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Speakers of all times. Prominent Russian court speakers

Speakers of all times. Prominent Russian court speakers

23.09.2019

Oratory is a useful skill for any person. It gives you the opportunity to accurately and vividly convey your thoughts to other people. All great personalities have been and are the greatest orators.

Oratory

This art is not just public speaking, but persuasion. It is the right combination of rhetoric, psychology and acting. The purpose of oratory is the correct presentation by the speaker of his own position in front of listeners and opponents.

During the speech, the author must defend his own opinion and try to make the audience take his side. All leaders of countries try to become good speakers. The greatest heads of state who played a big role in the history of mankind devoted a lot of time to rhetoric.

Abraham Lincoln

The future US president was born in 1861. He is the first Republican head of state. Lincoln is known for freeing American slaves.

Also, Abraham Lincoln is a great orator. His eloquence enabled him to earn a good reputation. He defended poor citizens in American courts and did not take money from them.

In 1863, Lincoln delivered a speech that made him known as one of the world's great orators. It was the Gettysburg Address, which is still one of the most famous in US history. It was spoken during the opening of the National Soldiers' Cemetery in Pennsylvania. Abraham Lincoln used only 272 words in his speech. The speech itself lasted less than three minutes.

Greek masters of public speaking

Most of the greatest orators in history come from ancient Greece. This is due to the fact that it was there that oratory first appeared.

The first in the list of masters of public speaking are the inhabitants of the capital of Greece - Pericles, Lysias, Demosthenes and Aristotle. They are considered to be the most famous speakers.

They paid great attention to the movement of their hands and their postures. Also, for persuasiveness, the masters tried to be original and expressive. They always thought over their speeches so that each of them was unique, had a clear structure and a logical conclusion.

Many speakers used elements of humor and satire in their speeches. This allowed them to attract more listeners and arouse their sympathy.

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Lysias was born and raised in Athens. He and his brother had a large fortune, which caused discontent on the part of the tyrants who came to power in ancient Greece. Brother Lysias was killed, and the orator himself had to flee the city.

The return to Athens happened after the triumph of democracy. Lysias took part in the trial of one of the tyrants, who was guilty of the death of his brother. The speaker entered with a judicial speech, which was his first. In total, during his life he issued more than four hundred speeches, but less than a tenth of them have survived to this day.

Pericles

Pericles is considered to be one of the founders of democracy and the greatest orators of Greece. In his youth, he took part in popular assemblies and delivered speeches during the courts. At that time, he managed to become very popular in Greece due to his eloquence.

Pericles was one of the best masters of oratory in a period when eloquence was not yet taught. Like all speakers of that time, Pericles relied on his own intuition. During the speeches, the speaker improvised. Pericles did not record his speeches. In the fifth century BC, he began to associate with the sophists, from whom he learned a lot.

Aristotle

Aristotle is another Greek orator. However, he became famous thanks not to the gift of eloquence, but to philosophical teachings.

Aristotle was a student of Isocrates. At the academy of the rhetorician, the famous philosopher studied oratory, as he had a great interest in rhetoric. Over time, Aristotle published several books, the writing of which inspired him to study at the academy. The most famous of these is the work called "Rhetoric".

The philosopher did not study the art of eloquence in order to put it into practice during public speaking. The purpose of studying oratory for Aristotle was to consider such categories as "syllable", "sound", "beginning of speech", "verb" and others. In addition, he studied the social interaction "rhetor - audience".

Demosthenes

Another great ancient orator of Greece is called Demosthenes. After the death of his father, he was sent to be raised by guardians. They also squandered a large fortune that belonged to the family of Demosthenes. After reaching the age of majority, the young man decided to go to court so that he would be compensated for the damage. At the trial, Demosthenes represented himself. The process ended with the fact that the speaker was able to sue only part of the property from the guardians.

In the study of oratory, Demosthenes was equal to Pericles. He had many shortcomings that hindered him on his way to the glory of a great orator. But he was able to overcome everything thanks to his perseverance.

Orators of the 20th century

In the twentieth century, oratory played an important role in the history of many states. It helped key historical figures who had a great influence on the course of the history of the last century come to power.

Prime Minister of Great Britain Winston Churchill, the first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR Vladimir Lenin and the Generalissimo of the Soviet Union Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, better known as Joseph Stalin, are considered prominent representatives of the oratory of the 20th century.

Winston Churchill

Winston was born in 1874 in Oxfordshire. He is considered to be one of the greatest politicians in world history. It is he who is considered by the British to be the man who greatly contributed to the end of the Second World War.

