Michel de Montaigne (French Michel de Montaigne; full name - Michel Ekem de Montaigne, French Michel Eyquem de Montaigne; February 28, 1533, Montaigne Castle in Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne - September 13, 1592, Bordeaux) - French writer and Renaissance philosopher, author of the book "Experiments".
Montaigne was born in the family castle in Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne (Dordogne) near Perigueux and Bordeaux. His father, a participant in the Italian wars Pierre Eykem (received the aristocratic title "de Montaigne"), was at one time the mayor of Bordeaux; died in 1568. Mother - Antoinette de Lopez, from a family of wealthy Aragonese Jews. In early childhood, Michel was brought up according to the liberal-humanistic pedagogical methodology of his father - his teacher, a German, did not speak French at all and spoke with Michel exclusively in Latin. He received an excellent education at home, then graduated from college and became a lawyer.
In 1565 Montaigne married, having received a substantial dowry. After his father's death in 1568, he inherited the Montaigne family estate, where he settled in 1571, selling his judicial office and retiring. In 1572, at the age of 38, Montaigne began to write his "Experiments" (the first two books were published in 1580). His close friend was the philosopher Étienne de la Boesie, author of Discourses on Voluntary Slavery, parts of which Montaigne included in his Essays. In 1580-1581 the writer traveled through Switzerland, Germany, Austria and Italy. The impressions of this journey are reflected in a diary published only in 1774. In "Experiences" (Book Three, Chapter X - "On the need to own your will") Montaigne reports himself that he was twice the mayor of Bordeaux. Apparently, this was after the trip of 1580-1581 (“The citizens of Bordeaux elected me mayor of their city when I was far from France and even further from the thought of it”).
During the religious (Huguenot) wars, he occupied a moderate position, sought to reconcile the warring parties; July 10, 1588 was arrested by supporters of the Catholic League, spent one day in the Bastille; released thanks to the intervention of Catherine de Medici. In 1590, he turned down an offer from Henry IV (with whom he had previously corresponded) to become his advisor.
The writer died in the castle of Montaigne on September 13, 1592 during mass. On March 11, 1886, Montaigne's remains were reburied in the building of the University of Bordeaux.
Books (4)
Experiences. Book 1
Book I. “Experiments” by Montaigne (1533–1592) is a work that in form represents a free combination of notes, reflections, observations, examples and descriptions, anecdotes and quotations, combined into chapters. The titles of the chapters eloquently testify to their content: "On Sorrow", "On Friendship", "On Solitude", etc.
Experiences. Book 2
Book II. Montaigne's "Experiments" (1533-1592) is a work that in form represents a free combination of notes, reflections, observations, examples and descriptions, anecdotes and quotations, combined into chapters. The titles of the chapters eloquently testify to their content: "On Sorrow", "On Friendship", "On Solitude", etc.
"Experiments" is one of the remarkable monuments, which vividly reflected the humanistic ideals and freedom-loving ideas of the advanced culture of the French Renaissance.
Experiences. Book 3
Book III. Montaigne's "Experiments" (1533-1592) is a work that in form represents a free combination of notes, reflections, observations, examples and descriptions, anecdotes and quotations, combined into chapters. The titles of the chapters eloquently testify to their content: "On Sorrow", "On Friendship", "On Solitude", etc.
"Experiments" is one of the remarkable monuments, which vividly reflected the humanistic ideals and freedom-loving ideas of the advanced culture of the French Renaissance.
About the art of living with dignity. Philosophical essays
The book consists of two parts.
The first part is a story about the French philosopher and educator of the 16th century Michel Montaigne, his time, his views. The second part is excerpts from Montaigne's "Experiments".
Michel Montaigne - the largest French writer and philosopher - a humanist of the late Renaissance, who had a great influence on world literature. "Experiments" is the main work of the writer, which has outlived its time and continues to arouse interest today. These are the very questions of life that every generation thinks about.
