Scenario
Extracurricular activities
Sports festival based on the fairy tale by Jonathan Swift
"Journey to the Land of the Lilliputians"
Designed and carried out
Physical education teacher Oreshko.V.S.
Position
About the sports festival
"Lilliputians-Gullivers"
Goals and objectives
A sports festival is held to familiarize students with the heroes
Fairy tales on the example of games and relay races.
Objectives: 1. Instilling interest in physical exercise through involvement
Children in the world of fairy tales.
2. Development of motor abilities.
Time and place of the event.
The sports festival is held in the sports hall of the secondary school No. 27
Irkutsk during the decade of physical culture.
Competition guide.
The overall management of the holiday is entrusted to the school administration,
direct conduct on physical education teacher Oreshko V.S.
Members and composition of teams.
There are two teams of six people.
The first team - students of 11 "b" class "gullivers"
The second team - students of 1 "a" class "Lilliputians"
Holiday program
Pupils enter the sports hall under musical accompaniment.
"Gullivers" - to the right, "Lilliputians" - to the left. In the center, the teams meet and greet each other with a handshake. Hand in hand, they walk to the venue. The teacher welcomes the participants of the competitions, guests, parents, fans.
Games are played:
1 competition - overcoming obstacles.
The "Lilliputians" have a "stone", the "Gullivers" have a large "log". On command, the first participant rolls his obstacle to his limiter and back. The next participant starts the movement by repeating the task. The team that finished the relay wins.
Instructions: do not remove hands with an obstacle. Sweep them constantly.
2 competition - a game with a balloon.
The captains each have a balloon and a racket in their hands. On command, tossing a balloon with a racket. Run to the limiter and back. "Lilliputians", returning back, catch the ball and run to their team. The Gullivers overcome two obstacles along the way.
Guidelines: the ball must always be in the air, not touching the floor. Do not move the racket from hand to hand.
3 competition - "break for lunch / drink water from the well /
A “crane” is set up against each team at a different distance from the start line / for Lilliputians one meter closer /. On a signal, the participant runs with an empty bucket to the well, puts on a "chain". A bucket and lowers it into the well, draws water / 10 cubes /. With a full bucket, he returns to his team. The next participant, taking a full bucket, runs to the well, pours out water and runs back with the bucket.
Guidelines: do not take on the "crane", only on the chain. Fill the bucket in the well, collecting all the cubes.
4 competition - "builders"
Each team is given a ladder. She is on the right side of the floor. On command, take the ladder, the "Lilliputians" stand inside it, the "gullivers" in a checkerboard pattern holding the ladder on their shoulders. When reaching your limiter, turn 180, run to the line of construction. Turn around again, taking the original starting position.
5 competition - "strong men"
Teams are given aprons and watermelons. The first participant puts on an apron, loads “watermelons” into it and runs with them to the limiter. Gives it all back to the next member.
6 competition - "path".
Each participant has a hoop in his hand. On a signal, the first one runs to the mark and puts the hoop on the floor, stepping inside and running back. The second participant runs to the first hoop, steps into it, puts his hoop behind it, steps into it and runs back, etc. When the last participant puts down his hoop and runs to his team, the whole team runs through the constructed “path” at a run. The team that runs the entire competition ahead wins.
Methodical instructions: be sure to step into the hoop.
7 competition - "auto racing", competition of captains.
A stick is tied to one end of the rope, a toy to the other
car. The captains twist the rope onto a stick.
Methodical instructions: the "Lilliputians" have a shorter rope. The captains of both teams sit on the floor.
Anglo-Irish satirist, publicist, poet and social activist
“I remember that when I was still a boy, once the hook of my fishing rod was pulled by a big fish, I had already almost pulled it ashore, when suddenly it fell into the water. Disappointment torments me to this day, and I believe that it was the prototype of all my future disappointments. So Swift later wrote about himself in a letter to Duke Bolinbroke.
Jonathan Swift came from an old but impoverished noble family from York County. Swift's grandfather was a vicar in Goodrich, a very active and energetic man. During the revolution, he was on the side of the king, and because of this he got a lot of problems. Cromwell's soldiers robbed his house thirty-six times and, despite this, being in the city that stood for the royalists, he came to the mayor, who asked Swift to donate something to help the king. Thomas Swift removed his outer clothing. The mayor answered him: “But this is too little help!” "Then take my vest." Three hundred ancient gold coins were sewn into the waistcoat - a considerable gift to the king from a poor priest who had fourteen children. He also destroyed a detachment of cavalry of two hundred people who were crossing the river ford by inventing an ingenious machine and laying it on the bottom. As a result, the revolution nevertheless took place, the grandfather was arrested, and his property was confiscated.
Swift's father was the seventh or eighth son, and later moved to Ireland to work with his older brother Godwin. Soon he married a dowry girl Eric from the ancient Abigel family, and got a job as a junior judicial official. But he did not make a career and died poor two years later at the age of twenty-seven, and seven months after his death, Jonathan Swift was born. In his Autobiography, Swift wrote that this marriage was unwise on both sides, and that he paid for the unreason of his parents, not only during his studies, but throughout most of his life.
At the age of four he was sent to study. In 1684 he entered Trinity College, Dublin, and in 1686 received his bachelor's degree in philosophy. He needed to continue his studies in order to get a master's degree in divinity, which would give Jonathan Swift the right to receive a spiritual title, and therefore the opportunity to become a priest in some parish and have a small but steady income. However, Swift did not have the money to continue his studies.
