“There was also a lucky man” ... With such ironic words, the image of grandfather Savely is introduced into Nekrasov's poem. He lived a long, difficult life and is now living his life in the family of Matrena Timofeevna. The image of Savely, the Holy Russian hero in Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'" is very important, because he embodies the idea of Russian heroism. The theme of the strength, endurance and long-suffering of the people in the poem grows from chapter to chapter (remember the story of a strong man at the fair, which serves as a prerequisite to the story of Savely) and is finally resolved in the image of the hero Savely.
Saveliy comes from remote forest lands, where even "the devil has been looking for a way for three years." The very name of this region breathes with power: Korega, from “mangle”, i.e. bend, break. A bear can cripple anything, and Savely himself "looked like a bear." He is also compared with other animals, for example, with the elk, and it is emphasized that he is much more dangerous than a predator when he walks through the forest "with a knife and a horn." This strength comes from a deep knowledge of one's region, complete unity with nature. One can see Saveliy's love for his land, his words “My forest!
” sound much more convincing than the same statement from the lips of the landowner Obolt-Obolduev.
But in any, even the most impassable region, the master's hand will reach. Saveliy's free life ends with the arrival of a German manager in Korega. At first, he seemed harmless and did not even demand the due tribute, but he set a condition: to work off the money by logging. The simple-hearted peasants built a road out of the forest and then realized how much they had been deceived: the gentlemen came to Korezhina along this road, the German brought his wife and children, and began to draw all the juice out of the village.
"And then came hard labor
Korean peasant -
Ruined to the bone!”
For a long time, the peasants endure the bullying of the German - he beats them and makes them work without measure. A Russian peasant can endure a lot, that's why he is a hero, - Savely believes.
So he says to Matryona, to which the woman replies with irony: such a hero and mice can seize. In this episode, Nekrasov outlines an important problem for the Russian people: their lack of response, their unpreparedness for decisive action. It is not for nothing that Savely's characterization coincides with the image of the most motionless of the epic heroes - Svyatogor, who at the end of his life grew into the ground.
"Untolerate - the abyss, endure - the abyss." This is how the bogatyr Savely thinks, and this simple but wise folk philosophy leads him to rebellion. Under the word he invented, “Naddai!” the hated German manager is buried in the ground. And although Savely ends up in hard labor for this act, the beginning of his release has already been made. For the rest of his life, the grandfather will be proud that he, at least “branded, but not a slave!
But how does his life go on? He spent more than twenty years in hard labor, another twenty were taken away from the settlements. But even there, Savely did not give up, he worked, he was able to raise money, and, returning to his homeland, he built himself and his family a hut. And yet his life is not allowed to end peacefully: while his grandfather had money, he enjoyed the love of his family, and when they ended, he met with dislike and ridicule. The only consolation for him, as well as for Matryona, is Demushka. He sits on the old man's shoulder "like an apple in the top of an old apple tree." But a terrible thing happens: through his, Savely, the fault of the grandson dies. And it was this event that broke the man who went through the whips and hard labor. The grandfather will spend the rest of his life in a monastery and wandering, praying for the remission of sins. That is why Nekrasov calls him Holy Russian, showing another feature inherent in all the people: deep, sincere religiosity. "One hundred and seven years" lived grandfather Saveliy, but longevity did not bring him happiness, and strength, as he bitterly recalls, "left over trifles."
In the poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'”, Savely embodies precisely this, deeply hidden power of the Russian peasant and his enormous, although not yet realized, potential. It is worth waking up the people, convincing them to give up humility for a while, and then they will win happiness for themselves, that's what Nekrasov says with the help of the image of the hero Savely.
Artwork test
One of the main characters of Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'" - Savely - the reader will recognize when he is already an old man who has lived a long and difficult life. The poet draws a colorful portrait of this amazing old man:
With a huge gray mane,
Tea, twenty years uncut,
With a big beard
Grandpa looked like a bear
Especially, as from the forest,
Bending down, he left.
Savely's life turned out to be very difficult, fate did not spoil him. In his old age, Savely lived in the family of his son, father-in-law Matryona Timofeevna. It is noteworthy that grandfather Saveliy does not like his family. Obviously, all household members do not have the best qualities, and an honest and sincere old man feels this very well. In his native family, Saveliy is called "branded, hard labor". And he himself, not at all offended by this, says: “Branded, but not a slave.
It is interesting to observe how Saveliy is not averse to playing a trick on his family members:
And they will annoy him hard -
Jokes: "Look
Matchmakers to us!" Unmarried
Cinderella - to the window:
AN instead of matchmakers - beggars!
From a tin button
Grandfather fashioned two kopecks,
Threw up on the floor -
Father-in-law got caught!
Not drunk from drinking -
The beaten one dragged on!
What does this relationship between the old man and his family indicate? First of all, it is striking that Saveliy is different both from his son and from all relatives. His son does not possess any exceptional qualities, does not shun drunkenness, is almost completely devoid of kindness and nobility. And Savely, on the contrary, is kind, smart, outstanding. He eschews his household, apparently, he is disgusted by pettiness, envy, malice, characteristic of his relatives. Old man Savely is the only one in her husband's family who was kind to Matryona. The old man does not hide all the hardships that have fallen to his lot:
"Oh, the share of Holy Russian
Homemade hero!
He's been bullied all his life.
Time will reflect
About death - hellish torments
In the next worldly life, they are waiting.
Old man Savely is very freedom-loving. It combines qualities such as physical and mental strength. Savely is a real Russian hero who does not recognize any pressure on himself. In his youth, Savely had remarkable strength, no one could compete with him. In addition, life used to be different, the peasants were not burdened with the hardest duty to pay dues and work off corvée. Savely says:
We did not rule corvee,
We didn't pay dues
And so, when it comes to judgment,
We will send once in three years.
In such circumstances, the character of the young Savely was tempered. Nobody pressured her, nobody made her feel like a slave. In addition, nature itself was on the side of the peasants:
Dense forests all around,
Swamps all around,
Not a horse ride to us,
Not a foot pass!
Nature itself protected the peasants from the invasion of the master, the police and other troublemakers. Therefore, the peasants could live and work in peace, not feeling someone else's power over them.
When reading these lines, fairy-tale motifs are recalled, because in fairy tales and legends people were absolutely free, they controlled their own lives.
The old man tells how the peasants dealt with the bears:
We were only concerned
Bears... yes with bears
We got along easily.
With a knife and with a horn
I myself am scarier than the elk,
Along the reserved paths
I go: "My forest!" - I scream.
Saveliy, like a real fairy tale hero, claims his rights to the forest surrounding him. It is the forest - with its untrodden paths, mighty trees - that is the real element of the hero Savely. In the forest, the hero is not afraid of anything, he is the real master of the silent kingdom around him. That is why in old age he leaves his family and goes into the forest.
The unity of the bogatyr Savely and the nature around him seems undeniable. Nature helps Savely to become stronger. Even in old age, when years and hardships have bent the old man's back, you still feel remarkable strength in him.
Savely tells how, in his youth, his fellow villagers managed to deceive the master, to hide the wealth from him. And although we had to endure a lot for this, no one could reproach people for cowardice and lack of will. The peasants were able to convince the landowners of their absolute poverty, so they managed to avoid complete ruin and enslavement.
Savely is a very proud person. This is felt in everything: in his attitude to life, in his steadfastness and courage with which he defends his own. When he talks about his youth, he recalls how only weak-minded people surrendered to the master. Of course, he himself was not one of those people:
Excellently fought Shalashnikov,
And not so hot great Incomes received:
Weak people gave up
And the strong for the patrimony
They stood well.
I also endured
He hesitated, thinking:
"Whatever you do, son of a dog,
And you won't knock out your whole soul,
Leave something!"
Old man Savely bitterly says that now there is practically no self-respect left in people. Now cowardice, animal fear for oneself and one's well-being and lack of desire to fight prevail:
Those were the proud people!
