>> The largest nations of the world
§ 5. The largest nations of the world
In total, there are 5-5.5 thousand peoples or ethnic groups in the world, that is, established stable communities of people. The vast majority of peoples are extremely small.
There are 330 nations in the world with more than 1 million people, but they cover 96% of the total population of the Earth. There are only 11 nations in the world with more than 100 million people each (Table 20), but they cover almost 45% of all population Earth.
Table 20
Largest peoples and most spoken languages
| The largest nations of the world | Million people | Most Common Languages | Million people |
| 1. Chinese | 1170 | 1. Chinese | 1200 |
| 2. Hindustanis | 265 | 2. English | 520 |
| 3. Bengalis | 225 | 3. Spanish | 400 |
| 4. Americans USA | 200 | 4. Hindi | 360 |
| 5. Brazilians | 175 | 5. Arabic | 250 |
| 6. Russians | 140 | 6. Bengali | 225 |
| 7. Japanese | 125 | 7. Portuguese | 210 |
| 8. Punjabis | 115 | 8. Russian | 200 |
| 9. Biharis | 115 | 9. Indonesian | 190 |
| 10. Mexicans | 105 | 10. Japanese | 127 |
| 11. Javanese | 105 | 11. French | 120 |
| | | 12. German | 100 |
Despite the efforts of historians and ethnographers, the history of these peoples still keeps its mysteries.
1. Russians
Yes, Russians are one of the most mysterious peoples. Scientists still cannot come to a consensus either about when the Russians became "Russians", or about where, in fact, this word came from. The question of the origin of the people remains controversial. Normans, Scythians, Sarmatians, Wends, and even the South Siberian people of the Usuns were recorded as the ancestors of the Russians.
We do not know the origin of the Mayan people, nor where they disappeared to. Some scientists trace Mayan roots to the legendary Atlanteans, others believe that the Egyptians were their ancestors. The Maya created an efficient system of agriculture, had deep knowledge in the field of astronomy. The calendar developed by the Maya was used by other peoples of Central America. They used a hieroglyphic writing system, partially deciphered. The Mayan civilization was very advanced, but by the time the conquistadors arrived, it was in deep decline, and the Mayans themselves seemed to have disappeared into history.
3. Laplanders
The Laplanders are also called Sami and Lapps. The age of this ethnic group is at least 5000 years old. Scientists are still arguing who the Laplanders are and where they came from. Some consider this people to be Mongoloid, others argue that the Laplanders are Paleo-Europeans. The Sami language is classified as a Finno-Ugric language, but the Laplanders have 10 dialects of the Sami language, which are so different from each other that they can be called independent. This even makes it difficult for some Laplanders to communicate with others.
4. Prussians
The very origin of the name of the Prussians is shrouded in mystery. The first time it occurs only in the 9th century in the form of Brusi in the draft of an anonymous merchant, and later - in Polish and German chronicles. Linguists find analogies for it in many Indo-European languages and believe that it goes back to the Sanskrit purusa - "man". Sufficient information about the language of the Prussians has also not been preserved. Its last carrier died in 1677, and the plague of 1709-1711 exterminated the last Prussians in Prussia itself. Already in the 17th century, instead of Prussian history, the history of “Prussianism” and the kingdom of Prussia began, the local population of which had little in common with the Baltic name of the Prussians.
5. Cossacks
The question of where the Cossacks came from is still unresolved. Their homeland is found in the North Caucasus, and in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, and in Western Turkestan. The genealogy of the Cossacks is traced back to the Scythians, to the Alans, to the Circassians, to the Khazars, to the Goths, to the wanderers. Supporters of all versions have their own arguments. Today, the Cossacks are a multi-ethnic community, but they themselves like to insist that the Cossacks are a separate people.
6. Parsis
The Parsis are an ethno-confessional group of followers of Zoroastrianism in South Asia, of Iranian origin. Its number now is less than 130 thousand people. The Parsees have their own temples and the so-called "towers of silence", where, in order not to desecrate the sacred elements (earth, fire, water), they bury the dead (corpses are pecked by vultures). Parsees are often compared to Jews, they were also forced to leave their homeland and are meticulous in matters of observance of cults. The "Iranian League" in India at the beginning of the 20th century promoted the return of the Parsi to their homeland, reminiscent of the Zionism of the Jews.
