend that one day the wind decided to knock down a mighty oak that grew on a hill. But the oak only bent under the blows of the wind. Then the wind asked the majestic oak: "Why can't I defeat you?" The oak replied that it was not the trunk that was holding it. Its strength lies in the fact that it has grown into the earth, holding on to it with its roots. This ingenuous story expresses the idea that love for the motherland, a deep connection with national history, with the cultural experience of their ancestors makes the people invincible. Blok, "To sin shamelessly, soundly" In the lines of the poem, Russian everyday life is traced, reflecting the stupidity and inertness of its social system. The main idea is contained in the lines: Yes, and such, my Russia, You are dearer to me than all. What a strong feeling for the native land the poet has! He believes that a true patriot should love Russia as it is. Despite the imperfection of their country, its troubles and difficulties, everyone needs to have bright feelings for her. This example of sincere and selfless love for the Motherland may help someone to look at their father's house in a different way.

Writers talk about kindness and its absence very often, in almost every work. The texts selected for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language are no exception. Therefore, we have selected the most relevant problems from this area and revealed each of them with the help of arguments.

1. Princess Marya Bolkonskaya, heroine epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", always helped the poor and the sick, raised her nephew Nikolenka, cared for her dying father, fulfilling all his whims. The girl was ready to lay down her life and forget about herself for the sake of the happiness of others. The beautiful soul of Marya is expressed in her radiant eyes, which make her beautiful. The kindness of the princess was rewarded: she found family happiness, her husband Nikolai fell in love with her kind soul.
2. Aigle the tale collector, hero A. Green's story "Scarlet Sails", told little Assol a fairy tale about a ship with scarlet sails, which would take her away from the terrible society of the inhabitants of Kaperna, who constantly offend the girl and her father. This tale and Egl's kind attitude inspired Assol, and she was able to survive all life's collisions. When the heroine grew up, the fairy tale became a reality, and Captain Gray took her from Caperna, sailing on a ship from her dreams.

Clash of good and evil

1. In the book M. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" the clash of good and evil is especially evident in the Master's novel about Yeshua. He, as an absolute good, is faced with evil, which wants to destroy him. However, Yeshua does not rebel, does not get angry, he humbly awaits his fate, believing in the kindness of people. The hero is sure: "There are no evil people, there are only unhappy people." Despite the fact that Yeshua was executed, he won this battle. Pilate admitted his mistake and repented of it, in his soul good prevailed over evil. That is why he was forgiven.
2. Philosophy of goodness in the novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" presented in the image of Platon Karataev. This hero loves the whole world, treats every living being kindly. He does not know the word "pacifist", but, in fact, he is. In the worldview of men, echoes of Christian commandments. He believes that it is necessary to endure all suffering meekly. Faced with evil in the form of war and captivity, Plato submits to fate and endures again without complaining about it. In a clash with evil, the hero is on the side of his inner strength, which helps not to give up and appreciate every moment lived.

The need for kindness

1. Andrey Sokolov, hero M. Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man", life did not indulge: war, concentration camp, captivity, loss of loved ones. Sokolov had no reason to live, he waved his hand at himself. However, the man met an orphan boy Vanyushka, who lost his parents. Andrei introduced himself as the father of the child, adopted him and gave them both a chance to save themselves from longing (and Vanyushka even from starvation on the street). The good deed of the hero helped not only the boy, but also himself, to survive together in a cruel and complex world much easier.
2. The kindness of Peter Grinev from stories by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" saved his life. Giving a short fur coat to an unknown tramp who helped him find his way in a snowstorm, the hero rendered a service to Emelyan Pugachev, who rebelled against the authorities. The rebel later instilled fear in the fortresses and fortifications and executed all the officers in them. But Pugachev remembered Grinev's kindness, let him go, and later even helped rescue his beloved woman.

Acts of true kindness

1. Sonya Marmeladova, heroine novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", is a truly kind person. In order to feed her stepmother's children, she began to sell her body, "went on a yellow ticket." The father's wife pushed Sonya into this field, but the girl did not hold a grudge, because she was thinking about hungry children. Marmeladova remained a bright, believing person, despite her studies. When Sonya followed Raskolnikov to hard labor, the prisoners immediately fell in love with her for her kindness. And with her cordiality she led the protagonist to repentance and purification.
2. Elena the heroine novel by I.S. Turgenev "On the Eve", from childhood she wished for “active goodness”: she always helped the poor and the sick, for example, at the age of ten she bowed to the poor girl Katya. Kindness remained with Elena for life. For the sake of her beloved Bulgarian revolutionary Insarov, she left everything in Russia and went to Bulgaria. When her newly-made husband fell ill, she stayed with him until the very end, and after his death she decided to continue the work of her beloved.

