Finland is a small northern country with a unique flavor. The birthplace of Santa Claus, the land of a thousand lakes - such associations arise at the mention of Finland. As well as a sauna, fishing, and special Finnish humor.
However, few people know that "Finland" is not a Finnish word at all. What do Finns call their country if not Finland? Suomi is the name of the state. Let's figure out where it came from.
A bit of history. State formation
For almost seven centuries Finland was ruled by Sweden. All this time, the Russian Empire fought for the Finnish lands. Only at the beginning of the 19th century, Finland was ceded to Russia, and gained independence in 1917. Nevertheless (or maybe that's why), the Finns are very sensitive to the issue of self-determination and national identity. Reverently, but patiently, accepting the fact of a multilingual and multinational society. Swedish has the status of a second state language, and Russian, although not officially recognized, is studied in many schools and used in everyday life. Pointers, price tags in shops, announcements in Russian are the norm, especially in border areas.
Why Suomi?
The way Finns call their country has several interpretations. According to one version, the name comes from the word "suomaa" - swamp, swampy land. On the other - from the word "suomu" - fish scales.
In modern Russian there is also a consonant word "Saami", the name of a small people living in Lapland, as well as in the northern part of Norway. The Saami are a nomadic tribe of reindeer herders who have retained their language (in Norway it is the second state language), traditions and customs.
If you dig deeper, the root of the word "suomi" echoes the Baltic "zeme", which simply means "land".
Finland vs Suomi. What do Finns think?
There is no clear explanation of where the word Finland comes from. Historians agree only that it is rooted in the days of Swedish rule. The Scandinavian word "finnland" literally means "beautiful land". This is how the Swedes called part of the territory of modern southwestern Finland back in the 12th century.
The Finns themselves, with their characteristic equanimity, accept both names. Loving your country is a national trait. Moreover, this love is deep, not subject to a sense of false patriotism. What is the Finnish country? Homeland for Finns is thousands of lakes, endless forests, northern lights and self-esteem. What word it is called outside the country is a secondary thing.
The national idea is not a political system or territorial integrity. For Finns, this is, first of all, silence, peace and respect for nature.
Norway and in (in).
FINNS(self-name - suomalayset), a nation, the main population of Finland, about 4.4 million people (1976), in other countries about 0.6 million people, including 85 thousand people in the USSR (1970). Finnish language; believers - part - Orthodox.
SUM(Suomi), an ancient Finnish tribe. With the conquest in the middle of the 12th century of S., who lived in the southwestern coast of the country, the conquest of Finland by Sweden began. Subsequently, together with other tribes, they formed the Finnish people.
FINNS(sa-mo-on-title - suomalaiset), 1) citizen of Finland; 2) Finno-Ugric people, osn. on-se-le-tion of Finland-lyan-dia. Number of 4.9 million people. (2014, according to the Statistics Center). They also live in Sweden (over 400 thousand native F., mainly in the east - 2012, re-writing; 674.9 thousand im-mi - grants from Finland and their volumes - 2008, re-writing), USA (623.5 thousand people. Fin. pro-is-ho-zh-de-nia - 2000, re-writing), Ka-na-de (131 thousand people, of which 73 thousand people in the province of On-ta-rio - 2006, re-writing), Russia ( 20.3 thousand people, including in Ka-re-lia 8.6 thousand people, Leningrad region 4.4 thousand people, St. Petersburg ge 2.6 thousand people; fin-na-mi-in-ger-man-land-tsa-mi call yourself 0.4 thousand people. - 2010, re-writing) and others. Go-vo-ryat in Finnish. languages. Believers in the main. lu-te-ra-ne, there are mo-raw brothers (from the 1730s), evan-ge-li-sty (from the 1840s), me-to-di-sty, bap-ti-sta and others, in the east-ke they have right-to-glorious.
Rice. E.N. Fedorchenko Women's costume of Eastern Finland: a shirt with embroidery on the chest (rekkopayta), a black woolen skirt with a red hem, an apron made of stripes of red cloth and brocade, a white caftan (viitta), on the head - canvases...