7. Hutsuls
The meaning of the word "hutsul" is still debated. Some scientists believe that the etymology of the word goes back to the Moldavian "gots" or "guts", which means "robber", others - to the word "kochul", which means "shepherd". Hutsuls are also called "Ukrainian Highlanders". Among them, the traditions of quackery are still strong. Hutsul sorcerers are called molfars. They can be white and black. Molfars enjoy unquestioned authority.
8. Hittites
The Hittite state was one of the most influential forces on the geopolitical map of the Ancient World. The first constitution appeared here, the Hittites were the first to use war chariots and revered the double-headed eagle, but information about the Hittites is still fragmentary. In their "tables of courageous deeds" of the kings, there are many notes "for the next year", but the year of the report is unknown. We know the chronology of the Hittite state from the sources of its neighbors. The question remains: where did the Hittites disappear to? Johann Lehmann in his book The Hittites. The people of a thousand gods ”gives the version that the Hittites went north, where they assimilated with the Germanic tribes. But this is just a version.
9. Sumerians
The Sumerians are the most interesting and still one of the most mysterious peoples of the Ancient World. We do not know where they came from, nor what language family their language belonged to. A large number of homonyms suggests that it was tonal (as, for example, modern Chinese), which means that the meaning of what was said often depended on intonation. The Sumerians were one of the most advanced peoples of their time, they were the first in the entire Middle East to use the wheel, created an irrigation system, invented a unique writing system, and the knowledge of the Sumerians in mathematics and astronomy is still amazing.
10. Etruscans
The ancient people of the Etruscans suddenly appeared in human history, but also suddenly disappeared into it. According to archaeologists, the Etruscans inhabited the northwestern part of the Apennine Peninsula and created a fairly developed civilization there. It was the Etruscans who founded the first cities in Italy. Historians also believe that Roman numerals can also be called Etruscan. It is not known where the Etruscans disappeared. According to one version, they moved to the east and became the ancestors of the Slavic ethnic group. Some scholars argue that the Etruscan language is very close to Slavic in its structure.
11. Armenians
The origin of the Armenians remains a mystery. There are many versions. Some scientists correlate Armenians with the people of the ancient state of Urartu, but the genetic component of the Urartians is present in the genetic code of the Armenians in the same way as the genetic component of the same Hurrians and Luwians, not to mention the proto-Armenians. There are Greek versions of the origin of the Armenians, as well as the so-called "Hayasian hypotheses", in which Hayas, the territory to the east of the Hittite kingdom, becomes the ancestral home of the Armenians. Scientists have not given a final answer to the question of the origin of the Armenians and most often adhere to the migration-mixed hypothesis of Armenian ethnogenesis.
12. gypsies
According to linguistic and genetic studies, the ancestors of the Gypsies left the territory of India in an amount not exceeding 1000 people. There are about 10 million Roma in the world today. In the Middle Ages, gypsies in Europe were considered Egyptians. The very word Gitanes is derived from the Egyptian. Tarot cards, which are considered the last surviving fragment of the cult of the Egyptian god Thoth, were brought to Europe by the gypsies. They were not in vain called "Pharaoh's tribe." It was also striking for the Europeans that the gypsies embalmed their dead and buried them in crypts, where they laid everything necessary for life after death. These funeral traditions are still alive among the gypsies today.
13. Jews
Jews are one of the most mysterious of the living peoples. For a long time it was believed that the very concept of "Jews" is more cultural than ethnic. That is, that "Jews" were created by Judaism, and not vice versa. In science, there are still fierce discussions about what the Jews originally were - a people, a social stratum or a religious denomination.
There are many mysteries in the history of the Jewish people. At the end of the 8th century BC, five-sixths of the Jews completely disappeared - 10 out of 12 ethno-forming genera. Where did they go is the big question. There is a version that Finns, Swiss, Swedes, Norwegians, Irish, Welsh, French, Belgians, Dutch, Danes, Irish and Welsh, that is, almost all European peoples, come from the Scythians and Cimmerians, as descendants of 10 tribes. The question of the origin of the Ashkenazim and their closeness to the Jews of the Middle East also remains debatable.
