Experience and mistakes in fiction. Composition

Literature lesson in 11th grade

Preparation for the final essay in the “Experience and Errors” area.

Lesson objectives:

Educational:

consolidate the ability to work on an admission essay,

teach you to independently construct your knowledge,

express thoughts orally and in writing,

systematize your knowledge,

argue your point of view.

Educational:

to raise a thoughtful and attentive reader,

to cultivate creative abilities in students, to promote the development of logical thinking, oral monologue, and dialogic speech;

cultivate moral and ethical qualities through analysis of works

Developmental:

develop students' cognitive skills,

develop critical and creative thinking,

develop students’ ability to see, formulate and solve a problem.

Task: learn to write an essay on one of the proposed topics.

During the classes:

I. Introduction to the topic

1. Lexical work

Guys, we continue preparing for the final essay, which you will have to write on December 7th. And in today’s lesson we will look at the direction “Experience and mistakes”

Please tell me, how do you understand the word “experience”, “mistakes”?  Let's look into S.I. Ozhegov's dictionary and read the dictionary entry:

Errors - Wrongness in actions, thoughts.

2. FIPI comment:

Within the framework of the direction, discussions are possible about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, a people, humanity as a whole, about the cost of mistakes on the path to understanding the world, gaining life experience.
Literature often makes you think about the relationship between experience and mistakes: about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes without which it is impossible to move along the path of life, and about irreparable, tragic mistakes.

“Experience and errors” is a direction in which a clear opposition of two polar concepts is less implied, because without errors there is and cannot be experience. A literary hero, making mistakes, analyzing them and thereby gaining experience, changes, improves, and takes the path of spiritual and moral development.By assessing the actions of the characters, the reader gains invaluable life experience, and literature becomes a real textbook of life, helping not to make his own mistakes, the price of which can be very high . Speaking about the mistakes made by the heroes, it should be noted that a wrong decision or an ambiguous act can affect not only the life of an individual, but also have the most fatal impact on the destinies of others. In literature we also encounter tragic mistakes that affect the destinies of entire nations. It is in these aspects that one can approach the analysis of this thematic area.

3. Expressions about mistakes and experience

Aphorisms and sayings of famous people:

You should not be timid for fear of making mistakes; the biggest mistake is to deprive yourself of experience. Luc de Clapier Vauvenargues

You can make mistakes in different ways, but you can act correctly only in one way, which is why the first is easy, and the second is difficult; easy to miss, difficult to hit the target. Aristotle

In all matters, we can only learn by trial and error, falling into error and correcting ourselves. Karl Raymund Popper

He who thinks that he will not make mistakes if others think for him is deeply mistaken. Aurelius Markov

We easily forget our mistakes when they are known only to us. François de La Rochefoucauld Make the most of every mistake. Ludwig Wittgenstein

Shyness may be appropriate everywhere, but not in admitting one’s mistakes. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing

It is easier to find error than truth. Johann Wolfgang Goethe

In all matters, we can only learn by trial and error, falling into error and correcting ourselves. Karl Raymund Popper S. Sukhorukov)

5. Topic options for the “Experience and Mistakes” direction:

1. There are three paths to reason before a person: the path of reflection is the most noble; the path of imitation is the easiest; the path of personal experience is the hardest path. (Confucius)

2. Wisdom is the daughter of experience. (Leonardo da Vinci, Italian painter, scientist)

3. Experience is a useful gift that is never used. (J. Renard)

4. Do you agree with the popular proverb “Experience is the word people use to call their mistakes”?

5. Experience increases our wisdom, but does not decrease our stupidity. (B.. Shaw) 6. Do we really need our own experience?

7. Why do you need to analyze your mistakes?

8. Do you agree with the popular wisdom “We learn from other people’s mistakes”?

9. Is it possible to avoid mistakes by relying on the experience of others?

10. Is it boring to live without making mistakes?

11. How can the experience of fathers be valuable for children?

12. What experience does war give to a person?

13. What events and impressions in life help a person grow up and gain experience?

14. Is it possible to avoid mistakes when searching for a path in life?

15. Is it important, when moving forward in life, to look back at the path you have taken?

16. What does reading experience add to life experience?

Argumentation:

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Raskolnikov, killing Alena Ivanovna and confessing to what he had done, does not fully realize the tragedy of the crime he committed, does not recognize the fallacy of his theory, he only regrets that he could not commit the crime, that he will not now be able to classify himself among the chosen ones. And only in hard labor does the soul-weary hero not only repent (he repented by confessing to the murder), but embark on the difficult path of repentance. The writer emphasizes that a person who admits his mistakes is able to change, he is worthy of forgiveness and needs help and compassion. (In the novel, next to the hero is Sonya Marmeladova, who is an example of a compassionate person).

M.A. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”, K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram". The heroes of so many different works make a similar fatal mistake, which I will regret all my life, but, unfortunately, they will not be able to correct anything. Andrei Sokolov, leaving for the front, pushes away his wife hugging him, the hero is irritated by her tears, he gets angry, believing that she is “burying him alive,” but it turns out the other way around: he returns, and the family dies. This loss is a terrible grief for him, and now he blames himself for every little thing and says with inexpressible pain: “Until my death, until my last hour, I will die, and I will not forgive myself for pushing her away then!” Story by K.G. Paustovsky is a story about lonely old age. Grandmother Katerina, abandoned by her own daughter, writes: “My beloved, I will not survive this winter. Come at least for a day. Let me look at you, hold your hands.” But Nastya calms herself with the words: “Since her mother writes, it means she’s alive.” Thinking about strangers, organizing an exhibition of a young sculptor, the daughter forgets about her only relative. And only after hearing warm words of gratitude “for caring about a person,” the heroine remembers that she has a telegram in her purse: “Katya is dying. Tikhon." Repentance comes too late: “Mom! How could this happen? After all, I have no one in my life. It is not and will not be dearer. If only I could make it in time, if only she could see me, if only she would forgive me.” The daughter arrives, but there is no one to ask for forgiveness. The bitter experience of the main characters teaches the reader to be attentive to loved ones “before it’s too late.”

M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time". The hero of the novel, M.Yu., also makes a series of mistakes in his life. Lermontov. Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin belongs to the young people of his era who were disillusioned with life. Pechorin himself says about himself: “Two people live in me: one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks and judges him.” Lermontov's character is an energetic, intelligent person, but he cannot find use for his mind, his knowledge. Pechorin is a cruel and indifferent egoist, because he causes misfortune to everyone with whom he communicates, and he does not care about the condition of other people. V.G. Belinsky called him a “suffering egoist” because Grigory Aleksandrovich blames himself for his actions, he is aware of his actions, worries and does not bring him satisfaction. Grigory Alexandrovich is a very smart and reasonable person, he knows how to admit his mistakes, but at the same time wants to teach others to admit theirs, as, for example, he kept trying to push Grushnitsky to admit his guilt and wanted to resolve their dispute peacefully. But then the other side of Pechorin also appears: after some attempts to defuse the situation in the duel and call Grushnitsky to conscience, he himself proposes to shoot in a dangerous place so that one of them will die. At the same time, the hero tries to turn everything into a joke, despite the fact that there is a threat to both the life of young Grushnitsky and his own life. After the murder of Grushnitsky, we see how Pechorin’s mood changed: if on the way to the duel he notices how beautiful the day is, then after the tragic event he sees the day in black colors, there is stone on his soul. The story of Pechorin's disappointed and dying soul is set out in the hero's diary entries with all the mercilessness of introspection; being both the author and the hero of the “magazine,” Pechorin fearlessly speaks about his ideal impulses, and about the dark sides of his soul, and about the contradictions of consciousness. The hero is aware of his mistakes, but does nothing to correct them; his own experience 29 teaches him nothing. Despite the fact that Pechorin has an absolute understanding that he destroys human lives (“destroys the lives of peaceful smugglers,” Bela dies through his fault, etc.), the hero continues to “play” with the destinies of others, which makes himself unhappy .

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". If Lermontov's hero, realizing his mistakes, could not take the path of spiritual and moral improvement, then Tolstoy's favorite heroes, the acquired experience helps them become better. When considering the topic in this aspect, one can turn to the analysis of the images of A. Bolkonsky and P. Bezukhov. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky stands out sharply from the high society environment with his education, breadth of interests, dreams of accomplishing a feat, and desires great personal glory. His idol is Napoleon. To achieve his goal, Bolkonsky appears in the most dangerous places of the battle. Harsh military events contributed to the fact that the prince was disappointed in his dreams and realized how bitterly he was mistaken. Seriously wounded, remaining on the battlefield, Bolkonsky experiences a mental crisis. At these moments, a new world opens up before him, where there are no selfish thoughts or lies, but only the purest, highest, and fair. The prince realized that there is something more significant in life than war and glory. Now the former idol seems small and insignificant to him. Having experienced further events - the birth of a child and the death of his wife - Bolkonsky comes to the conclusion that he can only live for himself and his loved ones. This is only the first stage in the evolution of a hero who not only admits his mistakes, but also strives to become better. Pierre also makes a considerable series of mistakes. He leads a riotous life in the company of Dolokhov and Kuragin, but understands that such a life is not for him. He cannot immediately correctly evaluate people and therefore often makes mistakes in them. He is sincere, trusting, weak-willed. These character traits are clearly manifested in his relationship with the depraved Helen Kuragina - Pierre makes another mistake. Soon after marriage, the hero realizes that he was deceived and “processes his grief alone.” After breaking up with his wife, being in a state of deep crisis, he joins the Masonic lodge. Pierre believes that it is here that he will “find rebirth to a new life,” and again realizes that he is again mistaken in something important. The experience gained and the “thunderstorm of 1812” lead the hero to drastic changes in his worldview. He understands that one must live for the sake of people, one must strive to benefit the Motherland.

“To live honestly, you have to rush, get confused, fight, make mistakes, but calmness is spiritual meanness.” (L.N. Tolstoy)

“A good player who has lost at chess is sincerely convinced that his loss was due to his mistake, and he looks for this mistake at the beginning of his game, but forgets that in every step of his, throughout the entire game, there were the same mistakes as one of his moves was not perfect. The error to which he draws attention is noticeable to him only because the enemy took advantage of it.” (L.N. Tolstoy)

M.A. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog". If we talk about experience as “a procedure for reproducing a phenomenon experimentally, creating something new under certain conditions for the purpose of research,” then the practical experience of Professor Preobrazhensky to “clarify the question of the survival of the pituitary gland, and subsequently its influence on rejuvenation organism in humans” can hardly be called completely successful. From a scientific point of view, it is very successful. Professor Preobrazhensky performs a unique operation. The scientific result was unexpected and impressive, but in everyday life it led to the most disastrous consequences. The guy who appeared in the professor’s house as a result of the operation, “short in stature and unattractive in appearance,” behaves defiantly, arrogantly and insolently. However, it should be noted that the emerging humanoid creature easily finds itself in a changed world, but does not differ in human qualities and soon becomes a thunderstorm not only for the inhabitants of the apartment, but also for the residents of the entire house. Having analyzed his mistake, the professor realizes that the dog was much more “humane” than P.P. Sharikov. Thus, we are convinced that the humanoid hybrid Sharikov is more a failure than a victory for Professor Preobrazhensky. He himself understands this: “Old donkey... This, doctor, is what happens when a researcher, instead of going parallel and groping with nature, forces the question and lifts the veil: here, get Sharikov and eat him with porridge.” Philip Philipovich comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in the nature of man and society leads to catastrophic results. In the story “Heart of a Dog,” the professor corrects his mistake - Sharikov again turns into a dog. He is happy with his fate and himself. But in real life, such experiments have a tragic effect on people’s destinies, warns Bulgakov. Actions must be thoughtful and not destructive. The main idea of ​​the writer is that naked progress, devoid of morality, brings death to people and such a mistake will be irreversible.

V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera". When discussing mistakes that are irreparable and bring suffering not only to each individual person, but also to the people as a whole, one can turn to the indicated story by a twentieth-century writer. This is not just a work about the loss of one’s home, but also about how wrong decisions lead to disasters that will certainly affect the life of society as a whole. The plot of the story is based on a true story. During the construction of the hydroelectric power station on the Angara, the surrounding villages were flooded. Relocation has become a painful experience for residents of flooded areas. After all, hydroelectric power stations are built for a large number of people. This is an important economic project, for the sake of which we need to rebuild, and not hold on to the old. But can this decision be called unambiguously correct? Residents of flooded Matera are moving to a village built inhumanely. The mismanagement with which huge amounts of money are spent hurts the soul of the writer. Fertile lands will be flooded, and in the village built on the northern slope of the hill, on stones and clay, nothing will grow. Gross interference in nature will certainly lead to environmental problems. But for the writer it is not so much they that are important as the spiritual life of people. For Rasputin it is absolutely clear that the collapse, the disintegration of a nation, people, country begins with the disintegration of the family. And the reason for this is the tragic mistake that progress is much more important than the souls of old people saying goodbye to their home. And there is no repentance in the hearts of young people. The older generation, wise from life experience, does not want to leave their native island, not because they cannot appreciate all the benefits of civilization, but primarily because for these amenities they demand to give Matera, that is, to betray their past. And the suffering of the elderly is an experience that each of us must learn. A person cannot, should not, abandon his roots. In discussions on this topic, one can turn to history and the disasters that human “economic” activity entailed. Rasputin's story is not just a story about great construction projects, it is the tragic experience of previous generations as an edification to us, people of the 21st century

I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

The life views and statements of Evgeny Bazarov, expressed at the beginning of the novel, are refuted by the end by both the hero and the author.

“It is better to break stones on the pavement than to allow a woman to take even the tip of a finger. This is all... - Bazarov almost uttered his favorite word “romanticism,” but restrained himself and said: “nonsense.” “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it.” “All people are similar to each other both in body and soul; each of us has the same brain, spleen, heart, and lungs; and the so-called moral qualities are the same for everyone: small modifications mean nothing. One human specimen is enough to judge all others. People are like trees in the forest; not a single botanist will study each individual birch tree.” “The strength, the strength,” he said, “is still here, but we have to die!.. The old man, at least he managed to wean himself from life, and I... Yes, go ahead and try to deny death. She denies you, and that’s it!” “The old thing is death, but something new for everyone.”

Vikenty Vikentievich Veresaev (real name - Smidovich; 1867-1945) - Russian writer, translator, literary critic, doctor.

In 1888 he graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of St. Petersburg University. In 1894 he graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Dorpat and began his medical career. He was called up for military service as a military doctor in 1904, during the Russo-Japanese War and World War I. All-Russian fame came to Veresaev after the publication in 1901 in the magazine “World of God” of “Notes of a Doctor” - a biographical story about experiments on people and the collision of a young doctor with a monstrous reality. The work, which condemned medical experiments on humans, also revealed the moral position of the writer. The resonance was so strong that the emperor himself ordered measures to be taken and medical experiments on people stopped. The writer received the Stalin Prize in 1943, at the height of the fight against the monstrous experiments of the Nazis. “Notes” literally gave rise to an explosion of interest in medical ethics, since it was its problems that were the focus of the author’s attention.

A.S. Pushkin "Poltava"

After the victory at Poltava, Peter raised a toast during the festive feast: “To the health of teachers, to the Swedes!” The Tsar was referring to the defeat at Narva in 1700, when Russian troops were defeated by Swedish ones. After this, transformations were carried out in the Russian army, which brought Peter a final victory.

“Peter is feasting. He is proud and clear, and his gaze is full of glory. And his royal feast is wonderful. At the shouts of his army, in his tent he treats his leaders, the leaders of strangers, and caresses the glorious captives, and raises a cup of health for his teachers.”

D/s: write an essay on one of the proposed topics.

Since the 2014-2015 academic year, the program for the state final certification of schoolchildren has included a final graduation essay. This format differs significantly from the classic exam. The work is of a non-subject nature, relying on the graduate’s knowledge in the field of literature. The essay aims to reveal the examinee’s ability to reason on a given topic and argue his point of view. Mainly, the final essay allows you to assess the level of speech culture of the graduate. For the examination paper, five topics from a closed list are proposed.

1. Introduction
2. Main part - thesis and arguments
3. Conclusion - conclusion

The final essay 2016 requires a volume of 350 words or more.

The time allotted for the examination work is 3 hours 55 minutes.

Topics for the final essay

The questions proposed for consideration are usually addressed to the inner world of a person, personal relationships, psychological characteristics and concepts of universal morality. Thus, the topics of the final essay for the 2016-2017 academic year include the following areas:

1. "Experience and mistakes"

Here are concepts that the examinee will have to reveal in the process of reasoning, referring to examples from the world of literature. In the final essay 2016, the graduate must identify the relationships between these categories based on analysis, building logical relationships and applying knowledge of literary works.

One of these topics is “Experience and Mistakes.”

As a rule, works from a school literature course are a large gallery of different images and characters that can be used to write a final essay on the topic “Experience and Errors.”

• Novel by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”
• Novel by M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
• Novel by M. A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”
• Roman I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
• Novel by F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”
• The story of A.I. Kuprin “Garnet Bracelet”

Arguments for the final essay 2016 “Experience and mistakes”

• “Eugene Onegin” by A.S. Pushkin

The novel in verse “Eugene Onegin” clearly demonstrates the problem of irreparable mistakes in a person’s life, which can lead to serious consequences. Thus, the main character, Eugene Onegin, by his behavior with Olga in the Larins’ house, provoked the jealousy of his friend Lensky, who challenged him to a duel. The friends came together in a mortal battle, in which Vladimir, alas, turned out to be not as agile a shooter as Evgeniy. Misbehavior and a sudden duel between friends, thus, turned out to be a big mistake in the hero’s life. It is also worth turning here to the love story of Eugene and Tatiana, whose confessions Onegin cruelly rejects. Only years later does he realize what a fatal mistake he made.

• “Crime and Punishment” by F. M. Dostoevsky

The central question for the hero of the work F . M. Dostoevsky begins to desire to understand his ability to act, to decide the destinies of people, neglecting the norms of universal morality - “Am I a trembling creature, or do I have the right?” Rodion Raskolnikov commits a crime by killing an old pawnbroker, and later realizes the full gravity of the committed act. The manifestation of cruelty and inhumanity, a huge mistake that led to Rodion’s suffering, became a lesson for him. Subsequently, the hero takes the right path, thanks to the spiritual purity and compassion of Sonechka Marmeladova. The crime committed remains a bitter experience for him for the rest of his life.

• “Fathers and Sons” by I.S. Turgenev

Essay example

On his life's path, a person has to make a large number of vital decisions, choose what to do in a given situation. In the process of experiencing various events, a person acquires life experience, which becomes his spiritual luggage, helping in future life and interaction with people and society. However, we often find ourselves in difficult, contradictory conditions when we cannot guarantee the correctness of our decision and be sure that what we consider correct now will not become a big mistake for us.