Reader Comments
Dalia/ 05/18/2017 Wise old Montaigne... thank you!
Yu.R./ 11/19/2015 If you read books, read this one too; If you don't read it, at least read this one.
valere/ 05/14/2013 at the end of the 80s I bought some book, Montaigne was put into the load, I was indignant even then. For ten years I stood on the shelf all three volumes once, out of boredom, I began to read and for a good ten years this is my reference book, it really seems like you you listen to him, draw your own conclusions, learn to observe and notice life and what happens in life. Now my daughter has started reading on her own, she carries a book and a notebook for notes, I'm just very pleased, let it be useful to everyone who hangs out with Michel.
Guest/ 21.05.2012 Thank you very much!
Good luck and prosperity!
Niko/ 31.03.2012 The main thing is that you don't feel what was written 500 years ago. Previously, before reading, I suspected in myself views that did not correspond to collectivity, as a shortcoming. Michel is right - there is always more garbage!
Oleg/ 07/15/2011 I bought 3 volumes in a second-hand bookstore for $ 3 =_). It is interesting that you can read from absolutely anywhere, the chapters are not particularly related to each other. For me, reading develops a versatile view of myself and what is happening around.
passing by/ 03/04/2011 A wonderful book! It feels like he is talking to you (author) with his own eyes!
Alexandra/ 7.12.2010 A great man, a great mind, opening up to us the boundless expanses of his soul and presenting his thoughts in a rather simple form. Read.!!! Please read!
Guest/ 12.12.2009 Good book. I read only half of the first book and I was interested, I began to look at many things differently.
Michel de Montaigne (full name - Michel Ekem de Montaigne) - French writer, Renaissance thinker, philosopher, author of the book "Experiments". He was born on February 28, 1533 in the south-west of France, in the city of Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne near Bordeaux, in a family castle. He was the successor to the family of wealthy Gascon merchants, whose title of nobility appeared only at the end of the 15th century. To educate Michel, his father used his own pedagogical liberal method; the boy's communication with the teacher took place only in Latin. At the age of 6, Michel was sent to school, and at the age of 21 he already had a judicial position after studying law and philosophy at the University of Toulouse.
In his youth, Michel Montaigne was keenly interested in political activities, linked ambitious hopes with her. His father bought for him the post of adviser to the Bordeaux Parliament, in the 80s. he was twice elected mayor of Bordeaux. Montaigne happened to live in the era of religious wars, and his position at that time tended to be compromise, although he was on the side of the Catholics; in his immediate circle there were a large number of Huguenots. Subsequently, he was of the opinion that certain parts of the Catholic doctrine could not be discarded due to the integrity of the church teaching. Montaigne enjoyed the reputation of an educated, learned person, many statesmen, thinkers of that time were his good friends. Excellent knowledge of ancient authors was combined in his intellectual baggage with awareness of new books, ideas, trends.
In 1565 Michel Montaigne became a family man; his wife's large dowry strengthened his financial position. When his father died in 1568, Michel became the heir to the family estate. He sold his judicial position, retired and from 1571 settled there. 38-year-old Montaigne in 1572 begins work on the main work in his creative biography - the philosophical and literary "Experiments", in which he expressed his thoughts on the historical events of the past and present, shared his observations on a variety of people. For many centuries, this book will be one of the favorites of the reading public, who appreciated its humanistic orientation, sincerity, subtle French humor and other virtues.
Prior to this, Michel already had a small literary practice, which began with a translation of a Latin treatise made at the request of his father. From 1572 he began to write essays; the first of them are reviews of books read. Montaigne showed the greatest interest in government, human behavior, wars, and travel. In 1580, the first two books of the "Experiments" were published in Bordeaux, in which much more attention was paid to public, literary issues than to private ones.