Winston is known for more than just being Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Churchill is a great orator. The peak of the prime minister's eloquence is considered to be his three speeches, which he delivered at a meeting of parliament in 1940. The first speech was called "Blood, Sweat and Tears". In it, Churchill explained the purpose and policy of Great Britain during the fighting.

Winston's second speech is known as "We will fight on the beaches". In it, the head of the British government expressed the will of the entire nation to win the war against the Nazis. Churchill urged everyone to defend the island, and even if the British Isles were captured by the enemy, the imperial army and the British Navy would continue the war with the enemy in order to restore calm to the New World.

The third famous speech of the greatest speaker was called "Their finest hour." In it, Churchill spoke of the upcoming battle for England, on which the life of all of Britain, as well as the fate of civilization, depended.

Winston said that Hitler would unleash all his might on Britain because Britain was his main enemy in Europe. The defeat of the British crown in the battle against Nazism will mean the end of everything that is dear to the British. Hitler's victory will mean the beginning of the Dark Age not only for Europe but for the whole world.

On June 22, 1941, when Nazi Germany attacked the USSR, Churchill issued a statement condemning Hitler's actions. Winston said that Germany was the common enemy of Great Britain and the Soviet Union. The Government of the Kingdom promised all support to the USSR, but emphasized that it did not renounce the negative attitude towards the communist ideology preached by the Soviet Union.

Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich was born in 1870 in Simbirsk. On July 6, 1923, he was appointed chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union. Lenin held this position for less than one year. From 1917 to 1924 Vladimir Ilyich was chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

Lenin, on the way to power, was forced to develop his oratorical skills. He communicated a lot with the Soviet people in a language they understood. His distinguishing feature was the ability to understand the crowd, feel its mood and manipulate it in his own interests. Lenin did not often give monologues. Usually he tried to conduct a dialogue with his listeners. Vladimir Ilyich was always very concise, clearly expressed his thoughts, using guiding hand gestures to have a greater impact on the listeners. Many of the phrases uttered by Lenin in his speeches eventually became aphorisms.

Joseph Stalin

Joseph Dzhugashvili was born in 1878 in the Russian Empire. Virtually no one mentions Stalin when the conversation turns to the world's great orators. Joseph was remembered by most people as the cruel leader of the Soviet Union. Some foreign scholars frankly stated that Stalin was a bad speaker. The reason for this statement was the fact that Joseph did not speak foreign languages. However, the Russian language was enough for him to become one of the greatest heads of state in world history.

Dzhugashvili demonstrated his eloquence in 1917, after Lenin went underground. Stalin delivered a report to the Central Committee. After the October Revolution, Joseph was introduced as People's Commissar for Nationalities in the Council of People's Commissars. He managed to get this position thanks to a book written in 1913 on Marxism. On April 3, 1922, Stalin became General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

Secrets of great speakers

"Speak Like Churchill, Carry Like Lincoln" is the title of a book by James Hume in which he reveals the secrets of the world's most famous orators. Hume has helped write speeches for five presidents of the United States of America. The book is divided into 191 chapters, covering the importance of proper stage preparation, courage, demeanor, and other aspects to consider when preparing for a public performance.

All masters of public speaking have their own techniques for capturing the attention of the crowd. A real speaker must have many qualities that will make him an expert in public speaking.

First, you need to be well-read. This will allow you to quickly select the right words and avoid long pauses during the speech. The speech of the speaker should be clear, logical and consistent. It is necessary that the "speech" be interested in the listener from the first minutes, otherwise the audience will be lost.

For a quality and confident speech, you should reread your speech many times. It is worth removing slang expressions and jargon from it in order to make the “speech” more strict and serious. During the speech, do not mention unnecessary facts. You should use only those arguments that are directly related to the topic of the speech.

It is also necessary to behave calmly and restrained. Oratory involves a harmonious combination of calmness and confidence.

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Ministry of Education and Science of Russia

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education

"Tula State University"

Institute of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism

Department "Tourism and hospitality industry"

Control course work

discipline: "Business rhetoric"

on the topic: "Outstanding speakers of the XX century"

Completed by: student gr.720543

Komarova E.O.

Head: Assoc. cafe TIG

Kharitonov V.S.