14. Guanches
The Guanches are the natives of Tenerife. The mystery of how they ended up in the Canary Islands has not yet been solved, since they did not have a fleet and did not have sailing skills. Their anthropological type did not correspond to the latitudes where they lived. The rectangular pyramids on the island of Tenerife, similar to the Mayan and Aztec pyramids in Mexico, also cause controversy. Neither the time of their construction nor the purpose for which they were erected is known.
15. Khazars
Neighboring peoples wrote a lot about the Khazars, but they themselves left practically no information about themselves. How unexpectedly the Khazars appeared on the historical stage, just as suddenly they left it. Historians still do not have sufficient archaeological data about what Khazaria was like, nor an understanding of what language the Khazars spoke. It is also unknown where they eventually disappeared. There are many versions. There is no clarity.
16. Basques
The age, origin and language of the Basques is one of the main mysteries of modern history. The Basque language - Euskara, is considered the only relict pre-Indo-European language that does not belong to any existing language family. As for genetics, according to a 2012 study by the National Geographic Society, all Basques contain a set of genes that significantly distinguishes them from other peoples around them.
17. Chaldeans
The Chaldeans are a Semitic-Aramaic people who lived at the end of the 2nd - beginning of the 1st millennium BC. in southern and middle Mesopotamia. In 626-538 BC. in Babylon, the Chaldean dynasty ruled, which founded the Neo-Babylonian kingdom. The Chaldeans were a people still associated with magic and astrology. In ancient Greece and ancient Rome, priests and fortune-tellers of Babylonian origin were called Chaldeans. The Chaldeans made predictions to Alexander the Great and his heirs Antigonus and Seleucus.
18. Sarmatians
The Sarmatians are one of the most mysterious peoples in world history. Herodotus called them "lizard-headed", Lomonosov believed that the Slavs descended from the Sarmatians, and the Polish gentry called themselves their direct descendants. The Sarmatians left a lot of mysteries. They probably had a matriarchy. Some scientists lead the roots of the Russian kokoshnik from the Sarmatians. Among them, the custom of artificial deformation of the skull was widespread, due to which the human head took on the shape of an elongated egg.
19. Kalash
Kalash are a small people living in northern Pakistan in the Hindu Kush mountains. He is probably the most famous "white" people of Asia. Disputes about the origin of the Kalash continue today. The Kalash themselves are sure that they are the descendants of the Macedonian himself. The Kalash language is called phonologically atypical; it has retained the basic composition of Sanskrit. Despite attempts at Islamization, many Kalash retain polytheism.
20. Philistines
The modern name "Palestine" comes from "Philistia". The Philistines are the most mysterious people mentioned in the Bible. In the Middle East, only they and the Hittites owned the technology of steel smelting, marking the beginning of the Iron Age. The Bible says that this people comes from the island of Caphtor (Crete), although some historians correlate the Philistines with the Pelasgians. Both Egyptian manuscripts and archaeological finds testify to the Cretan origins of the Philistines. Where the Philistines disappeared to is still not clear. Most likely, they were assimilated by the peoples of the Eastern Mediterranean.
Question: How many nations in the world? How do modern peoples historically relate to the first 70 peoples?
Answer: Like a tree, when it grows, its first sprout is at first one, then it is divided into two or three, and then each of them is divided into smaller ones (in an adult tree this is clearly visible: here is the trunk, thick branches depart from it, branches are more thin, from them even more subtle, and so on, and so, like this, the human race descended from one man who had three children, seventy grandchildren, and all peoples and nationalities already descended from them.But initially there were seventy, and so it remained, and the abundance of ethnography that we observe is a mixture of these seventy.
We begin this page of history with the Flood: Noah (Noah) had three sons - Shem (Sim), Ham and Yaphet, and they had seventy children, Noah's grandchildren. The families of these grandchildren formed clans, then became nations. The Semites descended from Shem, the Africans from Ham, and the Indo-Europeans from Japhet. The Far East, Australia and America are migrants.
But initially everyone lived together in the region of Mesopotamia (Babylonian lowland), and spoke the same language, which is natural. When trying to build the Tower of Babel to the sky, G-d divided their language into seventy languages, which separated them from each other, and seventy nations were obtained.
Let's deviate a little from the topic and say how this very division into languages took place. After all, G-d, even intervening in Nature, tries to ensure that this interference goes unnoticed, and that everything happens in the most natural way.