After this event, Montaigne's literary career is again activated and his social activities: he is elected mayor of Bordeaux for the second time. During this period, Henry of Navarre came to their area. The heir to the throne showed favor to Montaigne, but he was no longer concerned with the realization of political ambitions, all thoughts were devoted to the "Experiments", he tried to spend as much time as possible in solitude. Later additions to the first books and the third book of the "Experiments" were largely autobiographical in nature.
The 1588th gave Montaigne a meeting with a young girl, Marie de Gournay, who was a passionate admirer of his ideas, brightened up his loneliness and became for him something like an adopted daughter. After the death of the idol, she published a posthumous edition of "Experiments", on which he continued to work until his last breath.
Michel Montaigne could not boast of iron health; he felt like an old man before he reached his 60th birthday. He tried to resist numerous sores, leading an active lifestyle, but he could not significantly improve his condition. In 1590, Michel Montaigne refused an invitation to come from Henry IV, and in 1592, on September 13, he died in his own castle.
Michel de Montaigne
Michel Eyquem de Montaigne
French writer and philosopher of the Renaissance, author of the book "Experiments".
Montaigne was born in the family castle in Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne (Dordogne) near Perigueux and Bordeaux. His father, a participant in the Italian wars, Pierre Eykem (who received the aristocratic title "de Montaigne") was at one time the mayor of Bordeaux; died in 1568. Mother - Antoinette de Lopez, from a family of wealthy Aragonese Jews. In early childhood, Michel was brought up according to the liberal-humanistic pedagogical methodology of his father - his teacher, a German, did not speak French at all and spoke with Michel exclusively in Latin. He received an excellent education at home, then graduated from college and became a lawyer.
In 1565 Montaigne married, having received a substantial dowry. After his father's death in 1568, he inherited the Montaigne family estate, where he settled in 1571, selling his judicial office and retiring. In 1572, at the age of 38, Montaigne began to write his "Experiments" (the first two books were published in 1580). His close friend was the philosopher Étienne de la Boesie, author of Discourses on Voluntary Slavery, parts of which Montaigne included in his Essays. In 1580-1581 the writer traveled through Switzerland, Germany, Austria and Italy. The impressions of this journey are reflected in a diary published only in 1774.
Quotes and aphorisms
A woman who goes to bed with a man needs to take off her modesty along with a skirt, and put it on again with a skirt.
If I quote others, it is only to better express my own thought.
Love is a violent attraction to that which runs away from us.
If we hate something, then we take it to heart.
A person suffers not so much from what is happening, but from how he evaluates what is happening.
The greatest thing in the world is to know how to belong to yourself.
If anyone asks why I loved the way I loved, I will answer: because we were both faithful to each other. This is my only answer.
The one who teaches people to die, thereby teaches them to live.
Women are not at all to blame for the fact that sometimes they refuse to obey the rules of conduct established for them by society - after all, these rules were composed by men, and moreover, without any participation of women.
Desire for what we don't have destroys the enjoyment of what we have.
What could be more difficult than to protect ourselves from the enemy, who put on the guise of our most devoted friend.
The best proof of wisdom is a continuous good mood.
A true friend is one whom I would trust in everything that concerns me more than myself.
Arrogance consists of thinking too high of oneself and too low of others.
Not having achieved what they wanted, they pretended that they wanted what they had achieved.
You can help the poor, but hardly the poor in soul.
Cowardice is the mother of cruelty.
What kind of Truth is this, if it is true on one side of the mountains, and not true on the other.
Michel de Montaigne - French writer and philosopher - quotes and aphorisms updated: February 10, 2017 by: website
Michel de Montaigne (full name - Michel Ekem de Montaigne) - French writer, Renaissance thinker, philosopher, author of the book "Experiments". He was born on February 28, 1533 in the south-west of France, in the city of Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne near Bordeaux, in a family castle. He was the successor to the family of wealthy Gascon merchants, whose title of nobility appeared only at the end of the 15th century. To educate Michel, his father used his own pedagogical liberal method; the boy's communication with the teacher took place only in Latin. At the age of 6, Michel was sent to school, and at the age of 21 he already had a judicial position after studying law and philosophy at the University of Toulouse.