Ancestors of F. - near-Bal-Ty-sko-Fin. ple-me-na, race-se-liv-shie-sya in Finland in the 2-1st millennium BC. e. and you-tes-niv-shie me-st-noe on-se-le-nie (including the ancestors of the Saami). In the Middle Ages, you-de-la-yut-sya ple-me-na suo-mi (sum of other Russian sources) in the south-behind-pa-de, hya- me (other Russian em) to the Center. Fin-lyan-dia and sa-vo on the east-ke. For app. F. ha-rak-ter-ny connections with Scan-di-on-vi-her, for the eastern ones - with Pri-la-doge and Upper Po-vol-zh-em. Until con. 19th century in with. x-ve pre-ob-la-da-lo zem-le-de-lie (rye, barley-men, etc.; until the 2nd half of the 19th century, the elk was preserved under the cut -og-ne-voe zem-le-de-lie, especially ben-but in the east; cabbage soup, kor-mo-vye cul-tu-ry), with con. 19th century ve-du-shchi-mi sta-no-vyat-sya mo-loch-noe zhi-here-but-water-st-in (ko-ro-you are Finnish in ro-dy and air-shire-sky-ro-dy), bird-tse-water-st-vo. Tra-di-qi-on-but once-you-forest pro-capes-ly, fish-bo-fishing-st-vo. Kre-st-yan-sky in-se-le-niya on the za-pa-de until the 16-17th centuries. ku-che-howl plan-no-ditch-ki, then - hu-to-ra, on the east-ke - one-but-yard-ki. The manor-ba consists of zhi-lo-go do-ma, ri-gi (rii-khi), kle-ti (ait-ta), ba-ni (sau-na), etc .; to the south-behind-pa-de ras-pro-country-nyon for-m-k-well-thy yard. Living-li-sche log-noe, pre-im. three- or many-a-dimensional, sometimes very you-th-well-tho in length, sometimes G- or T-shaped-different in plan, with 2- th gender. 18th century - also two-story; in the south-east of the ra-pro-country, the house-yard of the North-Russian. ty-pa. In the main lived-in-scrap-room (tu-pa; on the south-west-pa-de, se-ve-re and east-ke - fir-ty, per-ty) at the entrance to the hundred it oven; according to another hundred-ro-well from the se-her (por-stua) becomes the same place with a stove (that-it-tu-pa, vo-ora- ste tu-pa, za-al), on the south-west-pa-de (basin of the Ko-ke-mya-enyo-ki river) - with va-roch-noy and bread oven-chew (pe -kar-nya - pa-ka-ri); an hour in the middle or in the second swarm of tu-pa you-de-la-ut-sya to-half-no-tel-nye, first-at-first-but not-ota-p-whether -vae-mye in-places (kam-mo-ra, kam-mar). The chicken stove of the warehouse was usually made of stone, sometimes it had dy-mo-va-ka-na-ly, you-go-dya-shchy in che-le-pe-chi , and a six-current with an under-ve-shen-crowbar (on the pas-de-pi-schu go-that-wi-whether on the six-st-ke, on the east-ke - the same at the mouth of the pe-chi, in the same place they baked bread and pi-ro-gi), on the east-ke (Sa-vo and Kar-ya-la) - you-so-some guardian, in- border regions with Karelia - a low box with an entrance to the sub-floor (goal-betz). From the 17th century on the za-pa-de ras-pro-country-nya-is-a stove with a dy-mo-ho-house in the form of a ras-pipe-ba over the she-st-com; from the west and pe-chi ti-pa "holland-ki". Life is plentiful, but uk-ra-sha-moose fabric-nya-mi, whether it’s chrome-noy ros-pi-syu and thread-fight on furniture (cabinets, on za-pa -de - two-I-Russian and raz-movable kro-va-ti) and ut-va-ri (spinning wheels, ho-mu-you, ko-ly-be-li, for- pas de - two-loz-nye, on the east-ke - under-weight).
Traditional women's costume - ru-ba-ha or blue-za, one-but-ton-naya, in-lo-sa-tay or plaid-cha-tay skirt, front-nick, bodice with deep-bo-kim you-re-zom (lee-vi). Vost. F. but-si-whether that-no-ko-about-different ru-ba-hu with embroidery on the chest-di (rek-ko-pay-ta) and raz-re-zom sob- ku, ska-ly-wayu-shchim-schim-sya fibula, white-ly-long caf-tan with wedges-i-mi from the waist (vi-it-ta), to the beginning. 19th century - non-sewn clothes on lyam-kah (khur-stut; cf.), in border regions with Ka-re-li-she - sa-ra-fan; headdress in a lo-ten-cha-ty (hun-tu), at the right-in-glorious - ti-pa Rus. ki-ki (so-rock-ka, ha-rak-ka).
On the east, they baked rye bread in the oven (ru-is-lim-ppu); on the pas-de they baked bread outside the living-lo-go in-me-sche-niya several. once a year in the form of rusty le-pe-shek with an opening in the center (rei-kya-lei-pya), someone-rye after that save-ni-li on-ni-zan-ny-mi on a pole under the floor. On the za-pa-de they made home-made cheese, cha-well-shchi-sya for-we ki-slo-go mo-lo-ka (wee-li), on the east-ke - com-ko -vu pro-sto-kva-shu. Go-to-vyat so-su-py (go-ro-ho-vy - dick-not-kate-to, fish-ear with mo-lo-com - ka-la-keit-to, etc.) , fish-boo (including kop-chenaya, ma-ri-no-van-nuyu - graa-vi-lo-hi, you-mo-chen-nuyu in shche-lo-ke - li-pea- ka-la), mushrooms, on Ro-zh-de-st-vo (Yo-ulu) - a rusty pi-horn with a fish-boy (ka-la-kuk-ko), on Pas-hu - pudding from rye flour (myam-mi), on Ivan's new day (Yuhan-nus, in the south-west of pa-de - Met-tu-maa-ri, from old-ro-Swede- sko-go midhsu-mar) - a soup of mo-lo-ka and cheese (yukhan-nu-syuu-hundred), om-let (mu-na-vel-li), etc. Osn. on-pee-current on the za-pa-de - pi-vo, on the east-ke - kvass. On Ivan-new day, uk-ra-sha-li do-ma ze-le-new (including felled-len-we-mi be-rez-ka-mi), in Po-hyan-maa sta- wee-li “iva-no-woo spruce” (yuhan-nu-sk-ku-si) with a rim-wound-we-mi vet-ka-mi, on the east they burned co-st-ry (yukhan -well-skok-ko), including in the form of you-so-kih towers, etc.