Introduction

1. Public speaking

1.1 Oratory as the art of the word

1.2 Kinds and types of oratory

1.3 The structure of oratory

2. Famous speakers of the 20th century

2.1 Adolf Hitler

2.2Thomas Woodrow Wilson

2.3 Winston Churchill

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

People valued the oratorical word at all times. It is an important and active means of education and training, dissemination of philosophical, aesthetic teachings, political, economic and other knowledge, comprehension of cultural values and new ideas. The true word awakens the best civic feelings, serves the goals of progress.

The speaker deals directly with people. This allows the speaker to quickly respond to current life issues, actively promote advanced ideas, quickly respond to events, take into account the numerous interests of listeners, comment on known facts, and explain the policy of the state. The speaker addresses people's conscience, their memory, their national, patriotic feelings. It raises spirituality in a person, a noble movement of the mind, puts universal human concerns, interests, and ideas in the foreground. The noble goals of knowledge, the preaching of humanism and mercy, the "discovery" of the truth elevate speech, influence the spiritual world of listeners. A true orator, putting into speech the whole depth of his intellect and the passion of his soul, acts on the minds and hearts of people.

Now many people make speeches and reports, give lectures, and hold talks. The speech activity of people has increased significantly. And it pleases. But to improve skills, of course, it is necessary to study the theory of oratory, deeply analyze the speeches of outstanding speakers, and transfer theoretical knowledge into one's own practice.

The purpose of this control course work is to determine the features of the performance of outstanding speakers of the XX century.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

reveal the structure and types of oratory;

study the biographies of great orators;

1 . oratorical speech

1.1 Oratory as the art of the word

The ancient theories of eloquence are included in the golden fund of rhetorical science. And, of course, to understand the essence of eloquence, it is necessary, first of all, to get acquainted with the views of the ancient rhetoricians.

In ancient rhetorical science, one can name the names of researchers who occupied a leading position in the development of the theory of eloquence. These are Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Quintilian and some others. It is their theoretical research that constitutes the platform on which further research was based.

Ancient Greece is considered the birthplace of eloquence, although oratory was known in Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, and India. But it is precisely in ancient Greece that it develops rapidly, and systematic works on its theory appear for the first time. In the state of slave-owning democracy, a special atmosphere was created for the flourishing of eloquence. It becomes an essential element of social life and an instrument of political struggle. Owning it was considered a necessity. Gradually, a practical direction developed - the compilation of speeches for the needs of citizens. The first statements of practitioners about the language and style of speeches appeared. They served Plato, Aristotle and other theorists as the basis for systematizing, further developing and deepening these judgments, turning them into a theory.

Even Plato - the ancient Greek philosopher - emphasized that rhetoric, like any true art, is a creative activity. This creative activity, however, requires careful preparation. Rhetoric (Greek - oratory) is a philological discipline, the object of which is the theory of eloquence, oratory, ways of constructing expressive speech in all branches of speech activity (i.e. in different genres of written and oral speech). A good speaker needs to work hard to improve his speech. According to Plato, he should go through a special school of oratory, which would teach him to correctly, proportionately and effectively compose speeches. And Cicero, a Roman theorist, considered the most important conditions for the formation of a real orator not only natural talent, but also, most importantly, the study of oratory (theory) and exercises (practice). Since the theory of eloquence is an important philosophical and psychological doctrine, Cicero argued, it requires a serious attitude to itself.

Such a high culture of speech in the broadest sense of the term could not arise by itself. Naturally, it was stimulated by theoretical investigations in the field of oratory.

Protagoras is considered the founder of rhetorical art. A.F. Losev writes that in Diogenes we find a message about Protagoras dividing any speech into four parts: a request, a question, an answer and an order.

Plato believes that the speaker should not chase other people's opinions, but he himself should comprehend the truth of what he is going to speak about. Correct, true, accurate speech must proceed from the true definition of its object, the subject of speech. "He who intends to engage in oratory must, first of all, determine his path in it and catch what is the sign of each of its varieties."

According to Plato, the art of a speaker largely depends on the ability to cover everything with a general look, to raise disparate objects of speech to a single general idea and divide everything into types, and also to be able to build the particular to the general and get the particular from the general.

Rhetoric, like any true art, according to Plato, is a creative activity. It brings emotions, passions into a systemic, ordered state, thus embodying the highest justice. This creative activity, however, requires careful preparation of the speaker. And here Plato supports the idea of the sophists, who believed that a good speaker should work hard on self-improvement and speeches. Plato's reasoning testifies that he attached great importance to the technical side of speech, understanding the perfect technique of speech in close connection with the psychology of the listeners, considering the science of eloquence an important philosophical and psychological doctrine.