If a young man studied at a college or university for some time, but did not complete his education and did not receive a master's degree, he could only count on a position as a teacher or secretary to a rich and noble person. Luck smiled at the poor Swift, and in 1689 he entered the service of a distant relative, the writer William Temple, who at first took the poor young man out of mercy as a librarian, then appreciated his talents and brought him closer as a secretary and confidant.
Swift had at his disposal a rich collection of books, especially by French writers. Rabelais, Montaigne and La Rochefoucauld became his favorite authors. Jonathan Swift also appreciated his patron, he recognized him as his only mentor, however, only in terms of sanity, outlook, balance and thoughtfulness of judgments. Their opinions could differ radically, for example, in religious terms, Temple was a more or less free-thinking deist, and Swift considered any religious inquisitiveness a product of thoughtlessness or pride. The difference in outlook and temperament, however, almost did not prevent them from getting along with each other. The decade spent at the Temple estate, Swift called the happiest time of his life.
Temple helped Swift continue his studies, and in 1692 Swift received a master's degree from Oxford, and in 1695 he was ordained an Anglican priest. In 1695 he went to his own parish of Kilruth in Ireland. He earned his livelihood by the hard work of a parish priest in an unusually remote place, could not stand life in Kilruth, and returned to Temple, with whom he lived until his death in 1699. In his will, Temple ordered that Swift publish his works, and use the income from their sale himself. Swift zealously took up the publication, but the publication did not bring any income, and from 1700 Swift again became the parish priest in the small Irish town of Laracore.
From time to time, Swift came to London, and was energetically involved in the literary and political struggle. In 1697, Swift wrote the first satire pamphlet, The Battle of the Books, in which he defended the Temple against the French writers Perrault and Fontenelle, and their English followers Richard Bentley and William Wotton. This satire revealed his paradoxical mind and craving for fantasy, characteristic of Swift's subsequent works. And there have been plenty of them since the early 1700s. This is "The Tale of the Tub, Written for the General Improvement of Mankind" in 1704, which ridiculed the feuds between Catholics, Calvinists and Anglicans, the possibility of "improvement of mankind" and pamphlets directed against political enemies. Swift took the side of the Whigs, he ridiculed the Tories, weaved intrigues, and in 1710 went over to the side of the Tories and fought along with the Duke of Bolinbroke, the queen's prime minister, for the signing of the Peace of Utrecht.
"The Tale of the Barrel" was intended to satirically denounce "the many gross perversions in religion and learning." The basis of the narrative of "The Tale of the Barrel" was "an allegorical story about caftans and three brothers", the plot going back to the popular parable of the three rings, processed in Boccaccio's "Decameron" and other sources. Swift used the plot of his allegory to allegorically convey the ritual history of Christianity from its inception until the end of the 17th century. Dying, a certain father (Christ) left the same caftans (religion) and a will (the Bible) with “the most detailed instructions on how to wear caftans and keep them in order” as a legacy to his three sons. For the first seven years (centuries), the three brothers "sacredly observed their father's will", but then, succumbing to the charms of the Duchess d'Argent (Covetousness), Madame de Grands Titres (Ambition) and Countess d'Orgueil (Pride), the brothers wished to change in accordance with fashionable appearance of kaftans. The first to succeed was one of them, who received the name of Peter (the symbol of the papacy). Peter achieved his goal in two ways: with the help of ingeniously arbitrary interpretations of the will and through references to oral tradition. In the end, he completely took possession of the testament, in behavior and sermons he ceased to reckon with common sense, and he treated the brothers so much that they went with him to the “great break” (Reformation). With the will in their hands, Jack and Martin (the names of the leaders of the Reformation, John Calvin and Martin Luther) were filled with a desire to fulfill the precepts of their father and remove jewelry from their caftans. However, "a sharp difference in their characters was immediately revealed." Martin - the symbol of the Church of England - "first put his hand" to his caftan, but "after a few vigorous movements" paused and "decided to act more prudently in the future", in accordance with common sense. Jack is a symbol of puritanism, giving vent to the feelings that he “began to dignify with zeal”, “tore his entire caftan from top to bottom”, embarked on the path of “extraordinary adventures” and became the founder of the “eolists” sect (a parody of Puritans).
The central section of "The Tale of the Barrel" is "A digression concerning the origin, usefulness, and success of madness in human society." The object of Swift's satire, according to his definition, was "the absurdities of fanaticism and superstition", and, as textual studies of the Tale of the Barrel have shown, criticism was directed against Catholics, Puritans, followers of Hobbes' materialism and is conducted from the standpoint of Anglican rationalism. Swift argued that no single proposition that is contrary to religion or morality can be conscientiously deduced from his book. However, for many generations of readers since the era of the French Enlightenment, "The Tale of the Barrel" symbolizes the fight against religious fanaticism in any of its forms. This was recorded in Voltaire's famous saying about The Tale of the Barrel: "Swift's rods are so long that they hurt not only the sons, but the father himself (Christianity)."
With its first readers, The Tale of the Barrel was a resounding success, but the name of its author remained undisclosed for some time, although by this time he had gained fame in the literary circles of London thanks to the works of historical journalism.
Swift was feared and revered, his pamphlets were full of dark irony, and almost every one of them became the cause of a political scandal. Soon the main theme of Swift was determined - the struggle for the rights of the Irish. He was not Irish, but was born in Ireland, listened to the Irish in confession, since 1713 he was rector of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin, and he hated everything that oppressed and infringed on the "natural rights" of a person, whoever he was ( so later he will describe the achievements of outlandish "races" - Lilliputians and Houyhnms).
