RUNGE, PHILIP OTTO(Runge, Philipp Otto) (1777–1810), German artist and theorist, one of the leaders of romanticism in German fine art.
Born in Wolgast (Mecklenburg) July 23, 1777 in the family of a merchant-ship owner. As a young man, he came to Hamburg to study trading, but soon (in 1897) he began drawing. He studied at the Copenhagen (1799-1801) and Dresden (1801-1803) academies of arts; In those years, the Dane N. Abilgor had a special influence on him with his clear classic style of drawing. I also experienced a noticeable impact of J. Flaxman. From 1804 he lived mainly in Hamburg.
Already in the early period, the outstanding gift of Runge as a portraitist appeared (picture The three of us, or Self portrait with wife and brother, 1805, not preserved; portraits of his wife, 1804 and 1809; children Huelsenbeck, 1805; son, 1805, and parents, 1806, artist; self-portraits, 1805 and 1806; all works - Kunsthalle, Hamburg). The somewhat archaic, “naive” stiffness of postures and gestures, the variegated coloring do not at all extinguish, but, on the contrary, enhance the poetic, sometimes slightly mysterious charm of these things. The traditions of the art of the Northern Renaissance that affected here were also manifested in the religious compositions of Runge - with their surreal color and light effects ( Rest on the flight to Egypt, 1805–1806; Christ Walking on the Water, 1806–1807; both works are there).
The sum of the mystical moods of the master, on the one hand, inspired by the teachings of J. Boehme, and on the other hand, associated with the search for an aesthetic absolute, characteristic of romanticism in general, was intended to be a four-part cycle Times of the day, symbolizing the fusion of man with nature - it was supposed to be shown in the form of wall panels to music and poetry reading, with special lighting. Preparatory drawings for the cycle, with their ornamental and rhythmic emblems, as well as enchantingly fabulous in color Morning(the only pictorial sketch, carried out in 1808–1809; ibid.) are among the original anticipations of symbolism and modernity.
Considering the optics of colors as the key to the art of the future, Runge corresponded with Goethe about this. Having singled out three primary colors (yellow, red, blue) and three derivatives (orange, violet and green), he summarized his thoughts and experiments in the book The sphere of colors, or the construction of connections between all mutual mixtures of colors and their complete affinity (Farbenkugel oder Construction des Verhältnisses aller Mischungen der Farben zu einander und ihrer vollstandigen Affinität, 1810), which was a remarkable stage in the development of post-Newtonian optics, still retaining artistic and practical interest.
Runge died in Hamburg on December 2, 1810. In 1840–1841, two volumes of his works were published (along with A ball of flowers- two tales composed by Runge in Plattdeutsch, a Low German dialect, and included in Fairy tales Brothers Grimm: About the fisherman and his wife And Juniper, both 1806, together with the epistolary heritage).
Philipp Otto (Runge, Philipp Otto) 1777, Waolgast, Pomerania - 1810, Hamburg. German painter, draftsman. He studied in 1799-1801 at the Copenhagen Academy of Arts under N. Albigor, then in Dresden (1801-1803). From 1804 he worked in Hamburg. In Runge's early work The Triumph of Love (1801, Hamburg, Kunsthalle), the appeal to a monochrome composition in the form of a relief with putti, the strict academic manner of the drawing testify to the influence of the manner of his teacher, professor at the Copenhagen Academy Albigor. As in Albigor's drawings, the plot is interpreted by the young artist deeply emotionally. Under the influence of Albigor, a connoisseur of ancient art who had been in Italy, the artist's interest in the classical heritage was formed. In 1800, Runge got acquainted with copies of J. Flaxman's drawings for the works of Homer and Aeschylus, which brother Daniel sent him to Copenhagen from Germany, read an article about them by A. V. Schlegel in the journal Ateneum (1799). The influence of Flaxman's line drawing, as well as Cornelius's illustrations of Goethe's Faust (1808), is palpable in Runge's illustrations for Homer's Iliad and works on the themes of Ossian's songs. However, the artist creates his own style of drawing with a pen and a brush, in which a significant role is assigned to the effects of chiaroscuro. Runge's drawings reflected the pre-romantic moods at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. A significant place in the work of Runge was occupied by a portrait. The portrait of the three of us (1805) and two self-portraits of the artist (1805, 1806, all - Hamburg, Kunsthalle) express the concept of a romantic portrait. He depicts himself at the moment of various spiritual movements - deep agitation or melancholy, immersed in the world of thoughts, as if alone with himself. Actually, a self-portrait with