And now give a crack -
Corrector, landowner
Drag the last penny!
Savely's young years passed in an atmosphere of freedom. But peasant freedom did not last long. The master died, and his heir sent a German, who at first behaved quietly and imperceptibly. The German gradually became friends with the entire local population, little by little he observed peasant life.
Gradually, he got into the confidence of the peasants and ordered them to drain the swamp, then cut down the forest. In a word, the peasants came to their senses only when a magnificent road appeared along which it was easy to get to their godforsaken place.
And then came the hardship
Korean peasant -
thread ravaged
The free life was over, now the peasants fully felt all the hardships of a servile existence. Old man Saveliy speaks of people's long-suffering, explaining it by the courage and spiritual strength of people. Only truly strong and courageous people can be so patient as to endure such mockery of themselves, and so generous as not to forgive such an attitude towards themselves.
And so we endured
That we are rich.
In that Russian heroism.
Do you think, Matryonushka,
The man is not a hero?
And his life is not military,
And death is not written for him
In battle - a hero!
Nekrasov finds amazing comparisons when he speaks of people's long-suffering and courage. He uses the folk epos, speaking of heroes:
Hands twisted with chains
Legs forged with iron
Back ... dense forests
Passed on it - broke.
And the chest? Elijah the prophet
On it rattles-rides
On a chariot of fire...
The hero suffers everything!
Old man Savely tells how for eighteen years the peasants endured the arbitrariness of the German manager. Their whole life was now in the power of this cruel man. People had to work tirelessly. And every time the manager was dissatisfied with the results of the work, he demanded more. Constant bullying by the Germans causes the strongest indignation in the soul of the peasants. And once another portion of bullying made people commit a crime. They kill the German manager. When reading these lines, the thought of higher justice comes to mind. The peasants have already managed to feel absolutely powerless and weak-willed. Everything they held dear was taken from them. But after all, a person cannot be mocked with complete impunity. Sooner or later you will have to pay for your actions.
But, of course, the murder of the manager did not go unpunished:
Buoy-city, There I learned to read and write,
Until they decided us.
The solution came out: hard labor
And weave in advance ...
The life of Savely, the Holy Russian hero, after hard labor was very difficult. He spent twenty years in captivity, only closer to old age he was free. Savely's whole life is very tragic, and in old age he turns out to be the unwitting culprit in the death of his little grandson. This case once again proves that, despite all his strength, Savely cannot withstand hostile circumstances. He is just a toy in the hands of fate.
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" plunges us into the world of peasant life in Rus'. Nekrasov's work on this work falls on the time after the peasant reform of 1861. This can be seen from the first lines of the Prologue, where wanderers are called "temporarily liable" - this is how the peasants who emerged from serfdom after the reform were called.
In the poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'”, we see the diverse images of Russian peasants, learn about their views on life, find out what kind of life they live and what problems exist in the life of the Russian people. Nekrasov's image of the peasantry is closely connected with the problem of finding a happy person - the purpose of the journey of seven men across Rus'. This journey allows us to get acquainted with all the unsightly aspects of Russian life.
One of the main images of the poem is considered to be Savely, with whom the reader gets acquainted in the chapter "Feast - for the whole world." The life story of Saveliy is very difficult, like that of all peasants of the post-reform era. But this hero is distinguished by a special freedom-loving spirit, inflexibility in the face of the burden of peasant life. He courageously endures all the bullying of the master, who wants to flog his subjects to pay tribute to him. But all patience comes to an end.
So it happened with Saveliy, who, unable to endure the tricks of the German Vogel, as if by chance pushes him to the pit dug by the peasants. Savely, of course, is serving a sentence: twenty years of hard labor and twenty years of settlements. But do not break him - the Holy Russian hero: "branded, but not a slave"! He returns home to his son's family. The author draws Savely in the tradition of Russian folklore:
With a huge gray mane,
Tea, not cut for twenty years,
With a big beard
Grandpa looked like a bear...
The old man lives apart from his relatives, because he sees that he is needed in the family, while he gave money ... He treats only Matryona Timofeevna with love. But the hero's soul opened up and blossomed when Matryona's daughter-in-law brought him a grandson Dyomushka.
Savely began to look at the world in a completely different way, thawed at the sight of the boy, he became attached to the child with all his heart. But even here, evil fate trips him up. Star Savely - fell asleep when he was babysitting Dyoma. The hungry pigs killed the boy... Savely's soul is torn from pain! He takes the blame on himself and repents of everything Matryona Timofeevna, telling her about how much he loved the boy.
Savely will spend the rest of his long life of one hundred and seven years, praying for his sin in the monasteries. Thus, in the image of Savely, Nekrasov shows a deep commitment to faith in God, combined with a huge reserve of patience of the Russian people. Matryona forgives grandfather, understands how Savely's soul is tormented. And this forgiveness also has a deep meaning, revealing the character of the Russian peasant.
Here is another image of the Russian peasant, about which the author says: "lucky too." Savely acts in the poem as a folk philosopher, he reflects on whether the people should endure a disenfranchised and oppressed state. Savely combines kindness, simplicity, sympathy for the oppressed and hatred for the oppressors of the peasants.
ON THE. Nekrasov in the image of Savely showed the people, gradually beginning to realize their rights, and the power to be reckoned with.
The mystery of the nickname Saveliy, the Holy Russian hero
About Savelia, the grandfather of Matryona's husband, the reader learns from her story. In the image of Savely, two heroic types of the Russian people are combined at once. On the one hand, he is a hero - a man of extraordinary strength, a defender of his land and his people, although he is not a warrior: “And his life is not military, and his death is not written in battle - but a hero!”
On the other hand, Saveliy is a hero of Holy Rus', a Christian heritage, a believer, a martyr. He has many signs of holiness: he suffered bodily torture, is mutilated, committed more than one mortal sin (killing the manager and becoming the involuntary cause of the death of Dyomushka), prophesies before his death, promising men three paths (tavern, jail and hard labor), and women three loops (white, red and black silk). Saveliy is literate, prays a lot and reads the holy calendar.
Holy Rus' for the Orthodox is that strong country of the times of Kievan Rus, when the people fought the enemy "for the Orthodox faith, for the Russian land." Saveliy is similar at the same time to heroes and saints of antiquity, born in a free land, living according to Orthodox laws, the true laws of conscience.
Portrait of Savely
Savely is very old. In total, he lived for 107 years, and met Matryona at the age of 100. He is of enormous growth, so that it seems to Matryona that, straightening up, he will break through the ceiling. Matryona compares him to a bear. His huge, 20-year-old uncut mane is called a siwa, his beard is also huge (repeating epithets enhance the quality).
Saveliy's bent back is a symbol of a Russian person who bends, but does not break or fall. In his youth, in the forest, Saveliy stepped on a sleepy bear, and, being frightened once in his life, planted a horn into her, while injuring her back.
Explaining to Matryona his heroic nature, Savely gives a generalized portrait of the hero, coinciding with his own: his arms are twisted with chains, his legs are forged with iron, whole scaffolding has broken on his back, Elijah the Prophet rides on his chest and rattles a chariot (hyperbole).
The character of Savely and the circumstances that shaped him
At the time of his acquaintance with Matryona, Savely lived in a special room and did not let anyone into it, despite the protests of the family. He built this chamber when he returned from hard labor. Later, he made an exception for his little great-grandson and Matryona, who was fleeing the wrath of her father-in-law.
The family did not favor Savely when he ran out of money saved up in hard labor. He did not argue with his family, although he could play a trick over his son, who called him hard labor and stigmatized. Grandpa's smile is compared to a rainbow.
The old man had a habit of sometimes saying words-aphorisms related to his past life and hard labor: "Unbear - the abyss, endure - the abyss."
In his crime, for which Savely went to hard labor, he does not repent. From his point of view, it was unbearable, although patience- this is the property of the Russian hero. But Savely repents that caused the death of a great-grandson. He crawls to Matryona on his knees, goes into the woods, and then to repentance in the monastery. At the same time, Savely is able support Matryona, sympathize to her.
The history of relations between the Korezhin peasants and their masters is the history of the enslavement of Holy Rus'. Savely seems to come from those ancient Russian "fertile" times when the peasants were free. His village was in such deaf swamps that the master could not get there: “The devil has been looking for our little side for three years.” Life in the wilderness was associated with a brutal hunt, so Savely " petrified, he was fiercer than the beast, ”and only love for Dyomushka softened him.
The peasants gave quitrent to barin Shalashnikov only when he tore them. For them, it was the same as a military feat: they stood for the patrimony, they defeated Shalashnikov.
Saveliy is a man simple and direct, to match the master Shalashnikov. He could not cope with the cunning of the German Vogel, the managing heir, who imperceptibly enslaved the peasants, ruined him to the bone. Saveliy calls such a state hard labor.
The men endured for eighteen years: "Our axes lay - for the time being." And then the German Vogel was buried alive, whom Nekrasov called Khristian Khristianych (sarcasm). It was Saveliy who first pushed the German into the pit, it was he who said: “Naddai”. Saveliy has the qualities rebel.
Savely able to use any circumstances to his advantage. In prison, he learned to read and write. After 20 years of hard labor and 20 years of settlement, Saveliy returned to his homeland, having saved up money. Starting the story about Savely, Matryona ironically calls him lucky. Accepting the blows of fate, Savely not discouraged and not afraid.
- Images of landowners in Nekrasov's poem "Who should live well in Rus'"
- The image of Grisha Dobrosklonov in Nekrasov's poem "Who should live well in Rus'"
- The image of Matryona in the poem "To whom in Rus' it is good to live"
Essay on literature. Saveliy - Holy Russian hero
One of the main characters of Nekrasov's poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” - Savely - the reader will recognize when he is already an old man who has lived a long and difficult life. The poet draws a colorful portrait of this amazing old man:
With a huge gray mane,
Tea, twenty years uncut,
With a big beard
Grandpa looked like a bear
Especially, as from the forest,
Bending down, he left.
Savely's life turned out to be very difficult, fate did not spoil him. In his old age, Savely lived in the family of his son, father-in-law Matryona Timofeevna. It is noteworthy that grandfather Saveliy does not like his family. Obviously, all household members do not have the best qualities, and an honest and sincere old man feels this very well. In his native family, Saveliy is called “branded, convict”. And he himself, not at all offended by this, says: “Branded, but not a slave.
It is interesting to observe how Saveliy is not averse to playing a trick on his family members:
And they will annoy him hard -
He will joke: “Look
Matchmakers to us!” Unmarried
Cinderella - to the window:
but instead of matchmakers - beggars!
From a tin button
Grandfather fashioned two kopecks,
Threw up on the floor -
Father-in-law got caught!
Not drunk from drinking -
The beaten one dragged on!
What does this relationship between the old man and his family indicate? First of all, it is striking that Saveliy is different both from his son and from all relatives. His son does not possess any exceptional qualities, does not shun drunkenness, is almost completely devoid of kindness and nobility. And Savely, on the contrary, is kind, smart, outstanding. He eschews his household, apparently, he is disgusted by pettiness, envy, malice, characteristic of his relatives. Old man Savely is the only one in her husband's family who was kind to Matryona. The old man does not hide all the hardships that have fallen to his lot:
“Oh, the share of Holy Russian
Homemade hero!
He's been bullied all his life.
Time will reflect
About death - hellish torments
In the other world they are waiting.”
Old man Savely is very freedom-loving. It combines qualities such as physical and mental strength. Savely is a real Russian hero who does not recognize any pressure on himself. In his youth, Savely had remarkable strength, no one could compete with him. In addition, life used to be different, the peasants were not burdened with the hardest duty to pay dues and work off corvée. Savely says:
We did not rule corvee,
We didn't pay dues
And so, when it comes to judgment,
We will send once in three years.
In such circumstances, the character of the young Savely was tempered. Nobody pressured her, nobody made her feel like a slave. In addition, nature itself was on the side of the peasants:
Dense forests all around,
Swamps all around,
Not a horse ride to us,
Not a foot pass!
Nature itself protected the peasants from the invasion of the master, the police and other troublemakers. Therefore, the peasants could live and work in peace, not feeling someone else's power over them.
When reading these lines, fairy-tale motifs are recalled, because in fairy tales and legends people were absolutely free, they controlled their own lives.
The old man tells how the peasants dealt with the bears:
We were only concerned
Bears... yes with bears
We got along easily.
With a knife and with a horn
I myself am scarier than the elk,
Along the reserved paths
I go: “My forest!” - I scream.
Saveliy, like a real fairy tale hero, claims his rights to the forest surrounding him. It is the forest - with its untrodden paths, mighty trees - that is the real element of the hero Savely. In the forest, the hero is not afraid of anything, he is the real master of the silent kingdom around him. That is why in old age he leaves his family and goes into the forest.
The unity of the bogatyr Savely and the nature around him seems undeniable. Nature helps Savely to become stronger. Even in old age, when years and hardships have bent the old man's back, you still feel remarkable strength in him.
Savely tells how, in his youth, his fellow villagers managed to deceive the master, to hide the wealth from him. And although we had to endure a lot for this, no one could reproach people for cowardice and lack of will. The peasants were able to convince the landowners of their absolute poverty, so they managed to avoid complete ruin and enslavement.
Savely is a very proud person. This is felt in everything: in his attitude to life, in his steadfastness and courage with which he defends his own. When he talks about his youth, he recalls how only weak-minded people surrendered to the master. Of course, he himself was not one of those people:
Excellently fought Shalashnikov,
And not so hot great Incomes received:
Weak people gave up
And the strong for the patrimony
They stood well.
I also endured
He hesitated, thinking:
“Whatever you do, dog son,
And you won't knock out your whole soul,
Leave something!”
Old man Savely bitterly says that now there is practically no self-respect left in people. Now cowardice, animal fear for oneself and one's well-being and lack of desire to fight prevail:
Those were the proud people!
And now give a crack -
Corrector, landowner
Drag the last penny!
Savely's young years passed in an atmosphere of freedom. But peasant freedom did not last long. The master died, and his heir sent a German, who at first behaved quietly and imperceptibly. The German gradually became friends with the entire local population, little by little he observed peasant life.
Gradually, he got into the confidence of the peasants and ordered them to drain the swamp, then cut down the forest. In a word, the peasants came to their senses only when a magnificent road appeared along which it was easy to get to their godforsaken place.
And then came the hardship
Korean peasant -
thread ravaged
The free life was over, now the peasants fully felt all the hardships of a servile existence. Old man Saveliy speaks of people's long-suffering, explaining it by the courage and spiritual strength of people. Only truly strong and courageous people can be so patient as to endure such mockery of themselves, and so generous as not to forgive such an attitude towards themselves.
And so we endured
That we are rich.
In that Russian heroism.
Do you think, Matryonushka,
The man is not a hero?
And his life is not military,
And death is not written for him
In battle - a hero!
Nekrasov finds amazing comparisons when he speaks of people's long-suffering and courage. He uses the folk epos, speaking of heroes:
Hands twisted with chains
Legs forged with iron
Back ... dense forests
Passed on it - broke.
And the chest? Elijah the prophet
On it rattles-rides
On a chariot of fire...
The hero suffers everything!
Old man Savely tells how for eighteen years the peasants endured the arbitrariness of the German manager. Their whole life was now in the power of this cruel man. People had to work tirelessly. And every time the manager was dissatisfied with the results of the work, he demanded more. Constant bullying by the Germans causes the strongest indignation in the soul of the peasants. And once another portion of bullying made people commit a crime. They kill the German manager. When reading these lines, the thought of higher justice comes to mind. The peasants have already managed to feel absolutely powerless and weak-willed. Everything they held dear was taken from them. But after all, a person cannot be mocked with complete impunity. Sooner or later you will have to pay for your actions.