In his youth, Michel Montaigne was keenly interested in political activities, linked ambitious hopes with her. His father bought for him the post of adviser to the Bordeaux Parliament, in the 80s. he was twice elected mayor of Bordeaux. Montaigne happened to live in the era of religious wars, and his position at that time tended to be compromise, although he was on the side of the Catholics; in his immediate circle there were a large number of Huguenots. Subsequently, he was of the opinion that certain parts of the Catholic doctrine could not be discarded due to the integrity of the church teaching. Montaigne enjoyed the reputation of an educated, learned person, many statesmen, thinkers of that time were his good friends. Excellent knowledge of ancient authors was combined in his intellectual baggage with awareness of new books, ideas, trends.
In 1565 Michel Montaigne became a family man; his wife's large dowry strengthened his financial position. When his father died in 1568, Michel became the heir to the family estate. He sold his judicial position, retired and from 1571 settled there. 38-year-old Montaigne in 1572 begins work on the main work in his creative biography - the philosophical and literary "Experiments", in which he expressed his thoughts on the historical events of the past and present, shared his observations on a variety of people. For many centuries, this book will be one of the favorites of the reading public, who appreciated its humanistic orientation, sincerity, subtle French humor and other virtues.
Prior to this, Michel already had a small literary practice, which began with a translation of a Latin treatise made at the request of his father. From 1572 he began to write essays; the first of them are reviews of books read. Montaigne showed the greatest interest in government, human behavior, wars, and travel. In 1580, the first two books of the "Experiments" were published in Bordeaux, in which much more attention was paid to public, literary issues than to private ones.
After this event, Montaigne's literary career is again activated and his social activities: he is elected mayor of Bordeaux for the second time. During this period, Henry of Navarre came to their area. The heir to the throne showed favor to Montaigne, but he was no longer concerned with the realization of political ambitions, all thoughts were devoted to the "Experiments", he tried to spend as much time as possible in solitude. Later additions to the first books and the third book of the "Experiments" were largely autobiographical in nature.
The 1588th gave Montaigne a meeting with a young girl, Marie de Gournay, who was a passionate admirer of his ideas, brightened up his loneliness and became for him something like an adopted daughter. After the death of the idol, she published a posthumous edition of "Experiments", on which he continued to work until his last breath.
Michel Montaigne could not boast of iron health; he felt like an old man before he reached his 60th birthday. He tried to resist numerous sores, leading an active lifestyle, but he could not significantly improve his condition. In 1590, Michel Montaigne refused an invitation to come from Henry IV, and in 1592, on September 13, he died in his own castle.
fr. Michel Eyquem de Montaigne
famous French writer and philosopher of the Renaissance, author of the book "Experiments"
Michel de Montaigne
short biography
Michel de Montaigne(full name - Michel Ekem de Montaigne) - French writer, Renaissance thinker, philosopher, author of the book "Experiments". He was born on February 28, 1533 in the south-west of France, in the city of Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne near Bordeaux, in a family castle. He was the successor to the family of wealthy Gascon merchants, whose title of nobility appeared only at the end of the 15th century. To educate Michel, his father used his own pedagogical liberal method; the boy's communication with the teacher took place only in Latin. At the age of 6, Michel was sent to school, and at the age of 21 he already had a judicial position after studying law and philosophy at the University of Toulouse.
In his youth, Michel Montaigne was keenly interested in political activities, linked ambitious hopes with her. His father bought for him the post of adviser to the Bordeaux Parliament, in the 80s. he was twice elected mayor of Bordeaux. Montaigne happened to live in the era of religious wars, and his position at that time tended to be compromise, although he was on the side of the Catholics; in his immediate circle there were a large number of Huguenots. Subsequently, he was of the opinion that certain parts of the Catholic doctrine could not be discarded due to the integrity of the church teaching. Montaigne enjoyed the reputation of an educated, learned person, many statesmen, thinkers of that time were his good friends. The excellent knowledge of ancient authors was combined in his intellectual baggage with awareness of new books, ideas, trends.
In 1565 Michel Montaigne became a family man; his wife's large dowry strengthened his financial position. When his father died in 1568, Michel became the heir to the family estate. He sold his judicial position, retired and from 1571 settled there. 38-year-old Montaigne in 1572 begins work on the main work in his creative biography - the philosophical and literary "Experiments", in which he expressed his thoughts on the historical events of the past and present, shared his observations on a variety of people. For many centuries, this book will be one of the favorites of the reading public, who appreciated its humanistic orientation, sincerity, subtle French humor and other virtues.
Prior to this, Michel already had a small literary practice, which began with a translation of a Latin treatise made at the request of his father. From 1572 he began to write essays; the first of them are reviews of books read. Montaigne showed the greatest interest in government, human behavior, wars, and travel. In 1580, the first two books of the "Experiments" were published in Bordeaux, in which much more attention was paid to public, literary issues than to private ones.
After this event, Montaigne's literary career is again activated and his social activities: he is elected mayor of Bordeaux for the second time. During this period, Henry of Navarre came to their area. The heir to the throne showed favor to Montaigne, but he was no longer concerned with the realization of political ambitions, all thoughts were devoted to the "Experiments", he tried to spend as much time as possible in solitude. Later additions to the first books and the third book of the "Experiments" were largely autobiographical in nature.
The 1588th gave Montaigne a meeting with a young girl, Marie de Gournay, who was a passionate admirer of his ideas, brightened up his loneliness and became for him something like an adopted daughter. After the death of the idol, she published a posthumous edition of "Experiments", on which he continued to work until his last breath.
Michel Montaigne could not boast of iron health; he felt like an old man before he reached his 60th birthday. He tried to resist numerous sores, leading an active lifestyle, but he could not significantly improve his condition. In 1590, Michel Montaigne refused an invitation to come from Henry IV, and in 1592, on September 11, he died in his own castle.
Biography from Wikipedia
Michel de Montaigne(French Michel de Montaigne; full name - Michel Ekem de Montaigne, French Michel Eyquem de Montaigne; February 28, 1533, Montaigne Castle in Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne - September 13, 1592, Bordeaux) - French writer and philosopher of the Renaissance , author of the book "Experiences".
Montaigne was born in the family castle in Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne (Dordogne) near Perigueux and Bordeaux. His father, a participant in the Italian wars, Pierre Eykem (who received the aristocratic title "de Montaigne") was at one time the mayor of Bordeaux; died in 1568. Mother - Antoinette de Lopez, from a family of wealthy Aragonese Jews. In early childhood, Michel was brought up according to the liberal-humanistic pedagogical methodology of his father - his teacher, a German, did not speak French at all and spoke with Michel exclusively in Latin. He received an excellent education at home, then graduated from college and became a lawyer.
In 1565 Montaigne married, having received a substantial dowry. After his father's death in 1568, he inherited the Montaigne family estate, where he settled in 1571, selling his judicial office and retiring. In 1572, at the age of 38, Montaigne began to write his "Experiments" (the first two books were published in 1580). His close friend was the philosopher Etienne de la Boesie, author of Discourses on Voluntary Slavery, some of which Montaigne included in his Essays. In 1580-1581, the writer traveled to Switzerland, Germany, Austria and Italy. The impressions of this journey are reflected in a diary published only in 1774. In "Experiences" (Book Three, Chapter X - "On the Need to Own Your Will") Montaigne reports himself that he was twice the mayor of Bordeaux. Apparently, this was after the trip of 1580-1581 ( "The citizens of Bordeaux elected me mayor of their city when I was far from France and even further from the thought of it").