A great cultural and scientific event was the appearance of Aristotle's "Rhetoric" (384-322 BC), in which Aristotle significantly developed Plato's doctrine of oratory. Aristotle criticized the Platonic theory of incorporeal forms ("ideas"), but could not completely overcome Platonic idealism.

Aristotle believes that rhetoric is an art corresponding to dialectics, because both of them relate to such subjects, acquaintance with which can be considered the property of all. This brings the two arts together. He defines rhetoric as the art of persuasion, which uses the possible and probable in cases where real certainty is insufficient. Rhetoric deals with the allocation of methods of persuasion, the theoretical understanding of these methods. As Aristotle notes, the effect of persuasive speech depends on three points: the moral character of the speaker, the quality of the speech itself, and the mood of the listeners. Already in the teachings of Aristotle, a triad is distinguished: the sender of speech-speech-receiver of speech, which finds its development in modern research.

Aristotle identifies three types of speeches that arose as a result of the development of the socio-political life of Greece: deliberative, judicial and epideictic. The purpose of deliberative speeches is to "incline or reject", judicial speeches - to accuse or justify, epideictic - to praise or blame.

Aristotle believes that the orator must bring the audience into a state that will allow him to easily convince the audience. He dwells in detail on the fact that the role of anger, neglect and mercy, enmity and hatred, fear and courage, shame, good deeds (services), compassion, indignation is important in speech. He also talks about the impact of speech on people of different age and social groups, as we see, the philosopher outlines the development of problems in the psychology of impact on various groups of listeners.

The time of Plato and Aristotle in the history of Greek culture ends the period of the classics. From the second half of the 4th c. BC. a new period of ancient culture begins, called Hellenism (Hellene - Greek). Hellenistic rhetoric analyzed a large number of stylistic phenomena. She studied word combinations, developed a doctrine of the qualities of speech, and continued to deal with the problems of tropes, figures, and styles. In some treatises, however, at first we find a fascination with rhetoric, refinement of expressions, complex images, "colors of eloquence." This manner of speech came to be called the "Asiatic style" after the place of its origin and the prosperity of Asia Minor. The Asiatic style was studied by Hermogenes, Theodore Godarsky (teacher of Tiberius), an anonymous author called Longinus, who wrote the treatise On the Sublime. Representatives of this style preached pathos, uplift, exaltation.

However, not all theorists and practitioners were supporters of the Asian style; its opponents stood for classical patterns and strictness of speech. This style, in contrast to the Asian one, began to be called Attic, and its representatives - Atticists. They preached the refined imagery and intellectuality of speech, which evoked certain associations in the listeners, thereby influencing them. Atticists were supporters of the purity of speech, which meant its normativity, which boiled down to the correct choice of the word and morphological form. If the speaker followed these requirements, he could be considered an exemplary speaker, and his speeches were studied as models.

Representatives of the Attic trend were, for example, Apollodorus of Pergamon, mentor of the Roman emperor Octavian Augustus, who adhered to strict and precise rules of rhetoric; Cycelius, mentioned by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, is himself a supporter of the Attic direction, as well as Demetrius.

The greatest classic of ancient eloquence and the theoretician of oratory was the ancient Roman orator and politician Mark Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC). Three treatises on oratory reflect the rich experience of ancient rhetoric and his own practical experience as the greatest Roman orator. These treatises - "On the Orator", "Brutus, or on famous speakers", "The Orator" - monuments of the ancient theory of literature, ancient humanism, which had a profound influence on the entire European culture (Cicero, 1972). In the theory of knowledge, Cicero tends to skepticism, believing that there is no criterion for distinguishing real ideas from unreal ones. He considers questions about the highest good, about virtues as the only source of happiness, strives for perfection. This striving is perfected by four virtues: wisdom, justice, courage, moderation. His philosophical views formed the basis of his views on oratory.

The speaker's duty is to find something to say; put the found in order; give it a verbal form; affirm all this in memory; pronounce. In addition, it is the speaker's task to win over the audience; state the essence of the matter; establish a controversial issue; reinforce your position refute the opinion of the enemy; in conclusion, give shine to their positions and finally overthrow the position of the opponent.

1.2 Kinds and types of oratory

Genera and types of eloquence are distinguished depending on the sphere of communication, corresponding to one of the main functions of speech: communication, communication and influence. There are several areas of communication: scientific, business, outreach and social. The first, for example, can be attributed to a university lecture or scientific report, to the second - a diplomatic speech or speech at a congress, to the third - a military-patriotic speech or a rally speech, to the fourth - an anniversary (praise) speech or a drinking speech (toast). Of course, this division is not absolute. For example, a speech on a socio-economic topic can serve the scientific sphere (a scientific report), the business sphere (a propagandist's speech in a group of listeners). In form, they will also have common features.