Lit.: Sirelius U. T. Suomen kansanomaista kulttuuria: esineellisen kansatieteen tuloksia. , 1919-1921. Osa 1-2; Manninen I. Die finnisch-ugrischen Volker. Lpz., 1932; Valo-nen N. Zur Geschichte der finnischen Wohns-tu-ben. Hels., 1963; Vilkuna K. Isin työ - veden ja maan viljaa, arkityön kauneutta. Hels., 1976.
Considering the geographical map of Russia, one can notice that in the basins of the Middle Volga and Kama, the names of rivers ending in "va" and "ga" are common: Sosva, Izva, Kokshaga, Vetluga, etc. Finno-Ugrians live in those places, and translated from their languages "wa" And "ha" mean "river", "moisture", "wet place", "water". However, the Finno-Ugric toponyms{1 ) are found not only where these peoples make up a significant part of the population, form republics and national districts. Their distribution area is much wider: it covers the European north of Russia and part of the central regions. There are many examples: the ancient Russian cities of Kostroma and Murom; rivers Yakhroma, Iksha in the Moscow region; the village of Verkola in Arkhangelsk, etc.
Some researchers consider Finno-Ugric in origin even such familiar words as "Moscow" and "Ryazan". Scientists believe that Finno-Ugric tribes once lived in these places, and now ancient names keep their memory.
{1 } Toponym (from the Greek "topos" - "place" and "onyma" - "name") - a geographical name.
WHO ARE THE FINNO-UGRI
Finns called people inhabiting Finland, neighboring Russia(in Finnish " Suomi "), A acne in ancient Russian chronicles called Hungarians. But in Russia there are no Hungarians and very few Finns, but there are peoples who speak languages related to Finnish or Hungarian . These peoples are called Finno-Ugric . Depending on the degree of proximity of languages, scientists divide Finno-Ugric peoples into five subgroups . In the first Baltic-Finnish , are included Finns, Izhors, Vods, Vepsians, Karelians, Estonians and Livs. The two largest peoples of this subgroup are Finns and Estonians- live mostly outside of our country. In Russia Finns can be found in Karelia, Leningrad region and St. Petersburg;Estonians - V Siberia, the Volga region and in the Leningrad region. A small group of Estonians - setu - lives in Pechorsky district of the Pskov region. By religion, many Finns and Estonians - Protestants (usually, Lutherans), setu - Orthodox . little people Vepsians lives in small groups Karelia, the Leningrad region and in the north-west of the Vologda, A vod (there are less than 100 people left!) - in Leningrad. AND Veps and Vod - Orthodox . Orthodoxy is professed and Izhorians . There are 449 of them in Russia (in the Leningrad region), and about the same number in Estonia. Vepsians and Izhors retained their languages (they even have dialects) and use them in everyday communication. The Votic language has disappeared.
The biggest Baltic-Finnish people of Russia Karelians . They live in Republic of Karelia, as well as in the Tver, Leningrad, Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions. In everyday life, Karelians speak three dialects: actually Karelian, Ludikovskiy and Livvikovskiy and their literary language is Finnish. It publishes newspapers, magazines, and the Department of Finnish Language and Literature operates at the Faculty of Philology of Petrozavodsk University. Karelians also know Russian.
The second subgroup consists Saami , or Lapps . Most of them are settled in Northern Scandinavia, but in Russia Saami- inhabitants Kola Peninsula. According to most experts, the ancestors of this people once occupied a much larger territory, but over time they were pushed to the north. Then they lost their language and learned one of the Finnish dialects. The Saami are good reindeer herders (nomads in the recent past), fishermen and hunters. In Russia they profess orthodoxy .
In the third Volga-Finnish , the subgroup includes Mari and Mordovians . Mordva- indigenous people Republic of Mordovia, but a significant part of this people lives throughout Russia - in Samara, Penza, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions, in the republics of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, in Chuvashia etc. Even before the accession in the XVI century. Mordovian lands to Russia, the Mordovians got their own nobility - "inyazory", "otsyazory", i.e., "masters of the earth." Inyazori they were the first to be baptized, quickly Russified, and later their descendants made up an element in the Russian nobility a little less than those from the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate. Mordva is divided into erzya and moksha ; each of the ethnographic groups has a written literary language - Erzya and Moksha . By religion, Mordovians Orthodox ; they have always been considered the most Christianized people of the Volga region.
Mari live mainly in Republic of Mari El, as well as in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, Sverdlovsk and Perm regions. It is generally accepted that this people has two literary languages - meadow-eastern and mountain-Mari. However, not all philologists share this opinion.
More ethnographers of the 19th century. noted the unusually high level of national self-consciousness of the Mari. They stubbornly resisted joining Russia and being baptized, and until 1917 the authorities forbade them to live in cities and engage in crafts and trade.
In the fourth Permian , the subgroup includes proper Komi , Komi-Permyaks and Udmurts .Komi(in the past they were called Zyryans) form the indigenous population of the Komi Republic, but also live in Sverdlovsk, Murmansk, Omsk regions, in the Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs. Their primary occupations are farming and hunting. But, unlike most other Finno-Ugric peoples, there have long been many merchants and entrepreneurs among them. Even before October 1917. Komi in terms of literacy (in Russian) approached the most educated peoples of Russia - Russian Germans and Jews. Today, 16.7% of the Komi work in agriculture, but 44.5% in industry, and 15% in education, science, and culture. Part of the Komi - the Izhemtsy - mastered reindeer breeding and became the largest reindeer herders in the European north. Komi Orthodox (part of the Old Believers).