brother Daniel and wife Polina is also a portrait of the three of us, where the feeling of melancholy harmony of the general mood of the portrayed is enhanced by a poetic mountain landscape, against which three figures are depicted. As a romantic artist, Runge often chooses the form of a paired portrait (My parents, 1806, Hamburg, Kunsthalle), which allows him to convey the world of human feelings in juxtaposition of characters, temperaments, and moods. Portraits of the artist depicting children (Children of the Huelsenbeck family, 1805-1806; Portrait of a son, Otto Sigismund Runge, 1805, both - Hamburg, Kunsthalle) by the immediacy of the images, the concreteness of the reproduction of nature and the landscape background, anticipate the works of the German masters of early realism - Biedermeier. For German churches, the artist created canvases Rest on the Flight into Egypt (1805-1806) and Christ Walking on the Water (1806-1807, both - Hamburg, Kunsthalle). In the smooth outline of the figures, the scrupulous reproduction of the details of a bright landscape background with fantastic plants, the restrained but deep inner mood of the characters, one can feel the influence of the art of the masters of the Northern Renaissance, the study of Dürer's works. In his later years, under the influence of the teachings of the German mystic J. Boehme, the artist became interested in the symbolism of color, the problem of the connection between color and musical harmony. Runge expressed these ideas in his treatise The Color Wheel. The canvases of the four-part cycle conceived in 1807 (Morning, Noon, Evening, Night) were to be shown to music and poetry reading. The artist intended to express in them the idea of continuous movement in the life of nature and man, the harmony of their coexistence, which worried the romantics. In the canvas created by Runge cycle (Morning, 1808, small version; Morning, 1808-1809, large version, both - Hamburg, Kunsthalle) blue, white and pink colors of the spectrum symbolize the awakening of nature. Soaring female figures surrounded by putti and spring flowers create the illusion of dance movements accompanied by musical accompaniment. Many of the artist's drawings (Hamburg, Kunsthalle) are devoted to the same romantic theme. The work of Runge, as the largest romantic artist, had a significant impact on the subsequent development of German and European art of the 19th century.
Lit.: Einem H. Philipp Otto Runge. Das Bildnis der Eltern. Stuttgart, 1957; Fraeger I. Philipp Otto Runge und sein Werk. Munchen, 1975; Jensen J Ch. Philip Otto Runge. Leben und Werk. Koln, 1977; Betthausen P. Philipp Otto Runge. Leipzig, 1980.
- - a one-step method for the numerical solution of the Cauchy problem for a system of ordinary differential equations of the form The main idea of R.-K. m. was proposed by K. Runge and then developed by V. Kutta et al....
Mathematical Encyclopedia
- - a Runge domain of the first kind, - a domain G in the space of complex variables, which has the property that for any function f holomorphic in G there exists a sequence of polynomials converging in G to f...
Mathematical Encyclopedia
- -, German painter, graphic artist and art theorist. One of the founders of romanticism in German painting. Studied at the Academy of Arts in Copenhagen and Dresden...
Art Encyclopedia
- - Philipp Otto 1777, Waolgast, Pomerania - 1810, Hamburg. German painter, draftsman. He studied in 1799-1801 at the Copenhagen Academy of Arts with N. Albigor, then in Dresden. From 1804 he worked in Hamburg...
European Art: Painting. Sculpture. Graphics: Encyclopedia
- - in him. troupe Mir, in St. Petersburg. 1799-1800...
- - art. opera and chamber singer. She studied singing in St. Petersburg with Z. Grenning-Vilde. In 1892-1901 she was a soloist of St. Petersburg. Mariinsky t-ra. Later she performed in private opera companies. 1st Spanish parts: Brigitte, Tanya...
Big biographical encyclopedia
- - Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences; was born on June 24, 1937 in the Moscow region...
Big biographical encyclopedia
- - sculptor, worked in the Winter Palace in 1838....
Big biographical encyclopedia
Page 2
Runge, one of the first Romantic artists, set himself the task of synthesizing the arts: painting, sculpture, architecture, music. The ensemble sound of the arts was supposed to express the unity of the divine forces of the world, each particle of which symbolizes the cosmos as a whole. The artist fantasizes, reinforcing his philosophical concept with the ideas of the famous German thinker of the 1st floor. 17th century Jacob Boehme.
Runge's cycle, or, as he called it, the "fantastic-musical poem" "The Times of the Day" - morning, noon, night - is an expression of this concept. He left in poetry and prose an explanation of his conceptual model of the world. The image of a person, landscape, light and color are symbols of the ever-changing cycle of natural and human life.