Swift entered into the history of literature the names of two women with whom he had a strange relationship. It is possible that each of them separately could give him happiness, but it turned out differently. In 1710-1713, Swift's book "A Diary for Stella" was published. This is a diary, the entries in which are addressed to a certain Stella - the author's beloved, who was supposed to come to him. The prototype of Stella was the girl Esther Johnson.
Stella
Swift met Esther Johnson at Moore Park when she was eight years old, but he himself wrote that she was six. Swift confused her age, as can be seen from the "Diary", as well as from poetic birthday greetings, perhaps by accident, but most likely intentionally. For what? Esther was an orphan and lived with the Temple. Swift gave her the name Stella - Asterisk, and became her mentor, because he himself was fourteen years older. Having received a parish in Laracore, he persuaded Stella, along with her companion Dingli, to move to Ireland. Whom she was to him: wife, mistress or friend - one can only guess. Stella was a very beautiful and very smart woman, moreover, she was educated, which Swift himself took care of. She moved from prosperous England to half-poor and hungry Ireland. Stella and Swift never lived under the same roof. When Swift left, she and Dingley moved into his house to save money. If he lived in Larakore, then they settled in the neighborhood. In addition, he never stayed alone with Stella and met with her only in the presence of third parties. These are the terms of the relationship, dictated by Swift once and for all, and accepted by Stella. Stella was surrounded by persons of clergy twice her age. She had no other choice, an unmarried woman could not communicate with anyone else without compromising herself.
All Swift's biographers who knew Stella wrote about her with respect. Many who knew Swift and Stella said that she was madly in love with him. The Earl of Orrery claimed that they were secretly married, and that they were married in 1716 by the Bishop of Clogher. According to him, it happened like this - Stella suddenly fell into anguish and fell ill. Swift, not daring to ask himself, sent the Bishop of Cloger to her, and Stella conveyed through him that she was tired of waiting and wanted Swift to marry her. Swift agreed, but put forward a condition - the marriage must be absolutely secret. Another acquaintance of Swift's, Delaney, confirmed that Swift and Stella were secretly married, and that Swift never acknowledged her as his wife in public. Dean Swift also claimed that the marriage was concluded in 1716, and added that this marriage did not change anything in the relationship between Swift and Stella. He was chaste, and they continued to see each other only in public. Walter Scott, in Swift's biography, said that immediately after the marriage, Swift's condition was terrible. Why was marriage necessary? Who was its initiator? Perhaps it was Stella, and perhaps it was because of a rival.
This rival, also madly in love with Swift, was Esther Vanomri, whom Swift named Vanessa.
Vanessa
Until 1707 the Vanomri family lived in Dublin. Vanessa was a pretty woman, but not as beautiful as Stella and, in contrast, impulsive and prone to take life tragically. Vanessa had a developed mind, unlike Stella, Vanessa was capable of unexpected actions and could not restrain her passion, so Swift needed to be on the alert. Vanessa was an outstanding nature, and love only increased her spiritual insight and desire to become like her deity in everything, as she called Swift.
There is a version that after marriage, Stella and Swift found out that they were half-brother and sister, which made their marriage incest. Although all this was not confirmed by any facts.
Vanessa led an extremely secluded life, spending time in the company of her sick sister and indulging in sad reflections. Such a life only served to keep her focused on the hopeless and painful feeling. Swift appealed to her prudence, but his reproaches had no effect on her, which at times infuriated him. Vanessa couldn't help it, any sweet word from Swift or promise to come made her happy. Twice she refused suitors, and after the death of her sister she was left all alone. Her resignation and how patiently she endured this condition for eight years was due to her reverence for Swift. Dean Swift wrote that in April 1723, Vanessa learned that Swift was married to Esther Johnson and wrote him a letter, and Thomas Sheridan said that she wrote to Stella herself. Walter Scott described what happened like this: “However, Vanessa’s impatience finally got the better of her, and she ventured to take a decisive step - she herself wrote to Mrs. Johnson and asked to be informed of the nature of her relationship with Swift. Stella replied that she and the rector were connected by marriage; and, seething with indignation at Swift for having given another woman such rights to herself as Miss Vanomree's questions testified to, Stella forwarded his rival's letter to him and, without seeing him, and without waiting for an answer, left for Mr. Ford's house, near Dublin. Swift, in one of those fits of rage which he had, both because of his temperament and because of his illness, went at once to Marley Abbey. When he entered the house, the stern expression of his face, which always vividly reflected the passions seething in him, so horrified the unfortunate Vanessa that she could hardly murmur an invitation to sit down. In response, he threw a letter on the table, ran out of the house, mounted his horse and galloped back to Dublin. When Vanessa opened the envelope, she found only her own letter to Stella. It was her death sentence. She could not resist when the long-standing, but still cherished hopes that had long filled her heart collapsed, and the one for whom she cherished them brought down on her all the power of his anger. It is not known how long she lived after this last meeting, but apparently no more than a few weeks.
Vanessa is known to have died three months later of an unknown cause. During this time, she remade the will, in which everything was bequeathed to Swift, to the future philosopher George Berkeley, almost unfamiliar to her. Swift's name was not even mentioned in the new will. She was buried in the church of St. Andrew, but in 1860 the church burned down and her grave was not preserved.
Much is not clear in this story, the rivals briefly survived one another - Esther Vanomri died in 1723, and Esther Johnson in 1728. Swift, after the death of both Esthers, felt unusually lonely. “His laughter rattles in our ears a hundred and forty years later. He was always alone - he gnashed his teeth alone in the darkness, except for the time when Stella's gentle smile lit up him. When she disappeared, he was surrounded by silence and impenetrable night. It was the greatest genius, and his fall and death were terrible, ”wrote Thackeray.
In 1714, the patroness of the Conservatives, Queen Anne Stuart, died, and the Tory leaders, friends of Swift, were accused of high treason, and they managed to arrange him in advance as rector (dean) of St. prominent ecclesiastical offices in Ireland. Having quickly and thoroughly understood Irish affairs, Jonathan Swift publicly declared Ireland to be the land of slavery and poverty, and he considered the slavish state and especially the slavish obedience of the local inhabitants to be incompatible with human dignity, they stung his pastoral conscience. As early as 1720, in his pamphlet A Proposal for the General Use of Irish Manufactory, he called for a boycott of all English "wearables". His appeal was not heeded, and the pamphlet was declared "outrageous, divisive and dangerous", and the printer was put on trial. The jury, however, acquitted him, and Jonathan Swift took note of this. He reasoned that it would be most effective to boycott English money by declaring it unreal, and the opportunity for this soon presented itself.
In England, a patent was issued for minting a small copper coin for Ireland. The patent was lucrative, though not at all fraudulent, but propaganda demagogy scholar Jonathan Swift was well aware that it was impossible to prove the absence of fraud in such a sensitive, pocket-friendly case. It remained to choose a mask suitable for agitation, and in February 1724 the first letter of "M.B., the Clothmaker" appeared, where "merchants, shopkeepers, farmers and all the common people of the kingdom of Ireland" mobilized to fight the English copper coin, but in fact with England. Five more letters appeared in the next year and a half, and their tone became more and more outrageous, and their appeals more and more menacing. In effect, Jonathan Swift did not step out of the role of a commoner. All of Ireland was seething, a popular uprising was about to break out, the Irish Parliament was ready to lead it, and Swift was preparing a program for him. But at the decisive moment, the British Prime Minister relented, annulled the patent, and the tension subsided. Clothmaker won, and Swift was defeated.
In Russia, Swift became known primarily as the author of the work "Gulliver", written by him in 1726. The full title of the book was "Journeys to some remote countries of the world by Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, and then the captain of several ships." She, like Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, was written on the crest of the popularity of books about adventure and sea travel. Swift's fantasy unfolded here in full. He invented outlandish peoples, names for them (the word "Lilliput", in particular, entered all languages after Swift's book), languages, customs, rituals, government, accurately calculated how many times a Lilliputian is less than Gulliver and how much milk he can give a midget cow, and how the size of a giant fly correlates with a person.
But just a rampage of fantasy would have been enough for the book to be a success, and Swift remained true to himself. Readers-contemporaries easily guessed that behind the strife of pointed and blunt-pointed strife is hidden Catholics and Protestants, or Anglican and dissident churches (Swift wrote about the senselessness of strife of this kind in The Tale of the Barrel). The "high heels" and "low heels" parties are, of course, Whigs and Tories. The procedure for electing the prime minister, in which applicants for this position were forced to walk a tightrope, is a sad metaphor. Swift knew how difficult and dangerous it was to be prime minister in England. He knew how behind-the-scenes political intrigues are born, and showed the mechanism for creating such an intrigue at the court of the Lilliputian emperor: Gulliver saved the imperial palace from fire (albeit not in a completely ordinary way); the emperor was at first grateful to him, and then, at the instigation of the court nobles, he was ready to see the villainous intent in the act of the “Mountain Man”.
Satire, aimed at specific individuals and specific events, did not exhaust the meaning of Gulliver's Travels. Like many other works of the 18th century, this book told about what is a person and what are his capabilities? How did Swift answer this most important question of the era? In Journey to the Lilliputians, Gulliver was depicted in full accordance with the educational concept of a new rational person. His gigantic growth compared to those around him seems to be a kind of metaphor. The pegs and ropes that bind Gulliver are small but unpleasant conventions that bind a Man. The enlightened and humane emperor ordered to cut the fetters, and Gulliver straightened up to his full height. Isn't that how many educators saw the possibility of liberating humanity from social inequality, division into rich and poor, from the oppression of religious dogma and other "prejudices"? A new reasonable person could stop unnecessary wars in one fell swoop, leading the entire enemy fleet by the rope. There are many examples of this kind in the first part of the work. It is no coincidence that Journey to Lilliput became, first of all, children's reading, the basis for future adaptations and imitations, cartoons and films.
Gulliver's Travels
In the second part of the novel, the position of the protagonist changed dramatically. He became a toy in the hands of huge creatures - giants. Blind forces of nature (hail), unreasonable creatures (monkey), human vices (insidious dwarf) could destroy him at any moment. Even insects in the country of giants became Gulliver's most dangerous enemies. In the second part of the book, Gulliver was vulnerable and dependent on others for everything.
Gulliver's Travels
In the third and fourth parts, things were different. In the third part, Swift quipped about the very mind on which his contemporaries placed so much hope. Science - the idol of the era - appeared here as a meaningless occupation of crazy Laputians or residents of Lagado. The great idea of immortality, which has worried mankind since time immemorial, received an unexpected understanding: eternal life is eternal old age, eternal decrepitude and weakness, a miserable existence that the strulburgs eke out.