So. Imagine building a tower "to the sky". It was a colossal enterprise for the ancient world. No less than the great pyramids of Egypt or the Great Wall of China. And even more. Yes, probably much more grandiose! It is difficult to estimate the number of people involved in it, but it seems that this is all of the then humanity.
We will not go into the reasons for the emergence of this grandiose project, but simply imagine a colossal tower, on different floors of which very, very, very many people work. Construction is proceeding at an accelerated pace, construction is more important than people's lives, as is usual in the ancient world.
Burnt clay blocks are fed from below, they are laid on wet clay instead of cement. When it dries in the scorching sun, one grandiose monolith will turn out.
And now people have ceased to understand each other. The Midrash describes it this way: the one who is above asks for a brick, and the one who gives from below gives him clay, i.e. mortar. It turns out that the word that one calls clay, the other calls a block of clay. Like how we call a car a car, although a car is a mechanism in general. And if we talk about a machine with a person who calls any mechanism a machine, he may not understand us. So it happened, the concepts shifted a little, but people no longer understand each other. But back to the topic of the number 70.
The number 70 (like everything that happens in the world) is not accidental. After all, God rules the world through the Sefirot. Sefirot, these are manifestations of G-d, which combine the infinite and the finite. In other words, they are concrete manifestations of the Infinite G-d adapted to our world. If we look at them under a magnifying glass, in isolation from the rest, then we can say that these are things that, in simple terms, perceive the energy emanating from G-d and process it into specific limited manifestations.
Within this system, the Sefirot are divided into two types: those that are turned upwards to Gd, they perceive infinity (there are three of them), and those that are directed downwards to our world, the final Divine manifestations come from them (there are seven of them, and only ten). It is the Sefirot of the second group that are directly related to our world, it is through them that Gd heals the sick, feeds the hungry, fills the earth with moisture so that there is a good harvest, or, Gd forbid, vice versa.
These Sefirot are seven, but each of them consists of ten. This is a rather large and complex topic of how the Sefirot are composed of each other, but, in a simple way, it is similar to how an artist has a limited number of colors on the palette, and he mixes them to get a variety of colors.
There are several options here: 1) seven Sefirot are separate from each other, seven independent separate Sefirot; 2) seven consist of seven; 3) seven are made up of ten.
The third option applies to a reasonable person, and here's why. The analogy of the Sefirot in man is the inner spiritual world: reason and feelings. The mind is like the three Sefirot, and the senses are like the seven lower ones. A reasonable person is a person whose emotions are reasonable, he reacts to external stimuli not spontaneously, but in the way that reason dictates.
Therefore, humanity also consists of seventy peoples, because man is the only subject in nature endowed with reason.
Can we today determine which peoples specifically descend from which of these 70? No . The fact is that even in ancient times all peoples were mixed. This was done artificially, the policy of the Assyrian Empire was to move all peoples to each other's lands and mix them. Scientists, of course, have found various reasons for this policy, but they have nothing to do with our topic. In any case, all people on earth can live in peace and in peace with each other, because everything is so mixed up that everyone has become one people. All divisions between people are artificial, humanity today is like a picture where colors are mixed to create beauty, and where emotions must be mixed with reason.
Chinese actor and director Jackie Chan
In second place among the largest peoples of the Earth are Arabs, which currently number about 350 million people.
In fifth place among the largest nations of the planet are Bengalis- the main population of the state of Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal in India. The total number of Bengalis in the world is over 250 million (about 150 million in Bangladesh and about 100 million in India).
Indian writer and poet Rabindranath Tagore, Bengali by nationality
bengali girl
In sixth place among the largest peoples of the Earth are Brazilians(193 million people) - a nation that was formed in the same way as the American nation - by mixing different ethnic groups.
Brazilian soccer player Ronaldinho
The seventh largest people on the planet - Mexicans, of which there are 156 million people in the world, of which 121 million people. live in Mexico and 34.6 million live in the US. On the example of the Mexicans, one can note the conventionality of dividing people into nations. Those Mexicans who live in the US can be considered Mexicans and Americans at the same time.