In "Morning" nature opens up to life, as a newborn person reaches out to the world. Lily as love becomes a symbol of the creation of a new world. "Noon" - the time of maturity of nature and man. "Night" - it fetters everything around, but also gathers forces that should awaken with the onset of morning. It took the artist the last seven years of his life to execute and think about this program. At the same time, Runge was engaged in the theory of color, and his book The Ball of Color (Hamburg, 1810) was highly appreciated by Goethe. The most complete in the cycle "Times of the Day" seems to be the second version of "Morning". In the center of the composition is the figure of a young woman - the morning dawn, and in front of her in the foreground is a cheerful baby - the day that was born. The artist worked on this construction of the picture for a very long time, improved the drawing, searched for an unusual color scheme. The color of "Morning" appears in bluish-purple, pinkish, yellowish tones. The perception of the pictorial program assumed musical accompaniment.
In addition to this large and important work for the author, two gospel compositions were made - “Rest on the Flight into Egypt” and “Walking on the Waters” and several portraits, mostly self-portraits and images of people close to the artist: “We Three” (1805), parents (1806), children of Huelsenbeck (1805, 1806). The works are surprisingly poetic and endowed with a special spiritual purity.
The image of the romantic poet is seen by Runge in a self-portrait. He carefully examines himself and sees a dark-haired, dark-eyed, serious, full of energy, thoughtful, self-absorbed and strong-willed young man. The romantic artist wants to know himself. The manner of execution of the portrait is fast and sweeping, as if the spiritual energy of the creator should be conveyed already in the texture of the work; in a dark colorful range, contrasts of light and dark appear. Contrast is a characteristic pictorial technique of romantic masters.
To catch the changeable play of a person's moods, to look into his soul, an artist of a romantic warehouse will always try. And in this respect, children's portraits will serve as fertile material for him. In the portrait of children, Hülzenbeck (1805), Runge not only conveys the painting and the immediacy of the child's character, but also finds a special technique for a bright mood that anticipates the plein air discoveries of the 2nd floor. 19th century The background in the picture is a landscape, which testifies not only to the artist’s coloristic gift, admiring attitude to nature, but also to the emergence of new problems in the masterful reproduction of spatial relationships, light shades of objects in the open air. The master romantic, wishing to merge his "I" with the expanses of the Universe, seeks to capture the sensually tangible appearance of nature. But behind this sensuality of the image, he prefers to see the symbol of the big world, "the idea of the artist."
Another outstanding German romantic painter, Caspar David Friedrich, preferred landscape to all other genres and painted only pictures of nature during his seventy-year life. The biography of this master is a "classical" embodiment of the understanding of the romantic artist's place in the world and the essence of creativity. He believes that the artist, in pursuit of money and fame, loses his soul. Only an exalted and kind person can serve art, for "the artist's feeling is the law for him."
Friedrich, like Runge, owes the history of the formation of a romantic worldview to the Dresden cultural environment. From the end of the 18th century he settled in Dresden and never left it. The artist's youthful years were spent in Greifswald. He was the son of a soap maker. The name of his first drawing teacher is Kistorn. In (1794-1798) He studied at the Copenhagen Academy. After that, he returned to Germany, occasionally breaking away for a trip, home - to Greifswald and the island of Rügen. In 1810, Friedrich became a member of the Berlin Academy, and in 1816 - Dresden. But the teaching chair after the title of professor of the landscape class in 1824, Friedrich is not honored. The artist, trying not to change himself, does not want to work as the Academy prescribes for him. Loneliness sets in, aggravated by gloomy melancholy at the end of life. The last three years before the master almost does not touch paints and dies forgotten by everyone. So many Romantic artists will repeat this fate. Small variations will be associated with rapid illness or suicide.
Creative search of Edouard Manet
Many consider Edouard Manet to be the founder of the movement, who, although he did not participate in impressionist exhibitions, deliberately opposed the new worldview to the classical one, rooted in the Italian Catholic idea of ...
Diamond "Shah" - one of the seven historical stones of the Diamond Fund
diamond ruby imperial brilliant Diamond "Shah" - a diamond of Indian origin weighing 88.7 carats. Impeccably transparent, light yellowish-brown hue stone. A deep groove on it indicates that it was worn to...
Feature of the culture of the Middle Ages
The very image of the Middle Ages is often associated with the colorful figure of a knight in armor. Knights - professional warriors - were a corporation whose members were united by a way of life, ethical values, and personal ideals. Knight's kul...
