The novel "Oblomov" was written by I.A. Goncharov in 1859. After the publication of the work, it captured all the attention of society. Critics and writers called the novel “a sign of the times” (N.A. Dobrolyubov), “the most important thing that has not been for a long time” (L.N. Tolstoy), a new word has appeared in everyday life: “Oblomovism”. I.S. Turgenev once remarked: “As long as at least one Russian remains, Oblomov will be remembered until then.”
“In this novel, the hero, a lazy and uninterested Russian gentleman, is opposed to the German Stolz. This is a mobile, active, reasonable person. He, having received a strict, labor and practical upbringing from a German father, is ambitious, purposeful and energetic. For him ... a rational approach to life is important, passions are alien to him .. The German in the novel is organized, hardworking, economical, serious about his work, pedantic ... ".
Ilya Oblomov and Andrey Stolz were brought together by fate in childhood. Ilya grew up in Oblomovka. The nannies and mothers protected Ilyusha from worries and labor. His parents loved him immensely and protected him from any independent actions. Oblomovka was filled with peace and quiet, and the little gentleman lived in the atmosphere of his nanny's fairy tales. Drowsiness, illiteracy and laziness reigned in the Oblomov estate. But Ilyusha was not prompted by anyone or anything to mental, physical or moral efforts. At the age of thirteen, Ilya Oblomov went to Verkhlevo - this is a neighboring village, where the manager Stolz organized a small boarding school for noble children from nearby places. There he became friends with Stolz's son, Andrei, who helped him in his studies. But this did not help Ilya to master the sciences, because he was part of the sleepy Oblomovka, in which people lived from holiday to holiday.
Verkhlevo was very different from Oblomovka. Manager Stolz is a German, with German pedantry he approached all matters, including the upbringing of his son. Very early, Andryusha was faced with an independent solution to the problems of both his childhood and father's assignments. Andrey Stolz is German only by his father, his mother is Russian. From early childhood, Andrei was drawn to the sciences. I have always studied with interest and zeal. Mom brought up in her son a love of poetry, and his father gave a lot of practical knowledge. From an early age, Andrei carried out various assignments from his father and always did it carefully and accurately. His father even paid him a artisan's salary and demanded that he sign the book. The father only guided Andrei, offering key points to decide for himself and take responsibility for his decisions and his life. The mother devoted a lot of time and effort to the aesthetic education of her son, so that he would grow up as a refined nobleman.
Stolz and Oblomov grew up in different environments, and therefore were very different from each other. But they were drawn to each other precisely because the other had something that they themselves lacked. Andrei was attracted to a friend by calmness, regularity, tranquility. And Ilya liked the endurance, activity, energy of Stolz.
The relationship of the two friends suffered many blows, but their friendship was strong. Although over the years they have become more and more different from each other.
Undoubtedly. Oblomov and Stolz are opposites. But at the same time, they surprisingly complemented each other, which is why they had tender friendly feelings for each other.
About such friends as Ilya Ilyich Oblomov and Andrei Ivanovich Stolz, A. S. Pushkin in his novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" very aptly wrote: "They came together. Water and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire are not so different between yourself." Indeed, the characters of the characters are so different that many critics agreed: Stolz is a kind of "antidote" to Oblomov. Goncharov wrote: "They were connected by childhood and school - two strong springs." Therefore, looking into the childhood of the heroes, one can understand why such different characters of two friends who lived in the neighborhood were formed.
To learn about the childhood of Ilya Ilyich, the chapter "Oblomov's Dream" helps, which, according to A.V. Druzhinin, was the first step towards finding out the causes of "Oblomovism". From Oblomov's dream, it becomes clear that everyone loved little Ilyusha, caressed, pampered, so he grew up kind and sympathetic. As soon as Ilya Ilyich just doze off, he has the same dream: the gentle voice of his mother, her gentle hands, the hugs of loved ones and friends ... Each time in a dream, Oblomov returned to a time when he was absolutely happy and loved by everyone. The hero of the novel seems to have escaped from real life into his childhood memories. Ilyusha was constantly protected from all sorts of dangers, real and imagined. The servant Zakhar and "three hundred Zakharov" did everything for the barchon. Such guardianship and care almost completely drowned out in Oblomov any desire to do something himself.