Very close in language to the Zyryans Komi-Permyaks . More than half of these people live in Komi-Perm Autonomous Okrug, and the rest - in the Perm region. Permians are mostly peasants and hunters, but throughout their history they have been factory serfs in the Ural factories, and barge haulers on the Kama and Volga. By religion Komi-Permyaks Orthodox .
Udmurts{ 2 } concentrated mostly in Udmurt Republic where they make up about 1/3 of the population. Small groups of Udmurts live in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, the Republic of Mari El, in the Perm, Kirov, Tyumen, Sverdlovsk regions. The traditional occupation is agriculture. In cities, they most often forget their native language and customs. Perhaps that is why only 70% of Udmurts, mostly residents of rural areas, consider the Udmurt language their native language. Udmurts Orthodox , but many of them (including the baptized) adhere to traditional beliefs - they worship pagan gods, deities, spirits.
In the fifth Ugric , the subgroup includes Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi . "acne "in Russian chronicles they called Hungarians, A " yugra " - Ob Ugrians, i.e. Khanty and Mansi. Although Northern Urals and the lower reaches of the Ob, where the Khanty and Mansi live, are located thousands of kilometers from the Danube, on the banks of which the Hungarians created their state, these peoples are the closest relatives. Khanty and Mansi belong to the small peoples of the North. Mansi live mostly in Anty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, A Khanty - V Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, Tomsk Region. Mansi are primarily hunters, then fishermen, reindeer herders. The Khanty, on the contrary, were first fishermen, and then hunters and reindeer herders. Both of them profess orthodoxy However, they did not forget the ancient faith. The traditional culture of the Ob Ugrians was greatly damaged by the industrial development of their region: many hunting grounds disappeared, rivers were polluted.
Old Russian chronicles preserved the names of the Finno-Ugric tribes, now disappeared, - Chud, Merya, Muroma . Merya in the first millennium A.D. e. lived in the interfluve of the Volga and Oka, and at the turn of the I and II millennia merged with the Eastern Slavs. There is an assumption that the modern Mari are the descendants of this tribe. Murom in the 1st millennium BC. e. lived in the Oka basin, and by the XII century. n. e. mixed with the Eastern Slavs. Chudyu modern researchers consider the Finnish tribes who lived in antiquity along the banks of the Onega and the Northern Dvina. It is possible that they are the ancestors of the Estonians.
{ 2 ) Russian historian of the XVIII century. V. N. Tatishchev wrote that the Udmurts (formerly they were called votyaks) perform their prayers “under some good tree, but not under a pine and spruce, which have no leaf or fruit, but aspen is revered as a cursed tree ... ".
WHERE THE FINNO-UGRIANS LIVED AND WHERE THEY LIVE
Most researchers agree that the ancestral home Finno-Ugric
was on the border of Europe and Asia, in the areas between the Volga and Kama and in the Urals. It was there in the IV-III millennium BC. e. a community of tribes arose, related in language and close in origin. By the 1st millennium A.D. e. the ancient Finno-Ugric peoples settled as far as the Baltic and Northern Scandinavia. They occupied a vast territory covered with forests - almost the entire northern part of present-day European Russia to the Kama in the south.
Excavations show that the ancient Finno-Ugric peoples belonged to Ural race: in their appearance Caucasoid and Mongoloid features are mixed (wide cheekbones, often a Mongolian section of the eye). Moving west, they mixed with Caucasians. As a result, in some peoples descended from the ancient Finno-Ugric peoples, Mongoloid signs began to smooth out and disappear. Now "Ural" features are characteristic to one degree or another of all Finnish peoples of Russia: medium height, broad face, snub-nosed nose, very blond hair, sparse beard. But in different peoples, these features manifest themselves in different ways. For example, 
Mordva-Erzya tall, blond, blue-eyed, and mordva-moksha and shorter in stature, and broader in face, and their hair is darker. At Mari and Udmurts often there are eyes with the so-called Mongolian fold - epicanthus, very wide cheekbones, a liquid beard. But at the same time (the Ural race!) Fair and red hair, blue and gray eyes. The Mongolian fold is sometimes found among the Estonians, and among the Vodi, and among the Izhors, and among the Karelians. Komi there are different ones: in those places where there are mixed marriages with the Nenets, they are black-haired and slanting; others are more like Scandinavians, with slightly wider faces.
Finno-Ugrians were engaged agriculture (to fertilize the soil with ashes, they burned out parts of the forest), hunting and fishing . Their settlements were far apart. Perhaps for this reason they did not create states anywhere and began to be part of neighboring organized and constantly expanding powers. One of the first mentions of the Finno-Ugric peoples contains Khazar documents written in Hebrew, the state language of the Khazar Khaganate. Alas, there are almost no vowels in it, so it remains to be guessed that "tsrms" means "Cheremis-Mari", and "mkshkh" - "moksha". Later, the Finno-Ugric peoples also paid tribute to the Bulgars, they were part of the Kazan Khanate, in the Russian state.
RUSSIAN AND FINNO-UGRI
In the XVI-XVIII centuries. Russian settlers rushed to the lands of the Finno-Ugric peoples. Most often, the settlement was peaceful, but sometimes indigenous peoples resisted the entry of their region into the Russian state. The most fierce resistance was provided by the Mari.
