Specially protected natural areas(abbr. protected areas) - these are areas of land or water surface, which, due to their environmental and other significance, are completely or partially excluded from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established. According to the Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories”, these include: state nature reserves, including biosphere ones; National parks; state nature reserves; monuments of nature; dendrological parks and botanical gardens.

The share of all specially protected natural areas in Russia accounts for about 10% of the territory. In 1996, the government of the Russian Federation adopted a resolution on the procedure for maintaining the state cadastre of specially protected natural areas. The state cadastre is an official document that contains information about all specially protected natural areas of federal, regional and local significance. The regime of these territories is protected by law. For violation of the regime, the legislation of the Russian Federation establishes administrative and criminal liability.

State natural reserves are territories completely withdrawn from economic use. They are environmental, research and educational institutions. Their goal is to preserve and study the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, unique ecosystems and individual species and communities of plants and animals. Reserves can be comprehensive And special. In complex reserves, the entire natural complex is protected to the same extent, and in special reserves, some of the most specific objects. For example, in the Stolby nature reserve, located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, unique rock formations are subject to protection, many of which are shaped like pillars.

Biosphere reserves, unlike ordinary ones, have an international status and are used to monitor changes in biospheric processes. Their selection began in the mid-70s of the last century and is carried out in accordance with the UNESCO program "Man and the Biosphere". The results of observations become the property of all countries participating in the program and international organizations. In addition to observations of biological objects of ecosystems, the main indicators of the state of the atmosphere, water, soil and other objects are also constantly recorded. At present, there are more than three hundred biosphere reserves in the world, of which 38 are in Russia (Astrakhan, Baikal, Barguzinsky, Lapland, Caucasian, etc.). On the territory of the Tver region, the Central Forest Biosphere State Reserve is located, in which work is underway to study and protect the ecosystems of the southern taiga.

National parks are vast territories (from several thousand to several million hectares), which include both completely protected areas and those intended for certain types of economic activity. The goals of creating national parks are ecological (preservation of natural ecosystems, development and implementation of methods for protecting the natural complex in conditions of mass admission of visitors) and recreational (regulated tourism and recreation for people).

There are more than 2300 national parks in the world. In Russia, the system of national parks began to form only in the 80s of the last century. Now in Russia there are 38 national parks. All of them are federal property.

State natural reserves are territories intended for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance. Within their limits, economic activity is limited in order to protect one or many species of organisms, less often - ecosystems, landscapes. They can be complex, biological, hydrological, geological, etc. There are reserves of federal and regional significance. material from the site

Monuments of nature are unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of artificial or natural origin. These can be centuries-old trees, waterfalls, caves, habitats of rare and valuable plant species, etc. They can be of federal, regional and local significance. In the territories where natural monuments are located, and within the boundaries of their protected zones, any activity that entails a violation of the preservation of a natural monument is prohibited.

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are environmental institutions whose tasks include creating a collection of plants, preserving diversity and enriching the plant world, as well as scientific, educational and educational activities. On their territories, any activity that is not related to the fulfillment of their tasks and entails a violation of the safety of floristic objects is prohibited. In dendrological parks and botanical gardens, work is also being carried out on the introduction and acclimatization of plant species new to the region. Currently in Russia there are 80 botanical gardens and dendrological parks of various departmental affiliations.

Nature, both living and non-living, is a great value on our planet. We are in excellent conditions for life. If you look at the planets closest to us, then the big difference in the appearance of the Earth and the rest of the planets is impressive. A huge volume of clean fresh and salt water of the oceans, life-giving atmosphere, fertile soils. The richness of the plant world that surrounds almost our entire planet, as well as the animal diversity, are surprising: it is impossible to study all kinds of living beings in a person's life.

However, it is precisely such diversity and such environmental conditions that are necessary for the harmonious state of the entire planet, for the balance of substances on it.

Harmony of nature

People by their activity transform nature more than any other kind of organisms. Moreover, the rest of the organisms are so merged with the natural environment that they even help to maintain the original balance on the planet. For example, a lion hunting an antelope is likely to catch the weakest individual, thus maintaining the survival of the herbivore population. The earthworm, making numerous holes in the soil, does not spoil the fertile surface layer. It loosens the ground, so that the air will only better reach the roots of the plants.

The economic activity of Homo sapiens

Man has a developed brain. The development of human economic activity is going faster than the evolutionary processes of nature. She does not have time to adapt to the changes caused by people.

Many years ago, the population of Australia herded cattle on a small mainland too intensively. According to this hypothesis, numerous deserts of the continent were formed precisely because of human activity.

Since ancient times, trees have been intensively cut down for the construction of houses. Nowadays, forests are shrinking just as fast: we still use wood for various purposes.

The world's population is huge and, according to scientists, will grow even faster. If people populate or use the entire area of ​​the planet in their economy, then nature, of course, will not withstand such a load.

History of protected natural areas

Already in ancient times, people kept intact certain parts of the territory on which they lived. The faith of people in the gods made them tremble before sacred places. Even the protection of such sites was not required, the people themselves treated these sacred territories with care, believing in something mysterious.

In the era of feudalism, the lands of the nobility came to the fore in terms of inviolability. The property was protected. In such territories, hunting was forbidden, or even simply visiting other people's parts of the forest or other biotope was prohibited.

In the nineteenth century, the industrial revolution made it necessary to think seriously about the preservation of natural resources for future generations. Protected areas are being created in Europe. Natural monuments became the first of the specially protected natural areas. Preserved ancient beech forests and some of the sights, such as unusual objects of geology.

In Russia, the first protected areas were organized at the end of the 19th century. They weren't government yet.

What is a protected area

These are areas of land or water on which the economic activity of people is partially or completely prohibited. How is the abbreviation deciphered? As "Specially Protected Natural Territories".

Types of protected areas according to IUCN

Nowadays, there are about 105,000 specially protected natural areas on the planet. For such a large number of objects, classification is necessary. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has identified the following types of protected areas:

1. Strict natural reserve. The protection of such a territory is especially strict, all economic activities are prohibited. Visiting only with a document permitting being on the site. The nature of this territory is the most integral.
2. National park. It is divided into areas with strict protection and areas where tourist routes are laid.
3. Monument of nature. An unusual well-known natural object is protected.
4. Managed natural reserve. The state takes care of the conservation of species of living organisms and habitats for their habitat. A person introduces activities to help in a fairly rapid reproduction and maintenance of offspring.
5. Protected marine and territorial landscapes. Recreational facilities are preserved.
6. Protected areas with monitoring of resource consumption. It is possible to use natural resources if the activity does not cause major changes on the site.

Types of protected areas according to the law of the Russian Federation

The Russian Federation uses a simpler classification. Types of protected areas in Russia:

1. State natural reserve. The strictest security regime is maintained. Visit only for the purpose of work on the conservation of ecosystems or training in the territory.
2. National park. It is divided into ecological zones according to the possibility of using natural resources. In some areas, ecological tourism is developed. There are areas for the work of national park personnel. There may be sites for recreation of the population, as well as for the overnight stay of visitors passing the tourist route.
3. Natural Park. Created to save ecosystems in the conditions of mass recreation of the population. New methods of nature conservation are being developed.
4. State natural reserve. Natural resources are not only preserved, but also restored. In the reserve, active work is being carried out to restore the former natural wealth of the area. Ecotourism is possible.
5. Monument of nature. Significant natural or artificial natural complex. Unique education.
6. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens. In the territories, collections of plant species are created in order to preserve the species diversity of the planet and replenish lost species of land.

Wrangel Island

The UNESCO World Heritage Sites include 8 sites located on the territory of the Russian Federation. One of such protected areas is the Wrangel Island nature reserve.

The protected area is located in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. This is the northernmost of all protected natural areas in Russia. The protected area consists of two islands (Wrangel and Herald) and the adjacent water area. The area of ​​protected areas is more than two million hectares.

The reserve was organized in 1976 to preserve the typical and unique flora and fauna. Nature, due to the location of the islands remotely from the mainland and because of the harsh climate, is preserved in an almost untouched form. Scientists come to the site to study local ecosystems. Thanks to the creation of the reserve, such rare animals as the polar bear and walrus are protected. A huge number of endemic species inhabit this area.

The islands are inhabited by the local population. It has the right to use natural resources, but to a strictly limited extent.

Lake Baikal

The most valuable lake in the world is also a World Natural Heritage Site. The protected area data system is the largest reservoir of clean fresh water.

The huge number of endemic species surprises scientists. More than half of the animals and plants growing here are found only on Lake Baikal. In total, there are about a thousand endemic species. Of these, 27 species of fish. The Baikal omul and golomyanka are well known. All nematodes living in the lake are endemic. The crustacean epishura purifies the water in Baikal, which also lives only in this lake.

It makes up 80% of the biomass of plankton of animal origin.

Baikal was included in the World Natural Heritage List in 1996. The Baikal Reserve itself was founded in 1969.

The UNESCO World Heritage Site "Lake Baikal" is 8 protected areas located directly at the famous lake. Many scientists believe that Baikal is expanding every year, increasing the water area due to the drift of lithospheric plates.

Kronotsky Reserve

Another example of protected areas is the Kronotsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Volcanoes of Kamchatka".

Moreover, this protected area is a biosphere reserve. The UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program highlights protected areas around the world that are almost untouched by human activities. The state is obliged to maintain a self-regulating natural system if the object is located on its territory.

The Kronotsky Nature Reserve is one of the earliest in Russia. In 1882, the Sable Reserve was located on this territory. Kronotsky State Reserve was established in 1934. In addition to the territory with numerous volcanoes, hot springs and geysers, the Kronotsky Reserve includes a significant area of ​​water area.

Currently, tourism is actively developing in the Kronotsky Reserve. Not at all times it was allowed to visit him.

Reserve "Kedrovaya Pad"

Another example of protected areas in Russia is the Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve. This is the first reserve in the Far East. He is one of the oldest in Russia. The Far Eastern leopard lives here - a rare subspecies of leopards that has reduced numbers in the past. Now it is in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, has the status of "endangered".

The reserve itself was created for the conservation and research of liana coniferous-deciduous forests. The massifs are not disturbed by anthropogenic impact. There are many endemic species here.

Elk Island National Park

One of the very first in Russia. Founded in 1983 on the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region.

It includes 5 zones: reserved (access is closed), specially protected (visiting with a permit), protection of historical and cultural monuments (visiting is allowed), recreational (occupies more than half of the area, free access) and economic (ensures the operation of the park).

Legislation of the Russian Federation

The federal law on protected areas (1995) states that protected areas must have federal, regional or local significance. Reserves and national parks always have federal significance.

Any reserve, national park, natural park and natural monument must have a security zone. It additionally protects the object from destructive anthropogenic influence. The boundaries of protected areas, as well as the boundaries of the buffer zone, are determined by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Anyone can visit the territory of the protected zone. However, it is also protected.

The lands of protected areas are a national property. It is forbidden to build houses, roads, and cultivate land at federal facilities.

To create protected areas, the state authorities reserve new lands. Further, such lands are declared protected areas. In this case, the law prohibits further cultivation of land in this area.

Protected areas are an important component of our planet. Such territories preserve invaluable wealth for future generations. The balance of the biosphere is maintained, the gene pool of living organisms is protected. The inanimate nature of such territories is also preserved: valuable water resources, geological formations.

Specially protected natural territories have not only environmental significance, but also scientific, as well as environmental and educational. It is on such objects that the most educational tourism for connoisseurs of nature is organized.

The world's population is growing at an ever faster pace. Mankind needs to think more actively about maintaining nature, to take a more responsible approach to the conservation of natural resources. Every person should think about this and contribute to maintaining the health of the planet.

According to the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories" (as amended on December 27, 2009 N 379-FZ), specially protected natural territories are areas of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects that have a special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health-improving value, completely or partially withdrawn from economic use, for which a special regime of legal protection has been established. Specially protected natural territories are objects of national heritage.

Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime of specially protected natural territories and the status of environmental institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are distinguished:

a) state natural reserves, including biospheric ones;

Specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna) on the territory of the reserve have environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as samples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places of conservation of the genetic fund of flora and fauna. State natural reserves are nature protection, research and environmental education institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems. State natural biosphere reserves are created for the purpose of conducting scientific research, environmental monitoring, as well as testing and implementing methods of rational nature management that do not destroy the environment and do not deplete biological resources.

Today in the Russian Federation there are more than 100 state nature reserves of federal importance with a total area of ​​​​more than 31 million hectares, including land (with inland water bodies) - more than 26 million hectares, which is about 1.53% of the entire territory of Russia. The reserves are located on the territory of 18 republics, 4 territories, 35 regions, 6 autonomous regions. The vast majority of state nature reserves are directly managed by the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection, 1 - in the system of the Ministry of Education, 4 - under the jurisdiction of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 - under the authority of the Federal Forestry Service.

State natural reserves have the status of nature protection, research and environmental education institutions, which employ about 5 thousand full-time workers. The history of the creation of national reserves goes back 80 years, the first such reserve was created at the end of 1916 - this is the famous Barguzinsky Reserve on Baikal, which still functions today.

The following tasks are assigned to state natural reserves:

Implementation of the protection of natural areas in order to preserve biological diversity and maintain protected natural complexes and objects in their natural state;

Organization and conduct of scientific research, including the maintenance of the Chronicle of Nature;

Implementation of environmental monitoring within the framework of the national environmental monitoring system;

environmental education;

Participation in the state environmental review of projects and layouts for economic and other facilities;

Assistance in the training of scientific personnel and specialists in the field of environmental protection.

b) national parks;

National parks in the Russian Federation began to be created in 1983, today there are 32 national parks in Russia (0.6% of the entire territory of Russia). Almost all national parks are under the jurisdiction of the Federal Forestry Service of Russia, and only two ("Pereslavsky" and "Losiny Ostrov") are under the jurisdiction of the administration of the Yaroslavl region and the government of Moscow, respectively.

The uniqueness of the system of reserves and national parks in Russia, their role in the conservation of natural heritage and biological diversity are recognized throughout the world. 18 Russian reserves have the international status of biosphere reserves (they have been issued the relevant UNESCO certificates), 5 reserves and 4 national parks are under the jurisdiction of the World Convention on the Conservation of Cultural and Natural Heritage, 8 reserves and 1 national park fall under the jurisdiction of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of international importance, 2 reserves have diplomas of the Council of Europe.

A specific national park operates on the basis of a regulation approved by the state body in charge of which it is located, in agreement with the specially authorized state body of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection. A protected zone with a limited nature management regime is being created around the national park.

National parks are nature protection, environmental education and research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and are intended for use in environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism. National parks are entrusted with the following main tasks:

Preservation of natural complexes, unique and reference natural sites and objects;

Preservation of historical and cultural objects;

Environmental education of the population;

Creation of conditions for regulated tourism and recreation;

Development and implementation of scientific methods of nature protection and environmental education;

Implementation of environmental monitoring;

Restoration of disturbed natural and historical-cultural complexes and objects.

c) natural parks;

These are environmental recreational institutions under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of significant environmental and aesthetic value, and are intended for use in environmental protection, educational and recreational purposes. The following tasks are assigned to natural parks:

Preservation of the natural environment, natural landscapes;

Creation of conditions for recreation (including mass recreation) and preservation of recreational resources;

Development and implementation of effective methods of nature protection and maintenance of ecological balance in the conditions of recreational use of territories of natural parks.

d) state nature reserves;

These are territories (water areas) that are of particular importance for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes and their components and maintaining the ecological balance. State nature reserves may have a different profile, including:

Complex (landscape), designed to preserve and restore natural complexes (natural landscapes);

Biological (botanical and zoological), intended for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, including species valuable in economic, scientific and cultural terms;

Paleontological, intended for the conservation of fossil objects;

Hydrological (marsh, lake, river, marine) designed to preserve and restore valuable water bodies and ecological systems;

Geological, designed to preserve valuable objects and complexes of inanimate nature.

In accordance with land legislation, the creation of state natural reserves is agreed with the owners, owners and users of land and water areas on which they are located. On the territory of state nature reserves, any activity is permanently or temporarily prohibited or restricted if it contradicts the goals of creating state nature reserves or harms natural complexes and their components.

Owners, owners and users of land plots located within the boundaries of state nature reserves are obliged to comply with the special protection regime established in state nature reserves and bear administrative, criminal and other liability established by law for its violation.

e) monuments of nature;

These are unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin.

Owners, owners and users of land plots on which natural monuments are located, assume obligations to ensure the regime of special protection of natural monuments. The expenses of the owners, holders and users of these land plots to ensure the established regime of special protection of natural monuments are reimbursed from the federal budget, as well as from extra-budgetary funds.

In the event of an immediate threat of destruction of newly identified unique natural complexes and objects, before declaring them natural monuments in the prescribed manner, the specially authorized state bodies of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection and their territorial divisions take decisions to suspend actions that may lead to destruction or damage to these natural complexes and objects, and issue, in accordance with the procedure established by law, an order to suspend the said activity to the relevant economic entities.

f) dendrological parks and botanical gardens;

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are nature conservation institutions whose tasks include the creation of special collections of plants in order to preserve the diversity and enrichment of the plant world, as well as the implementation of scientific, educational and educational activities. The territories of dendrological parks and botanical gardens are intended only for the performance of their direct tasks, while land plots are transferred for perpetual (permanent) use to dendrological parks, botanical gardens, as well as research or educational institutions in charge of dendrological parks and botanical gardens.

The territories of dendrological parks and botanical gardens can be divided into various functional zones, including:

a) exposition, visiting of which is allowed in the manner determined by the directorates of dendrological parks or botanical gardens;

b) scientific and experimental, access to which is available only to scientists of dendrological parks or botanical gardens, as well as specialists from other research institutions;

c) administrative.

g) health-improving areas and resorts.

These may include territories (water areas) suitable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as recreation for the population and possessing natural healing resources (mineral waters, therapeutic mud, brine of estuaries and lakes, healing climate, beaches, parts of water areas and inland seas, other natural objects and conditions). Medical and health-improving areas and resorts are allocated for the purpose of their rational use and ensuring the preservation of their natural healing resources and health-improving properties.

Although the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories" does not single out green areas of cities and other settlements as an independent type of specially protected natural territories, in essence, they are. In the Law on Environmental Protection, this species is included in the chapter "Natural objects under special protection". Such zones perform environmental protection (environment-forming, ecological), sanitary and hygienic and recreational functions. Natural objects of special protection include rare and endangered plants and animals. Their protection pursues the main goal of the conservation of biological diversity.

The development of the system of specially protected natural areas in Russia is closely related to the observance and protection of the right of everyone to a favorable environment. The environment can be considered favorable if its condition meets the criteria, standards and norms established in environmental legislation regarding its cleanliness (non-pollution), resource intensity (inexhaustibility), environmental sustainability, species diversity and aesthetic richness. To a large extent, the characteristics of a favorable environment associated with the maintenance of species diversity and aesthetic richness are ensured precisely through the declaration of specially protected natural areas and objects.

Taking into account the special significance of specially protected natural areas, the legislation establishes specific requirements for them. Thus, the Law on Environmental Protection prohibits the withdrawal of lands of the natural reserve fund, with the exception of cases provided for by federal laws. Lands within the boundaries of the territories on which natural objects of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other valuable significance and are under special protection are located are not subject to privatization.

The regime of specially protected natural areas is regulated by the Federal Laws "On Environmental Protection" (as amended on December 27, 2009 N 374-FZ), "On Specially Protected Natural Territories" (as amended on December 27, 2009 N 379-FZ) and " On natural healing resources, health-improving areas and resorts" (as amended on December 27, 2009 N 379-FZ), the Land Code of the Russian Federation, and other regulatory legal acts.

Commanding is a way of conservative conservation of nature. Basically, for scientific purposes, areas can be allocated in reserves, where any human intervention in natural processes is excluded. The sizes of such sites are determined based on the need to preserve the entire natural complex in a natural state.

All specially protected natural areas on the basis of conservation can be classified into three groups:

1. Absolute commandment. This regime is inherent in nature reserves and natural monuments. It excludes human economic activity on its territory. Human intervention is allowed only in exceptional cases - for scientific research, sanitary felling of trees, fire fighting, extermination of predators, etc.

2. Relative commandment. This regime means a combination of an absolute ban and limited economic activity for the exploitation of natural resources. This sign corresponds to the organization of reserves.

3. Mixed mode. This regime means a combination of protected areas with areas used for recreation and tourism. It manifests itself in the organization of national and natural parks.

According to the criterion of organizational structure, the following groups of specially protected natural areas are distinguished.

1. Specially protected natural territories, the management and protection of which is provided by the nature protection institutions of the same name (that is, non-commercial legal entities). Examples include state nature reserves, national parks, nature parks, dendrological parks and botanical gardens.

2. Specially protected natural territories for the management of which legal entities are not created. These include natural monuments, state nature reserves, health-improving areas and resorts.

According to the criterion of ownership of land and other natural resources, specially protected natural territories of federal, regional and local significance are distinguished.

And so, summing up this chapter, we can conclude that the system of legislation on specially protected natural areas is a fairly multi-level system. The legal basis for the organization, protection and use of specially protected natural areas in the Russian Federation are:

a) International legal acts. For example, the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Paris, 1972, etc.;

b) the Constitution of the Russian Federation;

c) Federal Law "On Environmental Protection";

d) Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories";

e) the Federal Law "On natural healing resources, health-improving areas and resorts";

f) Government Decrees. For example, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation adopted Decree of October 19, 1996 No. 1249 "On the procedure for maintaining the state cadastre of specially protected natural areas";

g) laws and acts of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. For example, in the Republic of Bashkortostan, a separate law has been adopted - the Law of the Republic of Bashkortostan "On Specially Protected Natural Territories in the Republic of Bashkortostan" (as amended on February 28, 2008 No. 537-z).

Despite the rather wide list of normative legal acts, it can be said with confidence that the main legislative act in the field of organization, protection and use of specially protected natural areas in the Russian Federation is the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories". The law provides the basic concepts of specially protected natural areas. The law also defines the categories and types of specially protected natural areas. Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime of specially protected natural territories and the status of environmental institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are distinguished:

State natural reserves, including biospheric ones;

National parks;

natural parks;

State natural reserves;

Monuments of nature;

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens;

Therapeutic areas and resorts.

But after analyzing the specialized literature, one can see that the grounds for classifying specially protected natural areas are quite diverse. For example, classify into three groups on the basis of conservation:

Absolute command;

Relative command;

Mixed mode.

Or, for example, according to the criterion of ownership of land and other natural resources, specially protected natural territories of federal, regional and local significance are distinguished.

3.Specially protected natural areas (SPs)

Protected Areas and Tourism. State natural reserves. National and natural parks. State natural reserves. Monuments of nature. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens. Therapeutic areas and resorts. Ecological tourism.

Specially Protected Natural Territories (SPNTs) are objects of national heritage and are plots of land, water surface and airspace above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have a special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value, which withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.

To specially protected natural areas (SPNA) include: natural reserves, natural monuments, protected areas of the forest, national parks, nature reserves. The main purpose of these territories is the protection of valuable natural objects: botanical, zoological, hydrological, geological, complex, landscape.

According to the estimates of leading international organizations in the late 1990s, there were about 10,000 large protected natural areas of all kinds in the world. The total number of national parks was close to 2000, and biosphere reserves - to 350.

Specially protected natural areas are of great importance in the natural recreational potential of Russia. Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime and the status of environmental institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are usually distinguished:

§ state nature reserves, including biosphere reserves;

§ National parks;

§ natural parks;

§ state nature reserves;

§ monuments of nature;

§ dendrological parks and botanical gardens;

§ health-improving areas and resorts.

PAs can have federal, regional or local significance . Protected areas of federal significance are federal property and are administered by federal government bodies. PAs of regional importance are the property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and are under the jurisdiction of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation. Protected areas of local importance are the property of municipalities and are administered by local governments.

State natural reserves are environmental, research and environmental education institutions with the aim of preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems.

These reserves are the most traditional and strict form of territorial nature protection in Russia, which is of priority importance for the conservation of biological diversity.

On the territory of reserves, specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna) that have environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as samples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places of conservation of genetic fund of flora and fauna.

reserves- environmental institutions, the territory or water area of ​​which includes natural complexes and objects of unique ecological value, intended for use in environmental, scientific, scientific and educational purposes.

Unlike national parks, nature reserves have a very limited recreational use, mainly for educational purposes only. This is reflected in the functional zoning of the reserves. In particular, there are 4 main zones:

· zone of protected regime, in which flora and fauna develop without human intervention;

· a zone of scientific monitoring, in which the scientific staff of the reserve monitor the state and development of protected natural objects;

· zone of environmental education, where the nature museum of the reserve is usually located and strictly regulated trails are laid along which groups of tourists are guided to get acquainted with the natural features of the complex;

economic and administrative zone.

National parks are nature protection, environmental education and research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and which are intended for use in environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and regulated tourism.

Abroad, national parks are the most popular type of protected areas. In particular, in the United States, the history of the creation of some parks has more than a hundred years.

The task of national parks, along with the nature protection function, is to create conditions for regulated tourism and recreation in natural conditions.

Therefore, in the most conditional version, 4 functional zones are distinguished on the territory of any national park:

· zone of protected regime, within which any recreational and economic activity is prohibited;

· zone of custom regime – preservation of natural objects under strictly regulated recreational use;

· zone of cognitive tourism - organization of environmental education and familiarization with the sights of the park;

· zone of recreational use, including areas for recreation, sports and amateur hunting and fishing.

Natural parks of regional importance is a relatively new category of protected areas in Russia. They are environmental recreational institutions under the jurisdiction of the subjects of the Federation, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of significant environmental and aesthetic value, and intended for use in environmental, educational and recreational purposes. Parks are located on lands granted to them for perpetual (permanent) use, in some cases - on lands of other users, as well as owners.

One of the most "mass" categories of specially protected natural areas are state nature reserves, which are available in almost all regions of the Russian Federation. The declaration of a territory as a state natural reserve is allowed both with and without withdrawal from users, owners and proprietors of land plots.

State natural reserves are areas (water areas) of particular importance for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance.

State natural reserves can be of federal or regional significance and have a different profile. Landscape reserves are intended for the conservation and restoration of natural complexes (natural landscapes); biological (botanical and zoological) - conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals (including valuable species in economic, scientific and cultural terms); paleontological - conservation of fossil objects; hydrological (marsh, lake, river, marine) - conservation and restoration of valuable water bodies and ecological systems; geological - preservation of valuable objects and complexes of inanimate nature.

Monuments of nature – unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin.

Land and water areas, as well as single natural objects, can be declared natural monuments.

Monuments of nature may have federal, regional or local significance, depending on the environmental, aesthetic and other value of protected natural complexes and objects.

Russian legislation singles out another category of protected natural areas - dendrological parks and botanical gardens. These are predominantly urban and suburban facilities created to fulfill educational, scientific, and only partially recreational purposes.

Botanical gardens and dendrological parks carry out the introduction of plants of natural flora, study their ecology and biology under stationary conditions, develop the scientific foundations of ornamental gardening, landscape architecture, landscaping, introduce wild plants into culture, protect introduced plants from pests and diseases, and also develop methods and techniques of breeding and agricultural technology for the creation of sustainable decorative expositions, the principles of organizing artificial phytocenoses and the use of introduced plants to optimize the technogenic environment.

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens can be of federal, regional significance and are formed, respectively, by decisions of the executive bodies of state power of the Russian Federation or representative and executive bodies of state power of the relevant subjects of the Federation.

You can get acquainted with the types and forms of recreational use of specially protected natural areas by studying the textbook excerpts from the articles on this issue below.

THERAPEUTIC AND IMPROVING AREAS- specially protected natural objects, which, in accordance with the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories" dated March 14, 1995, may include territories (water areas) suitable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as recreation for the population and possessing natural healing resources (mineral waters, therapeutic mud, brine of estuaries and lakes, therapeutic climate, beaches, parts of water areas and inland seas, other natural objects and conditions). RESORT - a specially protected natural area developed and used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, which has natural therapeutic resources and the buildings and structures necessary for their operation, including infrastructure facilities (Federal Law "On natural therapeutic resources, therapeutic areas and resorts" dated February 23, 1995 .).

There are K. of local significance (run by local governments), K. of regional significance (run by a state authority of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation) and K. of federal significance (run by federal government bodies).

Types of institutions: sanatoriums, rest houses, boarding houses, resort polyclinics, health resort. hotels, to lay down. hotels.

The main types of resorts:

Balneotherapy (min. water)

Mud (medical mud)

Climatic (forest, seaside, mountainous, climatic koumiss - medicinal)

!!! See the table with resorts in the tour notebook. resources in seminars!!!

Ecological tourism(especially in the form of biospheric ecotourism) is the most environmentally friendly type of nature management. Within its framework, knowledge can go in line with either the educational process or simply familiarization. The difference between the first type of cognition and the second one is that the educational process is associated with the purposeful and thematic obtaining of information about the elements of the ecosystem, and the introductory process is associated with unprofessional observation of nature. Familiarization can take place in passive (stationary stay in the natural environment), active (associated with the transition of a tourist from one natural object of interest to another) and sports (overcoming natural obstacles when passing routes) forms.

Therefore, it is necessary to define eco-tourism as an activity based on the following principles:

Ø Journey into nature, and the main content of such trips is acquaintance with wildlife, as well as with local customs and culture.

Ø Minimization of negative consequences of ecological and socio-cultural nature, maintenance of environmental sustainability of the environment.

Ø Contribute to the protection of nature and the local socio-cultural environment.

Ø Environmental education and awareness.

Ø The participation of local residents and their receipt of income from tourism activities, which creates economic incentives for them to protect nature.

Ø Economic efficiency and contribution to the sustainable development of the visited regions.

These signs indicate recognized authorities in this field as fundamental for ecological tourism - N.V. Moraleva and E.Yu. Ledovskikh, members of the Dersu Uzala Ecotourism Development Fund.

4.Cultural and historical tourist resources.

Concept, essence. Material and spiritual cultural and historical objects.

material- all means of production and material values ​​of society (monuments of history and culture, enterprises of all branches of the national economy) that can satisfy the cognitive needs of people;

spiritual- achievements of the society in the state-public life, science, culture, art.

In the complex of recreational resources, a special place is occupied by cultural and historical resources, which are the legacy of past eras of social development. They serve as a prerequisite for the organization of cultural and cognitive types of recreational activities, on this basis they optimize recreational activities in general, performing quite serious educational functions. The spaces formed by cultural and historical objects to a certain extent determine the localization of recreational flows and the direction of excursion routes.

Among cultural and historical objects the leading role belongs to historical and cultural monuments, which are most attractive and on this basis serve as the main means of satisfying the needs of cognitive and cultural recreation. Depending on their main features, historical and cultural monuments are divided into 5 main types: history, archeology, urban planning and architecture, art, documentary monuments.

MONUMENTS OF HISTORY. These may include buildings, structures, memorial sites and objects associated with the most important historical events in the life of the people, as well as with the development of science and technology, culture and life of peoples, with the life of prominent people of the state.

MONUMENTS OF ARCHEOLOGY. These are settlements, barrows, the remains of ancient settlements, fortifications, industries, canals, roads, ancient burial places, stone sculptures, rock carvings, ancient objects, sections of the historical cultural layer of ancient settlements.

MONUMENTS OF URBAN PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE. The following objects are most characteristic of them: architectural ensembles and complexes, historical centers, quarters, squares, streets, remains of the ancient planning and development of cities and other settlements, civil, industrial, military, religious architecture, folk architecture, as well as related works of monumental, fine arts, arts and crafts, garden and park art, suburban landscapes.

MONUMENTS OF ART. These include works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied and other types of art.

DOCUMENTARY MONUMENTS. These are acts of state authorities and administration, other written and graphic documents, film and photo documents and sound recordings, as well as ancient and other manuscripts and archives, records of folklore and music, rare printed publications.

to cultural and historical The prerequisites for the recreational industry include other objects related to the history, culture and modern activities of people: original industrial enterprises, agriculture, transport, theaters, scientific and educational institutions, sports facilities, botanical gardens, zoos, ethnographic and folklore attractions, handicrafts , folk customs, holiday rituals, etc.

All objects used in cognitive and cultural recreation are divided into 2 groups - movable and immovable.

The first group consists of art monuments, archaeological finds, mineralogical, botanical and zoological collections, documentary monuments and other things, objects and documents that can be easily moved. The consumption of recreational resources of this group is associated with visits to museums, libraries and archives, where they are usually concentrated.

The second group includes monuments of history, urban planning and architecture, archeology and monumental art and other structures, including those monuments of art that are an integral part of architecture. From the standpoint of cognitive and cultural recreation, it is important that the objects of this group are independent single or group formations.

The next, more important stage in the assessment of cultural and historical objects is their typology for recreational significance.

The typology is based on the information essence of cultural and historical objects: uniqueness, typicality among objects of this type, cognitive and educational value, attractiveness (external attractiveness).

informative cultural and historical objects for recreational purposes can be measured by the amount of necessary and sufficient time for their inspection. To determine the time of inspection of the object, it is necessary to classify the object on the basis that would reflect the duration of the inspection.

You can choose 2 classification features:

the degree of organization of the object to display

the location of the sightseers in relation to the object of inspection.

According to the degree of organization, objects are divided into specially organized and unorganized for display.

Organized objects require more inspection time, as they are the purpose of the inspection and form the basis of the excursion. Unorganized objects serve as an accompanying excursion with a general plan, a background that is captured at one glance without detailed consideration.

According to the location of the tourists, the objects are divided into

interior (internal inspection of the object)

exterior (external inspection of the object). The total time for visiting exterior objects is always greater than the time for visiting interior objects (perhaps, with the exception of museums and some other repositories of historical values).

MONUMENTS OF HISTORY AND CULTURE AND THEIR VARIETIES

Monuments of religious architecture. Monuments of religious architecture are the most ancient ones that have survived to our time. These are churches and monasteries of various confessions (religions): Orthodox churches, Catholic cathedrals, Lutheran churches, Jewish synagogues, Buddhist pagodas, Muslim mosques.

Now, during the revival of religiosity, pilgrimages are becoming very relevant. Travel to cult complexes can be carried out by different groups with different goals. There are several forms of such travel.

Monuments of secular architecture. Monuments of secular architecture include urban development - civil and industrial, as well as suburban palace and park ensembles. Of the most ancient buildings, the Kremlin and boyar chambers have survived to this day. Urban architecture is usually represented by palace buildings, administrative buildings (offices, shopping arcades, noble and merchant meetings, governors' houses), theaters, libraries, universities and hospitals, which were often built at the expense of patrons according to the designs of famous architects. Since the formation of the Yamskaya chase along the roads for royal persons, postal stations and travel palaces have been revived, which have now entered the city limits or stand along the old tracts. Industrial architecture includes buildings of factories and plants, mines, quarries and other structures. Country architecture is represented by estates and palace and park ensembles, such as, for example, Petrodvorets and Pavlovsk in the vicinity of St. Petersburg, Arkhangelskoye and others in the Moscow region.

archaeological sites. The archaeological monuments include settlements, mounds, rock paintings, earthen ramparts, ancient quarries, mines, as well as the remains of ancient civilizations and excavations of the earliest periods. Archaeological monuments are of interest to specialists - historians and archaeologists. Tourists are mainly attracted by rock paintings, inspection of exposed archaeological layers, as well as archaeological expositions.

Ethnographic monuments. The ethnographic heritage involved in tourist routes is represented by two types. These are either museum expositions in local history museums, museums of folk life and wooden architecture, or existing settlements that have preserved the features of traditional forms of management, cultural life and rituals inherent in the area.

Ethnographic monuments are classified as cultural heritage according to the following criteria: uniqueness and originality of ethno-cultural and socio-cultural conditions; compact residence of small peoples and old-timers, where traditional ways, customs and forms of nature management are most fully preserved.

HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL POTENTIAL AND THE METHOD OF ITS EVALUATION

Historical and cultural potential is the basis of educational tourism. It is represented by various types of historical monuments, memorial places, folk crafts, museums, that is, combinations of objects of material and spiritual culture.

Cultural heritage is the legacy of the historical development of civilization that has accumulated in a given territory.

Each era leaves its mark, which is found in the cultural layers during archaeological excavations. Almost every area can be of interest for educational tourism. But places where people lived for a long time, store more traces of material culture.

In historical and cultural potential includes the entire socio-cultural environment with traditions and customs, features of household and economic activities. Tourists, visiting this or that country, perceive cultural complexes as a whole.

Evaluation of cultural complexes for recreational purposes is carried out by two main methods:

1) ranking cultural complexes according to their place in world and domestic culture. Produced by experts: objects of world, federal, regional and local significance are installed;

2) necessary and sufficient time for inspection. This method allows you to compare different territories in terms of the prospects of the historical and cultural potential for tourism.

For cultural complexes, as well as for natural ones, important characteristics are reliability and capacity.

The reliability of cultural complexes is determined by two factors: resistance to recreational loads and the stability of its compliance with the value criteria that have been formed among the population.

The first factor determines what flow of tourists a given cultural complex can withstand. This is especially important for museums, where it is necessary to maintain a certain temperature and humidity regime in order to preserve exhibits. There is an urgent question about the use of modern technical means to increase the resistance of cultural complexes to recreational loads and to regulate the flow of tourists.

The second factor is related to the long-term interest of tourists in this cultural site. Their interest in world heritage sites (Egyptian pyramids, ancient architecture of Athens, architectural and historical and cultural monuments of Paris, St. Petersburg, etc.) remains stable.

The capacity of a cultural complex is determined by the duration of the period during which tourists can perceive the information contained in it, and depends on two factors: the attractiveness of the object of inspection and the psychophysiological capabilities of a person, which are distinguished by a significant individuality and have a certain limit.

The upcoming 2017 is the Year of Specially Protected Natural Territories. The corresponding Decree was signed on August 1, 2016 by the President. Specially protected natural territories and objects are a national property. They are presented in the form of areas, the surface of the water and the air space above them. Within their limits there are complexes that have cultural, scientific, recreational, aesthetic, health-improving value. The Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories” in force in the country contains their list and characteristics, and establishes rules for their use.

Categories

IN specially protected natural territories of Russia included:

1. Protected forest areas.
2. Reserves.
3. Reserves.
4. National parks.
5. Resort and health zones.
6. botanical gardens.
7. Dendrological parks.

Normative regional or municipal acts may provide for other types of specially protected natural areas.

Value

Main the importance of specially protected natural areas- preservation of valuable botanical, geological, hydrological, landscape, zoological complexes. According to international organizations, at the end of the 90s. of the last century, there were about 10 thousand large valuable sites all over the world. The total number of national parks was about 2 thousand, and biosphere reserves - 350. Significance of specially protected natural areas determined by their uniqueness. They are of great value for educational tourism. This allows us to consider them as recreational resources, the operation of which should be strictly regulated.

Characteristic

Each specially protected natural area is endowed with its own functions. Within its limits, specific rules of stay are provided, as well as the procedure for using resources. In the hierarchical structure, each specially protected natural area has the ability to prevent the destruction and serious change of the complex or its individual components. To protect them from negative anthropogenic factors, zones or districts can be formed in adjacent areas. They have a special regime of specially protected natural areas.

reserves

They act as research, environmental, environmental education institutions. Their goal is to preserve and study the natural course of processes and phenomena, unique and typical ecosystems, the gene pool of the plant world. Reserves are considered as the most common and typical specially protected natural areas. Animals, plants, ecosystems, subsoil located in them are completely withdrawn from circulation and economic use.

prescriptions

The property of reserves belongs to the category of federal property. Plants, animals, subsoil, water are provided for the possession of institutions on special rights. Structures, historical, cultural and other elements are transferred to the reserves for operational management. "does not allow the withdrawal or other termination of rights to sites and other resources located within them. The provision determining the status of a particular reserve is approved by the Government.

Permissible Activities

They are provided Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories"". Within the reserve, activities and events aimed at:

1. Ensuring the conservation of complexes in their natural state, restoration and prevention of changes in them and their elements under the influence of anthropogenic factors.
2. Maintenance of sanitary and fire safety conditions.
3. Prevention of factors that can cause disasters that threaten the lives of the population and the area where they live.
4. Implementation of environmental monitoring.
5. Implementation of research tasks.
6. Performance of control and supervisory functions.

Protection of specially protected natural areas carried out in accordance with the Regulations. Any activity that is not consistent with the tasks of the reserve, contrary to the established rules, is prohibited. Introduction (resettlement) of living organisms for acclimatization is not allowed.

Zones

The specially protected natural area of ​​the reserve, unlike the national park, has a rather limited recreational use. Mostly, it serves educational purposes. This situation is reflected in the functional zoning of reserves. In particular, 4 territories are distinguished within their borders:

1. reserved regime. In them, representatives of flora and fauna develop without human intervention.
2. Scientific monitoring. In this zone, researchers monitor the development and state of natural objects.
3. environmental education. In this area, as a rule, place a museum. Regulated trails are laid here, along which tourist groups lead to get acquainted with the features of the complex.
4. Economic and administrative zone.

national park

This specially protected natural area has historical, cultural, ecological and aesthetic value. The national park is used for educational, scientific purposes, as well as for regulated tourism. Objects that are located within the territory are transferred for use in accordance with applicable regulations. Historical and cultural complexes under state protection are transferred to national parks in agreement with the authorized bodies.

Nuances

Within some areas of the national park there may be sites of third-party users and owners. The administration of protected areas has the exclusive right to acquire land at the expense of federal funds or other sources not prohibited by regulations. National parks are state property. Structures, buildings, historical, cultural and other complexes are transferred to the administration for operational management. A particular park operates in accordance with the Regulations. It is approved by the authority in charge of the territory, in agreement with the authorized body operating in the field of nature protection.

Tasks of the national park

Along with environmental protection activities, conditions for regulated recreation and tourism are being created on the territory. Special zones are established within the national park:

Reserves

These specially protected natural territories of Russia are represented in large numbers. Reserves operate in almost all regions of the country. The assignment of the territory to this category is carried out with the withdrawal of sites from users, owners, owners or without it. Reserves may be federal or regional jurisdiction. These territories are of particular importance for the restoration or preservation of natural complexes or their components, as well as for ensuring the ecological balance. Reserves may have different purposes. Landscape are designed to restore and preserve complexes, biological - for endangered and rare representatives of fauna and flora, paleontological - for fossil objects, hydrological - for aquatic ecosystems, geological - for elements of the inanimate environment.

Botanical gardens and dendrological parks

These environmental institutions perform various functions. Among them, in particular, the creation of collections of plant species to enrich the flora and preserve its diversity. Educational, scientific and educational activities are carried out in botanical gardens and dendrological parks. The territories on which these institutions are located are intended for the implementation of their direct tasks. The sites are transferred for permanent use to parks, educational or research organizations under their jurisdiction. These institutions carry out the introduction of plants into the natural environment, study their ecology in stationary conditions. Parks and gardens develop the scientific basis for ornamental gardening, landscaping, landscape architecture, breeding techniques and so on. These institutions may be federal or regional jurisdictions. Their creation is under the jurisdiction of the executive power structures.

Monuments of nature

These complexes are considered the most common in the country. Natural monuments are irreplaceable, unique, scientifically, ecologically, aesthetically and culturally valuable objects. They can be artificial or natural. Areas of water space and land, single elements can be declared as natural monuments. The latter include, among others:

1. Scenic areas.
2. Reference territories of untouched nature.
3. Areas dominated by the cultural landscape. For example, they are alleys, ancient parks, ancient mines, canals, etc.
4. Habitats and growths of relic, valuable, rare, small and endangered animals and plants.
5. Forest tracts and their separate areas, which are of value in terms of their characteristics. For example, plants with a unique species composition, genetic qualities, productivity, etc., can grow on them.
6. Samples of achievements of forestry practice and science.
7. Complexes that play an important role in maintaining the hydrological regime.
8. Unique relief forms, landscapes associated with them. These include, for example, mountains, gorges, groups of rocks and caves, canyons, moraine-boulder ridges, glacial cirques, dunes and dunes, hydrolaccoliths, giant ice floes, etc.
9. Geological outcrops with unique properties and scientific value. Among them, in particular, are stratotypes, reference sections, outcrops of rare rocks, fossils, and minerals.
10. Geological and geographical polygons, classical areas, where there are especially expressive traces of seismic phenomena, outcrops of folded and discontinuous rock formations.
11. Areas containing particularly valuable or rare paleontological objects.
12. Hydromineral natural complexes, mineral and thermal springs, mud deposits.
13. Areas of lakes, rivers, wetlands, marine areas, ponds, small river flows with floodplains.
14. Coastal facilities. These include spits, islands and peninsulas, isthmuses, bays, lagoons.
15. Separate objects of inanimate and living nature. This category includes nesting places for birds, plants with bizarre shapes, long-lived trees, as well as those of historical and memorial value, etc.

Natural monuments may have regional, federal or local significance depending on their environmental, cultural, aesthetic and other value.