Mexican Ximena Navarrete - Miss Universe 2010
Mexican football player Rafael Marquez, captain of the Mexico national team
The eighth largest people on Earth - Russians, of which there are about 150 million people in the world, of which 116 million live in Russia, 8.3 million in Ukraine, 3.8 million in Kazakhstan. Russians are the largest people in Europe.
Russian actress Irina Ivanovna Alferova
The ninth largest people in the world - Japanese(130 million people).
Japanese animator Hayao Miyazaki
Close the ten largest peoples of the Earth Punjabis. In total, there are 120 million Punjabis in the world, of which 76 million people. lives in Pakistan and 29 million in India.
14th largest people in the world - marathi(80 million people) - the main population of the Indian state of Maharashtra.
Indian actress Madhuri Dixit of the Maratha people
15th largest people on Earth - tamils, of which there are 77 million people in the world, of which 63 million live in India.
Tamil Indian actress Vyjayanthimala
Indian chess player Viswanathan Anand (Tamil by nationality), current world chess champion.
Approximately the same number as Tamils (77 million people) in the world, there are Vietnamese(Viet).
There are also no less than 75 million people Telugu- the main population of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.
About 70 million people are Thais- the main population of Thailand.
Thai Piyaporn Deejin, Miss Thailand 2008
Another big nation Germans. There are 65 million Germans in Germany. If we also count people of German origin, then we get a more impressive figure - 150 million people. For example, in the US, 48 million people have German roots, making them the largest ethnic group among Americans.
German actress Diane Kruger
The term "people" has several meanings. It is understood as the population of a country (for example, the people of India, the people of Switzerland, the people of France, etc.), workers, just a group, a crowd of people (in the expression: there are a lot of people on the street, etc.) and, finally , what scientists call the term "ethnos", "ethnic community". An ethnos (people) is defined as a stable set of people historically established in a certain territory who have common relatively stable features of language, culture and psyche, as well as a consciousness of their unity and difference from all other similar entities.
Several thousand peoples live in the world. They differ from each other in their numbers, level of social development, language and culture, racial appearance.
Dancing leader of the tribe. New Guinea.
Swazi woman in festive attire. Swaziland.
The art of Tunisian carpet weavers is known all over the world.
Children's party in Hanoi.
thumb|Mongolian woman in national dress.
Norwegian schoolchildren.
Girls from the island of Nauru.
Large Indian market in the city of Toluca. Mexico.
frame|right|Belarusian folk holiday.
frame|right|Sugarcane harvesting in Cuba.
Modern races of the world.
frame|center|Representatives of the main races.
A Tajik girl harvesting cotton.
The inhabitants of Yakutia are accustomed to severe frosts.
Fluctuations in the number of different ethnic groups are very significant. Thus, the number of the largest nations exceeds 100 million people. These are Chinese, Hindustanis, US Americans, Bengalis, Russians, Brazilians, Japanese. Tiny endangered ethnic groups (more precisely, fragments of ethnic groups) do not number even 10 people today. These include ouma, yoba, bina in Papua New Guinea and others. Differences between ethnic groups are no less significant in terms of the level of socio-economic development: with peoples that are actually still at the stage of primitiveness, peoples that are highly developed in social terms coexist. There are also great linguistic and cultural differences. Each people speaks a special language, although it happens that the same language is used by several ethnic groups or, conversely, one ethnic group speaks several languages. At the same time, many languages are related to each other, and the degree of this relationship varies. The range of similarities and differences in the culture of different peoples is also significant.
The principles of classification of the peoples of the world are different. In ethnography, ethnolinguistic classification is most often used, grouping all peoples on the basis of linguistic kinship. This classification also helps in historical research, as it gives a genetic interpretation of the existing similarities between peoples. According to the ethno-linguistic classification, the peoples of the world are divided into the following families: Indo-European, Afroasian (Semitic-Hamitic), Kartvelian, Ural (Ural-Yukagir), Dravidian, Altai, Eskimo-Aleutian, Chukchi-Kamchatka, North Caucasian, Sino-Tibetan, Miao-Yao, Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Parathai, Na-Dene, North Amerindian, Central Amerindian, Chibcha-Paes, Pano-Caribbean, Andean, Equatorial-Tukanoan, Australian, Andaman, Niger-Kordofan, Nilo-Saharan, Khoisan, as well as several Papuan. Along with the peoples united by the listed families, there are also ethnic groups that occupy an isolated position in linguistic terms. These are Basques, Burishi, Kets, Nivkhs, Ainu, etc.