Education of kindness from childhood

1. Ilya Ilyich Oblomov from the novel of the same name by I.A. Goncharova grew up in an atmosphere of love and affection. He was not particularly developed or trained, however, according to modern psychologists, he was given the most important thing - parental love. Thanks to her, the hero saw an ideal in Oblomovka, and he himself did not wish harm to anyone. Yes, Ilya Ilyich is an inert and lack of initiative, but a completely harmless man. Unfortunately, without penetrating qualities, kindness does not really help in life, so education should be harmonious.
2. Katherine, heroine dramas A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" married early. And immediately from her warm home, she fell into the totalitarian atmosphere of her husband's house. It is hard for a woman to live in lies and hypocrisy under the authority of her mother-in-law Kabanikhi, who puts pressure on all household members, imposing the old order on them. At home in Katerina, the soul was doomed, she walked with her parents, prayed, and was engaged in creativity. But all this was without pressure, not under duress, so it was easy. The heroine grew up kind, with a sense of inner freedom. The harder it was for her in her mother-in-law's house. But it was the kindness, learned from childhood, that helped Katerina not to turn the house into a training ground and to the last treat the tormentor with respect and reverence. So, she spared Varvara and Tikhon, who treated her well.

A. S. Pushkin."Eugene Onegin". A person sometimes, not noticing his happiness, passes by. When the feeling of love arises in him, it becomes too late. This is what happened to Eugene Onegin. At first he rejected the love of a village girl. After meeting her a few years later, he realized that he was in love. Unfortunately, their happiness is impossible.

M. Yu Lermontov."Hero of our time". Pechorin's true love for Vera. His frivolous attitude towards Mary and Bela.

And S. Turgenev."Fathers and Sons". Yevgeny Bazarov denied everything, including love. But life forced him to experience this true feeling for Anna Odintsova. The stern nihilist could not resist the mind and charm of this woman.

and A. Goncharov."Oblomov". Lyubov Oblomov Olga Ilyinskaya. Olga's desire to pull Ilya out of a state of indifference and laziness. Oblomov tried to find the purpose of life in love. However, the efforts of the lovers were in vain.

A. N. Ostrovsky. It is impossible to live without love. Proof of this is, for example, the deep drama experienced by Katerina, the main character in A. N. Ostrovsky's play "Thunderstorm".

I.A. Goncharov. "Oblomov". The great power of love is the theme of many writers. Often a person is able to change even his life for the sake of a loved one. However, this is not always possible. For example, Ilya Ilyich, the hero of the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov", for the sake of love he abandoned many of his habits. Olga, having experienced disappointment, leaves Oblomov. The mutually enriching development of their relationship did not work out, because the desire to vegetate "crawling from one day to another" turned out to be stronger for Ilya.

L.N. Tolstoy. Love is a great feeling. It can change a person's life. But it can bring a lot of hope and disappointment. However, this state can also transform a person. Such life situations were described by the great Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace". For example, after the hardships of life, Prince Bolkonsky was convinced that he would never again experience happiness and joy. However, the meeting with Natasha Rostova changed his view of the world. Love is a great power.

A. Kuprin. Sometimes it seems that poetry disappears from our life, the magical beauty of love, that people's feelings are diminished. Faith in love still amazes readers with the story of A. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet". It can be called an exciting hymn of love. Such stories help to keep the faith that the world is beautiful, and people sometimes have access to the inaccessible.

I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". The influence of friendship on the formation of personality is a serious topic that worried I. A. Goncharov. The heroes of his novel, peers and friends, I. I. Oblomov and A. I. Stolz, are shown in almost the same way: childhood, environment, education. But Stolz tried to change his friend's sleepy life. His attempts were unsuccessful. After the death of Oblomov, Andrei took his son Ilya into his family. That's what real friends do.

I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". Friendship is about mutual influence. Relationships are fragile if people do not want to help each other. This is shown in the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". Ilya Ilyich's apathetic, difficult to climb nature and Andrey Stolz's young energy - all this spoke of the impossibility of friendship between these people. However, Andrei made every effort to encourage Oblomov to some kind of activity. True, Ilya Ilyich could not adequately respond to his friend's concern. But the desires and attempts of Stolz deserve respect.