But, of course, the murder of the manager did not go unpunished:
Buoy-city, There I learned to read and write,
Until they decided us.
The solution came out: hard labor
And weave in advance ...
The life of Savely, the Holy Russian hero, after hard labor was very difficult. He spent twenty years in captivity, only closer to old age he was free. Savely's whole life is very tragic, and in old age he turns out to be the unwitting culprit in the death of his little grandson. This case once again proves that, despite all his strength, Savely cannot withstand hostile circumstances. He is just a toy in the hands of fate.
Savely, Holy Russian bogatyr in the poem "Who in Rus' should live well"
Laid out material: Finished Essays
Nekrasov found an original way to show the struggle of the peasants against the feudal lords at a new stage. He settles the peasants in a remote village, separated from the cities and villages by "dense forests", impassable swamps. In Korezhin, the oppression of the landowners was not clearly felt. Then he expressed himself only in the extortion of quitrent by Shalashnikov. When the German Vogel managed to deceive the peasants and pave the way with their help, all forms of serfdom appeared immediately and in full measure. Thanks to such a plot find, the author manages, using the example of only two generations, to reveal in a concentrated form the attitude of the peasants and their best representatives to the horrors of serfdom. This technique was found by the writer in the process of studying reality. Nekrasov knew the Kostroma region well. The poet's contemporaries noted the hopeless wilderness of this region.
The transfer of the scene of action of the main characters of the third part (and perhaps the entire poem) - Savely and Matrena Timofeevna - to the remote village of Klin, Korezhinskaya volost, Kostroma province, had not only psychological, but also huge political meaning. When Matryona Timofeevna came to the city of Kostroma, she saw: “There is a forged copper, exactly like Savely grandfather, a peasant of the square. - Whose monument? - "Susanina". The comparison of Savely with Susanin is of particular importance.
As established by the researcher A.F. Tarasov, Ivan Susanin was born in the same places ... He died, according to legend, forty kilometers from Bui, in the swamps near the village of Yusupov, where he led the Polish invaders.
The patriotic deed of Ivan Susanin was used ... to elevate the "house of the Romanovs", to prove the support of this "house" by the people... At the request of official circles, M. Glinka's wonderful opera "Ivan Susanin" was renamed "A Life for the Tsar". In 1351, a monument to Susanin was erected in Kostroma, on which he is shown kneeling in front of the bust of Mikhail Romanov, towering on a six-meter column.
Having settled his rebellious hero Savely in the Kostroma "korezhina", in the homeland of Susanin ... the original patrimony of the Romanovs, identifying ... Savely with Susanin, Nekrasov showed who the Kostroma "korezhnaya" Rus' would actually give birth to, what Ivan Susanins really are, what it is like in general the Russian peasantry, ready for a decisive battle for liberation.
A.F. Tarasov draws attention to this fact. On the Kostroma monument, Susanin stands before the tsar in an uncomfortable position - kneeling. Nekrasov “straightened” his hero - “a forged copper man stands in the square”, but he doesn’t even remember the figure of the king. This is how the political position of the writer manifested itself in the creation of the image of Savely.
Saveliy - Holy Russian hero. Nekrasov reveals the heroism of nature at three stages of character development. At first, grandfather is among the peasants - Korezhi (Vetluzhintsy), whose heroism is expressed in overcoming the difficulties associated with wildlife. Then the grandfather steadfastly endures the monstrous flogging to which the landowner Shalashnikov subjected the peasants, demanding dues. Talking about spankings, grandfather was most proud of the stamina of the peasants. They beat me hard, they beat me for a long time. And although the peasants "tongues got in the way, their brains were already shaking, they were tearing up in their heads," they nevertheless took home quite a few, "not knocked out" money by the landowner. Heroism - in stamina, and endurance, in resistance. “The arms are twisted with chains, the legs are forged with iron ... the hero endures everything.”
Children of nature, workers hardened in battle with harsh nature and freedom-loving natures - this is the source of their heroism. Not blind obedience, but conscious stability, not slavish patience, but persistent defense of one's interests. It is understandable why he indignantly condemns those who "...give a slap to the police officer, the landowner is being dragged away with the last penny!"
Savely was the instigator of the murder of the German Vogel by the peasants. Deep in the recesses of the old man's freedom-loving nature lay hatred for the enslaver. He did not set himself up, did not inflate his consciousness with theoretical judgments, did not expect a “push” from anyone. Everything happened by itself, at the behest of the heart.
"Give it up!" - I dropped the word
Under the word Russian people
They work friendly.
“Give it! Give!”
They gave it so much
That the hole didn't exist.
As you can see, the peasants not only “have axes for the time being!”, but they had an unquenchable fire of hatred. Coherence of actions is acquired, leaders are distinguished, words are established with which they “work” more amicably.
The image of the Holy Russian hero has one more charm-Ebo trait. The noble goal of the struggle and the dream of the bright joy of human happiness removed the rudeness of this "savage", protected his heart from bitterness. The old man called the boy Demu a hero. This means that the childish spontaneity, tenderness, sincerity of a smile are introduced by him into the concept of "hero". The grandfather saw in the child a source of special love for life. He stopped shooting squirrels, began to love every flower, hurried home to laugh, to play with Demushka. That is why Matryona Timofeevna not only saw in the image of Savely a patriot, a fighter (Susanin), but also a hearty sage, able to understand much better than statesmen can. A clear, deep, truthful thought of the grandfather was clothed in "okay" speech. Matrena Timofeevna does not find an example for comparison with how Savely can speak (“If the merchants of Moscow, the nobles of the sovereign, happen, the tsar himself happens: you shouldn’t speak more smoothly!”).
The conditions of life ruthlessly tested the heroic heart of the old man. Exhausted in the struggle, exhausted by suffering, the grandfather “overlooked” the boy: the pigs killed their favorite Demushka. The heart wound was aggravated by the cruel accusation of "unrighteous judges" of the grandfather's cohabitation with Matryona Timofeevna and of deliberate murder. Grandfather painfully endured irreparable grief, then “he lay hopeless for six days, then he went into the forests, grandfather sang so much, grandfather cried so much that the forest groaned! And in the fall he went to repentance in the Sand Monastery.
Did the rebel find solace behind the walls of the monastery? No, after three years he again came to the sufferers, to the world. Dying, one hundred and seven years old, grandfather does not give up the fight. Nekrasov carefully removes words and phrases from the manuscript that are not in harmony with the rebellious appearance of Savely. The Holy Russian hero is not devoid of religious ideas. He prays at the grave of Demushka, he advises Matryona Timofeev: “There is nothing to argue with God. Become! Pray for Demushka! God knows what he's doing." But he prays "... for the poor Demu, for all the suffering Russian peasantry."
Nekrasov creates an image of great generalizing significance. The scale of thought, the breadth of Savely's interests - for all the suffering Russian peasantry - make this image majestic, symbolic. This is a representative, an example of a certain social environment. It reflects the heroic, revolutionary essence of the peasant character.
In the draft manuscript, Nekrasov first wrote, and then crossed out: “I pray here, Matryoushka, I pray for the poor, the loving, for all the Russian priesthood and I pray for the tsar.” Of course, tsarist sympathies, faith in the Russian priesthood, characteristic of the patriarchal peasantry, manifested themselves in this man along with hatred for the enslavers, that is, for the same tsar, for his support - the landowners, for his spiritual servants - the priests. It is no coincidence that Savely, in the spirit of a popular proverb, expressed his critical attitude with the words: "High is God, far is the king." And at the same time, the dying Savely leaves a farewell testament embodying the contradictory wisdom of the patriarchal peasantry. One part of his will breathes hatred, and he, says Matryona Timofeev-pa, confused us: “Do not plow, not this peasant! Hunched behind the yarn behind the canvases, peasant woman, do not sit! It is clear that such hatred is the result of the activities of a fighter and avenger, whose whole heroic life gave him the right to say words worthy of being carved on the “marble board at the entrance to hell”, created by Russian tsarism: “There are three paths for men: a tavern, a jail, yes penal servitude, and women in Rus' have three loops.
