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About the destruction of culture arguments. The problem of the disappearance of historical and cultural monuments

About the destruction of culture arguments. The problem of the disappearance of historical and cultural monuments

20.06.2020

In the text proposed for analysis, the Russian Soviet writer Valentin Petrovich Kataev poses the problem of the disappearance of cultural and historical heritage.

To draw the reader's attention to this problem, the author talks about the beauty and elegance of Moscow monuments. The writer notes that each monument can tell its own story about the person to whom this monument was dedicated. So in sentence 9 we are talking about the connection of the monument to Gogol with the life of this writer: next to the monument there was "... a mansion where, according to legend, the writer burned the second part of Dead Souls in the fireplace.

V. Kataev emphasizes that the works of art that once filled the streets, even after disappearing, are stored in the memory of people. This idea can be traced in sentence 12 “...only the ghosts of now non-existent, abolished streets, alleys, dead ends remain in memory ...”.

The position of the author is as follows: Each monument is a story, and by destroying monuments to historical figures, a person destroys a piece of world history and the history of his life, the moments of which can be associated with cultural objects on the streets of his native city.

I fully share the writer's point of view. Indeed, a person should treat works of art with respect, preserving the cultural heritage, and not destroying it. Let us turn to the literature and confirm the expressed idea with arguments. Recall the poem by A.S. Pushkin "The Bronze Horseman", in the first part of which the emphasis is on the history of this monument, the person depicted on this monument and the city, of which the Bronze Horseman is a part. Also in this poem, the author points out that historical and cultural objects can exist for centuries, keeping with them the history of ongoing events and then telling it to new generations.

In life, one can give an example of an indifferent attitude towards monuments and their history. Once I happened to visit the Polish city of Penenzho, where I saw a monument to General of the Soviet Army I.D. Chernyakhovsky. I was proud that the history of the heroes of the Second World War is preserved to this day not only in the countries of the former USSR, but also in European countries. However, in 2015, I learned that they decided to demolish this monument, thus depriving many people of the opportunity to get to know such an outstanding person, the hero of World War II.

In conclusion, we can say that it is the duty of everyone to preserve the cultural heritage of their country, because all the monuments, monuments, streets, buildings are our history, which we must preserve for future generations.

Updated: 2018-02-09

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One of the main goals of modern Russian society in the field of cultural activity is spiritual revival, which involves the effective preservation and active use of historical and cultural heritage. Currently, the state list of the Russian Federation includes more than one hundred and fifty thousand monuments of culture and history. About seventeen and a half thousand of them are classified as monuments of federal significance, the rest have the status of local significance. The condition of the monuments included in the state list is characterized by almost 80% as unsatisfactory, 70% are in need of urgent measures to save them from destruction and complete destruction. A significant part of the historical, architectural, archaeological, monumental and visual objects that exist in reality, deserving the status of monuments, has not yet been included in the state lists.

It must be assumed that this particular part of the monuments is not in the best, but probably in the worst condition. Such an abundance of historical and cultural objects gives Russian society great opportunities for their use in spiritual revival, but at the same time imposes responsibility for their preservation, restoration and maintenance. The importance of preserving cultural monuments as primary sources lies in the fact that they allow an objective approach to the study of the history of our country. The study of the original document allows you to get a scientific idea of the historical period to which the given monument belongs, the architectural monument represents an extensive field of activity for the study of traditions, fashion, and often worldviews of the time in which they were created. Fortunately, the authorities are taking measures to preserve the cultural heritage of the country.

Thus, according to the amendments (dated November 30, 2011) to the law “On objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation”, a special state commission under the Ministry of Culture will carry out certification of restorers - this, hopefully, will lead to a responsible professional approach to conservation cultural heritage of Russia. It is hoped that the authorities provide an appropriate level of legal support for the protection of the country's cultural heritage. Russian President Dmitry Medvedev took a clear position on this issue, suggesting that government agencies take a bolder approach to the issue of privatizing cultural monuments, provided that they are properly supervised. “For example, as a citizen, I don’t care whose monument it is, I want it to be preserved. And whether it belongs to the state or belongs to some private structure, or belongs to the regions is a secondary issue,” Medvedev said. Also, the Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin stressed the need for an inventory of ancient monuments. He noted that there are a number of key problems in the system of protection of cultural monuments, not
deciding which it is impossible to ensure the safety of monuments for future generations.

At the same time, it is necessary to "create conditions for the reasonable use of monuments in the interests of people, for the development of culture, education, and the activities of religious organizations, in particular, it is necessary to make an inventory of ancient monuments, to establish the border of territories covered by the status of lands of historical and cultural purpose."

Thus, the problem of preserving historical and cultural monuments is acute in modern Russia. As a result, cultural monuments, written, pre-written, architectural and others, contribute to mutual understanding, respect and rapprochement of peoples, lead to the spiritual unification of the nation based on the promotion of common historical roots, awaken pride in the Motherland, thanks to this, Russia makes its spiritual contribution to the study of the historical development of the world the community as a whole.

Sections: Russian language

Class: 11

The speech development lesson in high school is primarily focused on mastering the basic requirements for completing a task with a detailed answer. Students must master the basics of text analysis, correctly formulate the problem, comment on it, determine the author's position, express their opinion on the formulated problem and argue it, citing arguments from fiction, journalistic and scientific literature.

Purpose: preparation for an essay in the USE format based on the text of A. Solzhenitsyn.

educational:

get acquainted with historical materials about the construction and destruction of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior;
to analyze the text of A. Solzhenitsyn;
study letter forty-third from D.S. Likhachev's book "Letters about the good and the beautiful."

developing: improve skills:

perform work in accordance with a specific speech task;
correctly identify the topic and main idea of the text;
think about the topic, comprehend its boundaries;
retell and analyze the text;
observe, collect material for reasoning;
compare texts, compare them by topic;
systematize the material, correlate it with the problem of the source text;
analyze the text, evaluate it according to K1-K4 criteria;
build an essay in a certain compositional form: in accordance with the criteria for evaluating a task with a detailed answer K1-K4;
express their thoughts correctly, that is, in accordance with the norms of the literary language.

educational:

to cultivate a sense of deep respect for the cultural heritage of our country;
to cultivate an understanding of the value of churches that testify to the spiritual wealth of our people.

Equipment: Russian language. Grades 10-11: textbook for educational institutions: basic level / V.I. Vlasenkov, L.M. Rybchenkov. - M.: Enlightenment, 2009; interactive whiteboard for presentation slides, handout didactic material for observation and analysis, assessment criteria for tasks with a detailed answer K1-K4.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment. Goal setting. Students set their own goals and objectives. The teacher listens, adds, corrects.

2. Introductory speech of the teacher. Today in the lesson we will talk about architectural monuments. What role do they play in the life of modern man? Should they be preserved in the conditions of active modern construction?

3. Students' answers to problematic questions.

4. The word of the teacher. Architectural monuments must be preserved. Let's talk about temples. They are examples of the spiritual aspirations of the people. In them lives a reminder to posterity of eternal values. The invisible laws of harmony and beauty still live in them. They express the idea of a person's desire for beauty, for the spiritual transformation of the earthly world.

5. Checking homework. The students prepared a retelling of texts in groups, highlighting key words in each part. As a result of oral work, there will be a message about the history of the construction of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, an artistic description of the Temple before its opening and an artistic description on the night after its destruction. Annex 1.

6. Revealing perception.

What thoughts and feelings did you have after reading, retelling? What images appeared before you? Describe your feelings using keywords from the text. (Regret for the loss of a beautiful, spiritually significant creation of human hands. Indignation at the soulless attitude to cultural heritage. Anxiety for the shaky, unstable stay of the beautiful in a cruel world. The image of the majestic Temple, which has its own soul, and the image of a pile of ruins after the explosion). Key words: "The golden domes of the temple floated over Moscow, shining with purity", "true beauty and harmony were the healers of the suffering soul", "the temple ascended in the very middle of the earth and in the core of Moscow", "the temple was especially exalted and strict and full of some a special mood", "they thought the temple would stand forever", thousands of diggers chose and exported the land", inspired artists painted the vaults", "sculptors decorated the temple", "it took seventeen years", "countless shadows of warriors appeared", "the temple was already attached to a lofty and bright secret, transferred to him for eternal storage by the memory of the people ... so that the people do not get lost in the darkness", "an invisible, eternal book of times was written from year to year." "It lay in a huge mountain of crushed stone and huge fragments of walls, pillars and vaults", "the view of the arch was even more terrible", "some kind of lonely joint of the building, accidentally left after the destruction, some kind of finger, staring upright at the sky", " the view was wild and terrible”, “a depressing, grotesque mood was created”, “by the forced silence of a dead ruin”, “the spectacle was suppressed by the majestic and proud incomprehensibility of death”.

7. The word of the teacher. Today, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior pleases people with its former beauty. He has been restored. And the human heart rejoices, gaining faith in the victory of goodness, justice, immortality.

8. View presentation slides. Annex 2.

9. Work with the text from the collection of standard examination options edited by I.P. Tsybulko. FIPI, 2012

Read the text, identify the topic and main idea.

(1) Yakonov climbed the path through the wasteland, not noticing where, not noticing the rise. (2) And the legs are tired, dislocating from bumps. (3) And then from the high place where he wandered, he already looked around with reasonable eyes, trying to understand where he was. (4) The ground underfoot is in fragments of brick, in rubble, in broken glass, and some kind of rickety plank shed or booth in the neighborhood, and the fence remaining below around a large area for uncompleted construction. (5) And in this hill, which had undergone a strange desolation not far from the center of the capital, white steps went up, about seven in number, then stopped and began, it seems, again. (6) Some kind of dull memory wavered in Yakonov at the sight of these white steps, and where the steps led was poorly distinguished in the darkness: a building of a strange shape, at the same time, as it were, destroyed and survived. (7) The staircase went up to wide iron doors, closed tightly and knee-deep in packed rubble. (8)Yes! (9)Yes! (10) A shattering memory spurred Yakonov. (11) He looked back. (12) Marked by rows of lanterns, the river wound far below, with a strangely familiar bend going under the bridge and further to the Kremlin. (13) But the bell tower? (14) She is not. (15) Or are these piles of stone from the bell tower? (16) Yakonov felt hot in his eyes. (17) He closed his eyes, sat down quietly. (18) On the stone fragments that filled up the porch. (19) Twenty-two years ago, in this very place, he stood with a girl named Agnia. (20) That same autumn, in the evening, they walked along the alleys near Taganskaya Square, and Agnia said in her quiet voice, which was hard to hear in the city rumble:

- (21) Do you want me to show you one of the most beautiful places in Moscow?

(22) And she led him to the fence of a small brick church, painted in white and red paint and facing an altar in a curved nameless alley. (23) Inside the fence it was crowded, there was only a narrow path for the procession around the church. (24) And right there, in the corner of the fence, an old large oak tree grew, it was taller than the church, its branches, already yellow, overshadowed both the dome and the alley, which made the church seem quite tiny.

- (25) This is the church, - said Agnia.

- (26) But not the most beautiful place in Moscow.

- (27) Wait.