I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Friendship is not always strong, especially if it rests on the subordination of one person to another. A similar situation was described by Turgenev in the novel Fathers and Sons. Arkady Kirsanov was at first a fierce supporter of Bazarov's nihilistic views and considered himself his friend. However, he quickly lost his conviction and went over to the side of the older generation. Bazarov, according to Arkady, was left alone. This happened because friendship was not equal.

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" (about friendship, partnership). The fact that "there is no holier than the bonds of partnership" is said in the story of N. Gogol "Taras Bulba".

Attention! Before you familiarize yourself with the arguments for composing the exam from the bank of arguments, first read
works in their entirety. Remember that only the complete content gives the complete
reading comprehension. This is important to avoid factual errors. In addition, the arguments
contain spoilers. Accordingly, read the full content after reading the arguments
won't be as interesting. Arguments for writing the exam will help you have your own understanding of which arguments are best to use.

About the bank of arguments for writing the exam

The bank contains 17 works that cover most of the problems encountered
in the texts of the exam. For every problem in the bank, you can find at least 2 arguments!
Estimated reading time for all works: 50 hours. Reading an hour a day
you will read the entire list in less than 2 months.
The Argument Bank does not contain very large works like "War and Peace"
and Quiet Don. They are worth reading, but it is not necessary to do this specifically for the exam in Russian.
Having mastered the speed reading method, detailed information about which is at the end of the book, you
you can read the entire list in just 20-25 hours.

Secret 7 on the arguments for writing the exam. Large product ≠ large number of arguments. You will be convinced of this by reading the list of references below, which includes many small, but capacious works.

Arguments for writing the exam (17 options)

1) Jack London "Martin Eden"

Genre: novel
Reading time: 8 hours.

Problems of the work Jack Londoan "Martin Eden"

The problem of talent
The role of the book (reading)
The role of music in human life



The problem of loneliness
The Problem of Honesty
moral issues
The role of dreams (goals) in human life
The problem of envy
Attitude towards parents

Argumentation of the work of Jack Londoan "Martin Eden"

The protagonist of the work is Martin Eden, a young sailor who falls in love with Ruth, a girl from a wealthy bourgeois family. To achieve her love, a man sets himself a goal: to become a famous writer. Martin begins to read books of great philosophers, writes his own works. However, relatives of the hero do not believe in his writing talent. Ruth's parents also do not believe that an uneducated sailor can change and take a worthy position in society. But the books change Martin's thinking. He realizes that life is much wider than he thought before. Thanks to hard work, Martin Eden achieves his goal. Now even those who once laughed at him admire the work of the hero. Having become famous, Martin does not forget his loved ones. He buys Maria the promised dairy ranch, helps her sister's husband. However, success does not bring him happiness. The protagonist feels lonely as never before, he is disappointed in his love.

Jack London demonstrated that

1) books can radically change a person's life

2) for the sake of love, a person can achieve unprecedented heights

3) success doesn't always bring happiness

4) even a famous person can be lonely

5) how important it is to have a goal in life and go towards it, regardless of the opinions of others

6) public opinion is changeable, so you should not rely on it

2) Theodore Dreiser "The Financier"

Genre: novel
Reading time: 10 hours.

The problems of Theodore Dreiser's work "The Financier"

The problem of talent

The value of work in human life

The problem of loneliness

The role of childhood memories

The problem of envy
The problem of greed
The problem of hate

The problem of spiritual degradation

Argumentation on the work of Theodor Dreiser "The Financier"

The main character of the work is Frank Cowperwood, a successful businessman from Philadelphia. Thanks to his outstanding abilities, the character quickly reaches career heights. He is predicted a great future. Meanwhile, Frank falls in love with the beautiful young Eileen, the daughter of the well-known Philadelphia financier Edward Butler. For her sake, the hero even divorces his first wife. The sympathy is mutual, and soon the girl's father finds out about her. He becomes so furious that he decides to take revenge on the protagonist at all costs. Frank is involved in financial fraud, helping the city treasurer. Butler finds out about this and, using his connections, brings Cowperwood to trial. The main character is sentenced to prison. We see how money can destroy a person's destiny, and love, on the contrary, can save him. Frank endures all the hardships of being in prison, because he knows that Eileen is waiting for him. Cowperwood cannot be unequivocally called a bad or a good person. He is a genius who is envied. In his actions, the hero sees one goal: the desire for beauty.

Theodore Dreiser demonstrated:

2) a talented but lonely person who, thanks to his determination, achieves success

3) social problems: corruption, inequality, lies.

4) Frank's abilities were laid in childhood. He actively developed them and therefore reached such heights.

Secret 7. The works of foreign authors have a significant plus:
not all experts have read them. Therefore, the risk of a factual error
is significantly reduced, the task of choosing arguments for composing the exam is simplified.

3) A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

Genre: story

Reading time: 2.5 hours

The problems of Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter"

The problem of love in human life

The problem of finding happiness (the meaning of life)

The role of the family in shaping the personality of the child

The problem of honor and dishonor

moral issues

The Problem of Betrayal

The problem of courage (heroism)

Argumentation of the essay based on Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter"

The main character of the work is Peter Grinev. From the age of five, Petrusha has been looked after by the stirrup Savelich. In the seventeenth year, the father decides to send his son to the service, but not to St. Petersburg, but to the army. On the way, Grinev and Savelyich fall into a snowstorm. A random person helps them out. Peter is a grateful person, he gives the “counselor” a hare sheepskin coat. Grinev ends up in the Belogorsk fortress, where he meets Shvabrin, a man close to him in education, age and occupation. There, the man also meets Masha Mironova, the daughter of the commandant, with whom he soon falls in love. Because of her, there is a quarrel between Grinev and Shvabrin, which ends in a duel and the wounding of the protagonist. Detachments of Yemelyan Pugachev attack the Belogorsk fortress and, despite the heroic resistance of the defenders, capture it. Pugachev recognizes Grinev, who once did not spare a sheepskin coat for him, and saves his life. Despite this, the protagonist sincerely tells the peasant chieftain that he does not promise not to serve against him. Amazed Pugachev releases Grinev. The hero goes to Orenburg, where he asks for help. He is refused, so Peter and Savelich decide to return to the fortress on their own in order to free Masha. And again, fate brings Grinev and Pugachev together, giving the officer a chance to fulfill his intention: having learned from Grinev the essence of the matter on which he is going to the Belogorsk fortress, Pugachev himself decides to help the orphan and punish the offender.

Soon the main character is arrested on suspicion of assisting the rebels, but Masha saves him.

Pushkin demonstrated:

1) the power of love, which helps to correct any life difficulties

2) the strength, spirit and honor of real Russian soldiers

3) what a big role the family and upbringing play in shaping personality

4) what is the danger of betrayal

Secret 9. The "Captain's Daughter" is almost equal to "War and Peace" in terms of the number of arguments and issues, which means that it is not difficult to find arguments for writing the exam.

4) A. S. Griboedov "Woe from Wit"

Genre: comedy

Reading time: 1 hour

Problems of Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit"

The role of the book (reading)

The Problem of Honesty

The role of education in human life

The problem of relationships between generations

Argumentation of the essay based on the work of Griboedov "Woe from Wit"

One of the central characters of the work is Alexander Chatsky. He sincerely loves Sophia, the daughter of the master Pavel Afanasyevich Famusov. Arriving to her, the hero is faced with not understanding both from the side of the girl and from the side of the “Famus society”, conservative people who think that Chatsky has gone crazy. And all because Alexander Andreevich denounces their vices: veneration of rank, narrowness of thinking. The hero tries to explain to Sofya that Molchalin does not really love her, but only strives for personal gain and promotion, but she does not believe Chatsky and only at the end of the work understands the mistake.

Griboyedov demonstrated:

1) how erroneous sometimes public opinion is

2) love can be blind, so you need to be very careful and thoughtful in choosing a partner

3) such vices as veneration of rank, stupidity, hypocrisy

4) the role of education and upbringing in human life

5) Vasil Bykov "Sotnikov"

Genre: story

Reading time: 3 hours

The problems of Bykov's story "Sotnikov"

The problem of heroism

The problem of honor and dishonor

The Problem of Betrayal

Military issues

The problem of courage (heroism)

The problem of cowardice

The problem of cruelty

Argumentation of the essay for the exam based on the novel by Bykov "Sotnikov"

The central characters of the work are Sotnikov and Rybak, Soviet intelligence officers who are captured by the Germans. Sotnikov refuses to tell the Nazis any information about the location of the Soviet troops. The fisherman is afraid of losing his life, so he agrees to cooperate with the enemy. At the end of the story, he is accepted into the ranks of the Nazis, and he, a Soviet soldier, kills his comrade.