But on the other hand, the same sage recommended dying, and recommended not only to his beloved granddaughter Matryona, but also to everyone: to his comrades-in-arms in the struggle: “Do not fight, stupid, what is written in the family, that cannot be avoided!” In Savelia, however, the pathos of struggle and hatred is stronger, and not the feeling of humility and reconciliation.
The chapter "Peasant Woman" was created by Nekrasov on the eve of the second democratic upsurge, when true knowledge of the people's environment, the essence of the people's character, became especially necessary. What conclusions did a long-term study of the folk life of Nekrasov lead to?
In none of the chapters of the epic "To whom in Rus' ..." the author so inspiredly asserted the idea that inexhaustible sources of moral beauty, stamina, heroic power and love of freedom lurk in the people's environment. The latter is revealed with particular force in the central episode of the chapter "The Peasant Woman", the story of Savely, the Holy Russian hero. It is quite natural that it is in the chapter characterizing the life of the peasantry, narrated by a peasant woman and closely connected with folk art, that a semi-epic (and such a concretely real!) Image of the “homeskin hero” appears, Savely - one of the best and most dramatic creations of the Nekrasov genius .
From the very first words of Matryona about Savely, a feeling of his heroic power is born. Huge, "With a huge gray mane, / With a huge beard," a hundred-year-old man not only "looked like a bear," but with his strength seemed "more terrible than an elk." The epic, broadly generalizing meaning of the image of Saveliy is also emphasized in the title of the chapter - "Savelius, hero of the Holy Russian." What are the origins of the birth of this image and what place does it occupy in the development of the ideological concept of the poem?
The impulses that stimulated the work of Nekrasov's creative imagination are very diverse. It is possible that the idea of introducing the image of a heroic peasant into the chapter "Peasant Woman" was suggested by Fedosov's lamentations. So, in the lament “For the one killed by thunder-lightning”, the image of Elijah the prophet is drawn, who asks God for permission to lower a fiery arrow into the white chest of a mighty peasant. The words of the poem:
And the chest? Elijah the prophet
On it rattles-rides
On a chariot of fire...
The hero suffers everything! -
an undoubted echo of Fedosov's lamentation.
But Nekrasov came not so much from the book as from life. As it was found out in one of the most interesting studies, the idea of the chapter about Savely is acutely publicistic. The events, which are described in the chapter "Savely, the Hero of the Holy Russian", unfold in the northwestern part of the Kostroma Territory, as evidenced by the names: Korezhin, Bui, Sand Monastery, Kostroma. It turns out that the choice of the scene of action, so to speak, "Kostroma topography" is not accidental in the poem. Arriving in the city ("Governor"), Matryona stops in surprise in front of the monument to Susanin:
It is made of forged copper,
Exactly Savely grandfather,
The man in the square.
- Whose monument? - "Susanina".
The fact that Savely is compared with Susanin has been repeatedly noted in the literature, but scientific research has shown that the internal connection between the image of Savely and Susanin is much deeper and more complex than it seemed. It is in it that the secret of the birth of the image is hidden.
The Kostroma "signs" of the chapter have a special meaning. The fact is that Ivan Susanin was born in the same places, in the village of Derevenki, Buysky district. He died, according to legend, forty kilometers from Bui, in the swamps near the village of Yusupov.
As is known, Susanin's patriotic feat was interpreted in a monarchical spirit, love for the tsar and readiness to give his life for him were declared traits expressing the very essence of the Russian peasantry. In 1851, a monument to Susanin was erected in Kostroma (sculptor V. I. Demut-Malinovsky). At the foot of a six-meter column topped with a bust of Mikhail Romanov, there is a kneeling figure of Ivan Susanin. When visiting Kostroma, Nekrasov saw this monument more than once.
In the plot of the chapter "Savelius, hero of the Holy Russian", the action of which is concentrated in a deaf bearish corner, thicker than the Kostroma forests and swamps, the poet declares that even in the most deaf side a peasant wakes up. This is also evidenced by the image of Savely - an epic generalized image of the Russian peasantry rising to the struggle.
Nekrasov gives in the poem an unusually deep analysis of the characteristics of the peasant movement of his era, peasant Rus' in its strength and weakness. The author of the epic draws attention to the heroic power of the “sermyazhny bogatyr” (Russian peasant), long-suffering, seemingly difficult to combine with it, and the spontaneous nature of his rebellion. The Russian man is patient. Korezhin silently endures Shalashnikov's torment. This ability to restrain growing anger, to rise above beatings and tortures testifies to inner strength, pride (“There were proud people!”)
Whatever you do, son of a dog,
And you won't get your soul out...
In this patience - not humility and slave blood, but common sense and fortitude.
Between the Korezhintsy and Shalashnikov there is a kind of competition in strength and stamina, and the brute strength of Shalashnikov is not able to defeat the inner stubbornness of the peasants, the strength of their spirit: “You are a fool, Shalashnikov!” - the Korezhintsy mockingly declare, making fun of the master. However
peasant patience
Hardy, but time
There is an end to it
peasant "axes lie for the time being." Ordinary natures submit to evil, but the people's environment constantly puts forward people who stand up to fight against it. These people begin to understand that excessive patience often develops into a habit, gives rise to the psychology of a slave. “To endure the abyss...” - Saveliy, who embarked on the path of protest, formulates this idea.
The Russian peasant is patient, but once he has made up his mind, he is no longer afraid of obstacles. Brought to the limit by the bullying of the “German steward”, the patient Korezhintsy, silently agreeing to settle accounts with the hated Vogel, show amazing determination and unanimity in actions. The initiative belongs to Savely. It was he who first lightly pushed Khristyan Khristiyanych towards the pit with his shoulder. And this slight push, a spark, was enough to ignite the flame of popular anger, they worked together to the cue “Naddai!” nine spades...
While asserting the moral right of the people to fight, to punish the oppressors, admiring the strength and determination of the Korezhintsy, Nekrasov, however, also shows the doom of such outbursts of peasant anger. Savely with friends
Into the land of the German Vogel
Khristian Khristianycha
Buried alive.
A tavern ... a prison in Bui-gorod,
... Twenty years of strict hard labor,
Twenty years of settlement.
By killing Vogel, the Korezhintsy aroused against themselves the action of the force standing behind Vogel's back, the terrible force of the autocratic-landlord state, which even the heroes cannot cope with if they are single. Old Savely reflects:
Where are you, power, gone?
What were you good for?
- Under rods, under sticks
Gone little by little!
Therefore, the Holy Russian hero loves to repeat: “Unbearing is an abyss ...” Yes, spontaneous and scattered peasant riots will not lead to Izbytkovo village. Nekrasov knows this, and yet, with tremendous poetic inspiration, he speaks of the power and love of freedom, of the enormous potential power of the anger of the Russian peasant.
Savely's story contains the words:
Then ... I fled from hard labor ...
The image of a peasant - a rebel, a people's avenger for centuries of grievances, was originally conceived even sharper. An episode remained in the manuscripts, which tells how Savely, having escaped from hard labor for the third time, "walked a decent amount of freedom." Wandering in the winter in the taiga, he comes across a hut in which some officials he hates have stopped, and, carrying out his revenge, Savely burns his enemies.
It is generally accepted that the refusal to introduce this episode into Nekrasov's poem was caused by an eye to censorship. But I would like to note something else. There is something eerie in the painted picture, casting ominous glare, an ominous shadow on the face of Savely, contrary to Nekrasov's concept of folk character. The Russian peasant is rather complacent than cruel, thoughtful and deliberate cruelty is not characteristic of him. Yes, driven to the limit, in a fit of righteous anger, the Korezhintsy bury Vogel in the ground. But the psychological picture here is different. The shovels of the Korezhinians work under the influence of a spontaneous impulse, they fulfill the will of the collective, although each of the participants in the massacre is internally embarrassed by the cruelty of this just (after all, they suffered for “eighteen” years!) will:
We did not look at each other
In the eyes...
They came to their senses and "exchanged glances" only when the deed was done. It seems that it was not censorship, but artistic flair that forced the poet to refuse to introduce the fragment “And the doors are with stones ...”, which contradicts the humane foundations of the hero’s nature, into the final text of the poem.
There is no force capable of breaking Savely. “Twenty years of strict hard labor, / Twenty years of settlement” only strengthened in him the natural love of freedom, expressed in the words: “Branded, but not a slave!” Having become a hundred-year-old old man, he is chained with all his thoughts to the past, reflects on the fate of the peasantry, “on the bitter lot of the plowman”, on the ways of struggle, and even in the monastery, where he went, blaming himself for the death of Demushka, he prays “for all the suffering Russian peasantry”. True, at the end of his life, Savely sometimes comes to bitter and bleak conclusions.
Be patient, long-suffering!
We can't find the truth
he says to Matryona, and mentally addresses the peasants with the words:
No matter how you fight, stupid,
What is written in kind
That is not to be missed!
But fatalism and religiosity, so characteristic of the ideology of the patriarchal Russian peasantry, live in Savelia next to anger and contempt for those who are not capable of fighting that have not subsided over a long life:
Oh, you Aniki-warriors!
With old people, with women
You only have to fight!
The image of Saveliy is correlated in the poem not only with Ivan Susanin, but also with the images of the Russian epic epic. He is a holy Russian hero. This poetic parallel affirms the heroism of the people and faith in their inescapable strength. It has long been established that in Savely's characterization of the peasant (Do you think Matryoushka, the Muzhik is not a hero? ...) one hears an echo of the epic about Svyatogor and earthly cravings. Svyatogor-bogatyr feels immense strength in himself.
If only I found thrust,
So the whole earth would be lifted! -
he says. But, having tried to lift the bag with earthly traction,
And knee-deep Svyatogor sank into the ground,
And on the white face, not tears, but blood flows ...
For now, terrible cravings
He raised it,
Yes, he went into the ground up to his chest
With an effort! By his face
Not tears - blood flows.
The image of Svyatogor helps to express the idea of the strength and weakness of the Russian peasantry, of its mighty, but still dormant forces and unawakened, unformed social consciousness. To the observation Comparison of the Russian peasant with Svyatogor is present in the poem as Savely's reasoning. Saveliy, whose consciousness is characterized not by drowsiness, but by intense long-term painful work of thought, the result of which was contempt for the Anika warriors, who are not capable of fighting, the consciousness that a hard labor stigma is better than spiritual slavery. And therefore, the figurative parallel of Svyatogor - the Russian peasant cannot in any way be extended to Savely himself, also a hero of the Holy Russian, but of a different, not drowsy, but active force.
“There was also a lucky man” ... With such ironic words, the image of grandfather Savely is introduced into Nekrasov's poem. He lived a long, difficult life and is now living his life in the family of Matrena Timofeevna. The image of Savely, the Holy Russian hero in Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'" is very important, because he embodies the idea of Russian heroism. The theme of the strength, endurance and long-suffering of the people in the poem grows from chapter to chapter (remember the story of a strong man at the fair, which serves as a prerequisite to the story of Savely) and is finally resolved in the image of the hero Savely.
Saveliy comes from remote forest lands, where even "the devil has been looking for a way for three years." The very name of this region breathes with power: Korega, from “mangle”, i.e. bend, break. A bear can cripple anything, and Savely himself "looked like a bear." He is also compared with other animals, for example, with the elk, and it is emphasized that he is much more dangerous than a predator when he walks through the forest "with a knife and a horn." This strength comes from a deep knowledge of one's region, complete unity with nature. Savely's love for his land is visible, his words "My forest!" sound much more convincing than the same statement from the lips of the landowner Obolt-Obolduev.
But in any, even the most impassable region, the master's hand will reach. Saveliy's free life ends with the arrival of a German manager in Korega. At first, he seemed harmless and did not even demand the due tribute, but he set a condition: to work off the money by logging. The simple-hearted peasants built a road out of the forest and then realized how much they had been deceived: the gentlemen came to Korezhina along this road, the German brought his wife and children, and began to draw all the juice out of the village.
"And then came hard labor
Korean peasant -
Ruined to the bone!”
For a long time, the peasants endure the bullying of the German - he beats them and makes them work without measure. A Russian peasant can endure a lot, that's why he is a hero, - Savely believes.
So he says to Matryona, to which the woman replies with irony: such a hero and mice can seize. In this episode, Nekrasov outlines an important problem for the Russian people: their lack of response, their unpreparedness for decisive action. It is not for nothing that Savely's characterization coincides with the image of the most motionless of the epic heroes - Svyatogor, who at the end of his life grew into the ground.
"Untolerate - the abyss, endure - the abyss." This is how the bogatyr Savely thinks, and this simple but wise folk philosophy leads him to rebellion. Under the word he invented, “Naddai!” the hated German manager is buried in the ground. And although Savely ends up in hard labor for this act, the beginning of his release has already been made. For the rest of his life, the grandfather will be proud that he, at least “branded, but not a slave!”
But how does his life go on? He spent more than twenty years in hard labor, another twenty were taken away from the settlements. But even there, Savely did not give up, he worked, he was able to raise money, and, returning to his homeland, he built himself and his family a hut. And yet his life is not allowed to end peacefully: while his grandfather had money, he enjoyed the love of his family, and when they ended, he met with dislike and ridicule. The only consolation for him, as well as for Matryona, is Demushka. He sits on the old man's shoulder "like an apple in the top of an old apple tree."
But a terrible thing happens: through his, Savely, the fault of the grandson dies. And it was this event that broke the man who went through the whips and hard labor. The grandfather will spend the rest of his life in a monastery and wandering, praying for the remission of sins. That is why Nekrasov calls him Holy Russian, showing another feature inherent in all the people: deep, sincere religiosity. "One hundred and seven years" lived grandfather Saveliy, but longevity did not bring him happiness, and strength, as he bitterly recalls, "left over trifles."
In the poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'”, Savely embodies precisely this, deeply hidden power of the Russian peasant and his enormous, although not yet realized, potential. It is worth waking up the people, convincing them to give up humility for a while, and then they will win happiness for themselves, that's what Nekrasov says with the help of the image of the hero Savely.
Artwork test
N. Nekrasov created many wonderful peasant images in the poem "Who in Rus' should live well." Among them, a hundred-year-old man stands out, having experienced many hardships in his lifetime. But, despite his age, he still retained the strength and fortitude of the spirit. “Holy Russian hero” - such a definition is given to grandfather Savely in the work.
“Who should live well in Rus'”: a summary of chapters 3.4 of part 3
Wandering peasants, who decided to find the answer to the question posed in the title of the poem, learned about this hero from a young woman, Matrena Timofeevna. “He was also a lucky man,” she notes during a story about her life.
Matryona met grandfather Savely when he was already about a hundred years old. He lived separately from his son's family, in his room, and was the only one who treated his grandson's young wife affectionately and caringly. The hero always loved the forest, where even at the time of extreme old age he liked to pick mushrooms and berries, put snares on birds. This is the first characteristic of Savely.
“Who in Rus' should live well” is a poem about the life of peasants before and after the milestone of 1861. The life story of the old man, which he told his daughter-in-law, introduces the times when the peasants were considered more resilient and decisive, and the bondage was not felt so strongly: “Once every three years we will give something to the landowner and that’s enough,” said the hero. And although a lot of difficulties fell to his lot: serf life, and long hard labor, and settlement - however, the main test awaited Savely ahead. In his old age, he neglected his great-grandson, who was bitten by pigs. After that, he left home, and soon settled in a monastery, where until his last days in this world he prayed for sins: his own and those of others.
What is so attractive about the image of Saveliy in the work “Who should live well in Rus'”?
Hero's appearance
According to Matrena, even at a hundred years old the old man looked tall and strong, so he looked more like a huge bear. With a large gray mane that has not been trimmed for a long time. Bent over, but still striking in his greatness - in his youth, according to his stories, he single-handedly opposed the she-bear and raised her on a horn. Now, of course, the power was no longer the same: the hero often asked the question: “Where did the former power go?” Nevertheless, it seemed to Matryona that if grandfather straightened up to his full height, he would certainly punch a hole in the room with his head. This description complements Savely's characterization.
“Who in Rus' has a good life” tells about the young years of the hero, including the story of how he ended up in hard labor.
free life
In the days of his grandfather's youth, his native Korez places were deaf and impassable. The forests and swamps that spread around were well known to the local peasants, but they instilled fear in strangers, including the master. Nekrasov introduces into the poem for a reason - this, in fact, begins the characterization of Saveliy - “Who in Rus' lives well” the combination “Korezhsky” region. It in itself already symbolizes incredible physical strength and endurance.
So, the landowner Shalashnikov did not look at the peasants at all, and the police came once a year to collect tribute. The serfs equated themselves with the freemen: they paid little and lived in abundance, like merchants. At first, they still gave tribute with honey, fish, and animal skins. Over time, as the hour of payment approached, they dressed up as beggars. And although Shalashnikov flogged them so that he hardened the “skin” for a whole century, the peasants who stood for the patrimony turned out to be adamant. “No matter how you take it, you won’t shake out your whole soul,” Savely thought so too. “Who should live well in Rus'” shows that the character of the hero was tempered and strengthened in conditions when he and his comrades felt their freedom. And therefore, until the end of his life, it was impossible to change either this conviction or his proud disposition. At a hundred years old, Savely also advocated the right to be independent, including from relatives.
In his story, grandfather drew attention to one more thing - the Russian peasant did not always endure bullying. He remembered the time when the people wanted and could stand up for themselves.
Protest against arbitrariness
After the death of Shalashnikov, the peasants hoped that now there would be complete freedom. But the heirs sent a German manager. At first he pretended to be quiet and calm, he did not require dues. And he himself, by cunning, forced the peasants to dry up the swamp and cut through the clearing. When they came to their senses, it was too late: foolishly they themselves paved the way to themselves. It was then that their merchant life ended - Savely notes in his story.
“Who should live well in Rus'” - a work in which the best are presented. In the case of a German, the author shows the unity of the people that he has always dreamed of. It turned out that it was not easy to break the men accustomed to free life. For eighteen years they somehow demolished the power of the manager, but their patience also came to a limit. Once Khristian Khristyanych forced them to dig a hole, and by the end of the day he was indignant that nothing had been done. In tired people - they worked tirelessly - the anger accumulated over the years boiled up, and suddenly a decision came. Savely lightly, shoulder, pushed the German to the pit. Nine of his comrades standing next to him immediately understood everything - and after a few minutes the hated Vogel was buried alive in that very hole. Of course, such an act was punished, but in the soul of everyone there was satisfaction from the fact that he did not submit. It is no coincidence that the old man answered the word "convict" addressed to him by his son every time: "Branded, but not a slave." And this is one of the main qualities of the hero, which he was always proud of.
penal servitude
Twenty years of penal servitude and the same number of settlements - such was the verdict on the rebels. But he could not change the people to whom Savely belonged. The image of the hero from the work “To whom it is good to live in Rus'” in new trials was tempered even more. Flogging in prison, and then in Siberia after the failed escapes, in comparison with the punishments of Shalashnikov, seemed to him only a worthless smearing. Hard work was also nothing new. Saveliy even managed to save money, with which, having returned to his native place, he built a house. The desire for independence and freedom remained the same. This is probably why the old man singled out only his grandson's wife, Matryona, from the whole family. She was just like him: rebellious, purposeful, ready to fight for her own happiness.
Relationships with household members
This is another important component of the story about the hero - in the end, it is from the small details that the characterization of Saveliy is formed in a small chapter.
“Who in Rus' should live well” - a poem about the “lucky ones”. But is it possible to attribute to them a person who felt lonely in his family? Matrena noted that grandfather did not like to communicate with relatives and therefore settled in the upper room. The reasons were simple: pure in soul and kind in nature, Savely could not accept the anger and envy that reigned in the family. The old man's son had none of the qualities of his father. There was no kindness, no sincerity, no desire for work in him. But indifference to everything, a tendency to idleness and drinking were noted. His wife and daughter, who remained in the old girls, differed little from him. In order to somehow teach his relatives a lesson, Savely sometimes began to joke. For example, he tossed a pewter “coin” made from a button to his son. As a result, the latter returned from the tavern beaten. The hero just laughed.
Later, Saveliy's loneliness will be brightened up by Matryona and Demushka. Already after the death of the child, the old man admits that next to his grandson, his hardened heart and soul thawed, and he again felt full of strength and hope.
History with Demushka
The death of the boy became a real tragedy for the old man, although the origins of what happened must be sought in the very way of Russian life of that time. The mother-in-law forbade Matryona to take her son with her into the field, allegedly interfering with work, and the hundred-year-old Savely began to look after the child.
“To whom in Rus' it is good to live” - the characterization of its heroes does not always turn out to be cheerful - this is a poem about difficult trials, which not everyone can cope with. Here, in this case, the hero, who has seen a lot in his lifetime, suddenly really felt like a criminal. He could never forgive himself for falling asleep and not looking after the child. Savely did not leave his closet for a week, and then he went into the forest, where he always felt freer and more confident. In the fall, he settled in a monastery to repent and pray. He asked God to have compassion on the heart of the suffering mother and that she forgive him, the unreasonable one. And the soul of the old man was rooting for all the Russian peasantry, suffering, with a difficult fate - he will tell about this at a meeting that happened a few years after the tragedy, Matryona.
Thoughts on the people
The characterization of Saveliy from the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” will be incomplete if you do not mention the hero’s attitude towards the Russian peasantry. He calls the people suffering and at the same time courageous, capable of enduring any test in this life. Hands and feet are forever chained, as if passed along the back, and in the chest - "Ilya the prophet ... thunders ... on a chariot of fire." This is how the hero describes the man. Then he adds: a true hero. And he ends his speech with the words that even after death human suffering does not end - in this, unfortunately, one can hear the motives of the humility of the novice elder. For in the next world, the same “hellish torments” await the unfortunate, Savely believes.
“Who should live well in Rus'”: characteristics of the “bogatyr of Svyatogorsk” (conclusions)
Summing up, it can be noted that the appearance of the hero embodies the best qualities of a Russian person. The very story about him resembles a folk tale or an epic. Strong, proud, independent, he rises above the rest of the heroes of the poem and, in fact, becomes the first rebel to defend the interests of the people. However, the comparison of the hero with Svyatogor is not accidental. It was this hero who was considered in Rus' at the same time the strongest and most inactive. In his reflections on the future fate of the people, Saveliy comes to a little encouraging conclusion: "God knows." Consequently, this image from the poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'” is very contradictory and does not answer the question of wanderers. That is why the story about the search for a happy person does not end until the young and active Grisha meets the peasants.
Work:
Who lives well in Rus'
Saveliy - “Holy Russian hero”, “With a huge gray mane, Tea not cut for twenty years, With a huge beard, Grandfather looked like a bear.” In strength, he was definitely similar to a bear, in his youth he hunted him with his bare hands.
S. spent almost his entire life in Siberia in hard labor for burying a cruel German manager alive in the ground. S.'s native village was in the wilderness. Therefore, the peasants lived in it relatively freely: "The Zemstvo police did not come to us for a year." But they meekly endured the atrocities of their landowner. It is in patience, according to the author, that the heroism of the Russian people lies, but this patience also has a limit. S. was sentenced to 20 years, and after an attempt to escape, another 20 were added. But all this did not break the Russian hero. He believed that "Branded, but not a slave!" Returning home and living in his son's family, S. behaved independently and independently: "He did not like families, He did not let him into his corner." But on the other hand, S. treated his grandson's wife, Matryona, and her son Demushka well. The accident made him the culprit in the death of his beloved great-grandson (through an oversight, S. Demushka was bitten by pigs). In inconsolable grief, S. goes to repentance in a monastery, where he remains to pray for the entire destitute Russian people. At the end of his life, he pronounces a terrible verdict on the Russian peasantry: "There are three paths for men: a tavern, prison and hard labor, And for women in Rus' Three loops ... Get into any one."
One of the main characters of Nekrasov's poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” - Savely - the reader will recognize when he is already an old man who has lived a long and difficult life. The poet draws a colorful portrait of this amazing old man:
With a huge gray mane,
Tea, twenty years uncut,
With a big beard
Grandpa looked like a bear
Especially, as from the forest,
Bending down, he left.
Savely's life turned out to be very difficult, fate did not spoil him. In his old age, Savely lived in the family of his son, father-in-law Matryona Timofeevna. It is noteworthy that grandfather Saveliy does not like his family. Obviously, all household members do not have the best qualities, and an honest and sincere old man feels this very well. In his native family, Saveliy is called “branded, convict”. And he himself, not at all offended by this, says: “Branded, but not a slave.
It is interesting to observe how Saveliy is not averse to playing a trick on his family members:
And they will annoy him hard -
He will joke: “Look
Matchmakers to us!” Unmarried
Cinderella - to the window:
But instead of matchmakers - beggars!
From a tin button
Grandfather fashioned two kopecks,
Threw up on the floor -
Father-in-law got caught!
Not drunk from drinking -
The beaten one dragged on!
What does this relationship between the old man and his family indicate? First of all, it is striking that Saveliy is different both from his son and from all relatives. His son does not possess any exceptional qualities, does not shun drunkenness, is almost completely devoid of kindness and nobility. And Savely, on the contrary, is kind, smart, outstanding. He eschews his household, apparently, he is disgusted by pettiness, envy, malice, characteristic of his relatives. Old man Savely is the only one in her husband's family who was kind to Matryona. The old man does not hide all the hardships that have fallen to his lot:
“Oh, the share of Holy Russian
Homemade hero!
He's been bullied all his life.
Time will reflect
About death - hellish torments
In the other world they are waiting.”
Old man Savely is very freedom-loving. It combines qualities such as physical and mental strength. Savely is a real Russian hero who does not recognize any pressure on himself. In his youth, Savely had remarkable strength, no one could compete with him. In addition, life used to be different, the peasants were not burdened with the hardest duty to pay dues and work off corvée. Savely says:
We did not rule corvee,
We didn't pay dues
And so, when it comes to judgment,
We will send once in three years.
In such circumstances, the character of the young Savely was tempered. Nobody pressured her, nobody made her feel like a slave. In addition, nature itself was on the side of the peasants:
Dense forests all around,
Swamps all around,
Not a horse ride to us,
Not a foot pass!
Nature itself protected the peasants from the invasion of the master, the police and other troublemakers. Therefore, the peasants could live and work in peace, not feeling someone else's power over them.
When reading these lines, fairy-tale motifs are recalled, because in fairy tales and legends people were absolutely free, they controlled their own lives.
The old man tells how the peasants dealt with the bears:
We were only concerned
Bears... yes with bears
We got along easily.
With a knife and with a horn
I myself am scarier than the elk,
Along the reserved paths
I go: “My forest!” - I scream.
Saveliy, like a real fairy tale hero, claims his rights to the forest surrounding him. It is the forest - with its untrodden paths, mighty trees - that is the real element of the hero Savely. In the forest, the hero is not afraid of anything, he is the real master of the silent kingdom around him. That is why in old age he leaves his family and goes into the forest.
The unity of the bogatyr Savely and the nature around him seems undeniable. Nature helps Savely to become stronger. Even in old age, when years and hardships have bent the old man's back, you still feel remarkable strength in him.
Savely tells how, in his youth, his fellow villagers managed to deceive the master, to hide the wealth from him. And although we had to endure a lot for this, no one could reproach people for cowardice and lack of will. The peasants were able to convince the landowners of their absolute poverty, so they managed to avoid complete ruin and enslavement.
Savely is a very proud person. This is felt in everything: in his attitude to life, in his steadfastness and courage with which he defends his own. When he talks about his youth, he recalls how only weak-minded people surrendered to the master. Of course, he himself was not one of those people:
Excellently fought Shalashnikov,
And not so hot great Incomes received:
Weak people gave up
And the strong for the patrimony
They stood well.
I also endured
He hesitated, thinking:
“Whatever you do, dog son,
And you won't knock out your whole soul,
Leave something!”
Old man Savely bitterly says that now there is practically no self-respect left in people. Now cowardice, animal fear for oneself and one's well-being and lack of desire to fight prevail:
Those were the proud people!
And now give a crack -
Corrector, landowner
Drag the last penny!
Savely's young years passed in an atmosphere of freedom. But peasant freedom did not last long. The master died, and his heir sent a German, who at first behaved quietly and imperceptibly. The German gradually became friends with the entire local population, little by little he observed peasant life.
Gradually, he got into the confidence of the peasants and ordered them to drain the swamp, then cut down the forest. In a word, the peasants came to their senses only when a magnificent road appeared along which it was easy to get to their godforsaken place.
And then came the hardship
Korean peasant -
Threads ravaged
The free life was over, now the peasants fully felt all the hardships of a servile existence. Old man Saveliy speaks of people's long-suffering, explaining it by the courage and spiritual strength of people. Only truly strong and courageous people can be so patient as to endure such mockery of themselves, and so generous as not to forgive such an attitude towards themselves.
And so we endured
That we are rich.
In that Russian heroism.
Do you think, Matryonushka,
The man is not a hero?
And his life is not military,
And death is not written for him
In battle - a hero!
Nekrasov finds amazing comparisons when he speaks of people's long-suffering and courage. He uses the folk epos, speaking of heroes:
Hands twisted with chains
Legs forged with iron
Back ... dense forests
Passed on it - broke.
And the chest? Elijah the prophet
On it rattles-rides
On a chariot of fire...
The hero suffers everything!
Old man Savely tells how for eighteen years the peasants endured the arbitrariness of the German manager. Their whole life was now in the power of this cruel man. People had to work tirelessly. And every time the manager was dissatisfied with the results of the work, he demanded more. Constant bullying by the Germans causes the strongest indignation in the soul of the peasants. And once another portion of bullying made people commit a crime. They kill the German manager. When reading these lines, the thought of higher justice comes to mind. The peasants have already managed to feel absolutely powerless and weak-willed. Everything they held dear was taken from them. But after all, a person cannot be mocked with complete impunity. Sooner or later you will have to pay for your actions.
But, of course, the murder of the manager did not go unpunished:
Buoy-city, There I learned to read and write,
Until they decided us.
The solution came out: hard labor
And weave in advance ...
The life of Savely, the Holy Russian hero, after hard labor was very difficult. He spent twenty years in captivity, only closer to old age he was free. Savely's whole life is very tragic, and in old age he turns out to be the unwitting culprit in the death of his little grandson. This case once again proves that, despite all his strength, Savely cannot withstand hostile circumstances. He is just a toy in the hands of fate.