An example of the influence of the actions he has committed on a person’s life can be seen in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin.” The work demonstrates the problem of irreparable mistakes in a person’s life, which can lead to serious consequences. Thus, the main character, Eugene Onegin, by his behavior with Olga in the Larins’ house, provoked the jealousy of his friend Lensky, who challenged him to a duel. The friends came together in a mortal battle, in which Vladimir, alas, turned out to be not as agile a shooter as Evgeniy. Misbehavior and a sudden duel between friends, thus, turned out to be a big mistake in the hero’s life. It is also worth turning here to the love story of Eugene and Tatiana, whose confessions Onegin cruelly rejects. Only years later does he realize what a fatal mistake he made.

It is also worth turning to I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons,” which reveals the problem of errors in the unshakability of views and beliefs, which can lead to disastrous consequences.

In the work of I.S. Turgenev Evgeny Bazarov is a progressive-minded young man, a nihilist who denies the value of the experience of previous generations. He says that he does not believe in feelings at all: “Love is rubbish, unforgivable nonsense.” The hero meets Anna Odintsova, with whom he falls in love and is afraid to admit it even to himself, because this would mean a contradiction to his own beliefs of universal denial. However, later he becomes fatally ill, without admitting it to his family and friends. Being seriously ill, he finally realizes that he loves Anna. Only at the end of his life does Eugene realize how greatly he was mistaken in his attitude towards love and nihilistic worldview.

Thus, it is worth talking about how important it is to correctly evaluate your thoughts and actions, analyzing actions that can lead to a big mistake. A person is constantly developing, improving his way of thinking and behavior, and therefore he must act thoughtfully, relying on life experience.

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THEMATIC DIRECTION “EXPERIENCE AND MISTAKES”

Within the framework of the direction, it is possible to reason about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, a people, and humanity as a whole; about the cost of mistakes on the path to understanding the world and gaining life experience; about the relationship between experience and mistakes; about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes, without which it is impossible to move along the path of life; about irreparable, tragic mistakes.

Why do you need to analyze your mistakes? 2. Do you agree that mistakes are a key component of life experience? 3. What does the reading experience add to the life experience? 4. How do you understand the saying “living life is not a field to cross”? 5. What kind of life can be considered not lived in vain? 6. Can an experienced person make mistakes? 7. He makes more mistakes who does not repent of his mistakes. 8. What lessons does the history of his people give a person? 9. Is the experience of previous generations important to us? 10. How can the experience of fathers be valuable for children? 11. What experience does war give to humanity? 12. What events and impressions in life help a person gain experience? 13. Is it important, when moving forward in life, to look back at the path you have taken? 14. Is it possible to avoid mistakes along the path of life? 15. Is it possible to gain experience without making mistakes? 16. “... Experience, the son of difficult mistakes...” (A.S. Pushkin) 17. The path to truth lies through mistakes. 18. Is it possible to avoid mistakes by relying on the experience of others? 19. What mistakes cannot be corrected? 20. What is delusion? POSSIBLE TOPICS IN THE DIRECTION

QUOTES IN THE DIRECTION “EXPERIENCE AND MISTAKES” 1. “Experience is the teacher of everything.” (Julius Caesar) 2. “Inexperience leads to disaster.” (A.S. Pushkin) 3. “Experience is the best mentor.” (Ovid) 4. “In life there is nothing better than your own experience.” (W. Scott) 5. “The only real mistake is not correcting your past mistakes.” (Confucius) 6. “Admitting your mistakes is the highest courage.” (A. Bestuzhev) 7. “You can only reach convictions through personal experience and suffering.” (A.P. Chekhov) 8. “Show me a person who has never made a mistake in his life, and I will show you a person who has achieved nothing.” (Joan Collins)

M. A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”, “Heart of a Dog” I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons” D. I. Fonvizin. "Undergrown." A. S. Griboyedov. "Woe from Wit." A. S. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin". M. Yu. Lermontov. "Hero of our time". A. N. Ostrovsky. "Thunderstorm", "Dowry". I. A. Goncharov. "Oblomov." F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment". L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace". A.P. Chekhov. “Man in a Case”, “Gooseberry”, “About Love”, “Ionych”, “The Cherry Orchard”. I. A. Bunin. "Mr. from San Francisco", "Dark Alleys". A. M. Gorky. “In People”, “At the Bottom”. B. L. Pasternak. "Doctor Zhivago". M. A. Sholokhov. "Quiet Don" V. Astafiev. “Tsar Fish” K. Paustovsky. “Telegram” A. Pristavkin. “The golden cloud spent the night” (about the war) L. Ulitskaya. “The Case of Kukotsky” V. Rasputin. “Farewell to Matera” SELECTION OF WORKS BY DIRECTION

ON A NOTE

INTRODUCTION OPTIONS 1. People live differently on earth. Some go their own way, as if by inertia, without thinking about the final goal. Live a day - and okay. Others map out their path in advance and never deviate from it. Still others often get lost in search of the right path, sometimes losing their way. Who is more likely to gain experience and who will make mistakes? Most likely, no one can do without mistakes: every step is a grain of our experience, even if the wrong road is chosen. The path to truth is the path of self-knowledge. But not everyone admits and realizes their mistakes, trying to correct them and gain positive experience. There are many similar examples on the pages of works of art... 2. How to go through your life’s path without making a single mistake? Is it possible to gain a positive experience from this? Of course not. The child, taking his first hesitant steps, falls, but gets up and tries to walk again. He subconsciously acquires a tiny experience: he can’t stop! Growing up, a person achieves the desired result not immediately, but by trial and error. Only by overcoming obstacles, falling and getting up, can you come to truth and purpose. But you need to learn to draw conclusions from your mistakes and avoid making irreparable mistakes. Reflecting on the fates of literary heroes, we understand that it is impossible to live without mistakes, but trying to correct them is an eternal work on oneself. This is the search for truth and the desire for spiritual harmony.

INTRODUCTION OPTIONS 3. Is reading experience important for learning about life, for gaining one’s own experience? The answer is obvious. It is books, scientific or artistic, that give us knowledge, that is, experience. Writers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries left us a rich cultural heritage. A person whose reading experience is rich, has the opportunity to make the right experience from the mistakes of literary characters, will be able to learn important things that will help him in the future not to commit unnecessary actions. That is why, every time at a difficult moment, he turns to the book, studies in order to understand the world, so that there are as few mistakes as possible in his idea of ​​the world, society, and himself. What works will really become our good helpers?.. 4. What is the price of a mistake? The consequences of even one person’s mistakes are sometimes difficult to predict. And if these mistakes are made by a person endowed with power, on whose decisions the fate of an entire country depends. It is no coincidence that when assessing the activities of rulers or leaders, we pay attention to such qualities as foresight, wisdom, the presence of a practical mind... If we have a person in front of us who is indifferent, poorly educated, and even ambitious and vain, then his mistakes can turn into disaster, otherwise and a disaster. And there are many examples of this in life and in literature...

5. What experience does war give to humanity? First of all, the need to prevent irreparable mistakes in the future. Mistakes in war. Errors in choosing battle strategy and tactics. This is already a tragedy. The lives of the soldiers subordinate to him depend on the ill-considered actions of commanders, on their careerist motives, selfishness or cowardice. And the experience here is only negative, which under no circumstances should be repeated. But there is another, human, wise experience: in cultivating courage, perseverance and valor, similar to those shown by war heroes: ordinary soldiers and worthy officers. Those who blocked the enemy’s path did not allow him to desecrate our native land. INTRODUCTION OPTIONS 6. “And experience, the son of difficult mistakes...” exclaimed Pushkin. Is it possible to experience without errors? Are they always interconnected? And does every mistake lead to the accumulation of experience? It is probably impossible to gain experience without making mistakes, but it is simply necessary to draw the right conclusions from failures. But why is a person so afraid to take the wrong step, to make a mistake? Afraid of being funny, avoiding condemnation and punishment? Should you be afraid of making mistakes in your life experiences? It depends on what experiences and mistakes you are talking about. A surgeon's mistake can result in the death of a patient, and a pilot's mistake can result in the death of hundreds of people. But if we are talking about everyday life and work that does not involve such risks, then you should not be afraid of mistakes. Suffice it to recall the wise words of the great L.N. Tolstoy: “To live honestly, you have to struggle, get confused, struggle, make mistakes, start and give up, and start again and give up again, because calm is spiritual meanness.”

7. Is the experience of previous generations important to us? What lessons does the history of his people teach a person? It is common for every individual to make mistakes, but is it possible to talk about the historical mistakes of the people? Most likely not, since what was done and approved at the beginning of the 20th century, for example, the revolution, was debunked in the end. But if we are talking about wars of conquest, then it is important to learn the necessary lessons and not repeat the monstrous experience of the conquering commanders. Let us remember Napoleon or Hitler and their punitive campaigns of conquest. Why not experiment with people! Who should be blamed for such atrocities? People? Leaders? Difficult question. Although they say that the people deserve the ruler they choose, in general they cannot be held responsible for the actions of the leaders. And at the same time, every person in the country bears a share of responsibility for everything that happens in it: you can blindly obey and allow yourself to be drawn into a negative, monstrous experience, or you can resist it. Many examples of the above can be found in Russian literature... INTRODUCTION OPTIONS

8. Is the thousand-year history of Russia something alien to us or is it still an important and valuable historical experience? Reflecting on this issue, it is necessary to understand that the experience of previous generations is undoubtedly significant for us, because the wisdom accumulated over the centuries shows us the future path and helps us avoid many mistakes. Is it possible to neglect the invaluable experience of artists or scientists and reject their creations and conquests? How many priceless works of painting, architecture, music, literature, philosophy can enrich a modern person with the richest experience of knowing life and himself! Of course, we must not forget about historical mistakes: bloody revolutions and wars, acts of vandalism against historical cultural monuments, repressions of the 30s, which allow every person to realize how destructive they were, how various events in history influence human life. The bitter experience of the harsh war years teaches us not to forget how much grief and suffering war can bring. We must remember this so that the tragedy does not repeat itself again and again. Historical experience is part of the culture of a people. And if you do not study your history, do not adopt the experience of your predecessors, then it will be impossible to understand what the foundations of the universe and human self-knowledge lie. Let's turn to literary examples... (183 words without arguments) INTRODUCTION OPTIONS "Is the experience of previous generations important for us?"

8. Life experience... What does it consist of? From actions committed, from words spoken, from observations of the lives of people around and the lives of literary heroes, from decisions made, both right and wrong. Often, a person sometimes unexpectedly finds himself in a difficult situation and, confused or lacking experience, can make the wrong decision or commit a rash act. Sometimes his actions lead to tragic consequences. And only later does he realize that he made a mistake and learns the lesson life taught him. How to avoid irreparable mistakes? You need to carefully think through your every step, your word, your action, and not be afraid to turn to your elders, to teachers-mentors, to books, for the much-needed experience. Let us also turn to literary examples. INTRODUCTION OPTIONS

Mistakes and experience. These two concepts are inextricably linked, because experience is built on mistakes, even the most insignificant ones. There are enough literary examples to confirm this idea. For example, Pierre Bezukhov from Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”, in search of the meaning of life, made many mistakes until he realized the truth. As a result, the hero comes to the conclusion that nothing can be changed in this life and at first falls under the bad influence of Kuragin and Dolokhov: balls, revelry, courage. The consequence of a rash step is another mistake of Pierre - marrying Helen. Bezukhov bathes in “universal love” (as he naively believed when he became the richest and most eligible bachelor), but the happiness was short-lived. Smart Pierre quickly realized the cost of his mistakes. He finally finds his happiness by marrying Natasha Rostova. After much torment, mistakes, and wanderings, Pierre Bezukhov comes to the understanding that true happiness lies in serving society, which is what he does in the epilogue of the novel. (It is no coincidence that, according to L. Tolstoy’s plan, it was Pierre Bezukhov who was supposed to become the Decembrist hero in the planned story, which later became an epic novel). ARGUMENT-1

Evgeny Bazarov, the hero of the novel “Fathers and Sons” by I. S. Turgenev, is a progressive-minded young man who is not afraid to take risks, engages in experiments, a nihilist who does not recognize any authorities, a supporter of the most “complete and merciless denial.” What is Bazarov denying? Anything that can interfere with the practical activities of a natural scientist. Undoubtedly, Bazarov is a man of a sharp and strong mind, believing that his chosen path is the most correct. However, he did not avoid mistakes: love, which the hero of the novel considered “nonsense,” overtook him completely unexpectedly, so much so that Evgeniy was completely at a loss, unable to cope with his feelings. What is this? Error in the hero's actions? Of course not. The mistake lies in his nihilist worldview. However, Evgeny was able to turn out to be taller and more humane than Odintsova, who valued her “peace of mind” more than anything else in the world! In the end, Bazarov was able to control himself, plunging into his work, but having obviously failed to fully cope with his thoughts, he makes another, already irreparable mistake: he operates on a typhus patient, forgetting about precautions, and... dies. Only before his death, Evgeniy realizes the futility of his plans: “Russia needs me... No, apparently, I’m not needed...”. Well, if a miracle happened and the hero survived, would he abandon his experiments? I think it’s unlikely: his convictions in his own rightness were too strong. And this is also a mistake, since it is necessary to critically re-evaluate your thoughts and actions. ARGUMENT-2

M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time". The hero of the novel, M.Yu., also makes a series of mistakes in his life. Lermontov. Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin belongs to the young people of his era who were disillusioned with life. Pechorin himself says about himself: “Two people live in me: one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks and judges him.” Lermontov's character is an energetic, intelligent person, but he cannot find use for his mind, his knowledge. Pechorin is a cruel and indifferent egoist, because he causes misfortune to everyone with whom he communicates, and he does not care about the condition of other people. V.G. Belinsky called him a “suffering egoist” because Grigory Aleksandrovich blames himself for his actions, he is aware of his actions, worries and does not bring him satisfaction. The hero is aware of his mistakes, but does nothing to correct them; his own experience does not teach him anything. Despite the fact that Pechorin has an absolute understanding that he destroys human lives (“destroys the lives of peaceful smugglers,” Bela dies through his fault, etc.), the hero continues to “play” with the destinies of others, which makes himself unhappy . ARGUMENT- 3

Story by K.G. Paustovsky’s “Telegram” is a story about lonely old age, about indifference to elderly parents, about personal experiences and mistakes. Katerina Petrovna lived out her life in an old house; her daughter, Nastya, living in a distant big city, very rarely wrote to her and almost never came. The old woman, out of modesty, is afraid to remind herself. “It’s better not to interfere,” she decides. Grandmother Katerina, abandoned by her own daughter, will soon write: “My beloved, I will not survive this winter. Come at least for a day...” But Nastya calms herself with the words: “Since her mother writes, it means she’s alive.” Thinking about strangers, organizing an exhibition of a young sculptor, the daughter forgets about her only relative. And when she remembers that she has a telegram in her purse: “Katya is dying. Tikhon”, Nastya goes to her mother. Repentance comes too late: “Mom! How could this happen? After all, I have no one in my life. If only I could make it in time, if only she could see me, if only she would forgive me.” The daughter arrives, but there is no one to ask for forgiveness. She is late everywhere: at the train station, for the last date with her mother, and even for the funeral. Having cried in her mother’s empty house all night, she leaves in the morning, stealthily, trying so that no one sees her or asks about anything, but pain and shame will forever remain in her heart. The bitter experience of the main characters teaches the reader to be attentive to loved ones “before it’s too late.” The telegram changed Nastya’s life, made her think about a person’s responsibility for his actions, that even in the bustle of worries one must not forget that people close and dear to you are waiting for you, love you, and that there are mistakes that are no longer possible to correct ARGUMENT- 4

V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera". Rasputin's story is not just a work about the loss of his home, but also about how wrong decisions lead to disasters that will certainly affect the life of society as a whole. For Rasputin it is absolutely clear that the collapse, the disintegration of a nation, people, country begins with the disintegration of the family. And the reason for this is the tragic mistake that progress is much more important than the souls of old people saying goodbye to their home. And there is no repentance in the hearts of young people. Unfortunately, only old men and women remained loyal to Matera. Young people live in the future and calmly part with their small homeland. The older generation, wise from life experience, does not want to leave their native island, not because they cannot appreciate all the benefits of civilization, but primarily because for these amenities they demand to give Matera, that is, to betray their past. And the suffering of the elderly is an experience that each of us must learn. A person cannot, should not, abandon his roots. The ending of the story is tragic: the officials who are relocating the last inhabitants of the island symbolically got lost in the fog, and among them is the son of Daria, the main character. And the “old old women” of Matera at this time, having united with each other for the last time, leave this world, retiring to heaven. Rasputin's story is not just a story about great construction projects, it is the tragic experience of previous generations as an edification to us, people of the 21st century. ARGUMENT-5 - MISTAKES AND EXPERIENCE OF THE PEOPLE (HISTORIES)

A. Pristavkin’s book “The Golden Cloud Spent the Night” is about such history lessons. This is the story of two twin brothers. Wartime orphanages, Sashka and Kolka Kuzmin, Kuzmenysh, destitute, hungry, whose dreams are no longer about seeing, smelling bread, so that faith will appear. Unexpected dispatch of orphanages to the Caucasus. No one knew why they were being taken to these lands. But the feeling of anxiety gripped adults and children for a reason. On the way, they meet a train carrying Chechens evicted from their homes. It was their empty lands that the orphanages were supposed to fill. [The train starts moving “...voices are heard. They screamed, they screamed, they cried.” Then life in an orphanage on a depopulated land and fear of the “invisible” local residents hiding in the mountains. One can understand the feelings of the Chechens who took revenge for the destroyed graves of their ancestors: [“My dear! My house! My garden!] Revenge is dark, it knows no bounds and often falls on the innocent. There is a terrible scene in A. Pristavkin’s story when the next morning Kolka, who had slept in his hole, stumbles upon his crucified brother Sanka and sits for a long time near him, petrified, whining and howling. The terrible death of an innocent child. And, finally, pure friendship with the Chechen boy Alkhuzur, who, seeing Kolka’s suffering, is ready to become his brother: “I, I am now Sask.” Whose fault is it that both Russian and Chechen children are destitute? Whose fault is it that entire nations were forced to leave their native lands and subsequently incite national hatred? The answer is obvious. Not at all far-sighted politicians. It was for their mistakes that the innocent people paid. Such books are needed to know the past, to learn lessons from bitter experience. This is a book about the responsibility for the future of one generation to another. (261 WORDS) ARGUMENT-7. MISTAKES AND EXPERIENCE OF THE PEOPLE (STORIES

The history of human development is a history of social revolutions and great discoveries. The limits of the human mind are truly limitless in attempts to comprehend the secrets of the universe. But is man right in his claim to the role of Creator? If we talk about experience as an experiment to create something new, then the practical experience of Professor Preobrazhensky, the main character of M. Bulgakov’s story “The Heart of a Dog,” in transplanting the pituitary gland and its effect on rejuvenating the body in people, from a scientific point of view, is very successful. Professor Preobrazhensky performs a unique operation: he turns the rootless dog Sharik into citizen Sharikov. But in everyday life, scientific experience led to the most disastrous consequences. Attempts to instill basic cultural skills in Sharikov meet with staunch resistance on his part. And every day Sharikov becomes more impudent, more aggressive and more dangerous. As a result, Preobrazhensky understands the reason for his delusions and carries out the reverse operation: Sharikov again becomes the sweet and kind dog Sharik. Having analyzed his mistake, the professor realizes that the dog was much more “humane” than P.P. Sharikov. Thus, we are convinced that the humanoid Sharikov is more a failure than a victory for Professor Preobrazhensky. He himself understands this: “Old donkey...”. Philip Philipovich comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in the nature of man and society leads to catastrophic results. After reading the work, thoughts arise about how often thoughtless experiments are carried out, which can sometimes become an irreversible disaster for both a person and society itself as a whole, especially if they occur by force. Without experiments, science will not move forward, but they must be balanced; a mistake can be costly. ARGUMENT-6 - SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIAL EXPERIMENTS

The plot of Lyudmila Ulitskaya’s novel “The Kukotsky Case” is quite simple: it tells the story of the unfortunate life of a gynecological surgeon who had an extraordinary talent as a diagnostician - a special gift, “intravision” of the affected internal organs of patients, a surgeon who opposed the ban on abortion. In 1942, in a small Siberian town, he saved his future wife Elena Georgievna and her child from death, adopting her as his own. The first problems in the life of the Kukotskys appeared in the period preceding the start of the campaign against genetics. Pavel Alekseevich found an original way to avoid unwanted events: at the right moment he honestly got drunk, creating a reputation for himself as a drunkard. And after one carelessly thrown phrase by the hero to his wife, this outstanding doctor drinks himself for ten years, unable to correct his accidental mistake, in fact, a slip of the tongue, and his wife for the same ten years, having never forgiven him, goes crazy... But the main character of the novel turns out to be Kukotsky’s adopted daughter, Tanya. Tanya, a student in the evening department of the Faculty of Biology, got a job in a laboratory studying brain development, where she surprisingly quickly mastered the methods of preparing histological preparations. And a few years later, an event occurred that turned Tanya away from science forever: she caught herself ready to make a drug from a living human fetus. Without waiting for the right words from her father, Tanya left work. Soon Tanya dies in an Odessa hospital due to medical care not provided on time during childbirth. Half-crazy Elena never learned about her daughter’s death. An old, but still unresolved question: is the ability to kill living things in the womb a positive experience for good or irreparable mistakes that give rise to evil? Is he right or wrong - Pavel Alekseevich - who put his personal happiness on the sacrificial altar of his profession? ARGUMENT 8 - DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE THROUGH MISTAKES AND ACCUMULATION OF EXPERIENCE

One of humanity’s global mistakes is “experiments” with nature, ruthless implementation of natural laws. The death of the Aral Sea, a real threat to Baikal, the extinction of many animal species and the complete disappearance of unique medicinal plants - all this is a consequence of crazy experiments on nature. Nature immediately “takes revenge” on man, and we simply must draw conclusions from the mistakes made by our predecessors. V. Astafiev in his work “The Fish Tsar” tries to understand this problem. The main character of the short story of the same name, Ignatyich, is a fisherman. He conquered the river. Here he is the king of nature. But how does he manage the wealth entrusted to him? Poachs, guided by greed and ambition. Then the king fish appears, sent to fight the king of nature. According to legend, if you catch the king fish, the sturgeon, you must release it and not tell anyone about it. Ignatyich, when meeting a huge sturgeon, does not fulfill this commandment: greed takes over his conscience and destroys him. The wounded king of nature and the queen of rivers meet in equal combat with the elements. Together with the fish, huddled close to each other, they await their death. And Ignatyich is an intelligent man, he understands his guilt and sincerely repents of what he has done, asking: “Lord, let this fish go!” "I'm sorry..." Nature is not as merciless as man; it gives him a chance to improve. And the king fish, freeing himself from the hooks with incredible effort, swims away to his native element. This is clear experience, its mistakes and the lessons learned from them. By grossly interfering with the life of nature, a person commits a moral crime. He who is merciless to nature is merciless to all living things, and therefore, to himself. The harmony of relationships can only be preserved thanks to the spiritual and historical experience of previous generations. (243 words) EXAMPLE ESSAY “THE HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE OF THE PEOPLE”

THEMATIC DIRECTION OF THE FINAL ESSAY ON LITERATURE "EXPERIENCE AND MISTAKES"

2016-2017 SCHOOL YEAR

Experience and mistakes

Literature often makes us think about the relationship between experience and mistakes:

About experience preventing mistakes

About mistakes, without which it is impossible to move along the path of life

About irreparable, tragic mistakes

On the value of the spiritual experience of an individual, people, humanity

About the cost of mistakes on the path to understanding the world and gaining life experience

Close the door to all error and truth cannot enter.

Rabindranath Tagore

IS IT POSSIBLE TO NOT MAKE MISTAKES AT ALL?

WHAT POSITIVE CAN BE FROM A COMPLETE MISTAKE?

It is human nature to make mistakes, since only through mistakes does a person gain experience and become wiser.

A truly thinking person draws as much knowledge from his mistakes as from his successes.

John Dewey

THE RELATIONSHIP OF EXPERIENCE AND MISTAKES

Essay topics

a) The source of our wisdom is our experience.

b) Mistakes are a common bridge between experience and wisdom.

c) Life is a long path to perfection.

d) Experience is the best of all evidence.

e) “To avoid mistakes, you need to gain experience; To gain experience, you have to make mistakes.” (Lawrence Peter)

THE CHOICE IS MADE BY YOU.

YOUR TOPIC : « Mistakes are a common bridge between experience and wisdom »

Entry options

a) At a certain stage, we all wonder how experience and mistakes are related. Is it possible to avoid making mistakes when studying science at school or experiencing life?

b) Every person, walking along the path of life, makes certain mistakes. And thus accumulates personal spiritual and practical experience.

c) The ancient Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius wrote the following phrase: “Three paths lead to knowledge: the path of reflection is the noblest path, the path of imitation is the easiest path, and the path of experience is the most bitter path.” Why does a person almost always choose the latter?

d) It is human nature to make mistakes, since only through miscalculations and mistakes does he gain experience and become wiser.

e) For the first time I thought about what a “mistake” is. Or maybe this is a hint that will certainly lead to the acquisition of creative creative experience? The person will rethink the situation, a reassessment of values ​​will occur, and all mistakes will turn into achievements.

Quotes about experience and mistakes

• Mistakes are a common bridge between experience and wisdom. (Phyllis Theros).
• A truly thinking person draws as much knowledge from his mistakes as from his successes. (John Dewey.)
• To avoid mistakes, you need to gain experience; To gain experience, you have to make mistakes. (Lawrence Peter)
• Make as many mistakes as possible, just remember one thing: don’t make the same mistake twice. And you will grow. Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh)
• The most harmful mistake is intolerance. (Aristotle).
• Only he who sleeps makes no mistakes (Ingvar Kamprad).
• Not to be mistaken in anything is the property of the gods. (Demosthenes).
• A person who doesn't make mistakes usually doesn't make anything at all. (Edward Phelps).
• Making a mistake and realizing it is wisdom.

Bibliography

• "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
• A. Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter”
• A. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”
• M. Lermontov “Masquerade”; "Hero of our time"
• I. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”
• F. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”
• L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"; "Anna Karenina"; "Resurrection"
• A. Chekhov “Gooseberry”
• I. Bunin “Mr. from San Francisco”
• A. Kuprin “Olesya”; "Garnet bracelet"
• M. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog”
• O. Wilde “The Picture of Dorian Gray”
• A. Aleksin “Mad Evdokia”

Let's consider the thematic area “Experience and mistakes” through

• individual
• reasoning about the value of spiritual and practical experience people
• reasoning about the value of spiritual and practical experience humanity

Personality "Hero of our time" M. Yu. Lermontov

Grigory Alexandrovich Pechorin

Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin is a man of tragic fate. He greedily seeks applications for his extraordinary abilities, “immense spiritual powers” ​​and, as if by accident, destroys people who fall into his orbit:

Because of a trifle, Azamat puts his life in serious danger

The beautiful Bela and her father die at the hands of Kazbich, and Kazbich himself loses his faithful Karagöz

The fragile world of “honest smugglers” is collapsing

Grushnitsky was shot in a duel

Vera and Princess Mary suffer deeply

Vulich's life ends tragically

GRIGORY ALEXANDROVICH PECHOR IN

For Pechorin acquisition life experience consists of a string of mistakes , and the hero himself appears in the role of “an ax in the hands of fate.” "

Ambition, the thirst for power, the desire to subjugate those around him to his will, which have taken possession of Pechorin’s soul, lead the hero to sad experience: he did not guess his purpose, lost the meaning of life, wasted his “immense powers” ​​in vain.

Experience is a school where lessons are expensive, but it is the only school where you can learn.

Franklin Benjamin

People "The Tale of Igor's Campaign..."

Russian land

“The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” created more than eight centuries ago, is the most significant monument of ancient Russian culture. Researchers of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” have come to the conclusion that this work tells not about an individual person, but about the entire Russian land of that time. The image of Prince Igor is collective and symbolizes all the princes of Ancient Rus'. On the one hand, the author sees in his hero the hope and support of Rus' and is proud of his successes.

• Tragic mistakes

On the other hand, he blames him for his fatal mistake: selfishness and lack of understanding of the importance of acting together. The sad ending of the campaign against the Polovtsians clearly demonstrates what enmity and the desire for personal glory lead to. It cannot be said that the prince is not concerned about the fate of his homeland, but narrow-mindedness and personal ambitions push Igor to take a suicidal step.

Neither the persuasion of wise people nor warning signs stopped Igor. He gains important experience in waging war against the enemy at the cost of severe mistakes that bring death to his compatriots.

Prince Igor is brave and honest, he knows perfectly well what he is getting into. But the hero does not yet possess the wisdom that is so necessary for the prince and anyone who is responsible for the destinies of other people.

Igor, having gone for glory, brought great grief and shame to the Russian land. After the destruction of the Russian army, the Polovtsians freely devastated and plundered the Russian land. The people paid an exorbitant price for the terrible mistakes of their princes: stupidity and pride.

The price of a mistake

Igor was captured and only after that was able to understand the true price of his actions. Despite the fact that escaping from captivity covered the prince with the greatest shame, he commits this desperate act. There is only one goal - to correct mistakes and save Russia from a slave fate. His military experience was not easy for him. Prince Igor returns home, unites with the princes and is ready to go with them on a campaign against the Polovtsians.

Each of us makes mistakes, but everything can be corrected. Prince Igor managed to understand his mistakes, so the people greet him as a winner. Positive experience was gained, but in the fate of our native country it was reflected in tragedy.

Humanity

B. Vasiliev

“And the dawns here are quiet...”

Tragic mistakes

The fate of every person, entire generations, national cultures depends on whether people live by the experience of previous generations. In fiction, we often read about tragic experiences, tragic mistakes that influence the destinies of entire peoples, countries, all of humanity... It is in this aspect that we will approach the consideration of B. Vasiliev’s story “And the dawns here are quiet...”, in which, it seems, experience and mistakes merged together.

Lack of experience is death

The story is based on real events of May 1942. Far from the front line, Sergeant Major Vaskov and five girls distract the German landing force until help arrives to preserve the strategically important transport artery on the Kirov railway. They complete the task with honor. But having no military experience, they all die.

They are all so different, but so similar... Rita Osyanina, strong-willed and gentle. She is the center of their courage, she is the Mother! Zhenya Komelkova, beautiful, desperate and tired of war, of pain. Sonya Gurvich “beautiful stranger”, who came out of a volume of poems by Alexander Blok. Lisa Brichkina... “Eh, Liza-Lizaveta, you should study!”... The war prevented me from seeing everything I dreamed of! Galya Chetvertak, who never grew up, was a funny girl who dreamed of becoming the new Lyubov Orlova... They didn’t even have time to live their own lives. Death was different for everyone, just as their fates were different: for Rita - an effort of will and a shot in the temple; Zhenya’s is desperate; Gali's is merciless; for Lisa - “Ah, Lisa-Lizaveta, I didn’t have time, I couldn’t overcome the quagmire of war...”.

Lessons must be learned from experience

The death of each of the girls is perceived as irreparable mistake ! Sergeant Major Vaskov, fighting, gaining military and life experience, understands what a monstrous injustice this is, the death of the girls: “Why is this so? After all, they don’t need to die, but give birth to children, because they are mothers!”

And every detail in the story, starting with the wonderful landscapes, descriptions of the route, forests, roads, suggests that lessons must be learned from this experience so that the sacrifices are not in vain.

These five girls and their foreman stand as an invisible monument standing in the middle of the Russian land, as if cast from thousands of similar destinies, exploits, pain and strength of the Russian people, reminding that starting a war is a tragic mistake , and the experience of defenders is invaluable!

Experience and mistakes – polar concepts?

The nature of the relationship between experience and errors is paradoxical, since errors are part of experience.

Everyone always makes mistakes. Without them, we are deprived of the opportunity to learn to live. Without them we will never become wise. Without them, experience is not gained.

But there is no need to be afraid of mistakes; lessons should be learned from them.

Making a mistake and realizing it is wisdom.

Ji Yun

Conclusion

A) Thus, it is books that allow us to formulate the following conclusion: personal experience teaches a person about life, shaping personality and developing character, and mistakes are a key component of life experience.

B) One cannot neglect the sources of personal spiritual and practical experience, since the fate of each person, entire generations depends on whether people live by this experience.

C) Literature gives us colossal life experience and largely influences the formation of a person, but, according to L. Gumilyov, “it is worth remembering that this is someone else’s experience.”

D) Everyone decides for himself: whether to go through the path of mistakes or accumulate experience - his own, someone else's... Does any of us have the right to refuse this choice?

D) In ​​conclusion, I would like to refer to the words of A. Einstein: “He who has never made mistakes has never tried something new.”

PRACTICUM

You chose the topic yourself.

Now try to construct the basis of your essay from the supporting material.

We have prepared handouts for you, which contain options for parts of the final work:

Introductions

Titles of works of art (for argumentation)

Conclusions

Check if our lesson today was beneficial.

Good morning! We wish you creative success!

Description of the presentation THEMATIC AREA “EXPERIENCE AND MISTAKES” B by slides

Within the framework of the direction, it is possible to reason about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, a people, and humanity as a whole; about the cost of mistakes on the path to understanding the world and gaining life experience; about the relationship between experience and mistakes; about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes, without which it is impossible to move along the path of life; about irreparable, tragic mistakes.

1. Why do you need to analyze your mistakes? 2. Do you agree that mistakes are a key component of life experience? 3. What does the reading experience add to the life experience? 4. How do you understand the saying “living life is not a field to cross”? 5. What kind of life can be considered not lived in vain? 6. Can an experienced person make mistakes? 7. He makes more mistakes who does not repent of his mistakes. 8. What lessons does the history of his people give a person? 9. Is the experience of previous generations important to us? 10. How can the experience of fathers be valuable for children? 11. What experience does war give to humanity? 12. What events and impressions in life help a person gain experience? 13. Is it important, when moving forward in life, to look back at the path you have taken? 14. Is it possible to avoid mistakes along the path of life? 15. Is it possible to gain experience without making mistakes? 16. ". . . Experience is the son of difficult mistakes. . . "(A.S. Pushkin) 17. The path to truth lies through mistakes. 18. Is it possible to avoid mistakes by relying on the experience of others? 19. What mistakes cannot be corrected? 20. What is delusion? POSSIBLE TOPICS IN THE DIRECTION

QUOTES IN THE DIRECTION “EXPERIENCE AND MISTAKES” 1. “Experience is the teacher of everything.” (Julius Caesar) 2. “Inexperience leads to disaster.” (A.S. Pushkin) 3. “Experience is the best mentor.” (Ovid) 4. “In life there is nothing better than your own experience.” (W. Scott) 5. “The only real mistake is not correcting your past mistakes.” (Confucius) 6. “Admitting your mistakes is the highest courage.” (A. Bestuzhev) 7. “You can only reach convictions through personal experience and suffering.” (A.P. Chekhov) 8. “Show me a person who has never made a mistake in his life, and I will show you a person who has achieved nothing.” (Joan Collins)

1. M. A. Bulgakov “Masters. Margarita”, “Heart of a Dog” 2. I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Children” 3. D. I. Fonvizin. "Minor". 4. A. S. Griboyedov. "Goreotuma". 5. A. S. Pushkin. "Eugene. Onegin". 6. M. Yu. Lermontov. "Hero of our time" . 7. A. N. Ostrovsky. "Thunderstorm", "Dowry". 8. I. A. Goncharov. "Oblomov". 9. F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment" . 10. L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace" . 11. A. P. Chekhov. “Man in a Case”, “Gooseberry”, “Love”, “Ionych”, “Cherry Orchard”. 12. I. A. Bunin. “Mr. San Francisco", "Dark Alleys". 13. A. M. Gorky. “In People”, “Nadne”. 14. B. L. Pasternak. "Doctor. Zhivago". 15. M. A. Sholokhov. "Quiet. Don". 16. V. Astafiev. “Tsar Fish” 17. K. Paustovsky. “Telegram” 18. A. Pristavkin. “The golden tutu spent the night” (oine) 19. L. Ulitskaya. “Case. Kukotsky" 20. V. Rasputin. “Farewell.” Seasoned" SELECTION OF WORKS BY DIRECTION

INTRODUCTION OPTIONS 1. People live differently on earth. Some go their own way, as if by inertia, without thinking about the final goal. Live a day - and okay. Others map out their path in advance and never deviate from it. Still others often get lost in search of the right path, sometimes losing their way. Who is more likely to gain experience and who will make mistakes? Most likely, no one can do without mistakes: every step is a grain of our experience, even if the wrong road is chosen. The path to truth is the path of self-knowledge. But not everyone admits and realizes their mistakes, trying to correct them and gain positive experience. There are many similar examples on the pages of works of art... 2. How to go through your life’s path without making a single mistake? Is it possible to gain a positive experience from this? Of course not. The child, taking his first hesitant steps, falls, but gets up and tries to walk again. He subconsciously acquires a tiny experience: he can’t stop! Growing up, a person achieves the desired result not immediately, but by trial and error. Only by overcoming obstacles, falling and getting up, can you come to truth and purpose. But you need to learn to draw conclusions from your mistakes and avoid making irreparable mistakes. Reflecting on the fates of literary heroes, we understand that it is impossible to live without mistakes, but trying to correct them is an eternal work on oneself. This is the search for truth and the desire for spiritual harmony.

INTRODUCTION OPTIONS 3. Is reading experience important for learning about life, for gaining one’s own experience? The answer is obvious. It is books, scientific or artistic, that give us knowledge, that is, experience. Writers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries left us a rich cultural heritage. A person whose reading experience is rich has the opportunity to make the right experience from the mistakes of literary characters and will be able to learn important things that will help him in the future not to commit unnecessary actions. That’s why he turns to a book every time at a difficult moment, studies in order to understand the world, so that there are as few mistakes as possible in his idea of ​​the world, society, and himself. What works will really become our good helpers? . . 4. What is the cost of a mistake? The consequences of even one person’s mistakes are sometimes difficult to predict. And if these mistakes are made by a person endowed with power, on whose decisions the fate of an entire country depends. It is no coincidence that when assessing the activities of rulers or leaders, we pay attention to such qualities as foresight, wisdom, the presence of a practical mind... If we have a person in front of us who is indifferent, poorly educated, and even ambitious and vain, then his mistakes can turn into disaster, otherwise and a disaster. And there are many examples of this in life and in literature...

5. What experience does war give to humanity? First of all, the need to prevent irreparable mistakes in the future. Mistakes in war. Errors in choosing battle strategy and tactics. This is already a tragedy. The lives of the soldiers subordinate to him depend on the ill-considered actions of commanders, on their careerist motives, selfishness or cowardice. And the experience here is only negative, which under no circumstances should be repeated. But there is another, human, wise experience: in cultivating courage, perseverance and valor, similar to those shown by war heroes: ordinary soldiers and worthy officers. Those who blocked the enemy’s path did not allow him to desecrate our native land. INTRODUCTION OPTIONS 6. “And experience, the son of difficult mistakes...” exclaimed Pushkin. Is it possible to experience without errors? Are they always interconnected? And does every mistake lead to the accumulation of experience? It is probably impossible to gain experience without making mistakes, but it is simply necessary to draw the right conclusions from failures. But why is a person so afraid to take the wrong step, to make a mistake? Afraid of being funny, avoiding condemnation and punishment? Should you be afraid of making mistakes in your life experiences? It depends on what experiences and mistakes you are talking about. A surgeon's mistake can result in the death of a patient, and a pilot's mistake can result in the death of hundreds of people. But if we are talking about everyday life and work that does not involve such risks, then you should not be afraid of mistakes. Suffice it to recall the wise words of the great L. N. Tolstoy: “To live honestly, you have to rush, get confused, fight, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again and quit again, for calmness is spiritual meanness.”

7. Is the experience of previous generations important to us? What lessons does the history of his people teach a person? It is common for every individual to make mistakes, but is it possible to talk about the historical mistakes of the people? Most likely not, since what was done and approved at the beginning of the 20th century, for example, the revolution, was debunked in the end. But if we are talking about wars of conquest, then it is important to learn the necessary lessons and not repeat the monstrous experience of the conquering commanders. Let us remember Napoleon or Hitler and their punitive campaigns of conquest. Why not experiment with people! Who should be blamed for such atrocities? People? Leaders? Difficult question. Although they say that the people deserve the ruler they choose, in general they cannot be held responsible for the actions of the leaders. And at the same time, every person in the country bears a share of responsibility for everything that happens in it: you can blindly obey and allow yourself to be drawn into a negative, monstrous experience, or you can resist it. Many examples of the above can be found in Russian literature... INTRODUCTION OPTIONS

8. Is a thousand-year history. Is Russia something alien to us or still an important, valuable historical experience? Reflecting on this issue, it is necessary to understand that the experience of previous generations is undoubtedly significant for us, because the wisdom accumulated over the centuries shows us the further path and helps us avoid many mistakes. Is it possible to neglect the invaluable experience of workers in art or science and reject their creations and conquests? How many priceless works of painting, architecture, music, literature, philosophy can enrich modern man with the richest experience of knowing himself in life! Of course, we must not forget about historical mistakes: about bloody revolutions and wars, about acts of vandalism against historical cultural monuments, about repressions of the 30s, which allow every person to realize how destructive they were, how different events in history influence a person’s life. The bitter experience of the harsh war years teaches us not to forget how much grief and suffering war can bring. We must remember this so that the tragedy does not repeat itself again and again. Historical experience is part of the culture of a people. And if you do not study your history, do not adopt the experience of your predecessors, then it will be impossible to understand what the foundations of the creation and self-knowledge of man lie. Let's turn to literary examples... (183 words without arguments) INTRODUCTION OPTIONS “Is the experience of previous generations important for us? »

8. Life experience... What does it consist of? From actions committed, from words spoken, from observations of the lives of people around and the lives of literary heroes, from decisions made, both right and wrong. Often, a person sometimes unexpectedly finds himself in a difficult situation and, confused or lacking experience, can make the wrong decision or commit a rash act. Sometimes his actions lead to tragic consequences. And only later does he realize that he made a mistake and learns the lesson life taught him. How to avoid irreparable mistakes? You need to carefully think through your every step, your word, your action, and not be afraid to turn to your elders, to teachers-mentors, to books, for the much-needed experience. Let us also turn to literary examples. INTRODUCTION OPTIONS

Mistakes and experience. These two concepts are inextricably linked, because experience is built on mistakes, even the most insignificant ones. There are enough literary examples to confirm this idea. For example, Pierre Bezukhov is fictional. Leo. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" in search of the meaning of life made many mistakes, until he realized the truth. As a result, the hero comes to the conclusion that nothing can be changed in this life; at first he falls under the bad influence of Kuragin and Dolokhov: balls, revelry, courage. The consequence of a rash step is another mistake of Pierre - marrying Helen. Bezukhov bathes in “universal love” (as he naively believed when he became the richest and most eligible bachelor), but the happiness was short-lived. Smart Pierre quickly realized the cost of his mistakes. He finally finds his happiness by marrying her. Natasha. Rostova. After much torment, mistakes, and wanderings, Pierre Bezukhov comes to the understanding that true happiness lies in serving society, which is what he does in the epilogue of the novel. (It is no coincidence that, according to L. Tolstoy’s plan, it was Pierre Bezukhov who was supposed to become the Decembrist hero in the planned story, which later became an epic novel). ARGUMENT-

Evgeny Bazarov, the hero of the novel “Fathers and Sons” by I. S. Turgenev, a progressive-minded young man who is not afraid to take risks, is engaged in experiments, a nihilist who does not recognize any authorities, a supporter of the most “complete and merciless denial.” What is Bazarov denying? Anything that can interfere with the practical activities of a natural scientist. Undoubtedly, Bazarov is a man of a sharp and strong mind, believing that his chosen path is the most correct. However, he did not avoid mistakes: love, which the hero of the novel considered “nonsense,” overtook him completely unexpectedly, so much so that Evgeniy was completely at a loss, unable to cope with his feelings. What is this? Error in the hero's actions? Of course not. The mistake lies in his nihilist worldview. However, Evgeny was able to turn out to be taller and more humane than Odintsova, who valued her “peace of mind” more than anything else in the world! In the end, Bazarov was able to control himself, plunging into his work, but having obviously failed to fully cope with his thoughts, he makes another, already irreparable mistake: he operates on a typhus patient, forgetting about precautions, and... dies. Only before his death, Evgeniy realizes the futility of his plans: “Russia needs me. . . No, apparently it’s not needed...” Well, if a miracle happened and the hero survived, would he abandon his experiments? I think it’s unlikely: his convictions in his own rightness were too strong. And this is also a mistake, since it is necessary to critically re-evaluate your thoughts and actions. ARGUMENT-

M. Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”. The hero of the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov also makes a series of mistakes in his life. Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin belongs to the young people of his era who were disillusioned with life. Pechorin says to himself: “Two people live inside: one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks and judges him.” Lermontov's character is an energetic, intelligent person, but he cannot find use for his mind, his knowledge. Pechorin is a cruel and indifferent egoist, because he causes misfortune to everyone with whom he communicates, and he does not care about the condition of other people. V. G. Belinsky called him a “suffering egoist” because Grigory Aleksandrovich blames himself for his actions, he is aware of his actions, worries and does not bring him satisfaction. The hero realizes his mistakes, but does nothing to correct them; his own experience teaches him nothing. Despite the fact that... Pechorin has an absolute understanding that he destroys human lives (“destroys the lives of peaceful smugglers,” Bela dies through his fault, etc.), the hero continues to “play” with the destinies of others, thereby making himself unhappy. ARGUMENT-

The story by K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram” is a story about lonely old age, about indifference to elderly parents, about personal experiences and mistakes. Katerina Petrovna lived out her life in an old house; her daughter, Nastya, living in a distant big city, very rarely wrote to her and almost never came. The old woman, out of modesty, is afraid to remind herself. “It’s better not to interfere,” she decides. Grandmother Katerina, abandoned by her own daughter, will soon write: “My beloved, I will not survive this winter. Come at least for a day...” But Nastya calms herself with the words: “Since her mother writes, it means she’s alive.” Thinking about strangers, organizing an exhibition of a young sculptor, the daughter forgets about her only relative. And when she remembers that she has a telegram in her purse: “Katya is dying. Tikhon”, Nastya goes to her mother. Repentance comes too late: “Mom! How could this happen? After all, I have no one in my life. If only I could make it in time, if only she could see me, if only she would forgive me.” The daughter arrives, but there is no one to ask for forgiveness. She is late everywhere: at the train station, for the last date with her mother, and even for the funeral. Having cried in her mother’s empty house all night, she leaves in the morning, stealthily, trying so that no one sees her or asks about anything, but pain and shame will forever remain in her heart. The bitter experience of the main characters teaches the reader to be attentive to loved ones “before it’s too late.” The telegram changed Nastya’s life, made her think about a person’s responsibility for his actions, that even in the bustle of worries one must not forget that people close and dear to you are waiting for you, love you, and that there are mistakes that are no longer possible to correct ARGUMENT-

V. G. Rasputin “Farewell to Matera”. Tale. Rasputin is not just a work about the loss of one’s home, but also about how wrong decisions lead to disasters that will certainly affect the life of society as a whole. For Rasputin it is absolutely clear that the collapse, the disintegration of a nation, people, country begins with the disintegration of the family. And the reason for this is the tragic mistake that progress is much more important than the souls of old people saying goodbye to their home. And there is no repentance in the hearts of young people. Unfortunately, only old men and women remained loyal to Matera. Young people live in the future and calmly part with their small homeland. The older generation, wise from life experience, does not want to leave their native island, not because they cannot appreciate all the benefits of civilization, but primarily because they demand to pay for these amenities. Matyora, that is, betray his past. The suffering of old people is an experience that each of us must learn. A person cannot, should not, renounce his roots. The ending of the story is tragic: the officials who are relocating the last inhabitants of the island symbolically got lost in the fog, and among them is the son of Daria, the main character. And the “old old women” Matera at this time, having united with each other for the last time, leave this world, retiring to heaven. Rasputin's story is not just a story about great construction projects, it is the tragic experience of previous generations as an edification to us, people. XXI century. ARGUMENT-5 - MISTAKES AND EXPERIENCE OF THE PEOPLE (HISTORIES)

A. Pristavkin’s book “The Golden Cloud Spent the Night” is about such history lessons. This is the story of two twin brothers. Wartime orphanages, Sashka and Kolka Kuzmin, Kuzmenysh, destitute, hungry, whose dreams are no longer about seeing, smelling bread, so that faith will appear. Unexpected dispatch of orphanages to the Caucasus. No one knew why they were being taken to these lands. But the feeling of anxiety gripped adults and children for a reason. On the way, they meet a train carrying Chechens evicted from their homes. It was their empty lands that the orphanages were supposed to fill. [The train starts moving “...voices are heard. They screamed, they screamed, they cried." Then life in an orphanage on a depopulated land and fear of the “invisible” local residents hiding in the mountains. One can understand the feelings of the Chechens who were taking revenge for the destroyed graves of their ancestors: [“My zimlya! My house! My garden!" ] Revenge is dark, it knows no bounds and often falls on the innocent. There is a terrible scene in A. Pristavkin’s story when the next morning Kolka, who had slept in his hole, stumbles upon his crucified brother Sanka and sits for a long time near him, petrified, whining and howling. The terrible death of an innocent child. And, finally, pure friendship with the Chechen boy Alkhuzur, who, seeing Kolka’s suffering, is ready to become his brother: “I, I am now Sask.” Whose fault is it that both Russian and Chechen children are destitute? Whose fault is it that entire nations were forced to leave their native lands and subsequently incite national hatred? The answer is obvious. Not at all far-sighted politicians. It was for their mistakes that the innocent people paid. Such books are needed to know the past, to learn lessons from bitter experience. This is a book about the responsibility for the future of one generation to another. (261 WORDS) ARGUMENT-7. MISTAKES AND EXPERIENCE OF THE PEOPLE (STORIES

The history of human development is a history of social revolutions and great discoveries. The limits of the human mind are truly limitless in attempts to comprehend the secrets of the universe. But is man right in his claim to the role of Creator? If we talk about experience as an experiment to create something new, then the practical experience of Professor Preobrazhensky, the main character of M. Bulgakov’s story “The Heart of a Dog,” in transplanting the pituitary gland and its effect on rejuvenating the body in people is very successful from a scientific point of view. Professor Preobrazhensky performs a unique operation: he turns the rootless dog Sharik into citizen Sharikov. But in everyday life, scientific experience led to the most disastrous consequences. Attempts to instill basic cultural skills in Sharikov meet with staunch resistance on his part. And every day Sharikov becomes more impudent, more aggressive and more dangerous. As a result, Preobrazhensky understands the reason for his delusions and carries out the reverse operation: Sharikov again becomes the sweet and kind dog Sharik. Having analyzed his mistake, the professor realizes that the dog was much more “humane” than P.P. Sharikov. Thus, we are convinced that the humanoid Sharikov is more a failure than a victory for Professor Preobrazhensky. He himself understands this: “Old donkey. . . " Filippovich comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in the nature of man and society leads to catastrophic results. After reading the work, thoughts arise about how often thoughtless experiments are carried out, which can sometimes become an irreversible disaster for both a person and society itself as a whole, especially if they occur by force. Without experiments, science will not move forward, but they must be balanced; a mistake can be costly. ARGUMENT-6 - SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIAL EXPERIMENTS

The plot of Lyudmila Ulitskaya’s novel “The Kukotsky Case” is quite simple: it tells the story of the unfortunate life of a gynecological surgeon who had an extraordinary talent as a diagnostician - a special gift, “intravision” of the affected internal organs of patients, a surgeon who opposed the ban on abortion. In 1942, in a small Siberian town, he saved his future wife Elena Georgievna and her child from death, adopting her as his own. The first problems in the life of the Kukotskys appeared in the period preceding the start of the campaign against genetics. Pavel Alekseevich found an original way to avoid unwanted events: at the right moment he honestly got drunk, creating a reputation for himself as a drunkard. And after one carelessly thrown phrase by the hero to his wife, this outstanding doctor has been drinking for ten years, unable to correct his accidental mistake, essentially a slip of the tongue, and his wife, for the same ten years, has also unforgivably gone crazy... But the main character of the novel turns out to be Kukotsky’s adopted daughter-Tanya, a student in the evening department of the Faculty of Biology, got a job in a laboratory studying brain development, where she surprisingly quickly mastered the methods of preparing histological preparations. And a few years later, an event occurred that turned Tanya away from science forever: she caught herself ready to make a drug from a living human fetus. Without waiting for the right words from her father, Tanya left work. Soon Tanya dies in an Odessa hospital due to medical care not provided on time during childbirth. Half-crazed Elena never knew about her daughter’s death. An old, but still unresolved question: is the ability to kill living things in the womb a positive experience for good or irreparable mistakes that give rise to evil? He rules-Paul. Alekseevich, who placed his personal happiness on the sacrificial altar of the profession? ARGUMENT 8 – DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE THROUGH MISTAKES AND ACCUMULATION OF EXPERIENCE

One of humanity’s global mistakes is “experiments” with nature, ruthless implementation of natural laws. The death of the Aral Sea, a real threat to Baikal, the extinction of many animal species and the complete disappearance of unique medicinal plants - all this is a consequence of crazy experiments on nature. Nature immediately “takes revenge” on man, and we simply must draw conclusions from the mistakes made by our predecessors. V. Astafiev in his work “The Fish Tsar” tries to understand this problem. The main character of the short story of the same name, Ignatyich, is a fisherman. He conquered the river. Here he is the king of nature. But how does he manage the wealth entrusted to him? Poachs, guided by greed and ambition. Then the king fish appears, sent to fight the king of nature. According to legend, if you catch the king fish, the sturgeon, you must release it and not tell anyone about it. Ignatyich, when meeting a huge sturgeon, does not fulfill this commandment: greed takes over his conscience and destroys him. The wounded king of nature and the queen of rivers meet in equal combat with the elements. Together with the fish, huddled close to each other, they await their death. And Ignatyich is an intelligent man, he understands his guilt and sincerely repents of what he has done, asking: “Lord, let this fish go!” . “I'm sorry…” Nature is not as merciless as man; it gives him a chance to improve. And the king fish, freeing himself from the hooks with incredible effort, swims away to his native element. This is clear experience, its mistakes and the lessons learned from them. By grossly interfering with the life of nature, a person commits a moral crime. He who is merciless to nature is merciless to all living things, and therefore, to himself. The harmony of relationships can only be preserved thanks to the spiritual and historical experience of previous generations. (243 words)EXAMPLE OF ESSAY “THE HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE OF THE PEOPLE”

CONCLUSION So, it is impossible not to make mistakes. The main thing, as you gain experience, is not to be afraid to admit your mistakes and try to correct them. And, of course, you need to weigh and think about your decisions and actions in advance in order to avoid irreparable mistakes. A person who has made mistakes and drawn the right conclusions from these mistakes is an order of magnitude wiser today than yesterday. It is not making a mistake that is a sin, but the lack of repentance for it, the unwillingness to learn from experience, albeit bitter. The wise Aristotle was right: “He who is incapable of repentance is incurable.”