Montaigne and the Wars of Religion
During the religious (Huguenot) wars, he occupied a moderate position, sought to reconcile the warring parties; July 10, 1588 was arrested by supporters of the Catholic League, spent one day in the Bastille; released thanks to the intervention of Catherine de Medici. In 1590, he turned down an offer from Henry IV (with whom he had previously corresponded) to become his advisor.
The writer died in the castle of Montaigne on September 13, 1592 during mass. On March 11, 1886, Montaigne's remains were reburied in the building of the University of Bordeaux.
"Experiences"
Publication history
Work on the book began in 1570. The first edition appeared in 1580 in Bordeaux (in two volumes); the second - in 1582 (with corrections by the author). Published for the first time in 1954-1960, the Russian translation of "Experiments" (it was subsequently reprinted several times) was made on the basis of the edition of A. Armengo (1924-1927), which reproduces the so-called "Bordeaux copy" of "Experiments" (edition of 1588 - the fourth account - with handwritten corrections by the author). Meanwhile, in France, along with this publishing tradition, there is another one (a version of the text prepared after the death of the writer in 1595 by Marie de Gurnon). It was the latter that formed the basis of the edition of "Experiments" prepared by the research team headed by Jean Balsamo and published in the Pleiades series in 2007.
Genre
Montaigne's book, written as if "for the sake of boredom", is distinguished by its extreme whimsical construction. No clear plan is observed, the presentation is subject to whimsical twists of thought, numerous quotations alternate and intertwine with everyday observations. Very short chapters alternate with lengthy ones; the largest chapter of the "Experiments" is the "Apology of the Spanish theologian Raymond of Sabund", which has a completely independent value. At first, the book looked like a compilation of ancient learning, like Aulus Gellius' Attic Nights, but then it acquired its own unique face. Montaigne is the founder of the essay genre, which was destined for a great literary future. The very word "essay" (from French essais - "experiments, attempts") in its modern meaning owes its origin to Montaigne.
Philosophy of Montaigne
"Experiences" Montaigne is a series of self-confessions arising mainly from observations of oneself, together with reflections on the nature of the human spirit in general. According to the writer, every person reflects humanity in himself; he chose himself as one of the representatives of the family, and studied in the most careful way all his mental movements. His philosophical position can be described as skepticism, but skepticism is of a very special nature.
Montaigne's skepticism is a cross between life skepticism, which is the result of bitter life experience and disappointment in people, and philosophical skepticism, which is based on a deep conviction in the unreliability of human knowledge. Versatility, peace of mind and common sense save him from the extremes of both directions. Recognizing selfishness as the main cause of human actions, Montaigne is not indignant at this, finds it quite natural and even necessary for human happiness, because if a person takes the interests of others as close to his heart as his own, then happiness and peace of mind will be inaccessible to him. He criticizes human pride, arguing that man cannot know absolute truth, that all truths that we recognize as absolute are nothing more than relative.
The main feature of Montaigne's morality was the pursuit of happiness. Here he was greatly influenced by Epicurus and especially Seneca and Plutarch.
The teaching of the Stoics helped him develop that moral balance, that philosophical clarity of spirit, which the Stoics considered the main condition for human happiness. According to Montaigne, a person does not exist in order to create moral ideals for himself and try to get closer to them, but in order to be happy.
“One philosopher who was caught in the act of making love was asked what he was doing. “I give birth to a man,” he answered very coolly, without blushing at all, as if he had been caught planting garlic ”(“ Apology of Raymond of Sabund»)
Considering, like Epicurus, the achievement of happiness as the natural goal of human life, he valued moral duty and virtue itself to the extent that they did not contradict this goal; any violence against his nature in the name of the abstract idea of duty seemed to him fruitless. "I live from day to day and, speaking in conscience, I live only for myself." According to this view, Montaigne considers that the most important duties of a person are duties towards oneself; they are exhausted by the words of Plato, cited by Montaigne: "Do your own thing and know yourself."
The last duty, according to Montaigne, is the most important, because in order to do your job successfully, you need to study your character, your inclinations, the size of your strengths and abilities, willpower, in a word, study yourself. A person should educate himself for happiness, trying to develop a state of mind in which happiness is felt stronger and unhappiness is felt weaker. Having considered unavoidable and objective misfortunes (physical deformity, blindness, death of loved ones, etc.) and subjective misfortunes (insulted pride, thirst for fame, honors, etc.), Montaigne argues that a person’s duty to himself is to fight for opportunities against both.
It is wiser to treat inevitable misfortunes with humility, to try to get used to them as soon as possible (replace the malfunction of one organ with increased activity of another, etc.). As for subjective misfortunes, it depends on us to a large extent to reduce their sharpness by looking from a philosophical point of view at fame, honors, wealth, etc. A person’s duties towards himself are followed by duties towards other people and society.
The principle by which these relations are to be regulated is the principle of justice; each person needs to be rewarded according to his merits, because in the end, justice is also shown to oneself. Justice towards a wife consists in treating her, if not with love, at least with respect; to children - to take care of their health and upbringing; to friends - to respond with friendship to their friendship. The first duty of a person in relation to the state is respect for the existing order. This does not imply reconciliation with all its shortcomings, but the existing government is always preferable to a change of power, for there is no guarantee that the new regime will bring more happiness or even turn out to be even worse.
Politics and Pedagogy
Just as in the moral sphere Montaigne does not put forward any ideals, so he certainly does not see them in the political sphere either. To wish to change the existing order because of its - and often inevitable - vices, would mean, according to Montaigne, to treat the disease with death. Being an enemy of all innovations, because they, shaking the social order, disrupt the calm course of life and prevent a person from enjoying it, Montaigne - both by nature and by conviction a very tolerant person - greatly disliked the Huguenots, seeing in them the instigators of internecine war and social turmoil.
If in his political convictions Montaigne is sometimes too conservative, then in his pedagogical theory he acts as a bold innovator. At its head, he puts the principle of the most diversified development possible. According to Montaigne, the goal of education is to make a child not a specialist priest, lawyer or doctor, but first of all a person with a developed mind, a strong will and a noble character; a man who would know how to enjoy life and endure the misfortunes that fall to his lot. This section of Montaigne's "Experiments" influenced a significant part of subsequent pedagogy. Echoes of his ideas can be found in the pedagogical treatises of Jan Amos Comenius and John Locke, in Rousseau's "Emil", as well as in Nikolai Pirogov's article "Questions of Life".
Developmental learning
Questioning the various customs and views of his contemporary society, Montaigne spoke out against the harsh discipline of medieval schools, for an attentive attitude towards children. Education according to Montaigne should contribute to the development of all aspects of the child's personality, theoretical education should be supplemented by physical exercises, the development of aesthetic taste, and the education of moral qualities.
Many of Montaigne's thoughts were accepted by educators of the 17th and 18th centuries. Thus, the idea of the priority of moral education over education was developed in detail by Locke, and a high assessment of the educational influence of the rural environment and the rejection of coercion in education were a kind of basis for Rousseau's theory of natural education. The main idea in Montaigne's theory of developmental education is that developmental education is unthinkable without the establishment of humane relations with children. To do this, education must be carried out without punishment, without coercion and violence. He believes that developmental learning is possible only with the individualization of learning. In his book “Experiments”, in the chapter “On the Education of Children”, Montaigne writes: “I would like the educator from the very beginning, in accordance with the spiritual inclinations of the child entrusted to him, to give him the opportunity to freely manifest these inclinations, offering him to taste different things, choose between them and distinguish them independently, sometimes showing him the way, sometimes, on the contrary, allowing him to find the way himself. I do not want the mentor alone to decide everything and only one to speak; I want him to listen to his pet too.” Here Montaigne follows