In the fourth part, the reader saw the irony of the human race as such. Yehu - vile, worthless, smelly and greedy - that's what people are. Moreover, Yehu are the same people as we are, and not some unseen creatures. It is no coincidence that when he returned home, Gulliver saw signs of Yehu in everyone around him, even in his own wife and children. The man eventually turned to Yehu. Before Gulliver and, accordingly, before the reader, the problem arose all the time: how to maintain human dignity? It is not difficult when the hero is huge, but it is so difficult to be a man among giants or among noble guingnms, especially when such vile tribesmen roam nearby. And Gulliver passed the test. And among the Lilliputians, and among the giants, and among the Guingnms, Gulliver managed to win respect. Swift used the same technique here: he showed how Gulliver was first perceived by the locals as a curiosity, an outlandish natural phenomenon, then became a source of entertainment, a toy, and only then did the inhabitants and rulers of the country understand that in front of them was a creature equal to them in mind. Swift hoped that humanity would not turn into a bunch of pathetic Yahoos.
The last decade of Swift's creative activity, following the publication of Gulliver's Travels, was marked by high activity. Swift wrote a wide variety of journalistic and satirical works. Among them, pamphlets on the Irish theme occupied a prominent place. Swift's speeches in defense of Ireland continued to resonate widely and garner public acclaim. He was made an honorary citizen of Dublin. However, despite winning the campaign against Wood's patent, Swift was not deluded by the results achieved. Dublin's St. Patrick's Cathedral was located in the heart of the weavers' quarters, and its dean faced their disorder, hunger and poverty every day.
Swift wrote many new pamphlets, but his mind weakened, and mental breakdown set in, which gradually turned into apathetic idiocy. Jonathan Swift spent ten years in moral and physical torment, especially strong during the so-called bright periods. "I'm an idiot! he exclaimed. I am what I am." In his letters, shortly before a complete mental breakdown, Swift spoke of mortal sorrow, killing both body and soul in him. In the last two or three years of his life, he practically did not speak.
In 1742, a special commission decided that Swift could not take care of himself and his property, like a person deprived of memory (but not crazy!), And appointed a board of trustees. The legend of madness was invented by Orrery. Swift did not go crazy, he was well aware of what was happening to him, this only made his situation worse.
Swift did not go insane, but memory loss and deafness led to the loss of the mechanical ability to speak. Once he wanted to say something to the servant, several times called him by name, painfully searched for words, and, in the end, with an embarrassed smile, uttered the phrase: "What a fool I am." Swift plunged into complete apathy, if before he constantly walked up the stairs, now he could hardly be persuaded to get up from his chair and walk.
Swift passed away on October 19, 1745. His house was filled with people who came to say goodbye to their protector and dictator at the same time. Swift's body lay in the office and people walked past him in an endless stream.
Death mask
In a letter from 1731, Swift wrote that marble inscriptions should be done with care, because they could not be accompanied by a list of errata or corrected in the second edition. Therefore, Swift himself composed an epitaph for himself and made it into his will five years before his death. "Swift sleeps under the greatest epitaph in history," Yeats would later say. Each word in it is carefully weighed and selected, this is a challenge to everything that Swift fought during his lifetime, he, not victorious, but not defeated - this is how his descendants should remember: “Here lies the body of Jonathan Swift, Doctor of Divinity, Dean of this Cathedral , and severe indignation no longer tears his heart here. Pass, traveler, and imitate, if you can, the one who zealously fought for the cause of manly freedom.
Swift was buried in the central nave of St. Patrick's Cathedral next to the grave of Esther Johnson.
Swift bequeathed most of his fortune to use to create a hospital for the mentally ill. St. Patrick's Hospital for Imbeciles was opened in Dublin in 1757 and still exists today, being the oldest psychiatric hospital in Ireland.
Text prepared by Andrey Goncharov
The remarkable English satirist of the 18th century, who made his name famous with his fascinating and witty novel Gulliver's Travels, was born in the Irish city of Dublin in the family of a pastor. Like his father, Swift received a theological education and worked for several years as a priest, and then as rector of Dublin Cathedral. Swift was actively involved in political activities. His first literary works are pamphlets written on important, burning issues of socio-political and literary life in England. One of Swift's finest pamphlets is The Tale of the Barrel (1704). The title of the pamphlet is an expression denoting "a stupid, confused story." The basis for such a title is given by the complicated structure of the work: it contains several prefaces, many digressions. But the main one is clearly indicated: Swift creates a satire on the church. Parodying the style of a scholarly treatise, Swift touches on different aspects of English life in The Tale of the Barrel, the central one says - the parable of the father's inheritance and three brothers is a way not only to ridicule the shortcomings of each form of religious belief (Catholicism, Anglicanism, Puritanism), but also to oppose fanaticism, defend the principle of religious tolerance.
The novel "Gulliver's Travels" went out of print in 1726, but Swift wrote it for ten years. This fascinating work, which has become a favorite reading not only for adults, but also for children, is a satirical philosophical and political pamphlet novel. The image of the main, Gulliver, connects the four main parts of the work. Each of them describes the next journey of the character. Despite the fact that the writer uses fabulous images and fantastic situations, he intersperses them with quite real details and surprisingly creates an impression of authenticity. In any case, among the readers of the XVIII century. there were those who believed in the reality of the adventure of Swift's character. Swift thus parodied numerous travel books popular at that time in England - real and fictional, including Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe". The story of Yehu - disgusting, rude half-animals, only superficially resembling people (despite the fact that they descended from a couple of feral Englishmen) - is a polemic with Defoe's optimistic Robinsonade. For all that, Swift remains an educator who not only castigates vices, but also calls for their correction. His hero glorifies the happy and fair kingdom of the guingnms - intelligent horses, while the author himself refers to these creatures
Own imagination is somewhat different, with more irony and skepticism than. For him, the realm of the guingnms is above all a sarcastic parody of utopia. The boring prosperity of the equine state is just as relative a role model as other forms of government that Swift confronts Gulliver with. And the character himself changes not only his scale, but also his character, depending on whether he finds himself in the country of midgets or giants, in Laputa or in the kingdom of horses. Man and society appear in the English writer's novel as a world of relative truths and values, which is why his satire is so caustic and bitter.