The largest of the families is Indo-European, uniting 45% of the world's population. The peoples of this family live in most of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, foreign Europe, Iran and Afghanistan, in the northern and central regions of South Asia. They also predominate today in America and Australia. (All the peoples included in a particular family are named in the appendix to the article.
The Kartvelian family is small (0.1% of the world's population). It includes Georgians living in Transcaucasia and ethnic communities close to them. The peoples of the Ural (Ural-Yukaghir) family (0.5% of the world's population) live in the Trans-Urals, in the far north of Siberia, in the Volga region, in the north of the European part of Russia, in the Baltic states, Finland, and northern Scandinavia and Hungary. The Dravidian family (4% of the world's population) is concentrated mainly in South Asia. The peoples of the Altai family (6% of the world's population) form a series of geographically unrelated areas from the Balkan Peninsula to the Russian Far East. Many scientists consider the groups included in it to be genetically unrelated and attribute them to several different families.
A small Eskimo-Aleut family, whose range mainly covers the extreme north of North America and Greenland, unites, as the name implies, Eskimos and Aleuts. The small peoples of the Chukchi-Kamchatka family (Chukchi, Koryaks, Itelmens) live in the extreme northeast of our country.
The peoples of the Afroasian family (5% of the world's population) are settled in Southwest Asia and North Africa. The Afroasian family includes the Semitic, Berber, Cushitic and Chadic groups.
The North Caucasian family is relatively small in number (0.1% of the world's population). It includes two groups - Abkhaz-Adyghe and Nakh-Dagestan.
The Sino-Tibetan family (23% of the world's population) is inferior in number only to the Indo-European (it includes the Chinese, the most numerous people on Earth).
The peoples of the Miao-Yao family (0.2% of the world's population) live in China, as well as in Vietnam and some other countries of Southeast Asia. The two most significant ethnic communities are the Miao and Yao, which is where the name of the family comes from. Some researchers consider the Miao-Yao as a group within the Sino-Tibetan family, others as a group within the Austroasiatic family.
The peoples of the Austroasiatic family (2% of the world's population) live for the most part in Southeast Asia, as well as in the adjacent regions of South and East Asia.
The Austronesian family (5% of the world's population) unites peoples living in a vast area from Madagascar to the Hawaiian Islands and Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean.
The Parathai family (1.5% of the world's population belongs to it) is concentrated in the countries of Southeast Asia and neighboring regions of China. It does not always stand out as an independent unit. Some scholars consider it a group of the Sino-Tibetan family, others combine the Parathai and Austronesian families.
The Indian peoples of America are linguistically divided into families Na-Dene, North Amerindian, Central Amerindian, Chibcha-Paes (south of Central and northern South America), Pano-Caribbean, Andean, Equatorial-Tukanoan. Of these families, the Andean family is the most significant (0.4% of the world's population), it includes the largest Indian people - the Quechua.
The Australian family, as its name suggests, is centered in Australia. It unites very small aboriginal peoples of this continent.
The Andaman family consists of several very small ethnic groups of the Adaman Islands (Ongyo, etc.).
In New Guinea and the adjacent islands (the New Guinea region in terms of the complexity of the ethnic structure surpasses any other region of the globe), the Papuan peoples live, uniting in ten families according to their linguistic affiliation: trans-New Guinean, West Papuan, Sepik-Rama, Torricelli, East Papuan, East Chendravasih Gulf of Chendravasih, kvomtari, arai, amto-musian. Only the first five families are significant, of which the trans-New Guinean family stands out (the peoples that make up it form 0.1% of the world's population).
The peoples of sub-Saharan Africa form three families: the Niger-Kordofanian (6% of the total world population), the Nilo-Saharan (0.6%), and the Khoisan. The Nilo-Saharan family as a whole is localized to the north of the Niger-Kordofanian; small peoples of the Khoisan family (Hottentots, Bushmen, etc.) live on the southern periphery of Africa and in Tanzania.