(28) She led him to the porch of the main entrance, went out of the shadows into the stream of sunset and sat on the low parapet, where the fence broke off and the gap for the gate began.

- (29) So look!

(30) Anton gasped. (31) They fell out of the gorge of the city and reached a steep height with a spacious open distance. (32) The river burned in the sun. (33) Zamoskvorechye lay on the left, dazzling with a yellow sheen of glass, almost underfoot the Yauza flowed into the Moscow River, on the right behind it rose the carved contours of the Kremlin, and even further away the five red-gold domes of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior flared in the sun. (34) And in all this radiance, Agnes, in a thrown yellow shawl, also seemed golden, sat squinting in the sun.

- (35) Yes! (36) This is Moscow! Anton said excitedly.

- (37) But she is leaving, Anton, Agnia sang. Moscow is leaving!

- (38) Where does she go there? (39) Fantasy.

- (40) This church will be demolished, Anton, Agnia repeated her.

- (41) How do you know? Anton got angry. - (42) This is an artistic monument, they will leave it like a drink.

(43) He looked at a tiny bell tower, through the slot of which oak branches peered into the bells.

- (44) Demolished! Agnia prophesied confidently, still sitting motionless, in the yellow light and in the yellow shawl.

(45) Yakonov woke up. (46) Yes, ... they destroyed the hipped bell tower and turned the stairs descending to the river. (47) I couldn’t even believe that that sunny evening and this December dawn took place on the same square meters of Moscow land. (48) But the view from the hill was still far, and the meanders of the rivers, repeated by the last lanterns, were the same ...

(According to A. Solzhenitsyn *)

*Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn(1918-2008) - an outstanding Russian writer, publicist, historian, poet and public figure.

What is the topic of the text? What is its main idea? (The text refers to the destruction of the temple. The main idea is to show the bewilderment and chagrin of a person who saw a mangled wasteland in the place where the magnificent temple once stood).

What images are opposed? (The author contrasts two episodes from the life of Anton Yakonov: a sunny evening, when Agnia showed one of the most beautiful places in Moscow, and a December dawn, when, returning here twenty-two years later, he saw a ruined temple with a torn staircase. In addition, "height with a spacious open distance", the beauty of the panorama is opposed to the "gorge of the city", the quiet voice of the girl - to the "urban rumble").

Determine the main problems. (The problem of preserving cultural heritage. The problem of the influence of the urban landscape and urban architecture on a person).

Find marker words, means of expressing the author's position. (In this text, the position of the author is not openly expressed. We will look for the words markers in the images of Agnia and Anton, as well as in the words of the author).

What words express the author's idea? (In Agnia’s words “Moscow is leaving!” the thought of breaking the connection between generations is expressed. Moscow is leaving, left to us by our ancestors. History is leaving. In Anton’s words “This is Moscow!” In the words of the author, “Anton said with rapt attention”, “they destroyed the hipped bell tower and turned the stairs around”, “Yakonov felt hot in his eyes. He closed his eyes and quietly sat down.

What means of expression clearly emphasizes Anton's bewilderment, shock? (Parcellation in sentences 17, 18).

What is the semantic connection between this text and the previous ones? (We are talking about the beauty and grandeur of the temples, as well as the fragments remaining from them. "He lay on a huge a mountain of crushed stone and huge debris walls, pillars and arches", "the view of the arch was even more terrible", "some kind of lonely joint of the building accidentally left after the destruction, some kind of finger staring upright at the sky", "the view was wild and terrible", "created a depressing , grotesque mood", "forced silence of a dead ruin", "the spectacle overwhelmed by the majestic and proud incomprehensibility of death" --- "The earth underfoot in broken bricks, in rubble, in broken glass , and some kind of rickety plank shed or booth in the neighborhood ... The stairs went up to wide iron doors, closed tightly and knee-deep littered with packed rubble ... they destroyed the hipped bell tower and turned the stairs around." The texts are united by a common problem: the problem of preserving cultural heritage).

10. The word of the teacher. We see depressing pictures that are the result of destruction. A person who deeply understands the laws of imperishable creation, associated with moral laws, with the traditions of Orthodox culture, a person who deeply understands the historical value of such architectural structures, bewilderment arises in his soul, regret about the loss of the beautiful, the eternal.

11. The word of the teacher. One of the defenders of cultural heritage was D.S. Likhachev. He opposed the soulless transformation of historically valuable objects. It was important for him to preserve the monuments of the past the way caring predecessors who loved their Fatherland left us as a legacy.

12. Reading an excerpt from letter forty-third from D.S. Likhachev's book "Letters about the good and the beautiful."

In my youth, I first came to Moscow and accidentally came across the Church of the Assumption on Pokrovka (1696-1699). I didn't know anything about her before. Meeting her shocked me. Before me rose a frozen cloud of red and white lace. There were no "architectural masses". Her lightness was such that she seemed to be the embodiment of an unknown idea, a dream of something unheard of beautiful. It cannot be imagined from the surviving photographs and drawings, it should have been seen surrounded by low ordinary buildings. I lived under the impression of this meeting and later began to study ancient Russian culture precisely under the influence of the impetus I received then. At the initiative of A. V. Lunacharsky, the lane next to it was named after its builder, a serf - Potapovsky. But people came and demolished the church. Now this place is empty...

Who are these people who destroy the living past, the past, which is also our present, because culture does not die? Sometimes it is the architects themselves - one of those who really want to put their “creation” in a winning place and are too lazy to think about something else. Sometimes these are completely random people, and we are all to blame for this. We need to think about how this doesn't happen again. Monuments of culture belong to the people, and not only to our generation. We are responsible for them to our descendants. We will be in great demand in a hundred and two hundred years.

13. Work on the main idea and keywords. “She seemed to be the embodiment of an unknown idea, a dream of something unheard of beautiful. It cannot be imagined from the surviving photographs and drawings, she should have been seen surrounded by low ordinary buildings. I lived under the impression of this meeting and later began to study ancient Russian culture precisely under the influence the push I received then."

We draw a conclusion about the influence of the temple on human life. The task is to deeply feel the degree of loss of an architectural monument, which became the beginning of a new life for Academician Likhachev, connected with the study of the history of Rus'. Feel responsible for your actions before the future.

14. Evaluation of the student's essay according to the criteria K1-K4.

Every person probably has a dear, memorable place where he feels a special sense of belonging to something great, eternal. Temples ... Silent witnesses of the greatness and glory of the country. Should they be preserved? It is this problem that Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn touches on.

The writer contrasts two episodes from the life of Anton Yakonov: a sunny evening, when Agnia showed one of the most beautiful places in Moscow, and a December dawn, when, returning here twenty-two years later, he saw a ruined temple with a torn staircase. Anton remembered Agnia's bitter words that the church would be demolished, that "Moscow is leaving." It hurts him to look at this place, because at that time he was sure that "an artistic monument ... will be left."

Solzhenitsyn lived in an era when the destruction of churches was not uncommon. The author believes that such an attitude to the monuments of the past breaks the connection between generations, violates the harmony in human life. The writer is sure that society should treat monuments with care, preserve what gives high, bright feelings.

Undoubtedly, today the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, built to commemorate the victory in the war of 1812, is dear to all Russian people. How important this temple is for a person, we learn from the book "The Renunciation" by the writer and public figure Pyotr Proskurin. He spoke about the long, painstaking work of the best masters from different parts of the country, about the significance of the temple - a symbol of Russian catholicity, unity ...

Built for years, it was destroyed in one minute. About what was left to the descendants, it is written in the article by Pyotr Georgievich Palamarchuk. We see a terrible picture of desolation: the lonely remnant of the cathedral in the midst of countless debris.

I would like to note that cultural heritage must be treated with care, remember that what has come down to us from the depths of centuries was built for centuries as a sign of immense love for the Motherland. And several people cannot, do not have the right to decide the fate of the monuments. It is important to consider public opinion here.

(Students evaluate the text according to the criteria K1-K4).

15. The results of the lesson. Reflection. What are your feelings? What thoughts came up at the end of the lesson? What means of expression will you use in your essay, revealing the problem of preserving cultural heritage?

16. Homework: write an essay in the USE format based on the text of A. Solzhenitsyn, using materials as literary arguments: exercise. 182 (Article by Daniil Granin on the protection of the safety of Nevsky Prospekt by D.S. Likhachev), ex. 188 (Article by D.S. Likhachev "Love, respect, knowledge"), letter forty-third from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful".

Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid over-quoting).

Formulate position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the read text. Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on the reader's experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Materials used

1. Vlasenkov A.I., Rybchenkova L.M. Russian language: Grammar. Text. Speech styles: Textbook for 10 - 11 cells. general education institutions. - M .: Education, 1998 (Exercise 315).

2. Letter forty-third from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful."

3. USE-2012. Russian language: typical examination options: 30 options / edited by I.P. Tsybulko. - M.: National Education, 2011. - (USE-2012. FIPI - school).

4. Internet resources: photographs (Yandex. Pictures), materials about the Cathedral of Christ the Savior (ru.wikipedia.org> Cathedral of Christ the Savior), Proskurin P.L. Renunciation. Electronic Library (http://royallib.com/).

Arguments for an essay in the Russian language.
Historical memory: past, present, future.
The problem of memory, history, culture, monuments, customs and traditions, the role of culture, moral choice, etc.

Why should history be preserved? The role of memory. J. Orwell "1984"

In George Orwell's 1984, people are devoid of history. The homeland of the protagonist is Oceania. This is a huge country waging continuous wars. Under the influence of cruel propaganda, people hate and seek to lynch former allies, declaring yesterday's enemies to be their best friends. The population is suppressed by the regime, it is unable to think independently and obeys the slogans of the party that controls the inhabitants for personal gain. Such enslavement of consciousness is possible only with the complete destruction of the memory of people, the absence of their own view of the history of the country.
The history of one life, like the history of a whole state, is an endless series of dark and bright events. We need to learn valuable lessons from them. The memory of the life of our ancestors should protect us from repeating their mistakes, serve as an eternal reminder of everything good and bad. Without the memory of the past, there is no future.

Why remember the past? Why do you need to know history? Argument from D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful".

Memory and knowledge of the past fill the world, make it interesting, significant, spiritualized. If you do not see his past behind the world around you, it is empty for you. You are bored, you are dreary, and you end up alone. Let the houses we walk past, let the cities and villages in which we live, even the factory we work at, or the ships we sail on, be alive for us, that is, having a past! Life is not a one-time existence. Let us know the history - the history of everything that surrounds us on a large and small scale. This is the fourth, very important dimension of the world. But we must not only know the history of everything that surrounds us, but also keep this history, this immense depth of our surroundings.

Why does a person need to keep customs? Argument from D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

Please note: children and young people are especially fond of customs, traditional festivities. For they master the world, master it in tradition, in history. Let us more actively protect everything that makes our life meaningful, rich and spiritual.

The problem of moral choice. Argument from M.A. Bulgakov "Days of the Turbins".