Everyone calls Ilya Ilyich a dreamer. But how could the endless nursery tales about Militrisa Kirbityevna, about heroes, about sorcerers and firebirds not sow in the soul of a child hope for the best, that all problems will be solved by themselves? These same tales gave rise to Oblomov's fear of life, from which Ilya Ilyich tried in vain to hide in his apartment on Gorokhovaya Street, and then on the Vyborg side.
The complete opposite of Oblomov is Andrei Stoltz. We see throughout the novel a comparison of Stolz and Oblomov, as well as their opposition to each other. They differ literally in everything: externally, by origin (Oblomov is a nobleman, but Stolz is not), by the upbringing and education they received. The reason for these differences lies primarily in education.
Each of the parents made their own special contribution to the upbringing of Andrei Stolz. His father, Ivan Bogdanovich Stolz, a businesslike and practical German, put above all a sense of duty, discipline, responsibility and love for work. He tried to instill these qualities in his son, trying to make him a successful businessman.
Andrei's mother, a Russian noblewoman, on the contrary, "taught him to listen to the thoughtful sounds of Hertz, sang to him about flowers, about the poetry of life ...". Stolz's mother wanted Andrey to grow up as an educated Russian gentleman, and not a "German burgher", and tried her best to reduce the influence of the Father on Andryusha. In many ways, she wanted to see her son look like Ilya Oblomov and often gladly let him go to Sosnovka, where "an eternal holiday, where they sell work from their shoulders, like a yoke."
Stolz's father, of course, loved Andrei in his own way, but did not consider it possible to show his feelings. The scene of Andrei's farewell to his father is piercing to tears. Ivan Bogdanovich, even at the moment of parting, did not find kind words for his son. Swallowing tears of resentment, Andrei sets off on his journey, accompanied by the lamentations of the servants: "You have no dear mother, there is no one to bless you." And it seems that it was at this moment that Andrei Stolz, despite all the efforts of his mother, did not leave room for “empty dreams” in his soul. In an independent adult life, he took with him only what he thinks is necessary: prudence, practicality, purposefulness. Everything else remained in distant childhood, along with the image of the mother.
Differences in the characters of the characters explain the difference in aspirations and beliefs. You can learn about this from the story of Ilya Ilyich about his ideal life. Most of all, Oblomov longs for peace, carelessness and tranquility. But Ilya Ilyich considered peace not the result of vigorous activity, not a reward for it, but a constant, the only possible and correct state of a person. Arguing with Stolz, Oblomov convinced him that "the goal of all ... running around is ... this is the preparation of peace, the desire for the ideal of the lost paradise." Therefore, why work, do anything, if you still come to what Oblomov always wanted to have?
And for Stolz, the main thing is work. But for Andrey, work is not a way to achieve peace, any desire for which Stoltz called "Oblomovism." Labor for him is "the image, content, element and purpose of life."
If Oblomov was not accustomed to work, he dreamed of achieving everything without it (as in a nurse's fairy tale: "waved a magic wand" - and "everything is ready"), then Stolz was brought up from childhood by work, which was the goal of his father's life. Over time, Andrei simply stopped even thinking about existence without activity.
The attitude of friends to the bustle of the capital is also different. Stolz was already accustomed to it and felt in the light, "like a fish in water." He sees everything, but prefers to turn a blind eye to his shortcomings. Andrei does not allow society to encroach on his innermost feelings and thoughts, as if closing himself off from him with courteous behavior.
And Ilya Ilyich, having served himself and carefully listening to the stories of visitors - Sudbinsky, Penkin, Volkov - about life in the capital, realized that it was too empty ("What is there to look for? Interests of the mind, heart?") And fussy ("In ten places in one day!?"). Ilya Ilyich did not see the point in all these visits, going to work, balls.
From the characters, upbringing and beliefs, the lifestyle that the main characters of the novel lead is formed. He left some imprint on the appearance of the characters. Oblomov - a man with surprisingly soft features - was much thicker than Stolz and "flabby beyond his years", while Andrei Ivanovich was "all made up of bones, muscles and nerves", thin, as befits a person leading an active lifestyle.
Stolz was accustomed from childhood to activity, to the fact that time is precious and should not be wasted. And so Andrei's whole life passed in perpetual motion, which, however, cannot be called vanity. He was not just in constant dynamics, but benefited himself and others. But, despite the constant employment, he "goes into the light and reads: when he has time - God knows." Stoltz wanted to inspire Oblomov to such a life, for whom, despite a lot of free time, nothing was done. Oblomov spent most of his life on the couch, since "lying with Ilya Ilyich ... was a normal state." His ideal was a carefree life in unity with nature, family and friends, in dreams of which Oblomov spent years.
The attitude of the heroes To love was expressed in the novel through feelings for Olga Ilyinskaya.
Oblomov wanted to see in Olga a loving woman, capable of creating a serene family life, kind and gentle, like his mother. The girl was at first in love with Ilya Ilyich, she liked his touching naivety, "pigeon tenderness" and kind heart. And Oblomov himself was in love with Olga. But, as usual, hoping that everything would happen by itself, he did not take any action to ensure that Olga became his wife. His "vile habit of getting satisfaction of his desires ... from others" played a fatal role in this situation: Olga preferred Oblomov's uncertainty, expectation and inaction to a firm and reliable marriage with Stolz.
Stolz, who knew Ilyinskaya almost from early childhood, experienced 296
friendship for her. There were no fiery passions, "burning joys" or disappointments in her. Even jealousy for an unknown opponent did not cause a storm of emotions in Stolz's soul. And when he found out that this opponent was Oblomov, he completely became "calm and cheerful." Stoltz saw in Olga a faithful friend and comrade-in-arms in labor and therefore tried to instill in her an active principle, the ability to fight, to develop her mind.
And Olga fell in love with Andrey not suddenly. The description of her character immediately suggests that Olga Ilyinskaya cannot but become Olga Sergeevna Stolz.
The love between Olga and Andrei was born and began to grow without "stormy ups and downs." After the wedding, she did not disappear, but continued to live, however, without development, smoothly and measuredly ("everything was harmony and silence with them").
From a comparison of the two heroes, it can be seen that Oblomov and Stolz are completely different heroes. What was the basis of such a strong and faithful friendship between them? It seems to me that this is not only childhood and school, as Goncharov wrote. Stolz and Oblomov complement each other.
Goncharov wanted to reflect in Ilya Ilyich the typical features of the patriarchal nobility, and Stolz was assigned the role of a person capable of breaking the "Oblomovism". But, after reading the novel, I could not imagine the characters so unambiguous. The personality of Ilya Ilyich evokes conflicting feelings: regret for his helplessness and sympathy, because Oblomov has absorbed the contradictory features of the Russian national character, many of which are close to each of us.
Modern life requires "Stoltsev", and they certainly appear. But Russia will never consist only of such characters. Russian people have always been distinguished by the breadth of nature, the ability to sympathize, a lively and quivering soul. I really want the practical qualities of Stolz and the "pure as crystal" soul of Oblomov to unite in modern man.
Ilya Oblomov and Andrey Stolz are the main characters of the novel Oblomov. Friends from early childhood, but what different fates, how different attitudes towards life and the meaning of life.
Let's start contrasting Andrei and Ilya with their families. Ilya has a happy family, their house is filled with love, their life is measured, calm, absolutely not vain : "The sky there presses closer to the earth, but not in order to throw stronger arrows, but only to hug her tighter, with love". Andrei, in terms of the family hearth, has ashes instead of fire. What is worth his escape from home, this is not expected from Ilya. “Now, if Oblomov’s son had disappeared, then I would have raised the whole village and the Zemstvo police to their feet, and Andrei would come”- Ivan Stoltz used to say. Did the whole family figure it out - why did Andrei run away, where did he come from? a gun and a pound of gunpowder and shot"? After all, this is far from toys, not mischief. What did the head of the family do? Did you talk? No! I put it out the door to come " with translation instead of one or two chapters". What will happen to a person if spiritual searches, spiritual problems are simply cut off, as if they do not exist? All the time to hammer science, but give nothing to the soul? (Yes, so peck her that little Stolz ran to Oblomovka, to be petted a little.) Obviously, nothing good. In Andrey's family, the main thing is housekeeping and capital accumulation. “Taught (mother) him to listen to the thoughtful sounds of Hertz, sang to him about flowers, about the poetry of life ... And all this prospect should be crushed by the clicking of accounts” as a result: " I will go to him when I have a four-story house.” These are the tasks, but in no case not dreams, set by Andrey Stolz in his youth. Why not dreams, this will be discussed below.
Let's take a closer look at Ilya. As mentioned above, Oblomov was treated kindly and loved like no other, but by the age of fourteen, the love of the family, unfortunately, had crossed the permissible line, began to invade where it should not, instead of love, there was a disastrous care for the teenager: “And Ilya Ilyich does not succeed in doing anything for himself”. This is where his infantilism comes from.
As we can see from early childhood, the main characters have problems: Andrey has a lack of love, which is why he has unstoppable independence, Ilya has a whole Grail of love, but Oblomov has practically no excessive, turning into harm, independence.
And what happens in the end? Ilya Oblomov, having received freedom, did not gain willpower, but his warmth and love filled everything around. A huge number of people were drawn to him, talking just like that. To be in company with Oblomov means to calm your soul, but what about the soul of Ilya? Where does she eat? In dreams, Ilyich feels good there, the only place on the whole planet where he is in harmony with himself. At the end of his life, Oblomov finds his happiness, what he aspired to - to live with Pshenitsyna, to sit with children, that is, to live exactly the same as in Oblomovka.
And Stolz ran to Ilya: “Andrey often went from the ball to sit on Oblomov’s wide sofa and, in a lazy conversation, take away and calm an anxious or tired soul, and he always experienced a calming feeling”. But was Stoltz happy? After all, Zakhar did not go to his service, although he begged like a beggar. Andrei did not like to delve into himself, he did not like it so much that "I was most afraid of the imagination", "He was afraid of every dream". A dream can really carry the seed of destruction in itself, since it is completely cut off from the earth, it has no restrictions, on the contrary, the imagination is saturated with truth, with the help of it you can penetrate there, there was no one there, including your own soul. This is exactly what Stoltz was afraid of. Digging into himself threatened him with such breaks and turns that he reveled in labor, reveled in it until his death, like a drunkard, did not dry out from labor. But if you have not figured out yourself, what kind of work will you have, is it really creative? On the contrary, it is meaningless.
These are the natures that Goncharov got. One of them has figured out herself, but she can’t start any actions at all, the other is so busy with something that her conscience kills, and with it the soul departs, and the body remains, in which only sciences remain. If in Russia in the time of Goncharov the first nature prevailed, then today the second. And you can’t say that the first is worse than the second, rather, a golden mean is needed here.
Goncharov's novel "Oblomov" was written at a turning point for Russian society, when the old feudal, truly Russian foundations were replaced by new, bourgeois, European values. At the time of the creation of the work, the society was divided into two camps - those who adhered to the old, partially archaic foundations and supporters of updates. The concept of this intra-social confrontation formed the basis of the opposition between Oblomov and Stolz in the novel. On the example of two bright, prominent, but, nevertheless, typical heroes, Goncharov tries to analyze how, due to different upbringing and education, people from the same social system, who developed in the same era and in similar conditions, became completely different, antithetical personalities.
Differences in the education of Oblomov and Stolz
Oblomov's upbringing
The antithesis in "Oblomov" in describing the formation of the images of Oblomov and Stolz can be traced, first of all, in their different, radically opposite upbringing. Ilya Ilyich's dreaminess, laziness and unwillingness to work were adopted by him from his parents and close relatives - residents of Oblomovka. The hero's native estate was the center of peace and tranquility, where any work was perceived as a real punishment, and time was calculated not by hours and minutes, but by rituals - from birth to funeral, from wedding to christening. Little Ilya was especially influenced by the nanny's stories about fairy-tale heroes and mythical heroes. The impressionable, fantasizing Oblomov, since childhood, has dreamed of being far away from reality, hiding in the enticing world of fairy tales, where he himself can be a great winner. The daydreaming and escapism of Ilya Ilyich, which manifested itself at an early age, only developed and intensified in his youthful and mature years - this was facilitated by the introverted nature of the character, failure in the service and lack of adaptation to the real, rapidly changing and requiring constant activity world.
Stolz's upbringing
The environment in which Stolz grew up was significantly different from the atmosphere of Oblomovka. First of all, because his father was a German burgher, who from an early age instilled in his son a love of work and vigorous activity, the need to always be one step ahead of others and independently pave his way into the future. The mother of Andrei Ivanovich, a Russian noblewoman, on the contrary, saw in her son not a hard-working bourgeois, but a bright secular figure, instilling in him a love of books, arts and secular communication. The formation of an extroverted, open-minded nature of Stolz was also facilitated by the constant visits of guests and noisy companies on the estate of his parents (whereas in Oblomovka it was not customary to have fun and often invite guests).
In Goncharov's novel, Oblomovka, as a place of concentration of old, mothballed, archaic Russian traditions, is opposed to the Stoltsy estate - the source of a new, pro-European vector of personality development. These two families are typical prototypes of Russian families of the early 19th century, some of which continued to live according to the old foundations, crippling the future life of children with pre-house building education, and the other part - sought for updated ideas and values, but did not yet understand how to bring up a truly harmonious personality of the new time. .
Such a different feeling of love
The reception of antithesis in Goncharov's novel "Oblomov" can also be traced when the theme of love is revealed in the work on the example of both characters. There were two loves in Oblomov's life. The first is spontaneous, all-encompassing, capable of changing a person’s personality, but fleeting love for Olga Ilyina, and the second is quiet, calm, born on a sense of respect and gratitude, love for Agafya Pshenitsyna. The reason that the relationship between Ilya Ilyich and Olga was doomed to parting almost from the very beginning was the illusions of lovers regarding each other - each of them idealized each other, trying not to notice negative and "uncomfortable" features, paying attention only to what attracted them at first. Perhaps a strong feeling could have changed Oblomov's apathetic character, but love overtook him already at that stage in his life when he was a fully formed person who did not want to change even for the sake of a very important person. Ilya Ilyich needed a woman who would accept and love him for who he is - that was exactly the kind, quiet Agafya, who shared her husband’s house-building views on life and family.
Absolutely different feelings connected Olga and Stolz - between them there was neither that passionate flame that flared up and went out between Olga and Oblomov, nor that calm acceptance of each other that was between Oblomov and Agafya. The love of Olga and Andrei Ivanovich was based on strong friendship and mutual respect for each other as individuals. However, it is rather difficult to call their relationship sensual: after only a few years of living together, a woman begins to get bored, not realizing herself in society and mired in constant concern for her native estate and family, and Stolz begins to feel that he cannot relax and must constantly develop in order to meet high demands of his wife. They never find the peace that Andrei Ivanovich wanted to find after his marriage.
Conclusion
Stolz and Oblomov are figures opposed by the author as a rational, active, new beginning and a dreamy, passive, holding on to outdated values with all his might. However, their antithetical nature is manifested only outwardly, in fact, they harmoniously complement each other - without the continuous help of Andrei Ivanovich Oblomov would have long ago lost his native estate and ended up on the street, and without the sincere, warm support of Ilya Ilyich, Stolz would have completely closed himself off from the frightening and incomprehensible world to him feelings and inner feelings.
The point of opposing Oblomov and Stolz is to show that a person cannot be happy and harmonious, developing in himself only one side of his personality. It is important to be able to confidently move into the future, not forgetting the values and experience of the past.
This detailed opposition of the opposition of the two main characters of Goncharov's novel will help 10th grade students while writing an essay on the topic “The meaning of the opposition of Oblomov and Stolz”.
Artwork test
(EPIGRAPH) “Goncharov also developed the Oblomov-Stolz antidote. N. A. Dobrolyubov.
Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov is a Russian writer and literary critic. Corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in the category of Russian language and literature, current State Councilor. In one thousand eight hundred and forty-seven, the writer began his new novel called Oblomov.
Ivan Alexandrovich created the work under the influence of special impressions and thoughts. The novel did not appear suddenly, not suddenly, but became a response to the author's own views. The history of the creation of the novel "Oblomov", no doubt, leaves a significant imprint on the general atmosphere of the work, against which the course of the story takes place. The idea was born gradually, as the bricks of a large house are put together. Shortly before Oblomov, Goncharov wrote the story Dashing Pain, which served as the basis for the creation of the novel.
The protagonist of the entire work is Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, a nobleman "32-33 years old, of good appearance, with dark gray eyes, but with the absence of any specific goal, any concentration in features ... softness was the dominant and basic expression of the whole soul."
All day long Ilya Ilyich stays in his apartment, does not go anywhere, only lies. Most of all that Oblomov loved was to dream. He probably already created several possible stories of his life, but none of them came true, because the hero himself did absolutely nothing to implement them.
The childhood of this hero passed in the village of Oblomovka, where life was always monotonous. It was Oblomovka that gave rise to laziness in the hero, or rather, his parents, who extremely protected their son and freed him from various loads. Consequently, Ilya Ilyich is categorically against the lifestyle that his friends lead when they are already adults. For Oblomov, such a way of life is nonsense, a waste of time and effort. Ilya Ilyich cannot overcome his laziness, make an effort on himself even, elementarily, write a letter to the headman in the village in order to deal with debts and move to a new apartment. Only his friend Stoltz managed to lift his lazy comrade from the sofa for a moment and take him to various social events, but all this was accompanied by the constant grumbling of the protagonist.
As already mentioned, the main part of Oblomov's life was spent on the couch, in complete inactivity. He did nothing, he received everything he needed "on a silver platter", he did not want to solve problems, he had wonderful dreams. His life was like Paradise. In the end, the main character is led out of this Paradise, first by Stolz, and then by Olga. But Oblomov cannot stand real life and dies. After all, for the life of such a person, as for the maintenance of an exotic plant, you need warmth, tranquility, delicious food. Oblomov lives freely in such conditions, and Stolz would have died without movement.
According to the plot of the work, Stolz is the best friend of Ilya Ilyich, whom the protagonist of the novel meets in his childhood. Apparently, at that moment they already felt a kindred spirit in each other, although their characters and destinies were radically different from birth. The upbringing of this hero was completely different from the upbringing of Oblomov. Andrei Ivanovich received a rich spiritual heritage from his mother: love for music, poetry, literature, and his father taught him that the most important thing in life is money, rigor and accuracy. Stolz travels a lot, reads books, in a word, self-develops, which is contrary to the lifestyle of Ilya Ilyich Oblomov. The life of the hero is depicted in the work as a constant striving forward, towards new achievements and discoveries.
Friendship for Stolz was also one of the important aspects of his life. Activity, optimism and that's a sharp mind attracted other people to him. However, Andrei Ivanovich himself was drawn only to sincere, decent, open personalities. Such a person for Stolz was the kind, sincere and peaceful Ilya Ilyich Oblomov.
Having learned in more detail these two heroes, we can conclude that they are completely opposite personalities with different upbringings, worldviews and just thoughts about what is happening. But despite the difference in their characters, friends were relentlessly attracted to each other. Next to Stolz - reasonable, pragmatic, firmly standing on the ground, Oblomov felt calmer and more confident.
In conclusion, I want to say that Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov, using the antithesis technique, was able to reveal the characters of Oblomov and Stolz in the best possible way, to compare not only the characters of these heroes, but also the life and reality surrounding them.