A number of peoples of the world occupy an isolated position in linguistic terms. Two peoples separated by language - the Nivkhs and the Kets (both very small in number) - live in the Asian part of our country. In the far north of South Asia, in the mountains of Karakoram, there is a small Burishi people, whose language also occupies an isolated position. In Europe, an isolated language is spoken by the Basques, who live in the Pyrenees, on both sides of the border between Spain and France. Isolated languages are also spoken by the Ainu (Hokkaido, Japan). Finally, a large group of peoples speaking isolated languages lives in New Guinea (Borumeso, Warenbori, Pauwi, etc.), but it is possible that the classification of the languages of the New Guinean peoples as isolated is not the result of true genetic isolation, but a consequence of their still poor study.
Some researchers are trying to identify more distant linguistic kinship, highlighting macrofamilies in addition to families. So, for example, the Indo-European, Kartvelian, Dravidian, Ural-Yukaghir, Altai, Eskimo-Aleutian, and sometimes Afro-Asian families are combined into a Nostratic macrofamily; all Indian families (except Na-Dene) - into the Amerindian macrofamily.
In addition to the ethno-linguistic classification, there is also an areal classification, when peoples are grouped into large regions, called historical-cultural or historical-ethnographic regions. Within these areas, in the process of long historical development, a certain cultural community has developed.
The peoples of the world are also divided into three main races: Caucasoid (or Caucasoid), Mongoloid and Negroid. The eastern area of the Negroids is often regarded as a special Australoid large race. Some foreign scientists single out a greater number of basic human races, for example, Americanoids, Lapanoids, the Malay race, etc. (see map).
As a result of the mixing of various large races, the so-called contact races were formed, of which there are quite a lot at present. So, from the mixing of the eastern branch of the northern Caucasians and the northern Mongoloids, the Ural (Ural-laponoid) racial group originated. The mixed group includes the South Siberian group that arose from the first centuries of the new era in the vast steppe space between the Urals and the Yenisei, in which Mongoloid features predominate. In the Middle Ages, in the more southern regions, mixed Central Asian groups were formed with the dominance in most cases of the Caucasoid element. In the east and southeast of Asia, there was a zone of contact between Mongoloids and Australoids, where a number of mixed forms arose at different times, for example, the South Asian group with a predominance of Mongoloid features.
APPLICATION
INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY Slavic group Russian Ukrainians Belarusians Poles Czechs, Slovaks Serbs, Montenegrins, Muslim Slavs, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians Bulgarians Baltic group Lithuanians Latvians German group Germans Austrians German Swiss Alsatians, Luxembourgers Dutch, Flemings, Frisians, Afrikaners European and American Jews English Scots Scots and Anglo-Irish Anglo-Canadians Anglo-Australians, Anglo-Sealanders Anglo-Africans Americans USA, including African Americans Anglo-speaking peoples of Central America, the West Indies and South America (Bahamians, Jamaicans, etc.) and the islands of the Atlantic Ocean (Sectarians, Tristans) Swedes Norwegians Icelanders Faroese Danes Celtic group Irish Welsh Bretons Romance group Italians Sardinians Italo-Swiss Corsicans French Walloons Franco-Swiss Franco-Canadians Guadalupe, Martinique, Guianan, Haitian, Reunion, Mauritian, Seychellois Cuban Dominican Puerto Rican Mexican Guatemalan Honduran Salvadoran Nicaraguan Costa Rican Panamanian Venezuelans Colombians Ecuadorians Peruvians Bolivians Chileans Argentines Paraguayans Uruguayans Spaniards Catalans Portuguese, Cape Verdians Galicians Brazilians Romanians Moldavians Albanian group Albanians Greek group Greeks Armenian group Armenians Iranian group Persians Kurds, Lurs, Bakhtiars Balochs Tajiks, Hazaras Afghans (Pashtuns) Ossetians Nuristani group Nuristanis Indo-Aryan group Bengalis Assams Oriya Biharis Hindustanis Rajasthani Gujaratis Marathas Panjabis Sindhis Nepalese Paharis Sinhalese Maldivians Indo-Mauritians, Indo-Pakistani Guyanese, Fijian Indians Kashmiris, Sheena and other Dardic peoples Gypsies AFRASIAN FAMILY Semitic group Arab peoples (Egyptians, Syrians, Algerians, etc.) Maltese Jews of Israel Amhara, Gurage, Tigray, Tigre Berber group Kabyla, Tamazight, Shilh, Tuareg and others Cushitic group Oromo Somali Afar, Beja, Sidamo and others Chad group of Hausa, Angas, Kotoko and others KARTVEL FAMILY Georgians DRAVID FAMILY Tamils Malayali Kannara Telugu Gonds, Oraon, Bragui and other Dravidian peoples URAL-YUKAGIR FAMILY Finno-Ugric group Finns Karelians Estonians Saami (Lapps), Mordovians, Mari, Udmurts, Komi Hungarians Khanty, Mansi Samoyed group Nenets, Nganasans, Selkups Yukagir group Yukagirs ESKIMO-ALEUT FAMILY Eskimos, Aleuts ALTAI FAMILY Turkic group Turks Azerbaijanis Various Turkic-speaking peoples of Iran Turkmen Tatars, Crimea Skye Tatars Bashkirs Karachays, Balkars, Kumyks, Nogais Kazakhs Karakalpaks Kirghiz Uzbeks Uighurs Altaians, Shors, Khakasses Tuvans Yakuts, Dolgans Chuvashs Mongolian group Khalkha-Mongols Oirats Kalmyks Buryats Mongols of China Tungus-Manchurian group Evenks, Evens, Nanais, Udeges and other Manchus Korean group of Koreas tsy japanese group japanese Nivkhi Nivkhi CHUKOTSK-KAMCHATKA FAMILY Chukchi Koryak Itelmens NIGERO-KORDOFAN FAMILY Niger-Congo group Western Atlantic subgroup Fulbe, Wolof, Serer, Diola, Temne, Kisi and others Bete and other Kru peoples Akan, Anyi, Baule, Ewe, Fon Ijo Yoruba, Nupe, Bini, Igbo, Ibibio, Tiv, Bamileke and other Fang, Mongo, Rwanda, Rundi, Ganda, Luhya, Kikuyu, Kamba, Nyamwezi, Swahili, Kongo, Luba, Bemba, Malawi, Makua, Ovimbundu, Shona, Tswana, Pedi, Suto, Xhosa, Zulu, Tsonga and other Bantu peoples Zande, Chamba, Mbum, Banda, Gbaya and other Adamaua-Ubangu peoples Mande Malinke group, Bambara, Soninke, Susu, Mende and others Kordofanian group Ebang, Kadugli and others NILO-SAHARAN FAMILY Eastern Sudanese group Nubians, Dinka, Kalenjin, Luo and others Central Sudanese group Bongo, Sarah, Bagirmi, Moru, Mangbetu and others Bert Bert group Kunama Kunama group Saharan group Kanuri, tubu and others Songai group Songai and others Fur group Mabang group Mabang and others Komuz group Koma and others KOYSAN FAMILY Bushmen, Hottentots BASQI Basques BURISHI Burishi NORTH CAUCASIAN FAMILY Abkhazian-Adyghe group Abkhazians, Adyghes, Kabardians, Circassians Nakhsko-Dage Stan group Chechens , Ingush, Avars, Dargins, Lezgins and other KET Kets SINO-TIBETA FAMILY Chinese, Hui Bai Tibetans, Bhutanese and others Myanmar Yizu, Tujia, Hani, Manipur, Naga, Karen, Kachin, Garo, Bodo, Newari, Tamang and others FAMILY Mon-Khmer group Viet, Muong Khmer, Highland Khmer Asli group Semangi, Senoi Nicobar group Nicobarese Group Khasi Khasi Group Munda Munda, Santals and others Dong, Li and others AUSTRONESIAN FAMILY West Austronesian group Malaysian Malays, Chams Javanese, Sundas, Madurans, Indonesian Malays, Minangkabau and other Tagals, Bisayas, Iloks andINDIAN FAMILIES
NADEN FAMILY Athabaskan (Navajo, Apache and others), Tlingit, Haida NORTH AMERINDIAN FAMILY Maya, Quekchi, Quiché, Kaqchikel, Algonquin, Sioux and others CENTRAL AMERINDIAN FAMILY Aztecs, Shoshone, Otomi, Mixtec, Zapotec and others CHIBCHA-PAES FAMILY Bowls then paez and others ANDean FAMILY Quechua, Aymara, Araucans and others