The heroes of the work must make a decisive choice, the political circumstances of the time force them to do so. The main conflict of Bulgakov's play can be designated as a conflict between man and history. In the course of the development of the action, the heroes-intellectuals enter into a direct dialogue with History in their own way. So, Alexei Turbin, understanding the doom of the white movement, the betrayal of the "staff mob", chooses death. Nikolka, who is spiritually close to his brother, has a presentiment that a military officer, commander, a man of honor Alexei Turbin will prefer death to the shame of dishonor. Reporting on his tragic death, Nikolka mournfully says: "They killed the commander ...". - as if in full agreement with the responsibility of the moment. The elder brother made his civil choice.
Those who remain will have to make this choice. Myshlaevsky, with bitterness and doom, states the intermediate and therefore hopeless position of the intelligentsia in a catastrophic reality: “In front are the Red Guards, like a wall, behind are speculators and all kinds of riffraff with the hetman, but am I in the middle?” He is close to the recognition of the Bolsheviks, "because behind the Bolsheviks there are a cloud of peasants ...". Studzinsky is convinced of the need to continue the fight in the ranks of the White Guard, and is rushing to the Don to Denikin. Elena is leaving Talbert, a man whom she cannot respect, by her own admission, and will try to build a new life with Shervinsky.

Why is it necessary to preserve historical and cultural monuments? Argument from D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful".

Each country is an ensemble of arts.
Moscow and Leningrad are not only dissimilar, they contrast with each other and therefore interact. It is no coincidence that they are connected by a railway so direct that, having traveled in a train at night without turns and with only one stop, and getting to the station in Moscow or Leningrad, you see almost the same station building that saw you off in the evening; the facades of the Moscow railway station in Leningrad and Leningradsky in Moscow are the same. But the similarity of the stations emphasizes the sharp dissimilarity of the cities, the dissimilarity is not simple, but complementary. Even art objects in museums are not just stored, but constitute some cultural ensembles associated with the history of cities and the country as a whole.
Look in other cities. Icons are worth seeing in Novgorod. This is the third largest and most valuable center of ancient Russian painting.
In Kostroma, Gorky and Yaroslavl, one should watch Russian painting of the 18th and 19th centuries (these are the centers of Russian noble culture), and in Yaroslavl also the “Volga” of the 17th century, which is presented here like nowhere else.
But if you take our entire country, you will be surprised at the diversity and originality of cities and the culture stored in them: in museums and private collections, and just on the streets, because almost every old house is a treasure. Some houses and entire cities are expensive with their wooden carvings (Tomsk, Vologda), others - with amazing layout, embankment boulevards (Kostroma, Yaroslavl), others - with stone mansions, and fourth - with intricate churches.
Preserving the diversity of our cities and villages, preserving their historical memory, their common national and historical identity is one of the most important tasks of our urban planners. The whole country is a grandiose cultural ensemble. It must be preserved in its amazing wealth. It is not only historical memory that educates a person in his city and in his village, but his country as a whole educates a person. Now people live not only in their "point", but in the whole country and not only in their century, but in all the centuries of their history.

What role do historical and cultural monuments play in human life? Why is it necessary to preserve historical and cultural monuments? Argument from D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

Historical memories are especially vivid in parks and gardens - associations of man and nature.
Parks are valuable not only for what they have, but also for what they used to be. The temporal perspective that opens up in them is no less important than the visual perspective. "Memories in Tsarskoye Selo" - this is how Pushkin called the best of his earliest poems.
The attitude to the past can be of two kinds: as a kind of spectacle, theater, performance, scenery, and as a document. The first attitude seeks to reproduce the past, to revive its visual image. The second seeks to preserve the past, at least in its partial remnants. For the first in gardening art, it is important to recreate the external, visual image of the park or garden as it was seen at one time or another in his life. For the second, it is important to feel the evidence of time, documentation is important. The first says: this is how he looked; the second testifies: this is the same one, he was, perhaps, not like that, but this is truly the one, these are those lindens, those garden buildings, those very sculptures. Two or three old hollow lindens among hundreds of young ones will testify: this is the same alley - here they are, the old-timers. And there is no need to take care of young trees: they grow quickly and soon the alley will take on its former appearance.
But there is another essential difference in the two attitudes to the past. The first will require: only one era - the era of the creation of the park, or its heyday, or something significant. The second will say: let all epochs live, one way or another significant, the whole life of the park is valuable, memories of different epochs and different poets who sang these places are valuable, and the restoration will require not restoration, but preservation. The first attitude to parks and gardens was opened in Russia by Alexander Benois with his aesthetic cult of the time of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna and her Catherine's Park in Tsarskoe Selo. Akhmatova argued poetically with him, for whom Pushkin, and not Elizabeth, was important in Tsarskoye: “Here lay his cocked hat and a disheveled volume of Guys.”
The perception of a monument of art is only complete when it mentally recreates, creates together with the creator, is full of historical associations.

The first attitude to the past creates, in general, teaching aids, educational layouts: look and know! The second attitude to the past requires truth, analytical ability: one must separate age from the object, one must imagine how it was, one must explore to some extent. This second attitude requires more intellectual discipline, more knowledge from the viewer himself: look and imagine. And this intellectual attitude to the monuments of the past sooner or later arises again and again. It is impossible to kill the true past and replace it with a theatrical one, even if theatrical reconstructions destroyed all the documents, but the place remains: here, in this place, on this soil, in this geographical point, it was - it was, it, something memorable happened.
Theatricality also penetrates into the restoration of architectural monuments. Authenticity is lost among the presumably restored. Restorers trust random evidence if this evidence allows them to restore this architectural monument in such a way that it could be especially interesting. This is how the Evfimievskaya chapel was restored in Novgorod: a small temple on a pillar turned out. Something completely alien to ancient Novgorod.
How many monuments were destroyed by restorers in the 19th century as a result of introducing elements of the aesthetics of the new time into them. The restorers sought symmetry where it was alien to the very spirit of the style - Romanesque or Gothic - they tried to replace the live line with a geometrically correct one, calculated mathematically, etc. Cologne Cathedral, Notre Dame in Paris, and the Abbey of Saint-Denis are dried up like that . Entire cities in Germany were dried up, mothballed, especially during the period of idealization of the German past.
Attitude to the past forms its own national image. For each person is a bearer of the past and a bearer of a national character. Man is part of society and part of its history.

What is memory? What is the role of memory in human life, what is the value of memory? Argument from D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

Memory is one of the most important properties of being, of any being: material, spiritual, human…
Memory is possessed by individual plants, stone, on which traces of its origin remain, glass, water, etc.
Birds have the most complex forms of tribal memory, allowing new generations of birds to fly in the right direction to the right place. In explaining these flights, it is not enough to study only the "navigational techniques and methods" used by birds. Most importantly, the memory that makes them look for winter quarters and summer quarters is always the same.
And what can we say about "genetic memory" - a memory laid down for centuries, a memory that passes from one generation of living beings to the next.
However, memory is not mechanical at all. This is the most important creative process: it is the process and it is creative. What is needed is remembered; through memory, good experience is accumulated, a tradition is formed, everyday skills, family skills, work skills, social institutions are created ...
Memory resists the destructive power of time.
Memory - overcoming time, overcoming death.

Why is it important for a person to remember the past? Argument from D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

The greatest moral significance of memory is the overcoming of time, the overcoming of death. “Forgetful” is, first of all, an ungrateful, irresponsible person, and therefore incapable of good, disinterested deeds.
Irresponsibility is born from the lack of consciousness that nothing passes without leaving a trace. A person who commits an unkind deed thinks that this deed will not be preserved in his personal memory and in the memory of those around him. He himself, obviously, is not used to cherishing the memory of the past, feeling gratitude to his ancestors, to their work, their concerns, and therefore thinks that everything will be forgotten about him.
Conscience is basically memory, to which is added a moral assessment of what has been done. But if the perfect is not stored in memory, then there can be no evaluation. Without memory there is no conscience.
That is why it is so important to be brought up in a moral climate of memory: family memory, national memory, cultural memory. Family photos are one of the most important "visual aids" for the moral education of children, and adults as well. Respect for the work of our ancestors, for their labor traditions, for their tools, for their customs, for their songs and entertainment. All this is precious to us. And just respect for the graves of ancestors.
Remember Pushkin:
Two feelings are wonderfully close to us -
In them the heart finds food -
Love for native land
Love for father's coffins.
Living shrine!
The earth would be dead without them.
Our consciousness cannot immediately get used to the idea that the earth would be dead without love for the coffins of the fathers, without love for the native ashes. Too often we remain indifferent or even almost hostile to the disappearing cemeteries and ashes - the two sources of our not too wise gloomy thoughts and superficially heavy moods. Just as the personal memory of a person forms his conscience, his conscientious attitude towards his personal ancestors and relatives - relatives and friends, old friends, that is, the most faithful, with whom he is connected by common memories - so the historical memory of the people forms a moral climate in which people live. Maybe one could think about building morality on something else: completely ignore the past with its sometimes mistakes and painful memories and be directed entirely to the future, build this future on “reasonable grounds” in themselves, forget about the past with its dark and light sides.
This is not only unnecessary, but also impossible. The memory of the past is primarily "bright" (Pushkin's expression), poetic. She educates aesthetically.

How are the concepts of culture and memory related? What is memory and culture? Argument from D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

Human culture as a whole not only has memory, but it is memory par excellence. The culture of mankind is the active memory of mankind, actively introduced into modernity.
In history, every cultural upsurge was in one way or another associated with an appeal to the past. How many times has humanity, for example, turned to antiquity? There were at least four major, epochal conversions: under Charlemagne, under the Palaiologos dynasty in Byzantium, during the Renaissance, and again at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. And how many "small" appeals of culture to antiquity - in the same Middle Ages. Each appeal to the past was "revolutionary", that is, it enriched the present, and each appeal understood this past in its own way, took from the past what it needed to move forward. I am talking about turning to antiquity, but what did the turning to its own national past give for each people? If it was not dictated by nationalism, a narrow desire to isolate itself from other peoples and their cultural experience, it was fruitful, for it enriched, diversified, expanded the culture of the people, its aesthetic susceptibility. After all, every appeal to the old in the new conditions was always new.
She knew several appeals to Ancient Rus' and post-Petrine Russia. There were different sides to this appeal. The discovery of Russian architecture and icons at the beginning of the 20th century was largely devoid of narrow nationalism and very fruitful for the new art.
I would like to demonstrate the aesthetic and moral role of memory on the example of Pushkin's poetry.
In Pushkin, memory plays a huge role in poetry. The poetic role of memories can be traced from Pushkin's childhood, youthful poems, of which the most important is "Memories in Tsarskoye Selo", but in the future the role of memories is very great not only in Pushkin's lyrics, but even in the poem "Eugene".
When Pushkin needs to introduce a lyrical element, he often resorts to reminiscences. As you know, Pushkin was not in St. Petersburg during the flood of 1824, but nevertheless, in The Bronze Horseman, the flood is colored by a memory:
“It was a terrible time, the memory of it is fresh ...”
Pushkin also colors his historical works with a share of personal, ancestral memory. Remember: in "Boris Godunov" his ancestor Pushkin acts, in "Moor of Peter the Great" - also an ancestor, Hannibal.
Memory is the basis of conscience and morality, memory is the basis of culture, the "accumulations" of culture, memory is one of the foundations of poetry - an aesthetic understanding of cultural values. Preserving memory, preserving memory is our moral duty to ourselves and to our descendants. Memory is our wealth.

What is the role of culture in human life? What are the consequences of the disappearance of monuments for humans? What role do historical and cultural monuments play in human life? Why is it necessary to preserve historical and cultural monuments? Argument from D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

We care about our own health and the health of others, we make sure that we eat right, that the air and water remain clean and unpolluted.
The science that deals with the protection and restoration of the natural environment is called ecology. But ecology should not be limited only by the tasks of preserving the biological environment that surrounds us. Man lives not only in the natural environment, but also in the environment created by the culture of his ancestors and by himself. The preservation of the cultural environment is a task no less important than the preservation of the natural environment. If nature is necessary for a person for his biological life, then the cultural environment is no less necessary for his spiritual, moral life, for his “spiritual settled way of life”, for his attachment to his native places, following the precepts of his ancestors, for his moral self-discipline and sociality. Meanwhile, the question of moral ecology is not only not studied, but it has not been raised either. Individual types of culture and the remnants of the cultural past, issues of restoration of monuments and their preservation are studied, but the moral significance and influence on a person of the entire cultural environment as a whole, its influencing force, is not studied.
But the fact of the educational impact on a person of the surrounding cultural environment is not subject to the slightest doubt.
A person is brought up in the cultural environment surrounding him imperceptibly. He is brought up by history, the past. The past opens a window to the world for him, and not only a window, but also doors, even gates - triumphal gates. To live where the poets and prose writers of great Russian literature lived, to live where the great critics and philosophers lived, to absorb daily impressions that are somehow reflected in the great works of Russian literature, to visit museum apartments means to gradually enrich yourself spiritually.
Streets, squares, canals, individual houses, parks remind, remind, remind... Unobtrusively and unpersistently, the impressions of the past enter the spiritual world of a person, and a person with an open soul enters the past. He learns respect for his ancestors and remembers what in turn will be needed for his descendants. The past and the future become their own for a person. He begins to learn responsibility - moral responsibility to the people of the past and at the same time to the people of the future, for whom the past will be no less important than for us, and perhaps even more important with the general rise of culture and the increase in spiritual demands. Caring for the past is also caring for the future...
To love one's family, one's childhood impressions, one's home, one's school, one's village, one's city, one's country, one's culture and language, the whole globe is necessary, absolutely necessary for a person's moral settledness.
If a person does not like to look at least occasionally at old photographs of his parents, does not appreciate the memory of them left in the garden that they cultivated, in the things that belonged to them, then he does not love them. If a person does not like old houses, old streets, even if they are inferior, then he does not have love for his city. If a person is indifferent to the historical monuments of his country, then he is indifferent to his country.
To a certain extent, losses in nature are recoverable. Quite different with cultural monuments. Their losses are irreplaceable, because cultural monuments are always individual, always associated with a certain era in the past, with certain masters. Each monument is destroyed forever, distorted forever, wounded forever. And he is completely defenseless, he will not restore himself.
Any newly built monument of antiquity will be devoid of documentation. It will only be “appearance.
The "reserve" of cultural monuments, the "reserve" of the cultural environment is extremely limited in the world, and it is being depleted at an ever-increasing rate. Even the restorers themselves, sometimes working according to their own, insufficiently tested theories or modern ideas of beauty, become more destroyers of the monuments of the past than their protectors. Destroy monuments and city planners, especially if they do not have clear and complete historical knowledge.
On the ground it becomes crowded for cultural monuments, not because there is not enough land, but because the builders are attracted to old places, inhabited, and therefore seem especially beautiful and tempting for city planners.
Urban planners, like no one else, need knowledge in the field of cultural ecology. Therefore, local history must be developed, it must be disseminated and taught in order to solve local environmental problems on the basis of it. Local history brings up love for the native land and gives the knowledge, without which it is impossible to preserve cultural monuments in the field.
We should not lay full responsibility for the neglect of the past on others, or simply hope that special state and public organizations are engaged in the preservation of the culture of the past and “this is their business”, not ours. We ourselves must be intelligent, cultured, educated, understand beauty and be kind - namely, kind and grateful to our ancestors, who created for us and our descendants all that beauty that no one else, namely we are sometimes unable to recognize, accept in their moral world, to preserve and actively defend.
Each person must know among what beauty and what moral values he lives. He should not be self-confident and impudent in rejecting the culture of the past indiscriminately and "judgment". Everyone is obliged to take a feasible part in the preservation of culture.
We are responsible for everything, and not someone else, and it is in our power not to be indifferent to our past. It is ours, in our common possession.

Why is it important to preserve historical memory? What are the consequences of the disappearance of monuments for humans? The problem of changing the historical appearance of the old city. Argument from D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful".

In September 1978, I was on the Borodino field together with the most wonderful restorer Nikolai Ivanovich Ivanov. Have you paid attention to what kind of people dedicated to their work are found among restorers and museum workers? They cherish things, and things repay them with love. Things, monuments give their keepers love for themselves, affection, noble devotion to culture, and then a taste and understanding of art, an understanding of the past, a penetrating attraction to the people who created them. True love for people, for monuments, never goes unanswered. That is why people find each other, and the earth, well-groomed by people, finds people who love it and itself responds to them in the same way.
For fifteen years, Nikolai Ivanovich did not go on vacation: he cannot rest outside the Borodino field. He lives for several days of the Battle of Borodino and the days that preceded the battle. The Borodin field has a colossal educational value.
I hate war, I endured the blockade of Leningrad, the Nazi shelling of civilians from warm shelters, in positions on the Duderhof Heights, I was an eyewitness to the heroism with which the Soviet people defended their Motherland, with what incomprehensible stamina they resisted the enemy. Perhaps that is why the Battle of Borodino, which always amazed me with its moral strength, acquired a new meaning for me. Russian soldiers beat off eight fiercest attacks on Raevsky's battery, which followed one after another with unheard-of persistence.
In the end, the soldiers of both armies fought in complete darkness, by touch. The moral strength of the Russians was multiplied tenfold by the need to defend Moscow. And Nikolai Ivanovich and I bared our heads in front of the monuments to the heroes erected on the Borodino field by grateful descendants ...
In my youth, I first came to Moscow and accidentally came across the Church of the Assumption on Pokrovka (1696-1699). It cannot be imagined from the surviving photographs and drawings, it should have been seen surrounded by low ordinary buildings. But people came and demolished the church. Now this place is empty...
Who are these people who destroy the living past, the past, which is also our present, because culture does not die? Sometimes it is the architects themselves - one of those who really want to put their "creation" in a winning place and are too lazy to think about something else. Sometimes these are completely random people, and we are all to blame for this. We need to think about how this doesn't happen again. Monuments of culture belong to the people, and not only to our generation. We are responsible for them to our descendants. We will be in great demand in a hundred and two hundred years.
Historic cities are inhabited not only by those who now live in them. They are inhabited by great people of the past, whose memory cannot die. Pushkin and Dostoevsky with the characters of his "White Nights" were reflected in the canals of Leningrad.
The historical atmosphere of our cities cannot be captured by any photographs, reproductions or models. This atmosphere can be revealed, emphasized by reconstructions, but it can also be easily destroyed - destroyed without a trace. She is unrecoverable. We must preserve our past: it has the most effective educational value. It instills a sense of responsibility towards the motherland.
Here is what the Petrozavodsk architect V. P. Orfinsky, the author of many books on the folk architecture of Karelia, told me. On May 25, 1971, a unique chapel of the beginning of the 17th century in the village of Pelkula, an architectural monument of national importance, burned down in the Medvezhyegorsk region. And no one even began to find out the circumstances of the case.
In 1975, another architectural monument of national importance burned down - the Church of the Ascension in the village of Tipinitsy, Medvezhyegorsk region - one of the most interesting tent churches of the Russian North. The reason is lightning, but the true root cause is irresponsibility and negligence: the high-rise tent pillars of the Ascension Church and the bell tower interlocked with it did not have elementary lightning protection.
The tent of the Nativity Church of the 18th century in the village of Bestuzhev, Ustyansky district, Arkhangelsk region, fell down - the most valuable monument of tent architecture, the last element of the ensemble, very accurately placed in the bend of the Ustya River. The reason is complete neglect.
And here is a little fact about Belarus. In the village of Dostoevo, where Dostoevsky's ancestors came from, there was a small church of the 18th century. Local authorities, in order to get rid of responsibility, fearing that the monument would be registered as protected, ordered to demolish the church with bulldozers. All that remained of her were measurements and photographs. It happened in 1976.
Many such facts could be collected. What to do so that they do not repeat? First of all, one should not forget about them, pretend that they did not exist. Prohibitions, instructions and boards with the indication “Protected by the state” are also not enough. It is necessary that the facts of a hooligan or irresponsible attitude towards cultural heritage are strictly examined in the courts and the perpetrators are severely punished. But even this is not enough. It is absolutely necessary to study local history already in secondary school, to study in circles on the history and nature of one's region. It is youth organizations that should first of all take patronage over the history of their region. Finally, and most importantly, secondary school history curricula need to include lessons in local history.
Love for one's Motherland is not something abstract; it is also love for one's city, for one's locality, for the monuments of its culture, pride in one's history. That is why the teaching of history at school should be specific - on the monuments of history, culture, and the revolutionary past of the area.
One cannot only call for patriotism, it must be carefully educated - to educate love for one's native places, to educate spiritual settledness. And for all this it is necessary to develop the science of cultural ecology. Not only the natural environment, but also the cultural environment, the environment of cultural monuments and its impact on humans should be subjected to careful scientific study.
There will be no roots in the native area, in the native country - there will be many people who look like a tumbleweed steppe plant.

Why do you need to know history? Relationship between past, present and future. Ray Bradbury "The Thunder Came"

Past, present and future are interconnected. Every action we take affects the future. So, R. Bradbury in the story "" invites the reader to imagine what could happen if a person had a time machine. In his fictional future, there is such a machine. Thrill-seekers are offered a safari in time. The main character Eckels embarks on an adventure, but he is warned that nothing can be changed, only those animals that must die from diseases or for some other reason can be killed (all this is specified by the organizers in advance). Caught in the Age of Dinosaurs, Eckels becomes so frightened that he runs out of the allowed area. His return to the present shows how important every detail is: on his sole was a trampled butterfly. Once in the present, he found that the whole world had changed: the colors, the composition of the atmosphere, the person, and even the spelling rules had become different. Instead of a liberal president, a dictator was in power.
Thus, Bradbury conveys the following idea: the past and the future are interconnected. We are responsible for every action we take.
It is necessary to look into the past in order to know your future. Everything that has ever happened has affected the world we live in. If you can draw a parallel between the past and the present, then you can come to the future you want.

What is the price of a mistake in history? Ray Bradbury "The Thunder Came"

Sometimes the price of a mistake can cost the life of all mankind. So, in the story "" it is shown that one minor mistake can lead to disaster. The protagonist of the story, Eckels, steps on a butterfly while traveling into the past, with his oversight he changes the whole course of history. This story shows how carefully you need to think before you do something. He had been warned of the danger, but the thirst for adventure was stronger than common sense. He could not correctly assess his abilities and capabilities. This led to disaster.