Over time, baptism, writing, urban culture, brought by the Russians, began to displace local languages and beliefs. Many began to feel like Russians, and really became them. Sometimes it was enough to be baptized for this. The peasants of one Mordovian village wrote in a petition: "Our ancestors, the former Mordovians", sincerely believing that only their ancestors, pagans, were Mordovians, and their Orthodox descendants do not belong to Mordovians in any way.
People moved to cities, went far away - to Siberia, to Altai, where one language was common to all - Russian. The names after baptism were no different from ordinary Russians. Or almost nothing: not everyone notices that there is nothing Slavic in surnames like Shukshin, Vedenyapin, Piyashev, but they go back to the name of the Shuksha tribe, the name of the goddess of war Veden Ala, the pre-Christian name Piyash. So a significant part of the Finno-Ugric peoples was assimilated by the Russians, and some, having adopted Islam, mixed with the Turks. That is why the Finno-Ugric peoples do not make up the majority anywhere - even in the republics to which they gave their name.
But, having dissolved in the mass of Russians, the Finno-Ugric peoples retained their anthropological type: very blond hair, blue eyes, a "she-shek" nose, a wide, high-lying face. The kind that nineteenth-century writers called "Penza peasant", is now perceived as a typical Russian.
Many Finno-Ugric words have entered the Russian language: "tundra", "sprat", "salaka", etc. Is there a more Russian and everyone's favorite dish than dumplings? Meanwhile, this word is borrowed from the Komi language and means "bread eye": "pel" - "ear", and "nyan" - "bread". There are especially many borrowings in the northern dialects, mainly among the names of natural phenomena or landscape elements. They give a peculiar beauty to local speech and regional literature. Take, for example, the word "taibola", which in the Arkhangelsk region is called a dense forest, and in the Mezen River basin - a road that runs along the seashore next to the taiga. It is taken from the Karelian "taibale" - "isthmus". For centuries, peoples living nearby have always enriched each other's language and culture.
Patriarch Nikon and Archpriest Avvakum were Finno-Ugric by origin - both Mordvins, but irreconcilable enemies; Udmurt - physiologist V. M. Bekhterev, Komi - sociologist Pitirim Sorokin, Mordvin - sculptor S. Nefyodov-Erzya, who took the name of the people as his pseudonym; Mari - composer A. Ya. Eshpay.
ANCIENT CLOTHING V O D I I J O R C E V
The main part of the traditional women's costume of the Vodi and Izhorians - shirt
. Ancient shirts were sewn very long, with wide, also long sleeves. In the warm season, the shirt was the only clothing of a woman. Eshyo in the 60s. 19th century after the wedding, the young woman was supposed to walk in one shirt until her father-in-law gave her a fur coat or caftan.
The Votic women for a long time preserved the ancient form of unsewn waist clothing - khursgukset worn over a shirt. Hursgukset looks like Russian ponyova. It was richly decorated with copper coins, shells, fringe, bells. Later, when he entered the life of the driver sundress , the bride put on a hursgukset for a wedding under a sundress.
Peculiar unsewn clothes - annua - worn in the central part Ingermanland(part of the territory of modern Leningrad region). It was a wide cloth that reached to the armpits; a strap was sewn to its upper ends and thrown over the left shoulder. Annua diverged on the left side, and therefore they put on a second cloth under it - khurstut . It was wrapped around the waist and also worn on a strap. The Russian sarafan gradually replaced the ancient loincloth among the Vodi and Izhori. Belted clothes leather belt, cords, braided belts and narrow towels.
In ancient times, water women shaved head.
TRADITIONAL CLOTHING KHANTOV I M A N S I
Khanty and Mansi clothes were sewn from skins, furs, fish skins, cloth, nettle and linen canvas. In the manufacture of children's clothing, the most archaic material was also used - bird skins.
Men put on in winter oar fur coats from deer and hare fur, squirrel and fox paws, and in summer a short dressing gown made of coarse cloth; collar, sleeves and right half were turned off with fur.Winter shoes was fur, and wore it with fur stockings. summer They were made from rovduga (suede from deer or elk skin), and the sole from elk skin.
Men's shirts they sewed from nettle canvas, and pants from rovduga, fish skin, canvas, and cotton fabrics. Over the shirt must be worn woven belt , to which hung beaded bags(they held a knife in a wooden sheath and a steel).
women put on in winter fur coat deer skin; the lining was also fur. Where there were few deer, the lining was made from hare and squirrel skins, and sometimes from duck or swan down. In summer wore cloth or cotton robe ,decorated with stripes of beads, colored fabric and pewter plaques. These plaques were cast by women themselves in special molds made of soft stone or pine bark. The belts were already masculine and more elegant.
Women covered their heads in both winter and summer shawls with a wide border and fringe . In the presence of men, especially older relatives of the husband, according to tradition, it was supposed to be the end of a scarf cover one's face. There were Khanty and beaded headbands .
Hair before it was not customary to cut. Men, dividing their hair into a straight parting, collected it in two tails and tied it with a colored cord. .Women braided two braids, decorated them with colored lace and copper pendants. . At the bottom of the braid, so as not to interfere with work, they were connected with a thick copper chain. Rings, bells, beads and other ornaments were hung from the chain. Khanty women, as usual, wore a lot copper and silver rings. Beaded jewelry was also widespread, which was imported by Russian merchants.