German romantic painter, the largest - together with Caspar David Friedrich - representative of romanticism in German fine art
Biography
Born in a large family of shipbuilders in Western Pomerania, which was at that time under the control of Sweden. His school teacher was Ludwig Kosegarten. Since 1799, with the financial support of his brother (subsequently, articles, letters and notes of the artist were published through his work), he studied painting with Jens Yuel at the Copenhagen Academy. In 1801, in Dresden, he became close friends with K. D. Friedrich and Ludwig Tieck, delved into the mystical treatises of Boehme, to which Tieck drew his attention. In 1803, he met and became friends with Goethe, with whom he shared an interest in the problems of color - the natural-philosophical and natural-science searches of both, eating from different sources, went in a similar direction: Goethe, who was always more than reserved about romanticism, spoke with unchanging approval about creativity and theorizing Runge. In 1804 he married and moved to Hamburg. In 1810 he published a treatise on color separation and color classification The Color Sphere (Goethe's Doctrine of Color appeared in the same year). In recent years, he worked on a large mystical and philosophical pictorial idea Four times of the day, the work remained unfinished. Died of tuberculosis.
Creation
- Triumph des Amor (1800)
- Die Heimkehr der Sühne (1800)
- Die Zeiten (1803)
- Die Lehrstunde der Nachtigall (1803)
- Die Mutter und Kind an der Quelle (1804)
- Pauline im grönen Kleid (1804)
- Wir drei (1805)
- Die Ruhe auf der Flucht (1805-1806)
- Die Hölsenbeckschen Kinder (1805-1806)
- Der kleine Morgen (1808)
- Der gro?e Morgen (1808)
- Arions Meerfahrt (1809)
In addition to portraiture and visionary painting, book illustrations for the works of L. Tick (1803), he acted as a poet and prose writer, processed folk tales (two of these processings were included in the Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm). Runge's letters to his brother Daniel, Goethe, Tiek, Clemens Brentano and other recipients are of great historical and cultural interest.
posthumous fate
Much of Runge's legacy was destroyed in a fire
- (Runge) (1777-1810), German painter, graphic artist and art theorist. One of the founders of romanticism in German painting. He studied at the Academy of Arts in Copenhagen (1799-1801) and Dresden (1801-03). In the symbolic and allegorical compositions The times of the day ... ... Art Encyclopedia
Runge Philip Otto- (Runge) (1777 1810), German painter and graphic artist, art theorist. One of the founders of romanticism. He painted portraits, which are characterized by close attention to nature, combined with latent emotionality (“We Three”, 1805); V… … encyclopedic Dictionary
Runge, Philip Otto- Philipp Otto Runge. Portrait of children Huelsenbeck. RUNGE (Runge) Philip Otto (1777 1810), German painter and graphic artist, art theorist. representative of early romanticism. Sharp portraits (“We are three”, 1805), allegorical compositions ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Runge Philip Otto- Runge (Runge) Philipp Otto (23.7.1777, Wolgast, Mecklenburg, ‒ 2.12.1810, Hamburg), German painter, graphic artist and art theorist. He studied at the Copenhagen (1799‒1801) and Dresden (1801‒1803) Academy of Arts. One of the founders of romanticism in German ... ...
RUNGE (Runge) Philip Otto- (1777 1810) German painter and graphic artist, art theorist. representative of early romanticism. Truthful, pointed portraits (We three, 1805), allegorical composition Morning (1808) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Runge- Surname Runge, Karl (1856 1927) German mathematician and physicist Runge, Boris Vasilyevich (1925 1990) actor of the Moscow Theater of Satire Runge, Vladimir Fedorovich (born 1937) Soviet and Russian designer. Runge, Friedlib Ferdinand (1794 ... Wikipedia
Runge- Philipp Otto (Runge, Philipp Otto) 1777, Waolgast, Pomerania 1810, Hamburg. German painter, draftsman. He studied in 1799 1801 at the Copenhagen Academy of Arts under N. Albigor, then in Dresden (1801 1803). From 1804 he worked in Hamburg. In the early... ... European Art: Painting. Sculpture. Graphics: Encyclopedia
Runge- (runge) Philipp Otto (1777, Wolgast, Mecklenburg - 1810, Hamburg), German painter, graphic artist, poet and art theorist; representative of romanticism. He received a commercial education, then studied at the Copenhagen (1799-1801) and Dresden academies ... Art Encyclopedia
Runge- (Runge) Philipp Otto (7/23/1777, Wolgast, Mecklenburg, 12/2/1810, Hamburg), German painter, graphic artist and art theorist. He studied at the Copenhagen (1799 1801) and Dresden (1801 1803) Academy of Arts. One of the founders of Romanticism in German ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Runge F. O.- RUNGE (Runge) Philip Otto (17771810), German. painter and graphic artist, art theorist. One of the founders of romanticism. He painted portraits, in which close attention to nature was combined with latent emotionality (We three, 1805); V… … Biographical Dictionary
Books
- Classicism and Romanticism. Architecture. Sculpture. Painting. Drawing 1750 - 1848 , This book is dedicated to the fine arts and architecture of the era of classicism and romanticism. The richness and diversity of artistic creation in the period between Rococo and Realism, of course, ... Category: Culturology. art history Publisher:
