The image of a medical worker in fiction. Conference "The Image of a Doctor in Russian Literature" in the academic discipline "Literature" (To the Day of the Medical Worker)

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In the text proposed for analysis, Sergei Ivanovich Sivokon raises the problem of a person's devotion to his profession, which is relevant at all times.

Arguing over this problem, the author cites as an example a case from the biography of Samuil Yakovlevich Marashak. Sivokon notes that the poet remained true to his work until the end of his life. Sergei Ivanovich emphasizes that when “doctors fought not even for days, but for hours of life” for Marshak, he found the strength to call the editor-in-chief of the journal to amend the journal. Sivokon focuses our attention on the fact that Marshak could not have done otherwise and let down “a million readers”, because they were waiting for the magazine. This call, according to Boris Polevoy, editor-in-chief, sounded like an order. This indicates that Samuil Yakovlevich was unshakable in his decision to complete the work.

I fully agree with the opinion of the publicist and also believe that a person should be devoted to his profession all his life. If a person has chosen the field of his activity, he must do the work with high quality, in order to inspire other people to do it later.

There are many examples in the literature on this issue. Let us recall the story of A.P. Chekhov “The Jumper”. The main character, Dr. Dymov, has been faithful to his profession all his life. He worked hard to be useful to people. The doctor died a heroic death. Wishing to help a boy with diphtheria, Dymov sucks out diphtheria films through a tube. He didn't have to do it, but he couldn't do otherwise. The boy was saved thanks to Dr. Dymov. This is a vivid example of the fact that a person devoted to his profession, without hesitation, can sacrifice his life for the sake of his duty.

It is impossible not to mention Lidia Mikhailovna from Rasputin's story “French Lessons. Teacher Volodya, having entered his difficult financial situation, wanted to help the student financially. Faced with the boy's pride, the teacher commits a professional crime - she sits down to gamble with him for money and loses for good. Such assistance turns out for Lydia Mikhailovna to be dismissed from school. The boy was no one to the teacher, but she decided to help him. After all, a teacher does not have to only teach at school, he instructs on the path of life, helps students in difficult life situations. That is why Lidia Mikhailovna did this, she could not do otherwise.

In conclusion, I will say once again that when a person has chosen a profession for himself, it is very important to remain devoted to it to the end, because it is then that you can achieve success and truly benefit people.

Ivchenko Karina

The image of a doctor in Russian literature is a little touched upon topic, although a very interesting one. It is no coincidence that I chose her for my work. But I want to consider not just the image of a doctor, but a doctor through the eyes of a doctor. To see the literary world from a special point of view, which is inherent in every profession, and especially observant and scrupulous physicians.

I want to trace if a fictional character is related to the author? What features are characteristic of Chekhov's, Bulgakov's or Versaev's doctors? Do they reflect the true views, attitude to life and profession of the writers themselves? What ideal of a doctor was created by writers-physicians? I will try to get answers to all these questions. In this I will be helped by such Chekhov's works as "The Jumper", "Ionych", "Ward No. 6", Bulgakov's works: "Notes of a Young Doctor", "Morphine", "Heart of a Dog" - and, finally, "Without a Road" and "Doctor's Notes" by Veresaev. In addition to these works, I will need biographies of writers, memoirs of their contemporaries, critical articles on the work of authors.

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All-Russian Research Conference of Students
"YOUNT, SCIENCE, CULTURE - North"

Scientific direction (section):

Literature

The image of a doctor in Russian literature

(on the example of the works of Chekhov, Veresaev and Bulgakov)

Ivchenko Karina

MOU secondary school No. 12

G. Vyborg

Project Manager: Anisimova O.N.

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………..-3-

Chapter I Anton Pavlovich Chekhov

1.1 Doctor Chekhov…………………………………………………………………………...-4-

1.2 There is something in it…………………………………………………………………….…-4-

1.3 We grow old, we grow fat, we fall …………………………………………………………-5-

1.4 Life is an annoying trap………………………………………………………...-6-

1.5 The doctor through the eyes of Chekhov…………………………………………………………………..-8-

Chapter III Vikenty Vikentievich Veresaev

2.1 It is necessary to work in life as an engineer, doctor, teacher, worker…………….-9-

2.2 Truth, truth, where are you? …………………………………………………………...-9-

2.3 What is this game of blind man's buff for, what is the deception of the society that thinks that we have some kind of "medical science"?……………………………………………………………… …-eleven-

2.4 Veresaevsky type of doctor………………………………………………………………-13-

Chapter II Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov

3.1 Doctor with honors………………………………………………………………….…-15-

3.2 You, doctor, are so youthful……………………………………………………………-15-

3.3 Happiness is like health: when it is there, you don’t notice it……………………..-16-

3.4 Science still does not know how to turn animals into people……………….……..…..…-17-

3.5 How Bulgakov’s doctor is seen……………………………………….……….…..…-19-

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………..………….-21-

Used materials……………………………………………………………….-22-

Introduction

"The profession of a doctor is a feat. It requires dedication,

purity of spirit and purity of thought.

A. P. Chekhov

A literary hero can be a count or a prince, a worker or a peasant, a botanist or a teacher - all this will not play an important role, but if he is a doctor, then this is another matter. The profession of a doctor is not only meaningful, but also symbolic. A doctor by position is inextricably linked with our entire essence: birth, life, suffering, resurrection, and finally, death itself - the doctor is always there.

The image of a doctor in Russian literature is a little touched upon topic, although a very interesting one. It is no coincidence that I chose her for my work. But I want to consider not just the image of a doctor, but a doctor through the eyes of a doctor. To see the literary world from a special point of view, which is inherent in every profession, and especially observant and scrupulous physicians.

The most famous writer who turned to his profession is Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. The first profession is widely reflected in such remarkable writers as Vikenty Vikentievich Veresaev and Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov. In their works, they told us about the strengths and weaknesses of medicine, showed the medical environment, doctors who used their noble profession for profit, and those who lived among the people, took his needs to heart, gave him their knowledge and strength. On the example of some of their works, where much attention is paid to the hero-doctor, I will try to consider the image of representatives of this profession.

I want to trace whether the fictional character is related to the author, did the creators pass on part of their biography, any qualities to the characters? What features are characteristic of Chekhov's, Bulgakov's or Versaev's doctors? Do they reflect the true views, attitude to life and profession of the writers themselves? What ideal of a doctor was created by writers-physicians? I will try to get answers to all these questions. In this I will be helped by such works by Chekhov as "The Jumper" (Dymov), "Ionych" (Startsev), "Ward No. 6" (Ragin), Bulgakov's works: "Notes of a Young Doctor" and "Morphine" (Bomgard), "Dog heart" (Preobrazhensky) - and, finally, "Without a Road" (Chekanov) and "Notes of a Doctor" by Veresaev. In addition to the works themselves, I will need biographies of writers, memoirs of their contemporaries, critical articles on the work of the authors.

Chapter I Anton Pavlovich Chekhov

"Medicine is my lawful wife, and literature is my mistress.

When I get tired of one, I spend the night with the other.

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov entered the medical faculty of Moscow University in 1879. Why did Chekhov choose medicine? The future writer himself does not remember, but in his brief autobiography, transmitted by G. I. Rossolimo, he writes that he never regretted his choice.

In his student years, Chekhov diligently studied medicine, attended lectures and practical classes with pleasure, successfully passed exams and at the same time worked a lot in humorous magazines. Already in his student years, A.P. Chekhov arranged for himself an "internship" and received patients at the Chikinskaya hospital, located two kilometers from Voskresensk.

In November 1884, Chekhov received a certificate that he was approved by the university council with the rank of district doctor. Soon a plaque with the inscription "Dr. A.P. Chekhov" appeared on the door of his apartment. .

Anton Pavlovich began his practical medical activity in the Chikinsky Zemstvo hospital, which he knew, for some time he was in charge of the Zvenigorod hospital. During the period of his medical activity in Voskresensk and Zvenigorod, and then in Babkin, Anton Pavlovich closely observed the life of the local population - peasants, district intelligentsia, landowners. Acquaintance with new people, interesting stories from the life of patients paved the way for literary activity. The writer drew plots for the stories "The Fugitive", "Surgery", "Dead Body", "Siren", "Daughter of Albion", "Burbot", "Witch". Chekhov's close acquaintance with zemstvo doctors made it possible for Chekhov, the writer, to reflect their life in a number of remarkable works - in the stories Enemies, Trouble, Princess, in the play Uncle Vanya.

In 1890 Chekhov went to Sakhalin Island. On this trip and in his work on the island, the best features of Chekhov - a writer, a doctor, a citizen - were reflected. Since 1892, Chekhov has been living on his estate in Melikhovo, where he establishes a regular reception of patients.

Anton Pavlovich devoted almost his entire life to practical medicine. Even as a famous writer, Chekhov continued to be a medical practitioner.

Did medicine interfere with Chekhov the writer? Both hindered and helped. I interfered because it took precious time and energy from writing. But medicine helped Chekhov, enriched him with a scientific understanding of human psychology and the intimate aspects of his inner world.

Knowledge of medicine had a great influence on Chekhov's work. Many of his works touch upon issues of medicine, he creates a whole gallery of images of doctors.

Chekhov the artist with great depth revealed the psychology of his heroes, their feelings and experiences, with such scientific probability showed the psychopathology of a person that it bordered on the accuracy of a clinical description. However, the image of a sick and healthy psyche was never an end in itself for Chekhov: it gave him material for artistic creativity and great social generalizations, for the merciless exposure of the ugly phenomena of contemporary reality ("Seizure", "Chamber", "Duel", "Black Monk" , play "Ivanov").

1.2 There is something in it

In the story "The Jumper", written by Chekhov in 1891, the husband of the main character is the doctor Osip Stepanovich Dymov. And even though he is not the main character of the work, his image is a bright link in the chain of Chekhov's characters-doctors, and as Olga Ivanovna, the character's wife, noted, "there is something in him."

Each guest who visited the doctor's house "was somehow remarkable and a little known", each "showed brilliant promises", his wife, a no less talented artist and singer, was simply sure of this. One Dymov, a poor doctor, despite his bright appearance, "seemed to be a stranger, superfluous and small" in this extraordinary company. He could not keep up a conversation with these people and did not try to do so. Dymov did not understand landscapes and operas, because "all his life he was engaged in natural sciences and medicine", he had no time to be interested in "arts". Dedicated to his work, a real doctor treated patients for a penny, risking his life.

But with his character, traits characteristic of doctors, many of his colleagues liked him, brought his wife "to tenderness and delight." He was simple and good-natured, had common sense, intelligence and nobility. He was a good and loving husband, but Olga Ivanovna did not appreciate this, could not appreciate it, because despite her "talents", she was an empty jumper, looking for originality and fun. "For him, a simple and ordinary person, the happiness that he has already received is enough," thought Olga Ivanovna.

It seemed that the wife's obvious dislike, her reckless behavior and actions, which many knew about, would have angered any spouse long ago, unsettled, strangled with jealousy. But not Dymov. He sat in the office at night, worked, healed. He still "happily looked his wife straight in the eye", smiling guiltily, remaining devoted and caring. That's where the patience and endurance of the doctor showed up.

"A silent, resigned, incomprehensible creature, impersonal by its meekness, spineless, weak from excessive kindness" - this is one side of Dymov, obvious to all his wife's acquaintances, in whose company he was some kind of old thorn that has already taken root, but still remained foreign. For colleagues, especially for a friend of Korostelev, he was a loss for science, "a great, extraordinary person", a talent, "a kind, pure, loving soul", a young scientist who did not spare himself.

1.3 Getting old, getting fat, falling down

“It is necessary to describe a life that is even, smooth, as it really is,” Chekhov thought, so his plots are a story from the life of an ordinary person, whose fate the writer gazed at. The story "Ionych" plunges readers into the everyday life of the city of S., the Turkin family and the protagonist of the work - Dr. Dmitry Startsev .

The first impression when meeting with the doctor is very pleasant. And it is unmistakable. At the beginning of the story, Dmitry Ionych is "an extraordinary, amazing doctor", a wonderful person who loves to live and work. His industriousness also attracts: Dmitry Ionych always "had a lot of work in the hospital, and he could not choose a free hour"; and his habit of walking, walking in the garden. Everything was interesting for him, new, pleasant, he "could talk about literature, about art, about anything." And most importantly, in my opinion, the hero could think, evaluate what was happening, dream. All this was…

Once he had a free minute, and "he decided to go to the Turkins, to see what kind of people they were." The Turkins are the "most educated and talented" family in town. The head of the family - Ivan Petrovich - "all the time spoke in his unusual language, worked out by long exercises in wit and, obviously, had long become his habit"; his wife Vera Iosifovna "wrote stories and novels and willingly read them aloud", "read about what never happens in life"; and their daughter "Ekaterina Ivanovna sat down and struck the keys with both hands." And it was the most talented family! Not surprisingly, the rest of the city's residents considered it their duty to visit this intelligent family, where "art" is combined with the clatter of knives on the table and the smell of fried onions. You can imagine what the rest of society was like without talent!

It is surprising that Startsev, who was clearly different from the narrow-minded, jaded guests, also liked the "talented" family. "Great! excellent!" - the guests exclaim when Kotik finishes rattling the piano, roughly imitating music. “Great!” Startsev will also say, succumbing to the general enthusiasm. “Where did you study music? .. At the conservatory?” Alas, for Startsev, everything that happens in the Turkins' house seems like "fun", "cordial simplicity", "culture". "Not bad," he remembered, falling asleep, and laughed.

Is it possible that Startsev will become the same? Artificial, similarity to a spiritually developed person? The hope for the salvation of the soul, the lifeline in the sea of ​​philistinism seems to be the hero's falling in love. If he can still feel something sublime, then all is not lost. But, unfortunately, Startsev's love is just an imitation. Now he is visited by prudent thoughts: “And they must give a lot of dowry,” then someone direct, honest, but hard and sharp inside him does not allow him to “break away” from the ground: “Stop before it’s too late! Is she to you? She is spoiled, capricious, sleeps until two o'clock..." - "Well, well. - "... her relatives will force you to quit the Zemstvo service..." - "... They will give you a dowry, we will set things up."

There is neither real art nor sincere love in the story. Receiving a refusal from Kotik, the young doctor says with a sigh: "How much trouble, however!"

From that moment on, a complete necrosis of the soul occurs, Startsev drowns in the swamp of everyday life. Four years later, he still retains his individuality, the features of a real person. “Startsev already had a large practice in the city. Every morning he hastily received patients in his Dyalizh, then he left for the city patients, he left not on a pair, but on a troika with bells and returned home late at night” - these are the features of a real doctor. Everyone seems stupid to him, but he still continues to go to the evenings, not getting close to anyone and not communicating. Startsev's only hobby - "in the evenings, taking out pieces of paper obtained by practice" from his pockets - repels readers, crosses out the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bdisinterested service to medicine.

The meeting of the already middle-aged doctor and Ekaterina Ivanovna looks very interesting. There was some rethinking of the life of the heroine, she realized that she was not so talented, and she saw the real activity of a zemstvo doctor as noble: "What a happiness it is to be a zemstvo doctor, to help the sufferers, to serve the people." Almost Ionych is sharply opposed to her, in whose soul a “light lit up”, and then went out. "How are we doing here? Yes, no way. We are getting old, we are getting fat, we are sinking. Day and night - day and night away, life passes dimly, without impressions, without thoughts."

A few more years passed. “Startsev has become even more stout, obese, breathes heavily and is already walking with his head thrown back.” It is no coincidence that the inhabitants of the city, through the lips of Chekhov, call him Ionych, "a pagan god." "He has a lot of trouble, but still he does not leave the Zemstvo place; greed has overcome, I want to keep up here and there."

Formerly interesting, inspired by life, cheerful young Dmitry Startsev turned into a sharp, irritable, impatient Ionych, who lives "boringly, nothing interests him." And already kind, soft and simple Turkins do not seem so terrible against his background.

1.4 Life is an annoying trap

“There is a small outbuilding in the hospital yard, surrounded by a whole forest of thistles, nettles and wild hemp ...” - this is how Chekhov opens the new world of old Russia to us, gradually immersing us in the life of ward No. 6.

The story "Ward No. 6" introduces us to mentally ill people, with their "way of existence" in the Zemstvo hospital. "First from the door, a tall, thin tradesman", followed by the Jew Moiseika, the only one who is allowed to leave the outbuilding, a paralytic, "an immobile, gluttonous and unclean animal" and "Ivan Dmitrich Gromov, a man of about thirty-three, from the noble, a former bailiff and provincial secretary, suffers from persecution mania." Slowly and monotonously, days and years dragged on here, surrounded by medical indifference and tyranny on the part of the "naive, positive and stupid" watchman Nikita.

Somehow "a rumor was spread that ward No. 6 was allegedly visited by a doctor<…>Andrey Efimych Ragin is a wonderful person in his own way. "From the very beginning of the story, this hero seems foreign in the medical environment. Firstly, this is his appearance: the rough appearance of an innkeeper and an old worn frock coat. Secondly, Andrei Efimych is a doctor not calling, and by the will of his father, he himself dreamed of becoming a priest.Even the fact that he could not determine his fate of his own free will speaks of his indecision, some indifference to himself.Thirdly, his disappointment in medicine.If in at first, Ragin worked hard, operated, received crowds of patients, then everything “got bored with him with its monotony and obvious uselessness.” Fourth, which is rather decisive, indifference to patients. sickness and physical impurity;<…>Nikita beats the sick and that Moiseyka walks around the city every day and collects alms, "but remained not only indifferent to everything that was happening, but even justified himself. He simply lacks the character and faith to change everything, anyway people die sooner or later, all this "impurity" will disappear by itself, time is to blame for everything, now if he was born at a different moment ...

His whole miserable life would have dragged on gray and monotonous, and he would have died one day over a mug of beer, only a meeting with Gromov interrupted Ragin's sleep, made him plunge into reality for several days. On one of the spring evenings, Andrey Yefimitch, passing by ward No. 6, heard: "... Gentlemen, congratulations, the doctor honors us with his visit! Damned reptile!" This was said by Ivan Gromov, the only person in the ward who retained his mind, who wanted to get out to freedom. His further reflections interested the doctor, reasoning about life became a "spoon of honey" for Ragin.

Gromov sharply contrasts Ragin with his active life position, correct understanding of reality, and thirst for life. They talk about the future, and about modern society, and about human suffering. These "hospital" conversations increasingly incline the reader to the side of the "madman" rather than the doctor. What is the true characterization of Ragin made by Gromov: "In your entire life, no one has touched you with a finger<…>you are a lazy, loose person and therefore tried to arrange your life in such a way that nothing bothered you and did not move you<…>In a word, you have not seen life, you do not know it at all, but you are only theoretically familiar with reality.<…>A convenient philosophy: there is nothing to do, and the conscience is clear, and you feel like a sage."

The result of philosophizing with the patient was the conclusion of Ragin in the ward number 6. What happened? Has the doctor gone mad? No, he simply opened his eyes for a moment to everything that was happening, and conversations with a patient, which would seem completely natural to real doctors, were a sign of ill health. The hero of the work dies at the hands of Nikita. But is it worth blaming anyone for the death of Andrei Yefimitch, except for himself? He himself "dug" this hole with his indifference, with his passivity, helpless reflections on life, which he did not understand. "I was indifferent, I reasoned cheerfully and sensibly, but as soon as life touched me rudely, I lost heart<…>How could it be that for more than twenty years he did not know and did not want to know this? He did not know, had no idea about pain, which means he was not to blame, but his conscience, as intractable and rude as Nikita, made him go cold from the back of his head to his toes.

Chekhov, with great realistic skill, painted pictures of the life of the town, the hospital, and ward No. 6. Knowledge of medicine, and primarily psychiatry, helped the writer to depict in detail the mental world of a person. The story attracts with its truthfulness, naturalness, emotionality. Anton Pavlovich pointed out the vices of society and their unresolved nature. But the hope that "better times will come" and "truth will triumph" remains. "God help you, friends!".

1.5 The doctor through the eyes of Chekhov

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov created a whole gallery of doctors, of course, that his own knowledge and love for the profession helped him in this. There are also many patients whose diseases are described by a prose writer with just a few strokes, without scientific terminology.

Chekhov's doctors are most often simple, kind, even gentle people. They do not differ in talents in everyday life, they rather remain in the shadows than they are the center of the company. Their life goes smoothly, without any adventures, funny stories, troubles. They are not tightly entangled in family ties: their love either passed by, turning its back; or the hero still managed to get married, but married life does not bring him happiness.

But if the personal life of the heroes-doctors is unsuccessful, then in their professional activities they achieve some success, although this is only in their youth. While doctors begin their practice, they are full of enthusiasm, energy, they like their work, they are sure that they are needed by society. But already in adulthood, love for the profession passes, and there is no longer such a pace, diligence in work. And the attitude towards patients is already cold, growing into indifference, which is perhaps the most terrible thing for a doctor who saves lives. Only the "chosen ones", such as Dr. Dymov, can continue to work despite external pressure. And not just to work, but to work at night, disinterestedly, patiently, with interest. Perhaps it was these characters that were close to Chekhov, who did not spare himself, treated the poor, did charity work and was an active figure.

However, Chekhov's doctors do not follow the path of the writer, they do not have prototypes. Anton Pavlovich uses knowledge of human psychopathology, many years of analysis of people who have lost their mental balance. That is why the inner world of doctors and patients is depicted with exceptional realism, and his heroes die first internally, and only then from illness or physical violence.

The language of Chekhov's works is accessible, understandable, but at the same time beautiful and is the result of a deep life experience. Here is Maxim Gorky's opinion about Chekhov's style: “... the only artist of our time who has mastered the art of writing to the highest degree so that words are cramped and thoughts spacious. He doesn’t say anything new, but what he says comes out amazingly convincing and simple, terribly simple and clear, irrefutably true…”.

Natural science thinking and literary talent organically combined in the writer, which allowed him to better understand human psychology and correctly depict the spiritual world of his characters. Medicine for Chekhov is the focus of truth, and the truth about the most essential, about life and death, the ability to create life.

Chapter II Vikenty Vikentievich Veresaev

"My dream was to be a writer;

and for this it seemed necessary

Knowledge of the biological side of man.

2.1 You need to work in life - an engineer, a doctor, a teacher, a worker

A contemporary of Chekhov, the writer Vikenty Vikentievich Veresaev, in 1888, already a candidate of historical sciences, entered the Medical Faculty of Dorpat University. Here, in Dorpat, far from the revolutionary centers, the future writer spent six years doing science and literary work. In his "Memoirs" Veresaev explains the desire to study medicine with the desire to become a writer, and the writer, in his opinion, should know a person well, both in a healthy state and during an illness.

Veresaev once said: “Writing is a difficult and confusing business. A writer should not observe life, but live in life, observing it not from the outside, but from the inside.”<…>An aspiring writer, if he respects his talent and cherishes it, should not "live" on literature<…>You need to work in life - an engineer, a doctor, a teacher, a worker.

Okay, so when do you write? - you ask.
- When? After work. On rest days. In a month of vacation, I will answer.
How much will you write then?
- And it's good that a little. Everything that is written then will be complete, it is necessary ..."

Gitovich N.I. Chronicle of the life and work of A.P. Chekhov. M., 1955.

Gromov M.P. Book about Chekhov. M., 1989.

Anikin A. The image of a doctor in Russian classics

http://apchekhov.ru/books

http://az.lib.ru/w/weresaew_w_w

Owls. Encyclopedia, 1989 - a series of biographical dictionaries.

Fokht - Babushkin Yu. On the work of V. V. Veresaev // Introductory article.

1. THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL BASES FOR ANALYSIS OF THE DOCTOR'S IMAGE IN CULTURE.

1.1. Culture, profession, vocation as fundamental categories of philosophical and cultural analysis.

1.2. Physician as a profession and vocation.

1.3. "The image of the doctor" as the main concept of the study.

1.4. Philosophical and cultural images of a doctor in the historical dimension.

2. DOCTOR IN THE CONTEXT OF PROFESSIONAL CULTURE.;.

2.1. Structural and meaningful analysis of the doctor's professional culture. ,J

2.2. Professional culture of a doctor in the forms of material objectivity (corporality, thing, organization). ^

2.3. Professional culture of a doctor in the forms of spiritual objectivity (knowledge, value consciousness, ideals, communication). At

3. THE DOCTOR BETWEEN LAW AND MORALITY.

3.1. Morality and law as social regulations of the medical profession

3.2. Moral and legal culture of the doctor's personality and its life embodiment.

3.3. Debt-guilt-repentance - the triad of moral and legal culture

3.4. Conscience-honor-dignity is a constitutive of the doctor's spiritual life.

4. SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECTS OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE OF A DOCTOR.

4.2. Economic culture of a doctor: - dialectics of economic consciousness and economic thinking.

V 4.3. Economic culture as a regulator of the doctor's economic behavior. at 4.4. The image of a Russian doctor in market culture.

5. SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECTS OF DOCTOR'S POLITICAL LIFE.

5.1. Historical models of politicization of the medical profession. 1"

5.2. The relationship between the doctor and the state: 1 analysis through the prism of medical mentality.

5.3. The political culture of the doctor and the "moral law". 2^

5.4. State ideology and models of the medical profession. at

6. IMAGE OF THE DOCTOR IN ART CULTURE.

6.1. The artistic image of a doctor and the features of its reflection in artistic culture.

6.2. The image of a doctor in verbal art.

6.3. The image of a doctor in the fine arts.

Recommended list of dissertations

• Philosophical and methodological analysis of actual problems of bioethics 1999, Doctor of Philosophy Siluyanova, Irina Vasilievna

• The role of language in the development of a doctor's professional culture 2009, candidate of cultural studies Zhilyaeva, Olga Andreevna

• Worldview of a military doctor: Formation, development and objectification. Socio-philosophical analysis 2000, Doctor of Philosophy Borovkov, Mikhail Ivanovich

• SOCIAL PRINCIPLES OF NORMATIVE REGULATION OF MEDICAL ACTIVITY 2013, doctor of sociological sciences Budarin, Gleb Yurievich

• The Social World of the Intelligentsia at the Turn of the 19th-20th Centuries in the Context of Russian Social Thought: On the Materials of the Perm Province 2003, candidate of sociological sciences Zmeev, Mikhail Vladimirovich

Similar theses majoring in Philosophy and History of Religion, Philosophical Anthropology, Philosophy of Culture, 09.00.13 VAK code

• The image of war in culture 2000, Doctor of Philosophical Sciences Gamow, Viktor Ivanovich

• Foreign students at a medical university in Russia: internalization of professional values 2004, doctor of sociological sciences Fomina, Tatyana Konstantinovna

• Sociocultural Phenomenon of Legal Nihilism in Russia 2005, candidate of philosophical sciences Gromyko, Vikalina Anatolyevna

• Medicine as a Cultural Phenomenon: The Experience of Humanitarian Research 2009, Doctor of Philosophy Kirilenko, Elena Ivanovna

• Communicative culture of medical students in the context of their life and professional values ​​in Russian society at the beginning of the 21st century 2009, candidate of sociological sciences Chusovlyanova, Svetlana Viktorovna

Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Philosophy and history of religion, philosophical anthropology, philosophy of culture", Kovelina, Tatyana Afanasyevna

List of references for dissertation research Doctor of Philosophy Kovelina, Tatyana Afanasievna, 2006

Please note that the scientific texts presented above are posted for review and obtained through original dissertation text recognition (OCR). In this connection, they may contain errors related to the imperfection of recognition algorithms. There are no such errors in the PDF files of dissertations and abstracts that we deliver.

Library
materials

STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

INITIAL VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

PROFESSIONAL LYCEUM №13

MOSCOW REGION

Conference

"The Image of a Doctor in Russian Literature"

in the academic discipline "Literature"

(To the Day of the medical worker)

group 1345 by profession 080110.02 "Controller of a savings bank"

teacher Kapin Artem Vitalievich

date: 19.06.2015

Ramenskoye

Teacher's word:

"The profession of a doctor is a feat. It requires dedication,

purity of spirit and purity of thought.

A. P. Chekhov

A literary hero can be a count or a prince, a worker or a peasant, a botanist or a teacher - all this will not play an important role, but if he is a doctor, then this is another matter. The profession of a doctor is not only meaningful, but also symbolic. A doctor by position is inextricably linked with our entire essence: birth, life, suffering, resurrection, and finally, death itself - the doctor is always there.

The image of a doctor in Russian literature is a little touched upon topic, although a very interesting one. It is no coincidence that I chose it for today's topic. But I want to consider not just the image of a doctor, but a doctor through the eyes of a doctor, because on June 21, 2015 our country celebrates the day of a medical worker. To see the literary world from a special point of view, which is inherent in every profession, and especially observant and scrupulous physicians.

The most famous writer who turned to his profession is Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. The first profession is widely reflected in such remarkable writers as Vikenty Vikentievich Veresaev and Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov. In their works, they told us about the strengths and weaknesses of medicine, showed the medical environment, doctors who used their noble profession for profit, and those who lived among the people, took his needs to heart, gave him their knowledge and strength. On the example of some of their works, where much attention is paid to the hero-doctor, we will try to consider the image of representatives of this profession.

I want to trace whether the fictional character is related to the author, did the creators pass on part of their biography, any qualities to the characters? What features are characteristic of Chekhov's, Bulgakov's or Versaev's doctors? Do they reflect the true views, attitude to life and profession of the writers themselves? What ideal of a doctor was created by writers-physicians? I will try to get answers to all these questions. Our students will help me with this, who will present you such works by Chekhov as "The Jumper" (Dymov), "Ionych" (Startsev), "Ward No. 6" (Ragin), Bulgakov's works: "Notes of a Young Doctor" and "Morphine" (Bomgard), "Heart of a Dog" (Preobrazhensky) - and, finally, "Without a Road" (Chekanov) and "Notes of a Doctor" by Veresaev. In addition to the works themselves, I will need biographies of writers, memoirs of their contemporaries, critical articles on the work of the authors.

Block IAnton Pavlovich Chekhov

"Medicine is my lawful wife, and literature is my mistress.

When I get tired of one, I spend the night with the other.

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov entered the medical faculty of Moscow University in 1879. Why did Chekhov choose medicine? The future writer himself does not remember, but in his brief autobiography, transmitted by G. I. Rossolimo, he writes that he never regretted his choice.

In his student years, Chekhov diligently studied medicine, attended lectures and practical classes with pleasure, successfully passed exams and at the same time worked a lot in humorous magazines. Already in his student years, A.P. Chekhov arranged for himself an "internship" and received patients at the Chikinskaya hospital, located two kilometers from Voskresensk.

In November 1884, Chekhov received a certificate that he was approved by the university council with the rank of district doctor. Soon a plaque with the inscription "Dr. A.P. Chekhov" appeared on the door of his apartment.

Anton Pavlovich began his practical medical activity in the Chikinsky Zemstvo hospital, which he knew, for some time he was in charge of the Zvenigorod hospital . During the period of his medical activity in Voskresensk and Zvenigorod, and then in Babkin, Anton Pavlovich closely observed the life of the local population - peasants, district intelligentsia, landowners. Acquaintance with new people, interesting stories from the life of patients paved the way for literary activity. The writer drew plots for the stories "The Fugitive", "Surgery", "Dead Body", "Siren", "Daughter of Albion", "Burbot", "Witch". Chekhov's close acquaintance with zemstvo doctors made it possible for Chekhov, the writer, to reflect their life in a number of remarkable works - in the stories Enemies, Trouble, Princess, in the play Uncle Vanya.

In 1890 Chekhov went to Sakhalin Island. On this trip and in his work on the island, the best features of Chekhov - a writer, a doctor, a citizen - were reflected. Since 1892, Chekhov has been living on his estate in Melikhovo, where he establishes a regular reception of patients.

Anton Pavlovich devoted almost his entire life to practical medicine. Even as a famous writer, Chekhov continued to be a medical practitioner.

Did medicine interfere with Chekhov the writer? Both hindered and helped. I interfered because it took precious time and energy from writing. But medicine helped Chekhov, enriched him with a scientific understanding of human psychology and the intimate aspects of his inner world.

Knowledge of medicine had a great influence on Chekhov's work. Many of his works touch upon issues of medicine, he creates a whole gallery of images of doctors.

Chekhov the artist with great depth revealed the psychology of his heroes, their feelings and experiences, with such scientific probability showed the psychopathology of a person that it bordered on the accuracy of a clinical description. However, the image of a sick and healthy psyche was never an end in itself for Chekhov: it gave him material for artistic creativity and great social generalizations, for the merciless exposure of the ugly phenomena of contemporary reality ("Seizure", "Chamber", "Duel", "Black Monk" , play "Ivanov").

1.2 There is something in it

In the story "The Jumper", written by Chekhov in 1891, the husband of the main character is the doctor Osip Stepanovich Dymov. And even though he is not the main character of the work, his image is a bright link in the chain of Chekhov's characters-doctors, and as Olga Ivanovna, the character's wife, noted, "there is something in him."

Each guest who visited the doctor's house "was somehow remarkable and a little known", each "showed brilliant promises", his wife, a no less talented artist and singer, was simply sure of this. One Dymov, a poor doctor, despite his bright appearance, "seemed to be a stranger, superfluous and small" in this extraordinary company. He could not keep up a conversation with these people and did not try to do so. Dymov did not understand landscapes and operas, because "all his life he was engaged in natural sciences and medicine", he had no time to be interested in "arts". Dedicated to his work, a real doctor treated patients for a penny, risking his life.

But with his character, traits characteristic of doctors, many of his colleagues liked him, brought his wife "to tenderness and delight." He was simple and good-natured, had common sense, intelligence and nobility. He was a good and loving husband, but Olga Ivanovna did not appreciate this, could not appreciate it, because despite her "talents", she was an empty jumper, looking for originality and fun. "For him, a simple and ordinary person, the happiness that he has already received is enough," thought Olga Ivanovna.

It seemed that the wife's obvious dislike, her reckless behavior and actions, which many knew about, would have angered any spouse long ago, unsettled, strangled with jealousy. But not Dymov. He sat in the office at night, worked, healed. He still "happily looked his wife straight in the eye", smiling guiltily, remaining devoted and caring. That's where the patience and endurance of the doctor showed up.

“A silent, resigned, incomprehensible creature, impersonal by its meekness, spineless, weak from excessive kindness” - this is one side of Dymov, obvious to all his wife’s acquaintances, in whose company he was some kind of old thorn that has already taken root, but still remained foreign. For colleagues, especially for a friend of Korostelev, he was a loss for science, "a great, extraordinary person", a talent, "a kind, pure, loving soul", a young scientist who did not spare himself.

1.3 Getting old, getting fat, falling down

“It is necessary to describe a life that is even, smooth, as it really is,” Chekhov believed, so his plots are a story from the life of an ordinary person, whose fate the writer gazed at. The story "Ionych" plunges readers headlong into the everyday life of the city of S., the Turkin family and the protagonist of the work - Dr. Dmitry Startsev.

The first impression when meeting with the doctor is very pleasant. And it is unmistakable. At the beginning of the story, Dmitry Ionych is "an extraordinary, amazing doctor", a wonderful person who loves to live and work. His industriousness also attracts: Dmitry Ionych always "had a lot of work in the hospital, and he could not choose a free hour"; and his habit of walking, walking in the garden. Everything was interesting for him, new, pleasant, he "could talk about literature, about art, about anything." And most importantly, in my opinion, the hero could think, evaluate what was happening, dream. All this was…

Once he had a free minute, and "he decided to go to the Turkins, to see what kind of people they were." The Turkins are the "most educated and talented" family in town. The head of the family - Ivan Petrovich - "all the time spoke in his unusual language, worked out by long exercises in wit and, obviously, had long become his habit"; his wife Vera Iosifovna "wrote stories and novels and willingly read them aloud", "read about what never happens in life"; and their daughter "Ekaterina Ivanovna sat down and struck the keys with both hands." And it was the most talented family! Not surprisingly, the rest of the city's residents considered it their duty to visit this intelligent family, where "art" is combined with the clatter of knives on the table and the smell of fried onions. You can imagine what the rest of society was like without talent!

It is surprising that Startsev, who was clearly different from the narrow-minded, jaded guests, also liked the "talented" family. "Great! excellent!" - the guests exclaim when Kotik finishes rattling the piano, roughly imitating music. “Great!” Startsev will also say, succumbing to the general enthusiasm. “Where did you study music? .. At the conservatory?” Alas, for Startsev, everything that happens in the Turkins' house seems like "fun", "cordial simplicity", "culture". "Not bad," he remembered, falling asleep, and laughed.

Is it possible that Startsev will become the same? Artificial, similarity to a spiritually developed person? The hope for the salvation of the soul, the lifeline in the sea of ​​philistinism seems to be the hero's falling in love. If he can still feel something sublime, then all is not lost. But, unfortunately, Startsev's love is just an imitation. Now he is visited by prudent thoughts: “And they must give a lot of dowry,” then someone direct, honest, but hard and sharp inside him does not allow him to “break away” from the ground: “Stop before it’s too late! Is she to you? She is spoiled, capricious, sleeps until two o'clock..." - "Well, well. - "... her relatives will force you to quit the Zemstvo service..." - "... They will give you a dowry, we will set things up."

There is neither real art nor sincere love in the story. Receiving a refusal from Kotik, the young doctor says with a sigh: "How much trouble, however!"

From that moment on, a complete necrosis of the soul occurs, Startsev drowns in the swamp of everyday life. Four years later, he still retains his individuality, the features of a real person. “Startsev already had a big practice in the city. Every morning he hastily received patients in his Dyalizh, then he left for the city patients, he left not on a pair, but on a troika with bells and returned home late at night” - these are the features of a real doctor. Everyone seems stupid to him, but he still continues to go to the evenings, not getting close to anyone and not communicating. Startsev's only hobby - "in the evenings, taking out pieces of paper obtained by practice" from his pockets - repels readers, crosses out the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bdisinterested service to medicine.

The meeting of the already middle-aged doctor and Ekaterina Ivanovna looks very interesting. There was some rethinking of the life of the heroine, she realized that she was not so talented, and she saw the real activity of a zemstvo doctor as noble: "What a happiness it is to be a zemstvo doctor, to help the sufferers, to serve the people." Almost Ionych is sharply opposed to her, in whose soul a “light lit up”, and then went out. "How are we doing here? Yes, nothing. We are getting old, we are getting fat, we are sinking. Day and night - a day goes by, life passes dully, without impressions, without thoughts."

A few more years passed. “Startsev has become even more stout, obese, breathes heavily and is already walking with his head thrown back.” It is no coincidence that the inhabitants of the city, through the lips of Chekhov, call him Ionych, "a pagan god." "He has a lot of trouble, but still he does not leave the Zemstvo place; greed has overcome, I want to keep up here and there."

Formerly interesting, inspired by life, cheerful young Dmitry Startsev turned into a sharp, irritable, impatient Ionych, who lives "boringly, nothing interests him." And already kind, soft and simple Turkins do not seem so terrible against his background.

1.4 Life is an annoying trap

“There is a small outbuilding in the hospital yard, surrounded by a whole forest of thistles, nettles and wild hemp ...” - this is how Chekhov opens the new world of old Russia to us, gradually immersing us in the life of ward No. 6.

The story "Ward No. 6" introduces us to mentally ill people, with their "way of existence" in the Zemstvo hospital. "First from the door, a tall, thin tradesman", followed by the Jew Moiseika, the only one who is allowed to leave the outbuilding, a paralytic, "an immobile, gluttonous and unclean animal" and "Ivan Dmitrich Gromov, a man of about thirty-three, from the noble, a former bailiff and provincial secretary, suffers from persecution mania." Slowly and monotonously, days and years dragged on here, surrounded by medical indifference and tyranny on the part of the "naive, positive and stupid" watchman Nikita.

Somehow "a rumor was spread that ward No. 6 was allegedly visited by a doctor<…>Andrey Efimych Ragin is a wonderful person in his own way. "From the very beginning of the story, this hero seems to be foreign in the medical environment. Firstly, this is his appearance: the rough appearance of an innkeeper and an old worn frock coat. Secondly, Andrei Efimych is a doctor not calling, and by the will of his father, he himself dreamed of becoming a priest.Even the fact that he could not determine his fate of his own free will speaks of his indecision, some indifference to himself.Thirdly, his disappointment in medicine.If in at first, Ragin worked hard, operated, received crowds of patients, then everything “got bored with him with its monotony and obvious uselessness.” Fourth, which is rather decisive, indifference to patients. sickness and physical impurity;<…>Nikita beats the sick and that Moiseyka walks around the city every day and collects alms, "but remained not only indifferent to everything that was happening, but even justified himself. He simply lacks the character and faith to change everything, anyway people die sooner or later, all this "impurity" will disappear by itself, time is to blame for everything, now if he was born at a different moment ...

His whole miserable life would have dragged on gray and monotonous, and he would have died one day over a mug of beer, only a meeting with Gromov interrupted Ragin's sleep, made him plunge into reality for several days. On one of the spring evenings, Andrey Yefimitch, passing by ward No. 6, heard: "... Gentlemen, congratulations, the doctor honors us with his visit! Damned reptile!" This was said by Ivan Gromov, the only person in the ward who retained his mind, who wanted to get out to freedom. His further reflections interested the doctor, reasoning about life became a "spoon of honey" for Ragin.

Gromov sharply contrasts Ragin with his active life position, correct understanding of reality, and thirst for life. They talk about the future, and about modern society, and about human suffering. These "hospital" conversations increasingly incline the reader to the side of the "madman" rather than the doctor. What is the true characterization of Ragin made by Gromov: "In your entire life, no one has touched you with a finger<…>you are a lazy, loose person and therefore tried to arrange your life in such a way that nothing bothered you and did not move you<…>In a word, you have not seen life, you do not know it at all, but you are only theoretically familiar with reality.<…>A convenient philosophy: there is nothing to do, and the conscience is clear, and you feel like a sage."

The result of philosophizing with the patient was the conclusion of Ragin in the ward number 6. What happened? Has the doctor gone mad? No, he simply opened his eyes for a moment to everything that was happening, and conversations with a patient, which would seem completely natural to real doctors, were a sign of ill health. The hero of the work dies at the hands of Nikita. But is it worth blaming anyone for the death of Andrei Yefimitch, except for himself? He himself "dug" this hole with his indifference, with his passivity, helpless reflections on life, which he did not understand. "I was indifferent, I reasoned cheerfully and sensibly, but as soon as life touched me rudely, I lost heart<…>How could it be that for more than twenty years he did not know and did not want to know this? He did not know, had no idea about pain, which means he was not to blame, but his conscience, as intractable and rude as Nikita, made him go cold from the back of his head to his toes.

Chekhov, with great realistic skill, painted pictures of the life of the town, the hospital, and ward No. 6. Knowledge of medicine, and primarily psychiatry, helped the writer to depict in detail the mental world of a person. The story attracts with its truthfulness, naturalness, emotionality. Anton Pavlovich pointed out the vices of society and their unresolved nature. But the hope that "better times will come" and "truth will triumph" remains. "God help you, friends!" .

1.5 The doctor through the eyes of Chekhov

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov created a whole gallery of doctors, of course, that his own knowledge and love for the profession helped him in this. There are also many patients whose diseases are described by a prose writer with just a few strokes, without scientific terminology.

Chekhov's doctors are most often simple, kind, even gentle people. They do not differ in talents in everyday life, they rather remain in the shadows than they are the center of the company. Their life goes smoothly, without any adventures, funny stories, troubles. They are not tightly entangled in family ties: their love either passed by, turning its back; or the hero still managed to get married, but married life does not bring him happiness.

But if the personal life of the heroes-doctors is unsuccessful, then in their professional activities they achieve some success, although this is only in their youth. While doctors begin their practice, they are full of enthusiasm, energy, they like their work, they are sure that they are needed by society. But already in adulthood, love for the profession passes, and there is no longer such a pace, diligence in work. And the attitude towards patients is already cold, growing into indifference, which is perhaps the most terrible thing for a doctor who saves lives. Only the "chosen ones", such as Dr. Dymov, can continue to work despite external pressure. And not just to work, but to work at night, disinterestedly, patiently, with interest. Perhaps it was these characters that were close to Chekhov, who did not spare himself, treated the poor, did charity work and was an active figure.

However, Chekhov's doctors do not follow the path of the writer, they do not have prototypes. Anton Pavlovich uses knowledge of human psychopathology, many years of analysis of people who have lost their mental balance. That is why the inner world of doctors and patients is depicted with exceptional realism, and his heroes die first internally, and only then from illness or physical violence.

The language of Chekhov's works is accessible, understandable, but at the same time beautiful and is the result of a deep life experience. Here is Maxim Gorky's opinion about Chekhov's style: “... the only artist of our time who has mastered the art of writing to the highest degree so that words are cramped and thoughts spacious. He does not say anything new, but what he says comes out of him amazingly convincing and simple, terribly simple and clear, irrefutably true...” [4] .

Natural science thinking and literary talent organically combined in the writer, which allowed him to better understand human psychology and correctly depict the spiritual world of his characters. Medicine for Chekhov is the focus of truth, and the truth about the most essential, about life and death, the ability to create life.

Block II Vikenty Vikentievich Veresaev

"My dream was to be a writer;

and for this it seemed necessary

knowledge of the biological side of man.

2.1 You need to work in life - an engineer, a doctor, a teacher, a worker

A contemporary of Chekhov, the writer Vikenty Vikentievich Veresaev, in 1888, already a candidate of historical sciences, entered the Medical Faculty of Dorpat University. Here, in Dorpat, far from the revolutionary centers, the future writer spent six years doing science and literary work. In his "Memoirs" Veresaev explains the desire to study medicine with the desire to become a writer, and the writer, in his opinion, should know a person well, both in a healthy state and during an illness.

Veresaev once said: “Writing is a difficult and confusing business. A writer should not observe life, but live in life, observing it not from the outside, but from the inside.”<…>An aspiring writer, if he respects his talent and cherishes it, should not "live" on literature<…>You need to work in life - an engineer, a doctor, a teacher, a worker.

Okay, so when do you write? - you ask.
- When? After work. On rest days. In a month of vacation, I will answer.
How much will you write then?
- And it's good that a little. Everything that will be written then will be complete, it is necessary ... [ 5 ] "

In his works, he spoke about the strengths and weaknesses of medicine, showed the medical environment, doctors who used their noble profession for profit, and those who lived among the people, took his needs to heart, gave him their knowledge and strength. Like Chekhov, Veresaev tells about gloomy pictures of the national disaster - famine, crop failures, epidemics. In this atmosphere saturated with grief and despair, the work of doctors was especially hard. The doctor Veresaev never forgot to remind the reader how much a person is dependent on his biological fundamental principle. It seemed to Veresaev that the biological instinct sometimes conquers everything in a person, even the class instinct. By nature, man is still too imperfect, and therefore is not ready in the near future to build a society of people - brothers.

The writer gravitated toward autobiography, to the depiction of a fact experienced, seen or reported by someone. There are two paths to truth in art: the generalization of numerous facts in a fictitious image and the choice to depict some real fact, however, containing a broad typical meaning. Both paths are quite clearly represented in the history of literature, both are natural and justified. Veresaev's talent was closer to the second one [6,28].

2.2 Truth, truth, where are you?

"I entered the "big" literature with the story "Without a Road" ... " These are the words from the autobiography of Vikenty Veresaev, written in his declining years. "Without a Road" is a story about what has been experienced and rethought. This is a rebuke to a generation whose "horror and curse" is that "it has nothing." The story is written in the form of a confession - a diary covering 44 days of the life of a young doctor Dmitry Chekanov, who failed to realize his dreams of serving the people.

Veresaev rejected the populist program of creating a society of people - brothers. But he had nothing to offer in return. The phrase from the diary: "Truth, truth, where are you?" - became the main question of Veresaev's life in the early 90s. With this thought he lived in Dorpat, this thought did not leave him in Tula, where he came to practice medicine in 1894; with this thought he went to St. Petersburg in the same year, where he got a job as a supernumerary intern at the Botkin hospital.

On June 20, 1892, Dmitry Chekanov arrives in the village of Kasatkino, where he has not been for 3 years. His relatives live here. The hero of the story "Without a Road" is going through a severe ideological crisis. Populist illusions were shattered, he was disgusted with artificial "high" words: "duty to the people", "idea", "deed" - "... these words cut the ear like the squeal of glass under a sharp awl.

The young man does not see anything bright in life, he does not know where to "apply" himself. Everything seems boring, so ordinary and unnecessary. Chekanov lost faith in himself, faith in the people, in the possibility of a radical change in life. Dmitry does not feel himself capable of fighting, although he cannot refuse to think about social topics, but he does not know the ways of a new struggle, and does not look for them. "My God, how hard it is! To live - and not see anything ahead; wander in the dark, bitterly reproach yourself for not having a strong mind that would lead you to the road - as if you are to blame for this. Meanwhile time goes by..."

For help, his cousin Natasha turns to the young doctor, she wants to find herself, her way, the meaning of life, she walked, "passionately asking for bread." But disappointment awaits her, a "stone", because the hero himself does not know his own path, does not see his future. “You want,” he says to Natasha, “so that I hand you a banner and say:“ Here is a banner for you, fight and die for it. ”I read more than you, saw life more, but with me the same thing as with you: I don't know - that's the whole torment... I told her that I'm not the only one, that the entire present generation is going through the same thing as me, he has nothing - that's the whole horror and damnation. guiding star, it perishes invisibly, irrevocably.

The only thing that Chekanova managed to save was a sense of shame for her privileged position in society. Let him not know the way, but he has a strong desire to sacrifice himself and justify his existence, which paves the way to the truth. At the very first news of the cholera epidemic, Chekanov leaves the cozy nest of relatives to work in the provincial town of Slesarsk.

The second part of the diary begins, in which there is no longer room for political reflection and introspection. Real life is shown here - an ugly picture of peasant life, to which the upper strata are indifferent: "The people eat clay and straw, they die in the hundreds from scurvy and starvation typhus. A society that lives by the labor of this people... , got off with trifles, just to lull his conscience: danced for the benefit of the dying, ate for the benefit of the hungry, donated some half a percent of the salary.

It is in this "outback" that Chekanov finds the meaning of life, manifests himself as a real doctor. I had to work a lot: all night long in the barracks, receptions at home, childbirth, I slept for three hours. At first, the young doctor is a little lost among the common people, cannot find a common language with them, and new patients do not trust intelligent doctors and do not accept help from them. Every day the situation becomes more and more difficult: people die from merciless cholera, there is not enough working personnel, and the worst thing is that strength and energy leave. "It was hard and unpleasant in my soul: how everything is unsettled, disorganized!"; "Drowning and suffocating in a mass of little things that you can't do anything about; it's a pity you don't feel able to say, 'Er, is this my fault? I did what I could! ";" Dozens of people are dying all around, death itself looks into your face - and you are completely indifferent to all this: why are they afraid to die?

But a few days later, when volunteers, ordinary hard workers, come to the barracks and begin to take care of the sick for free, when Chekanov realizes that he is saving dozens of lives, his own mood changes. And it was as if the spring, on which all the negativity was wound, suddenly shook and rang with all the notes of optimism. “It’s fun to live! The work is in full swing, everything is going smoothly, there are no clues anywhere. I finally managed to pick up a detachment of the desired composition, and I can rely on this dozen semi-literate craftsmen and men, as on myself, it’s hard to wish for the best assistants.<…>Not to mention Stepan Bondarev: looking at him, I often wonder where this most ordinary-looking guy has so much soft, purely feminine care and tenderness for the sick.

In response to Chekanov’s desire to help people, his reliability, hard work, desire to stand on the same level with these people, many recognize him as a friend and savior: “Honestly, Dmitry Vasilyevich, I fell in love with you so much! simple, you are equal with everyone," admits Vasily Gorlov. But there are also those who do not want to recognize "strangers", who accuse doctors of all mortal sins only because they will never be on a par with the working people, and there are also quite a few of them: cholera is gone." The doctor himself understands this very well, in his diary he writes: "But can I say that they trust me? If my advice is followed, then the performer is deeply convinced of their complete futility."

The work, which brought the doctor into close contact with his patients, showed him how many good people and how much still unexploited spiritual strength lurks in the Russian people. Chekanov begins to understand the need for a stubborn struggle for the liberation of the people, but he himself does not know how to achieve this. The tragic death of the hero shows the great gulf that has formed between the downtrodden and uncultured people and the property-owning intellectuals. “Five weeks of working among them, proving at every step my readiness to help and serve them, I could not achieve simple trust on their part; I forced them to believe in myself, but a glass of vodka was enough for everything to disappear and the usual elemental feeling to wake up.” A drunken crowd of artisans is beating up the "cholera doctor". Despite this, the end of the story can be called optimistic, because Chekanov becomes "light and joyful in his soul. Often tears of boundless happiness rise to his throat." He is sure that "there is no need to despair, you need to work hard and hard, you need to look for a way, because there is a lot of work," and he tells the rest, just as young, seeking, "roadless" about this. For him, as a doctor, the interests of the patient became paramount. He died in his post.

In the story "Without a Road" Veresaev, as it were, summed up his own ideological searches. A new stage in the Russian liberation movement convinced him of the correctness of the Marxist doctrine. “In the summer of 1896,” Veresaev wrote in his autobiography, “the famous June strike of weavers broke out, striking everyone with its large number, consistency and organization. Many who were not convinced by the theory, it convinced, including myself. There was a sense of a huge, strong new force, confidently entering the arena of Russian history. I joined the literary circle of Marxists" [7,3].

2.3 What is this game of blind man's buff for, what is the deception of a society that thinks we have some kind of "medical science"?

A significant place in the work of Veresaev is occupied by the work that brought him fame - "Doctor's Notes" (1901). Having worked on the book for eight years, having collected and studied a huge amount of material for this, Veresaev frankly and emotionally, directly and boldly revealed many secrets of the medical profession to readers. The author writes about his expectations and impressions, the first steps and trials on the way to mastering a difficult profession.

The range of issues considered by the writer is really wide: starting with the relationship between a doctor and a patient, a person's dependence on medicine, reflecting on the topic of experiments and risks in medicine, and ending with the life of people in the village and paying for treatment.

The hero of the work is "an ordinary average doctor, with an average mind and average knowledge." Veresaev does not allow us to read the notes of an experienced professor, this is useless, because together with him we must "get confused in contradictions", solve issues that need to be resolved. That is why a recent student appears on the pages of the Doctor's Notes, who did not have time to become a "professional man" and for whom "those impressions to which you involuntarily get used to over time are still bright and strong." Already from the first chapters of the book, we observe a young thinker, a deeply thinking person who draws us into his own thoughts.

The first thing the hero makes us think about is health. How relative and fragile everything is, if yesterday you could still run healthy on damp grass, today you can lie bedridden. And no one is immune from this. And what is health anyway? Are there many of us healthy on Earth? "A normal person is a sick person; a healthy person is only a happy ugliness, a sharp deviation from the norm," the young doctor concludes. Health is the most important thing, everything else revolves around it, "nothing is scary with it, no trials; to lose it means to lose everything; without it there is no freedom, no independence, a person becomes a slave to the people around him and the situation; it is the highest and most necessary good".

The hero also thinks about medicine, about its good purpose to heal and resurrect; but there is another side of the coin - another medicine "weak, powerless, mistaken and deceitful, undertaking to treat diseases that it cannot determine, diligently identifying diseases that it obviously cannot cure."

The path of becoming a multifaceted medicine is winding, and only those who are not afraid to take risks, gain experience through their own mistakes and experiments, sometimes even on people, go through it. But can a doctor risk the lives of others? Who gave him the right to dangerous experiments? The doctor must acquire the skill to easily cope with the tasks and at any time to provide assistance to the patient. But theoretical knowledge at the institute is only a foundation that cannot be useful without practice. There will always be the first patient, there will always be fear of the unknown. "Our successes go through mountains of corpses," Billroth confesses sadly in a private letter. You need to learn without being afraid to make mistakes. Only in this way, risking and making mistakes, renouncing delusions, "medicine has obtained most of what it is now rightfully proud of. If there were no risk, there would be no progress; this is evidenced by the entire history of medical science." If everyone uses only what has been tested, then medicine will perish, and it will be pointless to try to treat.

It is interesting to observe how the hero sees his profession, with what feelings he goes to master it. Naive ideas that a doctor is someone who has passed the medical faculty are destroyed over time. The young practitioner even considers leaving the profession so as not to remain in the role of an impostor. He understands that learning "the art of medicine is as impossible as learning poetry or art." The profession of a doctor is not an action according to a template or the execution of instructions, but an art that requires "novelty and ignorance" in relation to the patient, continuous and intense search and work on oneself. The hero of the "Doctor's Notes" still finds the strength to honestly bear this burden. And he carries it with deep faith in his work, despite the frequent impotence, danger and ignorance of medicine. Can he not believe if it makes it possible to save people, because "the disease is cured not only by medicines and prescriptions, but also by the soul of the patient himself; his cheerful and believing soul is a tremendous force in the fight against the disease."

Veresaev is not only not afraid to reveal to the reader all the difficulties of the profession, but deliberately with each chapter more and more opens the curtain in front of us. "The sword of Damocles "accident" hanging over his head" keeps the doctor in constant nervous tension. Unfair treatment of doctors by society, which has grown into distrust. Treatment-interfering shyness of patients : “how many diseases women start because of this shame, how many obstacles it puts for the doctor in making a diagnosis and in treating”; but at the same time, this shame is the cause of women's suffering. The hero of the work comes to another pessimistic conclusion - "medicine is the science of treating only rich and free people." The poor have neither money nor free time for treatment, they are constantly working to somehow live. They will gratefully take the medicine, listen carefully to the doctor and follow the recommendations, but they will not be able to change their habits and lifestyle, this is not in their power. A whole chapter is devoted to payment for medical work, which offends and causes complications in relations with the patient. "Freedom" should underlie the lofty activity of every doctor, "payment is only a sad necessity," tying hands.

Veresaev's thoughts about a person's dependence on medicine are unusual, somewhat insightful, even a little frightening. Medicine makes people weak, helpless. We are afraid to go through the dew, and we won’t be able to sleep on bare ground, and we won’t walk much on foot, everything is dangerous for us, everything portends new diseases. And only connection with nature can save. “When accepting the benefits of culture, one cannot break the closest connection with nature; while developing in one’s body new positive properties given to us by the conditions of cultural existence, it is necessary at the same time to preserve our old positive properties; they are obtained at too heavy a price, and it is too easy to lose them” .

"Doctor's Notes" shows us the evolution of a young doctor, doubts with each new thought move to an understanding of science, to its acceptance, to a mature and responsible attitude towards patients. “My attitude towards medicine has changed dramatically. Starting to study it, I expected everything from it; seeing that medicine cannot do everything, I concluded that it cannot do anything; now I saw how much it can still do, and this "much" filled me with confidence and respect for science, which I so recently despised to the depths of my soul" - this is an important confession of a future doctor who will not be afraid of difficulties, experiments and responsibility. The hero boldly goes forward, studying not only the narrow sphere of his profession, but also the "colossal circle of sciences" that come into contact with medicine.

The hero of the "Doctor's Notes" also comes to another important thought: to the realization of oneself "part of one huge, inseparable whole, that only in the fate and success of this whole we can see our personal destiny and success."

2.4 Veresaevsky type of doctor

The realist of the Turgenev school, Vikenty Veresaev, dreamed of becoming a writer already when he entered the medical faculty. He believed that medicine is the only way to writing, only this science will allow you to study human biology, its strengths and weaknesses, to get close to people of different strata and ways. It was the profession of a doctor that helped him to listen sensitively to the voice of life, not remaining indifferent to human problems, made him observe, reflect, let everything that happens through him .

In the image of his characters, the author introduced a lot of personal, experienced, but only what was obligatory and typical. Almost each of his heroes is an intellectual, a highly moral person, devoted to social ideals. However, he is a rationalist, as a result of which he is lonely and cut off from people.

Let's take a closer look at Versaev's doctors. They are young, recently graduated from university, people. A long and winding path to medicine opens before them, but from the very beginning, like Veresaev himself once, they are seized by panic. How practically inexperienced and unskilled they are brought into life by the medical school! Because of this, they feel lost, afraid to start working, they are thinking about leaving the profession. Every step they take is haunted by failure, misdiagnosis and treatment, and death. But only through such mistakes, the doctor Veresaeva comes to the conclusion that you need to learn a lot and work on yourself for a long time and hard. Fate rewards young doctors for believing in their own work and diligence, and now success awaits them in the medical profession.

Struggle is a characteristic feature of Versaev doctors. The struggle with life and circumstances, the struggle with oneself, first of all. This struggle comes to misunderstanding and rejection of science and life, but then develops into awareness and complete dissolution in society, in one's own business, in oneself.

In his works about doctors, the writer touches on many important issues. His heroes are thinkers, which is why they are interested in the connection between medicine and man, the relationship between a doctor and a patient, they are passionately concerned about the life of the village, the peasants. They are Narodniks, suffering from the death of the village, from the lack of freedom and poverty of the simple peasant, who works until the last minute of his life. Veresaevsky doctor strives to help these people, calls everyone to community service, but sometimes their enthusiasm leads to their own death. But the awareness of oneself as part of the whole, the inextricable connection with the mass and the impotence of the loner remain fundamental in their lives.

Veresaev is a thoughtful, observant and truthful writer who has chosen the life and psychology of the intelligentsia as the main theme of his works. What he describes is close and dear to him, which is why each of his creations is imbued with frankness, and the language of his works is lively and simple. His talent is hard work on himself, eternal struggle, rejection and dissolution.

Block III Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov

"You'll see, I'll be a writer."

3.1 Doctor with honors

In 1909, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov entered the Kiev University at the Faculty of Medicine. In 1915, at the height of the war, when Kyiv began to turn into a front-line city, the military department turned to the administration of Kyiv University with a request to prepare a list of students who wanted to serve in the army. And Bulgakov was among the first who decided to voluntarily go to the front.

After graduating from the university in 1916 with the title of "doctor with honors", he immediately began to work in the Red Cross hospital in Pechersk. “I had to work a lot: Mikhail very often was on duty at night, in the morning he came physically and mentally broken, literally fell on the bed, slept for a couple of hours, and in the afternoon again the hospital, the operating room, and so almost every day ... But Mikhail loved his work, treated it with all responsibility and, despite fatigue, was in the operating room for as long as he considered necessary. In the last days of September 1916, Bulgakov and his wife arrived in the village of Nikolskoye, where events would unfold, which would later be reflected in his works.

"In 1918, he arrived in Kyiv as a venereologist. And there he continued to work in this specialty - not for long." To arrange a normal peaceful life in those years is not possible. Since the beginning of 1919, power in Kyiv has been constantly changing, and each new government mobilizes Bulgakov as a military doctor in his army.

As a military doctor, he ends up in Vladikavkaz, where he falls ill with typhus. When the city is occupied by the Reds, Mikhail Afanasyevich hides his involvement in medicine, begins to cooperate with local newspapers, and Bulgakov the writer appears instead of the doctor Bulgakov. He will no longer return to the professional occupation of medicine.

The profession of a doctor was imprinted on the entire work of Bulgakov. But of particular interest are those works that depict the medical activity of the writer himself and the experiences associated with it, and these are, first of all, "Notes of a Young Doctor" and "Morphine". In these works "there are deep human problems of the doctor's contact with the patient, the difficulty and importance of the first contacts of the doctor-practitioner, the complexity of his educational role in contact with the sick, suffering, frightened and helpless element of the population" .

3.2 You doctor are so youthful

"Notes of a young doctor" - a cycle consisting of stories, and.

IN"Notes of a young doctor" reflects many genuine cases of Bulgakov's medical activity during his work in the zemstvo hospital in the village of Nikolskoye, Smolensk province. Many of the operations performed were reflected in the work: amputation of the thigh ("Towel with a rooster"), turning the fetus on a leg ("Baptism by turning"), tracheotomy ("Steel throat") and more.

The hero of the stories, Vladimir Mikhailovich Bomgard, is a twenty-three-year-old doctor, yesterday's student, who was assigned to the remote village of Gorelovo. Here he begins to panic: "What am I going to do? Huh? What a frivolous person I am! It was necessary to abandon this site." But there is no way out, he is the only surgeon, a person with a higher education in this outback.

The young doctor had not yet had time to get comfortable, to buy glasses to look more personable and experienced, as workdays had already begun. And immediately - amputation. Anyone would be confused, would wish a quick death to the girl, so as not to torment either her or himself, as, however, the young man did. Fortunately, someone else lived in it, who sternly ordered: "Camphores." Only "common sense, spurred on by the unusualness of the situation" worked for him. And here no glasses can overshadow the talent, courage and confidence of the surgeon during the operation. "And in everyone - both Demyan Lukich and Pelageya Ivanovna - I noticed respect and surprise in the eyes."

In a completely unusual environment for him, Bomgard began to do his difficult work as his inner feeling, his medical conscience, dictated to him. Medical debt - that's what determines his attitude towards patients. He treats them with a truly human feeling. He deeply pities the suffering person and ardently wants to help him, no matter what it costs him personally. He pities the little choking Lidka ("Steel Throat"), and the girl who got into the pulp ("Towel with a Rooster"), and the woman in labor who did not reach the hospital and gives birth in the bushes near the river, and stupid women who speak about their illnesses in incomprehensible words ("Missing Eye").

The young doctor is not afraid to say how difficult it is for him to admit his mistakes. This is where introspection, sincere repentance, and remorse occur. And the thoughts in the final story of the "Missing Eye" series only prove that Bomgard will turn out to be a real doctor: "No. Never, even falling asleep, I will proudly mutter that you will not surprise me. No. And a year has passed, another year will pass and will be as rich in surprises as the first ... So, you need to dutifully study.

In life, Mikhail Bulgakov was sharply observant, impetuous, resourceful and courageous, he had an outstanding memory. These qualities define him as a good doctor, they helped him in his medical work. He made diagnoses quickly, he knew how to immediately grasp the characteristic features of the disease; rarely wrong. Courage helped him decide on difficult operations. So in the stories there is no idealization of reality, and the harsh rural reality is given here without any embellishment.

"Notes of a Young Doctor" were oriented towards "Notes of a Doctor" (1901) by Vikenty Vikentyevich Veresaev, with whom Bulgakov later became friends and even co-authored the play "Alexander Pushkin". Bulgakov's young doctor is different from Versaev's. He, unlike the hero of "Doctor's Notes", practically does not know failures.
For the author of The Doctor's Notes, "the only way out is in the consciousness that we are only a small part of one huge, inseparable whole, that only in the fate and success of this whole can we see both our personal destiny and success." For the author and protagonist of Notes of a Young Doctor, his own professional success is important, and he thinks of the struggle in unity with fellow doctors.

3.3 Happiness is like health: when it is there, you do not notice it

From September 20, 1917 to February 1918, Mikhail Bulgakov continued to serve in the zemstvo city hospital of Vyazma in the same Smolensk province, it was this period that was reflected in the story "Morphine", where the main part - the diary of Dr. Polyakov - is also associated with experience in Nikolsky.

This story can be regarded as a continuation of the Notes of a Young Doctor, but at the same time it has its own special core and moral meaning. The main character, the same Dr. Bomgard, receives a letter from a friend at the university, Dr. Polyakov, asking for help. Already a twenty-seven-year-old pediatrician decided to go, but at night they brought him terrible news: "the doctor shot himself" and almost the corpse of Polyakov.

This is followed by the history of the suicide of the suicide, written down by him in a "common notebook in a black oilcloth" and handed over to Bomgard. It is interesting to note that Bulgakov wrote the overwhelming majority of his works in such common oilcloth notebooks, although they were of different colors. Dozens of notebooks have absorbed the novels "The Master and Margarita", "The Life of Monsieur de Molière", "Notes of a Dead Man", the plays "Adam and Eve", "The Cabal of the Hypocrites" and more. Most often, notebooks contain not only the text of the work, but also materials for it (extracts, outlines, bibliography, drawings, diagrams, tables).

The effect of morphine on the doctor Polyakov is described in detail: “first minute: sensation of a touch on the neck. This touch becomes warm and expands. In the second minute, a cold wave suddenly passes under the stomach<…>This is the highest point of manifestation of a person's spiritual strength, "etc. False feelings of calmness and delight," double dreams ", hallucinations, fits of anger - all this is the effect of the drug. Recognition of himself as a morphine addict comes to Polyakov only two months after the first injection, but this does not save the doctor, the disease consumes the hero with his head.And now, a year later: "It would be shameful to prolong one's life even for a minute. This one, no, you can't. The medicine is at my fingertips<…>I do not owe anything to anyone. I only lost myself. And Anna."

"Morphine" is an autobiographical story, almost a medical history of the writer himself. It tells how Bulgakov himself defeated an insidious and monstrous disease. This alone can put him in the ranks of outstanding personalities capable of overcoming the seemingly insurmountable. The writer understood this much more clearly than his closest relatives, who tried by any means to hide something that did not need to be hidden. Having decided to publish Morphine, Bulgakov took a very responsible step. Mikhail Bulgakov did not think about himself (he had already won a victory over himself), but about those unfortunate people who might be destined to taste poison and who are unlikely to be able to overcome a terrible illness. With his story, he sought to warn those who might embark on this disastrous path.

It is important to note that Bulgakov became a morphine addict not out of his own whim or curiosity, but by a combination of tragic circumstances when he, a young doctor, saved the life of a dying child. Here is how T. Lappa, the first wife of the writer, recalls this: “Somehow, when we lived in Nikolskoye, they brought a boy with diphtheria. Mikhail examined him and decided to suck the films with a tube. Then he decided to inject himself with an anti-diphtheria serum. He began to have a terrible itch that did not stop for a long time, and Mikhail asked him to give him morphine. After taking morphine, he felt better, and, fearing a repetition of the itch, asked to repeat the injection. get used to morphine ... ".

Thanks to the poignant truth, the story "Morphine" carries such a charge of instructive power, which has not yet been in Russian fiction.

3.4 Science does not yet know a way to turn animals into people

Literally in one breath, in three months (January-March 1925), Bulgakov wrote the story "Heart of a Dog". The result was something unheard of, bold, daring. This story is distinguished by its many thoughts and a clear author's idea: the revolution that has taken place in Russia is not the result of the natural socio-economic and spiritual development of society, but an irresponsible and premature experiment; which requires a return to the previous state.

This idea is realized allegorically - the transformation of an unpretentious, good-natured dog into an insignificant and aggressive humanoid creature. It is clear that the author of The Heart of a Dog, a physician and surgeon by profession, was an attentive reader of the scientific journals of the time, where much was said about "rejuvenation," amazing organ transplants in the name of "improving the human race."

The prototype of the main character - a professor of the old school - was Mikhail Bulgakov's uncle, a gynecologist known throughout Moscow, Nikolai Mikhailovich Pokrovsky. The writer’s first wife, Tatyana Nikolaevna Lappa, recalled: “As soon as I started reading, I immediately guessed that it was him. Mikhail was very offended for this. He had a dog at one time, a Doberman Pinscher ". But Bulgakov's angry professor has gone very far from his real prototype.

The first impression made by Professor Preobrazhensky is positive. He is a good doctor, known far beyond Moscow: "You are the first not only in Moscow, but also in London and Oxford!" Bormenthal admits. It is no coincidence that so many respected people come to the doctor and say with admiration: "You are a magician and a sorcerer, professor!" His noble, as it seems at the beginning of the story, act also evokes sympathy: Preobrazhensky picks up a beaten mongrel from the street. Yes, and the opposition of him, a representative of the virtuous Russian intelligentsia, with the proletariat, the actions of the new authorities plays an important role. His statements are a striking force, with the help of which the new social system, which has unnaturally arisen in Russia, is crushed: . Both the human and professional qualities of Preobrazhensky (as well as his assistant Bormental) cannot but arouse sympathy.

But those who ingenuously or sincerely attribute Professor Preobrazhensky to the purely positive heroes of the work, suffering from the scoundrel Sharikov, general rudeness and the disorder of the new life, it is worth hearing the words from Bulgakov's later play "Adam and Eve" about clean old professors: "In fact, , the old men are indifferent to any idea, with the exception of one thing - that the housekeeper serves coffee on time ... I'm afraid of ideas! Each of them is good in itself, but only until the moment when the old professor does not equip it technically .. .".

The first vice is revealed very quickly - it is greed. Preobrazhensky is not like selfless doctors who work to help their neighbor, to alleviate the suffering of people. Preobrazhensky works for money, or for scientific fame and prestige. “He could earn money right at the rallies, a first-class businessman. However, he apparently doesn’t peck chickens anyway,” notes the observant Sharik.

On all the pages of the book, one can observe another negative feature of the professor - rude and harsh treatment of the servants, Bormental, and those around him. This, of course, repels, shows the despotic side of the "master", his careless attitude towards people who do not belong to the intelligentsia. True, Preobrazhensky is quick-witted, which makes him close his eyes to this trait of his.

A more significant vice is his snobbery. This is manifested in the desire to stand out from the rest of the tenants of the house ("I live and work in seven rooms alone and would like to have an eighth<…>My apartment is free, and the conversation is over"), in demonstrating his indispensability, when he begins to call influential people and threaten that he will no longer work. "... cold appetizers and soup are eaten only by the landowners who have not been cut down by the Bolsheviks"?

But the worst thing, in my opinion, is that the professor is cruel and insensitive, not cold-blooded, as a surgeon should be, but inhumane. He decides to perform the operation not just on a dog from the street, but on his pet, to which he is accustomed. Moreover, he is aware, even almost sure, that the dog is likely to die. “If I start bleeding there, we’ll lose time and lose the dog. However, there’s no chance for him anyway. You know, I feel sorry for him. Imagine, I’m used to him<…>Here, damn it. Don't die. Well, it's still going to die."

How does the story end? The "Creator", who sought to change nature itself and outwit life, creates an informer, an alcoholic and a demagogue, who sat on his neck and turned the life of an already unfortunate professor into an ordinary Soviet hell. And then he personally kills the person he created, only because he interferes with his peace of mind and claims to be living space. "The former imperious and energetic Philipp Philippovich has recovered greatly in the last week" (after a reverse operation).

Mikhail Bulgakov, in the scene of the operation on Sharik, showed Russia, on which an experiment was performed - an operation with an unknown result. He was one of the first to see that the ignorant, drugged part of the people can be easily used as an instrument of violence in the interests of one or another political group.

The writer's satire struggles with destructive power, disunity and evil, highlights and burns out the ugliness of socialist life and the "new" human psychology, affirms the "old" positive values: genuine culture, honesty, steadfastness, dignity. The story about Sharik, despite all the censorship bans and silence for half a century, lived in our literature for eighty years and had a hidden influence on its development. Well, the well-known fact that Bulgakov’s brilliant story is not outdated, is read by everyone today, has become the property of cinema, theater and television, speaks of her unfading artistry and deep creative understanding of man and our difficult existence.

3.5 How Bulgakov sees the doctor

Mikhail Bulgakov is one of the greatest prose writers of the twentieth century, who made a contribution to world literature, and at the same time a wonderful doctor who saved the lives of many of his patients. Thanks to the knowledge of medicine and immersion in the medical profession, Bulgakov portrayed doctors in his works in a special manner.

His doctors are different from each other, but, perhaps, they have a lot in common. The hero doctor is a young specialist who recently graduated from the institute, or a well-known professor who has been practicing for a long time. The first - goes to the distribution in a remote village and immediately begins to panic, because he is unsure of his knowledge, during training he watched only operations from afar. But meanwhile, the knowledge of the young doctor is excellent, and his hands themselves do all the necessary work. The second type of doctor has been working, operating, experimenting for a long time, he is talented and self-confident. Bulgakov's doctors deserve the respect of others due to their work, diligence, they are trusted because they have saved more than one life.

Bulgakov's doctors will never reveal the secret of their patient, they have a well-developed medical conscience and a sense of duty, and they are also quite humane, though sometimes they can deviate from principles if the case requires it. Yes, they are very faithful to their medical practice and medicine when they understand its importance and necessity. Medicine reciprocates them: the doctors created by the writer are practically not mistaken, and they hardly know the accident.

When Bulgakov's doctor does not know something, he does not despair, the craving for new knowledge grows among young doctors every day, and experienced professors do not stop there - they go through experiments.

In my opinion, the author in his works sympathizes with young doctors, rather than long-worn specialists. This is also evidenced by the connection with his own biography, though many of his characters find their prototypes in real life, but he gives a part of himself to recent students. Why? Because they have just entered the world of medicine, they are pure and disinterested, they work in the wilderness, in terrible conditions, but with a lofty goal: to help the sick. Growing up and aging, Bulgakov's doctors acquire many bad qualities, they live in full prosperity and work more for themselves, in their own name. That is why their images are often satirical, and their fantastic experiments become dangerous and unsuccessful. By this, the writer emphasizes that doing science and immoral acts are incompatible things, the doctor must be pure both in his deeds and in his thoughts.

Like a real artist, Bulgakov describes operations in minute detail, listing bright details meticulously, like a real doctor. The reader literally sees everything that happens, hears the smells and breath of the patient, feels the tension and concentration of the surgeon.

The writer did not accept the literature that depicted the suffering of abstract, unreal heroes, passing at the same time past life itself. Humanism was the only center around which the rest of the problems of literature gathered. And the true humanism of the master 's works is especially close to us today .

Writer-satirist, science fiction writer, psychologist, master of unusually beautiful language, humanist-philosopher, Bulgakov is very popular among thinking readers. He teaches us to suffer and experience, to love and be disgusted, to believe and wait, that is, to truly feel and live.

Closing of the conference

"Being even an ordinary average person, a doctor

nevertheless, by virtue of his profession, he does more

kindness and shows more unselfishness than other people."

V. V. Veresaev

Literature and medicine met in the works of medical writers, as poetry and prose united in Lermontov, as ice and fire converged in Pushkin. It would seem that incompatible things, but they are harmoniously woven into the dense canvas of Russian literature.

A.P. became truly talented masters of thought and language, who managed to tell about doctors in literary works. Chekhov, V.A. Veresaev and M.A. Bulgakov. These writers were professional doctors, had higher medical education. It was medicine that helped them to study the psychology and state of mind of a person, to feel the life of their future characters, to convey a part of themselves. Only writers who are doctors can look directly at the hero-doctor.

Each of these writers depicted the "world" of doctors in his own way, each understood this profession in his own way.

Chekhov did not create a self-portrait, he simply put himself in the place of the created character. He paid great attention to the inner state of the hero, his ability to fight the outside world and resist time. The Chekhov doctor is a kind, simple person, hardworking and sympathetic, but at the same time soft and supple, so he is often defeated by circumstances, surroundings, time. Chekhov's style is realism, brevity, but at the same time a clinical description of the state of mind and illnesses, capacious content, understandable, but not dry language.

The gallery of zemstvo doctors was brought out in his works by Veresaev, who was close to thoughts about the people and the peasant masses. The works about doctors are based on the situations experienced by the writer himself, the thoughts and feelings of the author are very clearly traced. The doctor created by Veresaev is a deep thinker, hard worker, selflessly and disinterestedly serving the people, living with the thought of Platon Karataev about the unity of the whole world. His doctors stumble, but continue to go and believe in their work, to bring the good of society, because they have a highly developed civic sense. As a real observer and truth-seeker, Veresaev gravitated not to the developing plot, but to the deep reflections of the characters, which merge with the writer's own thoughts.

The central place among all Bulgakov's characters is occupied by the image of a doctor. His young doctors repeat the fate of the writer himself, and experienced specialists are a satirical parody of what is happening in the country. Bulgakov's doctor is certainly talented and successful, he is constantly fighting with himself, with his fear of the unknown, of difficulties. His doctor is not afraid to try, to discover something new, to experiment. For their courage and humanism (for what is the core of Bulgakov's positive doctors), fate rewards them. Bulgakov skillfully combined reality and fantasy, colorful and lively language and medical terms, positive and negative characters.

If you try to combine all the best qualities of doctors that writers tell us about, you will get an ideal image of a doctor, a doctor to whom we are not afraid to entrust our lives. This is a humane and sympathetic person, a deep thinker who is not afraid of obstacles and the unknown.

Thanks to the work we have done today, we all learned many interesting facts from the life of writers, got acquainted with previously unknown works and rediscovered previously read ones. The work turned out to be fascinating, it made me think deeply about the fate of the writers and their characters, to find the special style of each writer-doctor. It's good that medicine has given us such good thinkers, and literature has made real creators out of them.

Used materials

Gitovich N.I. Chronicle of the life and work of A.P. Chekhov. M., 1955.

Gromov M.P. Book about Chekhov. M., 1989.

1. Anikin A. The image of a doctor in Russian classics

2. http://apchekhov.ru/books

3. http://az.lib.ru/w/weresaew_w_w

4. Owls. Encyclopedia, 1989 - a series of biographical dictionaries.

Fokht - Babushkin Yu. On the work of V.V. Veresaev // Introductory article.

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