HOW THE MARIANS WAS DRESSED
In the past, Mari clothing was exclusively home-made. Upper(it was worn in winter and autumn) was sewn from home cloth and sheepskin, and shirts and summer kaftans- Made of white linen.
women wore shirt, caftan, pants, headdress and bast bast shoes . Shirts were embroidered with silk, wool, cotton threads. They were worn with belts woven from wool and silk, decorated with beads, tassels and metal chains. One of the types headdresses of married Marieks , similar to a cap, was called shymaksh . It was sewn from thin canvas and put on a birch bark frame. An obligatory part of the traditional Mariek costume was considered jewelry made of beads, coins, pewter plaques.
Men's suit consisted of canvas embroidered shirt, pants, canvas caftan and bast shoes . The shirt was shorter than women's, it was worn with a narrow belt made of wool and leather. On head put on felt HATS and SHEARLING caps .
WHAT IS THE FINNO-UGRIAN LANGUAGE RELATIONSHIP
The Finno-Ugric peoples differ from each other in their way of life, religion, historical destinies and even appearance. They are combined into one group based on the relationship of languages. However, linguistic affinity is different. The Slavs, for example, can easily come to an agreement, each explaining himself in his own dialect. But the Finno-Ugric peoples will not be able to communicate with their brethren in the language group just as easily.
In ancient times, the ancestors of modern Finno-Ugric peoples spoke in one language. Then its speakers began to move, mixed with other tribes, and the once single language broke up into several independent ones. The Finno-Ugric languages diverged so long ago that there are few common words in them - about a thousand. For example, "house" in Finnish is "koti", in Estonian - "kodu", in Mordovian - "kudu", in Mari - "kudo". It looks like the word "oil": Finnish "voi", Estonian "vdi", Udmurt and Komi "vy", Hungarian "vaj". But the sound of languages - phonetics - remained so close that any Finno-Ugric, listening to another and not even understanding what he is talking about, feels: this is a related language.
FINNO-UGRIC NAMES
Finno-Ugric peoples have been confessing for a long time (at least officially) orthodoxy , so their names and surnames, as a rule, do not differ from Russians. However, in the village, in accordance with the sound of local languages, they change. So, Akulina becomes Okul, Nikolai - Nikul or Mikul, Kirill - Kyrlya, Ivan - Yivan. At Komi , for example, often the patronymic is put before the name: Mikhail Anatolyevich sounds like Tol Mish, that is, Anatoly's son Mishka, and Rosa Stepanovna turns into Stepan Rosa - Stepan's daughter Rosa. In the documents, of course, everyone has ordinary Russian names. Only writers, artists and artists choose the traditional village form: Yivan Kyrlya, Nikul Erkay, Illya Vas, Ortjo Stepanov.
At Komi often found surnames Durkin, Rochev, Kanev; among the Udmurts - Korepanov and Vladykin; at Mordovians - Vedenyapin, Pi-yashev, Kechin, Mokshin. Especially common among Mordovians are surnames with a diminutive suffix - Kirdyaikin, Vidyaikin, Popsuikin, Alyoshkin, Varlashkin.
Some Mari , especially the unbaptized chi-mari in Bashkiria, at one time they accepted Turkic names. Therefore, chi-mari often have surnames similar to Tatar ones: Anduganov, Baitemirov, Yashpatrov, but their names and patronymics are Russian. At Karelian there are surnames both Russian and Finnish, but always with a Russian ending: Perttuev, Lampiev. Usually in Karelia by last name can be distinguished Karelian, Finn and Petersburg Finn. So, Perttuev - Karelian, Perttu - Petersburg Finn, A Pertgunen - Finn. But the name and patronymic of each of them can be Stepan Ivanovich.
WHAT THE FINNO-UGRIANS BELIEVE
In Russia, many Finno-Ugric peoples profess orthodoxy . In the XII century. the Vepsians were crossed, in the XIII century. - Karelians, at the end of the XIV century. - Komi. At the same time, to translate the Holy Scripture into the Komi language, a Permian writing - the only original Finno-Ugric alphabet. During the XVIII-XIX centuries. Mordvins, Udmurts and Mariyi are christened. However, the Mariys did not fully accept Christianity. To avoid conversion to a new faith, some of them (they called themselves "chi-mari" - "true Mari") went to the territory of Bashkiria, and those who remained and were baptized often continued to worship the old gods. Among Mari, Udmurts, Saami and some other peoples were distributed, and even now preserved, the so-called dual faith . People revere the old gods, but recognize the "Russian God" and his saints, especially Nicholas the Pleasant. In Yoshkar-Ola, the capital of the Republic of Mari El, the state took under protection the sacred grove - " kyusoto", and now pagan prayers are taking place here. The names of the supreme gods and mythological heroes among these peoples are similar and probably go back to the ancient Finnish name for the sky and air -" ilma ": Ilmarinen - the Finns Ilmailin - Karelians,Inmar - among the Udmurts, Yong -Komi.
CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE FINNO-UGRI
Writing many Finno-Ugric languages of Russia was created on the basis Cyrillic, with the addition of letters and superscripts that convey the peculiarities of sound.Karely , whose literary language is Finnish, is written in Latin letters.