Bykov shows us:

1) the heroism of the Soviet soldier in the image of Sotnikov

2) cowardice and betrayal in the image of Rybak

6) M. A. Sholokhov "The fate of man"

Genre: story

Reading time: 40 minutes

The problems of Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man"

The problem of heroism

The problem of moral choice

The Problem of Betrayal

The problem of courage (heroism)

Military issues

The problem of cowardice

The problem of cruelty

Argumentation

The main character of the work is Andrei Sokolov, a Soviet soldier. Once he voluntarily agreed to carry out a very difficult operation: to carry shells for an artillery unit through the front line. Sokolov's car was blown up, as a result of which the hero lost consciousness, and then was captured by the Germans. In the face of death, he does not lose heart. When he was offered a toast to the victory of German arms, he refused. Instead, he drinks to his death. Struck by the courage of the soldier, the Nazis save his life. Sokolov is transferred and appointed a German engineer as a driver. Andrei flees near Polotsk, taking a fascist with him. After meeting with the command, the hero writes a letter to his wife Irina, but receives an answer from a neighbor who reports that his wife and daughters were killed as a result of the bombing. Sokolov hopes to meet his son Anatoly, who, like his father, serves at the front. However, on the last day of the war, the young man is killed by a German sniper. Andrei returns to Russia. There he meets Vanya, whose mother died, and his father disappeared at the front. Sokolov says that he is the boy's father and adopts him.

Mikhail Sholokhov demonstrated

1) the heroism of the Russian soldier

2) how important it is not to lose the ability to empathize with your neighbor even in difficult life circumstances

Secret 10. You must have 2 works about the war in stock. In addition to “Sotnikov” and “The Fate of a Man”, one can cite arguments from the poem “Vasily Terkin” by Alexander Tvardovsky, the story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet” by Boris Vasiliev, “The Tale of a Real Man” by Boris Polevoy and other works about the war

7. Arguments for writing the exam of the novel by Ray Bradbury "451 degrees Fahrenheit"

Genre: novel

Reading time: 3 hours

Issues

The problem of historical memory

Public problems (corruption, crime, public opinion)

The problem of envy

The problem of greed

The problem of hate

The problem of the destructive influence of money

The problem of spiritual degradation

The Importance of Science for Humanity

Argumentation

The main character of the work is Guy Montag, a firefighter. The novel describes an American society of the future, in which books are banned and burned.

The author depicts people who have lost touch with each other, with nature, with the intellectual heritage of mankind. People rush to and from work, never talking about what they think or feel, admiring only material values. At home, they surround themselves with interactive television and fill their free time with watching shows and endless series. Montag meets Clarissa MacLellan, who loves nature and knows how to truly live. The man begins secretly taking the books he was supposed to burn. Guy realizes that he has been living the wrong life all this time and wants to change passionately.

Ray Bradbury demonstrated

1) the role of books in human life

2) the harmful effects of technology

3) fallacy of public opinion

Secret 11. Instead of the novel “451 degrees Fahrenheit”, you can use any other dystopian novels on this issue: George Orwell “1984”, E. I. Zamyatin “We”, O. Huxley “Oh Brave New World”

V. G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician"

Genre: story

Reading time: 2.5 hours

Issues

The problem of talent

The role of art in human life

The role of music in human life

The role of childhood in human life

The role of childhood memories

Argumentation

In the South-West of Ukraine, in a family of rich rural landowners Popelsky, a blind boy, Peter, is born. Peter's father is a good-natured man, but rather indifferent to everything except the household. Uncle, Maxim Yatsenko, has a fighting character. The uncle decides to take up the upbringing of Petrus. The boy loves to listen to the play of the groom Joachim on the pipe and also wants to learn this skill. His mother teaches him to play the piano. In the neighboring estate of the elderly Yaskulsky, the daughter of Evelina, the same age as Petrus, is growing up. This beautiful girl is calm and reasonable. Soon Evelina and Petrus become friends.

Meanwhile, the boy discovers an amazing musical talent. He is predicted to be famous.

Peter is seriously ill. After recovery, he announces to his family that he will go with Uncle Maxim to Kyiv, where he will take lessons from a famous musician.

In fact, he, along with poor blind men, among whom is an acquaintance of Maxim's uncle Fyodor Kandyba, goes to Pochaev. In this journey, Peter gets to know the world in its diversity and, empathizing with the grief of others, forgets about his sufferings. Soon he marries Evelina.

Years pass. Peter becomes a famous musician. Uncle Maxim understands that his nephew was able to feel life in its fullness, to remind people of other people's suffering. Realizing this and his merit, Maxim is convinced that he did not live his life in vain.

Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko demonstrated

1) the influence of music / art on human life

2) the extraordinary fortitude of a blind musician

3) the power of love, which helps to overcome any difficulties

4) what is real talent

9) V. P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish"

Genre: story

Reading time for the chapter "King Fish": 40 minutes (total work: 8 hours)

Issues

Human influence on nature

The influence of nature on man

The problem of ecology

Argumentation

One of the central characters of the work is Ignatich, a successful fisherman. He has become a real master in his craft and often helps people, but there is no sincerity in his actions. Ignatich uses his skills to the detriment of nature, engaging in poaching. And then one day he caught a huge fish, which he could not cope with. At first, the fisherman did not want to call his brother for help, so as not to share his prey with him. In a fight with a fish, the hero realizes that he is dying, and then he repents, realizing that he led an unworthy life.

Astafiev shows:

1) the impotence of man in front of nature

2) nature can change the character of a person

3) the destructive influence of man on nature

10) B. L. Vasilyev “Do not shoot white swans”

Genre: novel

Reading time: 3 hours

Issues

Human influence on nature

The influence of nature on man

The value of work in human life

The Problem of Honesty

The problem of ecology

Human relation to animals

Arguments for writing the Unified State Examination based on Vasiliev's novel "Do not shoot white swans"

The main character of the work is Yegor Polushkin. The man moved to the village, around which endless forests once roared. For several decades they were cut down. They realized it when there was only one grove left near the Black Lake. Fyodor Buryanov was appointed forester in the village. In his native collective farm, Yegor Polushkin was in good standing, but it was difficult for him to work in a new place. All Polushkin's troubles stem from the fact that he couldn't work without a soul. Once Yegor was instructed to dig a trench for a sewer pipe. The trench turned out straight, like an arrow, until an anthill met in its path. Polushkin took pity on the industrious insects and made a detour around the trench.

Buryanov, on the other hand, has a consumerist attitude to nature, the main thing for him is to earn more money.

Boris Vasiliev demonstrated:

1) the harmful influence of man on nature

2) good attitude towards nature

3) the influence of nature on man

11) V. G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera"

Genre: story

Reading time: 4 hours.

Issues

The problem of preserving cultural monuments

The problem of historical memory

Argumentation

The action takes place in the village of Matera, located on the island of the same name in the middle of the Angara. In connection with the construction of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station, the village must be flooded, and the inhabitants relocated. Many people do not want to leave Matera, where they spent their whole lives. These are mostly old people who accept consent to the flooding of the village as a betrayal of their ancestors buried in their native land. The main character, Daria Pinigina, whitewashes her hut, which in a few days will be set on fire by the sanitary brigade, and does not agree that her son should take her to the city. The old woman does not know what she will do after the death of the village, she is afraid of change. In a similar situation are other residents who are no longer able to get used to city life. Daria's neighbor, Yegor, dies shortly after leaving for the city, and his wife, Nastasya, returns to Matera.

It is much easier for young people to endure parting with their native land: Daria's grandson Andrey, her neighbor Klava. The younger generation believes that they will find a better life in the city, they do not appreciate their native village.

Valentin Rasputin demonstrated:

1) the importance of preserving historical memory

2) the destructive role of technology

12) D. S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

Reading time: 2 hours

Issues

The problem of language purity

The problem of finding happiness (the meaning of life)

Arguments for writing the exam based on Likhachev's book "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

The work is a collection of 46 letters, each of which addresses a specific issue (or even several). This is a real treasure trove of arguments. When arguing for the exam, you must indicate the number and title of the letter. For example: in the work "Letters about the good and the beautiful" in letter twenty-second "Love to read!" Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev discusses the importance of reading.

The table above shows the arguments for the most rare USE problems that are difficult to take from other works.

Secret for readers. You can give examples from your favorite works that are not included in the school curriculum, if they contain the necessary arguments. "Harry Potter" or "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" are evaluated at the exam in the same way as the classics.