Plan
Introduction
1 Biography
1.1 Early years (1667-1700)
1.2 Master of satire (1700-1713)
1.3 Dean (1713-1727)
1.4 Last years (1727-1745)
1.5 Interesting facts
2 Creativity
2.1 Philosophical and political position
2.2 Books
2.3 Poems and poems
2.4 Publicism
3 Memory
4 Jonathan Swift in contemporary art
Bibliography Introduction
Jonathan Swift (Eng. Jonathan Swift; November 30, 1667 (16671130), Dublin, Ireland - October 19, 1745, Dublin) - Anglo-Irish satirist writer, publicist, poet and public figure. He is best known as the author of the fantastic tetralogy Gulliver's Travels, in which he wittily ridiculed human and social vices. He lived in Dublin (Ireland), where he served as dean (rector) of St. Patrick's Cathedral. Despite his English origin, Swift vigorously defended the rights of ordinary Irish people and earned sincere respect from them. 1. Biography
Early years (1667-1700)
The main source of information about Swift's family and his early years is the Autobiographical Fragment, which was written by Swift in 1731 and covers events up to 1700. It says that during the Civil War, the family of Swift's grandfather moved from Canterbury to Ireland. Swift was born in the Irish city of Dublin in a poor Protestant family. The father, a petty judicial official, died when the son was not yet born, leaving the family (wife, daughter and son) in distress. Therefore, Uncle Godwin was engaged in raising the boy, Jonathan almost never met his mother. After school he entered Trinity College, Dublin University (1682), graduating in 1686. As a result of training, Swift received a bachelor's degree and a lifelong skepticism about scientific wisdom. Sir William Temple In connection with the civil war that began in Ireland after the overthrow of King James II (1688), Swift went to England, where he stayed for 2 years. In England, he served as a secretary to the son of an acquaintance of his mother (according to other sources, her distant relative) - a wealthy retired diplomat William Temple (Eng. Sir William Temple). At the Temple estate, Swift first met Esther Johnson (1681-1728), the daughter of a maid who had lost her father early. Esther was then only 8 years old; Swift became her friend and teacher. In 1690 he returned to Ireland, although he later visited the Temple on numerous occasions. To search for a position, Temple gave him a reference-recommendation, which noted a good knowledge of Latin and Greek, familiarity with French and excellent literary abilities. Temple, himself a well-known essayist, was able to appreciate the extraordinary literary talent of his secretary, provided him with his library and friendly help in everyday affairs; in return, Swift assisted Temple in the preparation of his extensive memoirs. It was during these years that Swift began literary work, first as a poet. The influential Temple was visited by numerous eminent guests, including King William, and watching their conversations provided invaluable material for the future satirist. In 1692, Swift received a master's degree at Oxford, and in 1694 he received the priesthood of the Anglican Church. He was appointed priest in the Irish village of Kilruth. Kilroot). However, soon Swift, in his own words, "tired of his duties for several months", returned to the service of the Temple. In 1696-1699 he wrote the satirical parables "The Tale of the Barrel" and "The Battle of the Books" (published in 1704), as well as several poems. In January 1699, the patron, William Temple, died. Temple was one of the few Swift acquaintances about whom he wrote only kind words. Swift is looking for a new position, appeals to the London nobles. For a long time, these searches were not successful, but Swift became intimately acquainted with court customs. Finally, in 1700, he was appointed minister (prebendary) of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin. During this period he published several anonymous pamphlets. Contemporaries immediately noted the features of Swift's satirical style: brightness, uncompromisingness, lack of direct preaching - the author ironically describes the events, leaving the conclusions to the reader's discretion. Master of satire (1700-1713)
Bust of Swift in St. Patrick's Cathedral. In 1702, Swift received his doctorate in divinity from Trinity College. Moves closer to the opposition Whig party. Swift's authority as a writer and thinker is growing. During these years, Swift often visits England, making acquaintances in literary circles. Publishes (anonymously, under one cover) "The Tale of the Barrel" and "The Battle of the Books" (1704); the first of them is provided with a significant subtitle, which can be attributed to the entire work of Swift: "Written for the general improvement of the human race." The book immediately becomes popular and in the first year comes out in three editions. Note that almost all of Swift's works were published under different pseudonyms or even anonymously, although his authorship was usually not a secret. In 1705, the Whigs won a majority in Parliament for several years, but there was no improvement in morals. Swift returned to Ireland, where he was granted a parish (in the village of Laracore) and resided there until the end of 1707. In one of his letters, he compared the feuds between Whigs and Tories to cat concerts on rooftops. Around 1707, Swift met another girl, 19-year-old Esther Vanomri (Eng. Esther Vanhomrigh, 1688-1723), whom Swift called Vanessa in his letters. She, like Esther Johnson, grew up without a father (a Dutch merchant). Some of Vanessa's letters to Swift have been preserved - "sad, tender and delighted": "If you find that I write to you too often, then you should let me know about it or even write to me again so that I know that you have not completely forgotten about me ... ”At the same time, Swift writes Esther Johnson almost daily (Swift called her Stella); these letters later formed his book, Diary for Stella, published posthumously. Esther-Stella, left an orphan, settled in the Irish estate of Swift, along with her companion, as a pupil. Some biographers, relying on the testimonies of Swift's friends, suggest that he and Stella were secretly married around 1716, but no documentary evidence of this was found. In 1710, the Tories, led by Henry St. John, later Viscount Bolingbroke, came to power in England, and Swift, disillusioned with Whig politics, came out in support of the government. In some areas, their interests really coincided: the Tories curtailed the war with Louis XIV (Peace of Utrecht), condemned corruption and puritanical fanaticism. This is exactly what Swift called for earlier. In addition, he and Bolingbroke, a talented and witty writer, became friends. As a token of gratitude, Swift was given the pages of a conservative weekly (Eng. The Examiner), where Swift's pamphlets were published for several years. Dean (1713-1727)