Literature of the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia very young, but oral folk art has a long history. Finnish poet and folklorist Elias Lönro t (1802-1884) collected the tales of the epic " Kalevala "among the Karelians of the Olonets province of the Russian Empire. The final edition of the book was published in 1849. "Kalevala", which means "the country of Kaleva", in its rune songs tells about the exploits of the Finnish heroes Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen and Lemminkäinen, about their struggle against the evil Loukhi , mistress of Pohjola (the northern country of darkness). In a magnificent poetic form, the epic tells about the life, beliefs, customs of the ancestors of the Finns, Karelians, Veps, Vodi, Izhorians. This information is unusually rich, they reveal the spiritual world of farmers and hunters of the North. "Kalevala" stands along with the greatest epics of mankind.There are epics and some other Finno-Ugric peoples: "Kalevipoeg"("Son of Kalev") - at Estonians , "Feather-bogatyr"- at Komi-Permyakov , preserved epic tales Mordovians and Mansi .
- (self-name suomalayset) nation, the main population of Finland (4.65 million people), the total number of 5.43 million people (1992), including 47.1 thousand people in the Russian Federation (1989). Finnish language. Believing Protestants (Lutherans) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
FINNS, Finns, units finn, finna, husband 1. The people of the Finno-Ugric group, inhabiting the Karelian Finnish SSR and Finland. 2. The common name of the peoples of the Finnish branch of the Finno-Ugric peoples. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
FINNS, ov, unit finn, a, husband. The people that make up the main population of Finland. | female finca, i. | adj. Finnish, oh, oh. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
- (self-name suomalay set), people. There are 47.1 thousand people in the Russian Federation living in Karelia, the Leningrad Region, and others. The main population of Finland. Finnish is a Baltic-Finnish branch of the Finno-Ugric family of languages. Believers ... ... Russian history
The people living in the northwestern region of the European. Russia and mainly in Finland. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
FINNS- FINNS, see Cysticercosis. FISTULA, see Fistula ... Big Medical Encyclopedia
Finns- residents of the state in Northern Europe, Finland. However, they themselves do not call their country that. This is a foreign name for them of Germanic origin. Finnish doesn't even have the f sound itself. For them, their country is Suomi, and they themselves are suoma layset (people ... ... Ethnopsychological dictionary
Ov; pl. Nation, the main population of Finland; representatives of this nation. ◁ Finn, a; m. Finca, and; pl. genus. nok, date nkam; and. Finnish, oh, oh. F. epic. F. language. F. knife (a short knife with a thick blade, carried in a sheath). Fie sleigh, sledge (sleigh, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
FINNS- in a broad sense, a number of Ural Altai peoples. They were divided into four groups: a) Finnish in the close sense (Finns, Ests, Livs, Korelas, Lopari); b) Ugric (Magyars, Ostyaks, Voguls); c) the Volga (Meshcherya, Merya, Murom, Mordva, Cheremisy, Chuvash) and ... ... Cossack dictionary-reference book
Books
- Finns in the Service of the SS Troops during the Second World War, V. N. Baryshnikov. The monograph, based on Russian, Finnish and German sources, examines key events relating to Finland's relations with Germany in the 1920s-1930s, as well as the period of the so-called…
- Finns in the service of the SS troops during the Second World War. The second edition, corrected and enlarged, V. Baryshnikov. Based on Russian, Finnish and German sources, the monograph discusses key events relating to Finland's relations with Germany in the 1920-1930s, as well as the period of the so-called ...
As many already know and have heard, at the suggestion of Western scientists, many peoples of the Ural family living on the territory of Russia received the name "Finns-Ugurs" and the honorary title "indigenous inhabitants". The name "Finns" was originally used by the Scandinavian Germans in relation to their neighbors in the Scandinavian Peninsula, who did not speak Germanic languages.
It is hardly appropriate to transfer this name to the Russian ethnic groups Mordovians, Komi, Mari, Udmurts, Vepsians, who have never lived on the territory of the Scandinavian Peninsula and Finland, have a culture far from the Finns, a different religion and very seriously mixed with other purely Russian ethnic groups.
In view of the fact that this topic is heavily littered with liberal propagandists, who also rely on the Finlandization of the Ural peoples of Russia, I decided to give a number of historical details.
Let's turn to science, to genetics
Scientists trace the long history of the migration of the peoples of the Ural family by the spread of an ethnogenetic marker, that is, the Y-chromosome haplogroup N1c1 (formerly called N3).
The ancestors of the Urals come from Southern Siberia or even the territory of modern Northern China (so the name "Urals" is also very conditional, but still much better than the Finns). The purest carriers of the "Finnish marker" N1c1 are now Turkic-speaking Yakuts. Their prevalence reaches 80%. Note that among the Finns of Finland the prevalence of this true Finnish marker is about 63%, among the other Uralic peoples it is much less: Komi about 35%, among the Mordovians in general 19%. By the way, among Latvians and Lithuanians, Uralic roots (42.1% and 43%) are more common than among Komi and Mordovians.
But back to Siberia. For a long time, the taiga was the main habitat of the Ural peoples, they went along with the taiga to the west (and a serious expansion of the taiga forest zone in the western direction occurs in 2000 BC during the transition to the cold subboreal period). At the same time, the flow of Urals migrants (hunters, fishermen, gatherers) “flowed around” from the north the areas of settlement of the Indo-Europeans (belonging to the haplogroup R1a1, to the Proto-Slavs - according to the terminology of the famous ethnogeneticist A. Klesov) or penetrated into their habitat.
The Indo-Europeans-Proto-Slavs lived in the steppe, forest-steppe space, the zone of broad-leaved forests, and were mainly engaged in cattle breeding and agriculture. Contacts between the Urals and Indo-European Proto-Slavs began in southern Siberia in 3-2 thousand BC. One can mention here the Indo-European Afanasiev culture (distributed up to the modern territory of Xinjiang and Mongolia) and Andronovo (Southern Urals and Western Siberia).
Contacts continued on the East European Plain, with the Indo-European Poltavka culture in the Volga-Kama-Ural region, the Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture covering the upper Volga region, the Abashev culture in the Middle Volga region, the Pozdnyakovo culture on the Oka and Klyazma. On the shores of the Baltic Sea - with the late carriers of the Corded Ware culture. Not everywhere the contact took place peacefully, in some places the Urals exterminated the indigenous Proto-Slavic population, took away its animal trappings and fish tones; trophy women and children dispersed to the freshly built "Finnish houses" of the aliens. Accordingly, the anthropological type of the Urals in the course of this "Drang nah Westen" changed from Mongoloid to mixed Laponoid, and then to Caucasoid up to Nordic.
Settlement of the Urals
On the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, the Urals appeared much earlier than in Finland, and here they became the ancestors not only of the Estonians and some small tribes such as the Izhora and Livs, but also contributed to the formation of the peoples of the Letto-Lithuanian group, including the Prussians.
On the supposedly ancestral homeland, in Finland, the resettlement of the Urals was not very active until our era. The ancestors of the Lapps first appeared here, the Germans called them Finns or Kvens, and considered them hardened sorcerers. From Siberia, the Lapps brought the ability to go into a trance by drinking fly agaric juice, which amazed Western Europeans.
The dense settlement of Finland by the Urals began only at the turn of the 8th and 9th centuries AD, when the Yam (Em) and Sum tribes came there from the east. The latter actually gave the self-name to the Finnish Finns - suomalayset. Modestly and without pretensions.
As I already wrote in the last post, everywhere on the East European plain, where it was possible to engage in agriculture and not suffer from regular enemy invasions, the Slavic settlers quickly grew in number and the Urals simply dissolved in the Slavic stream. Therefore, there are very few Russians carrying the Ural marker N1c1 today, even in the Moscow region. But, where the climate interfered with agriculture and extensive forestry and fisheries prevailed, there the percentage of carriers of the Ural marker N1c1 among the Russian population turns out to be much higher - up to 20%, for example, in the area of the former settlement of Zavolotskaya Chud, on the northern Dvina, to the west and east of it . Here, most of all, there are speakers of living Uralic languages.
The Old Russian state, and then the Polotsk, Pskov, Novgorod principalities until the 13th century controlled the wide Baltic entrance to the "path from the Varangians to the Greeks", including most of the modern territory of Finland, Estonia, Latvia. With the beginning of the Swedish, German, Lithuanian expansion, a border took shape, but not between the Russians and the Finns, but between the Russian principalities, on the one hand, and Sweden, the possessions of the German knightly orders, Lithuania, on the other hand. The Swedes and the Germans baptized Em, Sums, Estonians, Livs with fire and sword, then drove them into battle, but they were just bollards, semi-slave infantry. By the way, the successes of the Swedish and German expansion, which led to the closure of a wide outlet for the Russians to the Baltic, were based on the godless use of the sweat and blood of the conquered Ural (Finnish) tribes.
But, as such, Finns were not present in politics in any way. In the 17th century, when the Swedes captured both shores of the Gulf of Finland, the Karelian Isthmus, the course of the Neva, the Orthodox Karelians and Izhors left the conquerors along with the Russian population, and Swedish, German, even Dutch settlers, and Lutheran Finns from Finland came in their place - these became an ethnic group later known as "Ingrian Finns".
How great Finland rose from history
The Finnish problem was generated for Russia by the efforts of its liberal elite, including the scientific community. Alexander I, a “republican on the throne”, having received the Finnish principality from the Swedes, attached to it in 1811 the Vyborg province (formerly Votskaya pyatina in the Novgorod principality and Korelsky district in Moscow Rus'). The Russian language, Russian laws are being replaced here by the Swedish language, Swedish laws. Finland rolled under the walls of St. Petersburg. By an ingenious combination of privileges - low taxes, the abolition of military service, free access to the huge Russian market and closeness to Russian merchants - Finland was turned from a poor, hungry Swedish colony crushed by duties into a prosperous land.
And then came the turn of the awakening of the Finnish language and culture - in which, by the way, the Finnish Swedes distinguished themselves, consciously and subconsciously wanting revenge for the defeat of 1809. Finnish culture and language were restored by Swedish scientists with Russian money.
And there it was already close to the ideas of "great Finland", to Mannerheim, to Finnish 
concentration camps in the occupied Soviet territory, to the blockade of Leningrad and Finnish throws to the White Sea and Tikhvin(If they succeeded, then today there would be no Russia guaranteed). Today, we have lived to see the Finlandization of the Mordovians and Komi, which is taking place under the noise of a liberal campaign about “Stalin's crimes” against “democratic Finland”. Our political elite looks at this with an indifferent oligophrenic eye and even puts wreaths on the grave of the Finnish ghoul Karl Gustavovich.
There is only one way out and it is very simple. To accept at a high level and explain to the world community the idea that there are no Finns on the territory of Russia, with the exception of tourists from Finland. There was a scientific error, but now it has been corrected. There are Ural ethnic groups, which are an important part of a large Russian or Russian nation - we have been together for 1200 years, and if we take into account the Proto-Slavic times, then 4 thousand years. (Similarly, the Bretons are part of the French nation, and the Catalans are part of the Spanish nation.) And the matter is closed.