13) I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"

Genre: novel

Reading time: 8 hours

Issues

The role of childhood in human life

The role of childhood memories

The role of the family in shaping the personality of the child

The problem of education

Arguments for writing the Unified State Examination of Goncharov's novel "Oblomov"

The main character of the work is Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, a landowner. In the chapter "Oblomov's Dream", the author depicts a beautiful corner of Russia. Oblomovka is a patriarchal paradise on earth. It seems that nature protects the inhabitants from the hardships and problems of the outside world. The reader sees that this is reflected in the character of the protagonist. There is kindness, love for one's neighbor in him, for which his friend Stolz respects him.

In addition, it is worth noting that Oblomov was brought up in a noble family. His parents did not refuse him anything. He could always eat and sleep as much as he wanted. Stoltz was brought up in a poor family. When the boy grew up, his father began to take him with him to the field, to the market, and taught him to work. We see that Stolz grew up as a purposeful, active person.

Ivan Goncharov demonstrated:

1) the role of education in personality development

2) the influence of nature on man

3) the role of childhood in the later life of a person

14) D. I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth"

Genre: comedy

Reading time: 1 hour

Issues

The role of the family in shaping the personality of the child

The problem of education

Arguments for writing the Unified State Examination of the comedy Fonvizin "Undergrowth"

The central characters of the work are Mrs. Prostakova and her son Mitrofan. His mother tries to raise him, but only makes things worse. Teachers indulge the lazy Mitrofanushka, so no progress is observed. Mrs. Prostakova wants to marry him to Sophia, who, as it turns out, is entitled to a large inheritance. However, Starodum, the girl's uncle, perfectly sees Mitrofan's lack of education and, of course, refuses.

Fonvizin demonstrated:

1) the role of the family in shaping the personality of the child (Mitrofan is very similar to his mother)

2) it is impossible to force a person to develop if he himself does not want it

15) Arguments for writing the exam based on the story of K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram"

Genre: story

Reading time: 15 minutes

Issues

Attitude towards parents

The problem of relationships between generations

Argumentation

The central characters of the work are Katerina Petrovna and her daughter Nastya, who works in Leningrad. One day, an elderly woman becomes ill, and she writes a letter to her daughter asking her to come. Katerina Petrovna loved Nastya very much and wanted to see her before her death. But the daughter, immersed in work, is late. When Nastya arrives in Zaborye, she finds only a fresh grave mound. She repents, but, unfortunately, nothing can be changed.

Paustovsky demonstrated:

1) how important it is to pay attention to your relatives

2) relationship between mother and daughter

16) V. G. Rasputin "French Lessons"

Genre: story

Reading time: 40 minutes

Issues

The role of the teacher in human life

Arguments for writing the Unified State Examination to Rasputin's story "French Lessons"

The protagonist of the work is an eleven-year-old boy, on behalf of whom the story is being told. At school, he studied well, for one five, except for the French language: he was not given pronunciation. One day the hero finds out that it is possible to earn money by playing "chika" and he tries to buy milk for the cure. When Lydia Mikhailovna, a French teacher, finds out about this, she decides to study with him separately. The teacher really wanted to help the poor boy: she even sent him a parcel with food, but he returned it. Then Lidia Mikhailovna begins to play with him for money, succumbing to the boy. Upon learning of the teacher's act, the school director considered the game with the student almost a crime. The woman leaves for her place in the Kuban, but she does not forget the boy and sends him a parcel with pasta and apples. Lidia Mikhailovna is a kind, disinterested and noble person. Even having lost her job, she does not blame the boy for anything and does not forget about him.

Rasputin demonstrated:

1) the role of the teacher in the development of the child's personality

2) disinterested attitude towards one's neighbor

17) Mikhail Krongauz “The Russian language is on the verge of a nervous
disruption"

Genre: journalism (in an essay, write just a work or a book)

Reading time: 4 hours

Issues

The problem of language purity

The problem of preserving the Russian language

Arguments for the composition of the exam based on the work of Mikhail Krongauz “The Russian language on the verge of a nervous
disruption"

The author considers such phenomena as the change in spelling and orthoepic norms, the emergence of a large number of borrowed words, and the mixing of styles. Krongauz looks to the future optimistically, interpreting these changes as signs of the unlost creative potential of the language. The writer also considers such processes as the "withering away" of words, when certain words cease to be commonly used.

On a note. It is better to know one work perfectly than to read the summary of ten. You can get a lot more arguments from one than from a cursory reading of several.