Cathedral of St. Patrick's, Dublin 1713: With the help of friends from the Tory camp, Swift is appointed dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral. This place, in addition to financial independence, gives him a solid political platform for open struggle, but distances him from big London politics. Nevertheless, Swift from Ireland continues to be actively involved in the public life of the country, publishing articles and pamphlets on pressing issues. Angrily opposes social injustice, class arrogance, oppression, religious fanaticism, etc. In 1714, the Whigs returned to power again. Bolingbroke, accused of dealing with the Jacobites, emigrated to France. Swift sent a letter to the exile, where he asked to have him, Swift, at his discretion. He added that this was the first time he had made a personal request to Bolingbroke. In the same year, Vanessa's mother died. Left an orphan, she moves to Ireland, closer to Swift. In 1720, the House of Lords of the Irish Parliament, formed from English henchmen, transferred all legislative functions in relation to Ireland to the British crown. London immediately used the new rights to create privileges for English goods. From that moment on, Swift joined the struggle for the autonomy of Ireland, which was being ruined in the interests of the English metropolis. He proclaimed in essence the declaration of the rights of the oppressed people: Any government without the consent of the governed is real slavery ... According to the laws of God, nature, the state, and also according to your own laws, you can and should be the same free people as your brothers in England. the same years, Swift begins work on Gulliver's Travels. 1723: Vanessa's death. She contracted tuberculosis while caring for her younger sister. Her correspondence with Swift over the past year was destroyed for some reason. An Appeal to the People of Ireland (The Clothmaker's Letters, 1724) 1724: The rebellious Clothmaker's Letters were anonymously published and distributed in thousands of copies, calling for a boycott of English goods and underweight English coins. The response from the Letters was deafening and widespread, so that London had to urgently appoint a new governor, Carteret, to appease the Irish. The prize awarded by Carteret to whoever names the author has not been awarded. It was possible to find and prosecute the printer of the Letters, but the jury unanimously acquitted him. Prime Minister Lord Walpole suggested arresting the "instigator", but Carteret clarified that it would take an entire army to do so. Ultimately, England thought it best to make some economic concessions (1725), and from that moment the Anglican dean Swift became a national hero and the unofficial leader of Catholic Ireland. A contemporary notes: “His portraits were exhibited in all the streets of Dublin ... Greetings and blessings accompanied him wherever he went.” According to the recollections of friends, Swift said: “As for Ireland, only my old friends love me here - the mob, and I reciprocate their love, because I don’t know anyone else who would deserve it.” In response to the continued economic pressure of the metropolis, Swift, from his own funds, established a fund to help Dublin citizens who were in danger of ruin, and did not make a distinction between Catholics and Anglicans. A stormy scandal throughout England and Ireland was caused by Swift's famous pamphlet "A Modest Proposal", in which he mockingly advised: if we are not able to feed the children of the Irish poor, dooming them to poverty and hunger, let's better sell them for meat, and make them out of leather. gloves. Last years (1727-1745)
Title page of the first edition of Gulliver's Travels In 1726, the first two volumes of Gulliver's Travels were published (without indicating the name of the real author); the other two were published the following year. The book, somewhat spoiled by censorship, enjoys unprecedented success. Within a few months, it was reprinted three times, and translations into other languages soon appeared. In 1728, Stella died. Swift's physical and mental condition worsens. His popularity continues to grow: in 1729 Swift was awarded the title of honorary citizen of Dublin, his collected works were published: the first in 1727, the second in 1735. In recent years, Swift suffered from a serious mental disorder; in one of his letters, he mentioned "mortal sorrow" that kills his body and soul. In 1742, after a stroke, Swift lost his speech and (partially) mental abilities, after which he was declared incompetent. Three years later (1745) Swift died. Buried in the central nave of his cathedral next to the grave of Esther Johnson, he himself composed the epitaph on the tombstone in advance, back in 1740, in the text of the will: Swift's epitaph to himself. St. Patrick's Cathedral.Even earlier, in 1731, Swift wrote the poem "Poems on the Death of Dr. Swift", containing a kind of self-portrait: The author set a good goal -
Heal human corruption.
Fraudsters and rogues of all
Whipped his cruel laughter ... Hold back his pen and tongue,
He would have achieved a lot in his life.
But he did not think about power,
I did not consider wealth as happiness ... I agree, the dean's mind
Satyrs are full and gloomy;
But he was not looking for a tender lyre:
Our age is only worthy of satire. He thought he would give a lesson to all people
Execution is not a name, but a vice.
And one someone to carve
He did not think when he touched thousands. - Translation by Y. D. Levin Swift bequeathed most of his fortune to be used to create a mental hospital; St. Patrick's Hospital for Imbeciles was opened in Dublin in 1757 and still exists today, being the oldest psychiatric hospital in Ireland. 1.5. Interesting Facts
- Noticing that many of the graves in St. Patrick's Cathedral were neglected and the monuments were being destroyed, Swift sent letters to the relatives of the deceased, demanding that they immediately send money to repair the monuments; in case of refusal, he promised to put the graves in order at the expense of the parish, but in a new inscription on the monuments to perpetuate the stinginess and ingratitude of the addressee. One of the letters was sent to King George II. His Majesty left the letter unanswered, and as promised, his kinsman's tombstone marked the king's avarice and ingratitude. Swift's coined words "Lilliputian" (eng. lilliput) and "yehu" (eng. yahoo) have entered many languages of the world. Gulliver's Travels mentions two satellites of Mars, discovered only in the 19th century. Once, a large crowd gathered in the square in front of the cathedral and raised a noise. Swift was informed that the townspeople were preparing to watch a solar eclipse. Irritated, Swift told the audience that the dean was canceling the eclipse. The crowd fell silent and respectfully dispersed. Most of Vanessa's fortune, according to her will, went to George Berkeley, Swift's friend, a well-known philosopher in the future. Swift had a high regard for Berkeley, who was then dean in the Irish city of Derry. The first Russian translation of "Gulliver's Travels" was published in 1772-1773 under the title "Gulliver's Travels to Lilliput, Brodinyaga, Laputa, Balnibarba, Guyngm country or to horses." The translation was made from the French edition by Erofey Karzhavin.
- "Battle of the Books (English)", ( The Battle of the Books, 1697). "The Tale of the Barrel (English)", ( A Tale of a Tub, 1704). "Diary for Stella" The Journal to Stella, 1710-1714). "Gulliver's Travels" The travels into several remote nations of the world by Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, and then a captain of several ships) (1726).
- Ode to the Athenian Society, 1692 (Swift's first published work). "Philemon and Baucis" ("Baucis and Philemon"), 1706-1709. "A Description of the Morning", 1709.
- Univ. of Toronto. Univ. of Virginia.
- 1719 Univ. of Toronto 1720. Univ of Virginia 1727. Univ of Toronto
- Jack Lynch Univ of Virginia.
- Jack Lynch Univ of Virginia
- Jack Lynch Univ of Toronto Univ of Virginia
- "A Discourse on the Inconvenience of Destroying Christianity in England (English)", 1708. A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue, 1712). Clothmaker's Letters (English), 1724-1725. Modest Offer, 1729).
- a crater on the moon; a crater on one of the satellites of Mars he guessed; area (English) Dean Swift Square) and a street in Dublin, as well as streets in several other cities.
- at Trinity College, marble, ), 1749; in the cathedral of st. Patrick, ), 1766.
- The House That Swift Built is a 1982 television feature film directed by Mark Zakharov and based on the play of the same name by Grigory Gorin.
- Jonathan Swift. Gulliver's Travels and others. Decree. op. - 2003. - S. 5. Muravyov V. Jonathan Swift. Decree. op. - S. 10. Muravyov V. Jonathan Swift. Decree. op. - S. 112. Muravyov V. Jonathan Swift. Decree. op. - S. 164. Yakovenko V.I. Jonathan Swift. Decree. op. Jonathan Swift. Gulliver's Travels and others. Decree. op. - 2003. - S. 12. Jonathan Swift. Favorites. Decree. op. - S. 13. Levidov M. Yu. Chapter 15 // Journey to some distant countries of thought and feeling by Jonathan Swift. Decree. op. Muravyov V. Jonathan Swift. Decree. op. - S. 165. Jonathan Swift. Favorites. Decree. op. - S. 5. Dennis N. Jonathan Swift. - New York: 1965. - P. 134. Ireland Information Guide , Irish, Counties, Facts, Statistics, Tourism, Culture, How Jonathan Swift. Gulliver's Travels and others. Decree. op. - 2003. - S. 769-781. Site of St. Patrick's Hospital, based on Swift's money. Historical section. (English) Muravyov V. Jonathan Swift. Decree. op. - S. 16. Jonathan Swift. Foreword (Shteinman M.A.) // Gulliver's Travels and others. Decree. op. - 2003. - S. 13-14. Zabludovsky M. D.. Swift. Decree. op. - 1945. Jonathan Swift. Gulliver's Travels and others. Decree. op. - 2003. - S. 593. Muravyov V. Jonathan Swift. Decree. op. - S. 124. Jonathan Swift. Part II, chapter VII // Gulliver's Travels and others. Decree. op. - 2003. Jonathan Swift. Part IV, Chapter XII // Gulliver's Travels and others. Decree. op. - 2003. The Works of Jonathan Swift. - London: 1856 T. II. - P. 582. The correspondence of J. Swift. - Oxford: 1963 Vol. III. - P. 118.; Russian translation see: Jonathan Swift. Gulliver's Travels and others. Decree. op. - 2003. - S. 592. Jonathan Swift. Favorites. Decree. op. - S. 303. Jonathan Swift. Favorites. Decree. op. - S. 307-318. Busts of Swift