In the modern practice of public communication, the following types of eloquence are distinguished: socio-political, academic, judicial, social, and spiritual (church-theological). The type of eloquence is an area of oratory, characterized by the presence of a certain object of speech, a specific system for its analysis and evaluation. The result of further differentiation on the basis of more specific features are types or genres. This classification is situational and thematic in nature, since, firstly, the situation of the speech is taken into account, and secondly, the topic and purpose of the speech.

Speeches on issues of scientific and technological progress, reporting reports at congresses, meetings, conferences, diplomatic, political, military-patriotic, rally, propaganda, parliamentary speeches belong to socio-political eloquence.

Some genres of eloquence bear the features of an official business and scientific style, since they are based on official documents. In such speeches, the situation in the country, events in the world are analyzed, their main goal is to give listeners specific information. These public speeches contain facts of a political, economic nature, current events are assessed, recommendations are made, and a report is made on the work done. These speeches may be devoted to topical issues or may be of an invocative, explanatory, program-theoretical nature. The choice and use of language means depends primarily on the topic and target setting of the speech.

Political eloquence in Russia as a whole was poorly developed. Only military oratory reached a relatively high level. Peter I addressed the soldiers more than once.

Parliamentary eloquence is also rapidly developing today. It reflects the clash of different points of view, the debatable orientation of speech is manifested.

Academic eloquence is a kind of speech that helps to form a scientific worldview, distinguished by a scientific presentation of information, deep reasoning, and logical culture. This type includes a university lecture, a scientific report, a scientific review, a scientific message, a popular science lecture. Of course, academic eloquence is close to the scientific style of speech, but at the same time, expressive, pictorial means are often used in it.

Judicial eloquence is a kind of speech designed to have a targeted and effective impact on the court, to contribute to the formation of the convictions of judges and citizens present in the courtroom. Usually, a prosecutor's or accusatory speech and a lawyer's or defense speech are distinguished.

Of course, court speeches analyze in detail the factual material, forensic examination data, all the arguments for and against, the testimony of witnesses, etc. Find out, prove, convince - these are three interrelated goals that determine the content of judicial eloquence.

An anniversary speech dedicated to a significant date or delivered in honor of an individual, a memorial speech dedicated to a deceased person, belong to social and everyday eloquence. One of the types of social and domestic eloquence was the court. It is characterized by a predilection for high style, lush, artificial metaphors and comparisons.

The form of expression in oratory may not be worked out with the degree of completeness and thoroughness, as is the case in written speech. But one cannot agree with the fact that oratorical speech is spontaneous. Speakers are preparing to speak, albeit to varying degrees. It depends on their experience, skill, qualifications and, finally, on the topic of the speech and the situation in which the speech is made. It is one thing to speak at a farm or a conference, and another thing at a rally: different forms of speech, different times of pronunciation, different audiences.

Public speaking is a prepared speech. And it is prepared, of course, according to book and written sources, which have a direct and immediate impact on the structure of speech.

Styles, distinguished in accordance with the main functions of the language, are associated with a particular area and conditions of human activity. They differ in the system of language means. It is these means that form a certain stylistic coloring that distinguishes this style from all others.

Official business style serves the scope of official business relations; its main function is informative (transfer of information). The scientific style serves the sphere of scientific knowledge; its main function is the communication of information, as well as the proof of its truth; it is characterized by the presence of terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary. Journalistic style serves the sphere of socio-economic, socio-cultural and other public relations; its main functions are communication and influence; in this style all language means are used; it is characterized by economy of language means, conciseness and popularity of presentation with informative richness.

Fiction and fiction style has an impact and aesthetic function; it most fully and vividly reflects the literary and, more broadly, the national language in all its diversity and richness, becoming a phenomenon of art, a means of creating artistic imagery.

Conversational style serves the sphere of everyday and professional (but only unprepared, informal) relations. Its main function is communication; manifested orally; It has two varieties: literary-colloquial and everyday-everyday speech.

1.3 The structure of oratory

The integrity of oratorical speech lies in the unity of its theme - the main idea of the speech, the main problem posed in it - and the semantic parts of different structures and lengths. Speech affects listeners only if there are clear semantic connections that reflect the consistency in the presentation of thought.

When the speaker begins to speak, we, the listeners, sort of take shorthand and comment on his words. Informs what he will talk about ..., makes a reservation ..., goes to the main topic ..., makes a digression ..., repeats ..., discusses ..., refutes the opinion of the scientist ..., disagrees ..., emphasizes ..., repeats ..., adds ..., lists ..., answers to questions ..., draws conclusions. This comment reflects the composition of the speech.

The composition of speech is a natural, motivated by the content and design of the location of all parts of the speech and their appropriate correlation, the system of organizing the material.

Five parts can be distinguished in the composition: the beginning of the speech, the performance, the main part (content), the conclusion, the ending of the speech. This is a classic pattern. It can also be folded if any of the parts is missing, except for the main one (after all, there is no speech without content).

All parts of oratory are intertwined and interconnected. The combination of all parts of speech in order to achieve its integrity is called integration. The irreversibility of speech determines a lot in its construction. After all, it is difficult to keep the whole performance in RAM. This dictates its fundamentally different construction in comparison with written speech. The coherence of oratorical speech is provided by cohesion, retrospection and prospection.

Cohesion is a special type of connection that ensures the consistency and interdependence of individual parts of oratory, which allows you to penetrate deeper into its content, understand and remember individual parts. Its fragments, located at some (and even considerable) distance from each other, but to some extent connected with each other. This type of connection can be expressed by various repetitions, words denoting temporal, spatial and causal relationships. Examples: thus, so, firstly, secondly, thirdly, next question, now, quite obviously, let's look further. The connecting role is also played by words and phrases: taking into account, on the one hand, on the other hand, meanwhile, despite this, as it turns out, in all likelihood, as it turned out later.

Retrospection is a form of speech expression that refers listeners to previous content information. The speaker can refer to information that is available in addition to his speech (thus, this speech is connected with the general information context), refer listeners to information that is contained in his previous speeches or in this speech, but stated earlier (this is how speech is connected with previous speeches).

Prospection is one of the elements of speech that relates meaningful information to what will be discussed in subsequent parts of the speech. Prospection enables the listener to more clearly imagine the connection and interdependence of the thoughts and ideas expressed in the speech. At the beginning, the speaker may promise the audience to give some information about this speech, as well as talk about his future speeches or about the speeches of other speakers. This will be the prospect.

The etiquette of oratory is a stable specific unit of communication adopted in oratory practice and necessary to establish contact with the audience, maintain communication in the chosen key, and convey other information. In addition to the main function - maintaining contact - these speech formulas perform the function of politeness, a regulatory function, due to which the nature of the relationship between the speaker and listeners and speech perception is established, as well as emotionally expressive.

Most often, in speech etiquette, an appeal is used. Greetings to the audience are also common, i.e. expression of friendly feelings, friendly disposition, goodwill. The next group is the "farewell" and "thank you for your attention" formulas. There is also a group of speech cliches related to acquaintance. The speaker must be introduced or must introduce himself. High, neutral and emotional tonality is used in public speaking. through it, a favorable contact is established with the listeners.

2 . Famous speakers of the 20th century

2.1 Adolf Gitler

Adolf Hitler (Hitler). Born April 20, 1889 in Braunau, Austria.

Even before World War I, he was an ardent supporter of anti-socialist, nationalist theories. In the struggle for power, Hitler used unbridled demagogy, provocations, blackmail and murder.

Hitler was the inspirer and one of the main organizers of the mass extermination of the civilian population and prisoners of war, the monstrous atrocities committed by the Nazis in the countries occupied by Germany and especially in the temporarily occupied territories of the USSR. In 1945, in the conditions of the defeat of Nazi Germany, the collapse of the Nazi state and the entry of Soviet troops into Berlin, Hitler committed suicide in the dungeon of the Berlin Imperial Chancellery.

It was difficult to call many things in the Fuhrer normal. The main thing is his personal magnetism, which suppressed everything rational in those who listened to him. The German playwright Gerhard Hauptmann reverently described his gaze into the leader's eyes as "the greatest moment of my life."

Hitler's piercing gaze, combined with the attention-grabbing manner of speech, hypnotized. Even Hermann Göring, one of the proudest and most powerful men in the Reich, lost his temper in his presence.

As historians write, the Fuhrer was fully aware that he was able to flatten anyone at his feet. And he easily learned that his dazzling performances, either in front of a few listeners or in front of thousands, should not just be spontaneous, but carefully thought out. He once boasted that he was "the greatest actor in Europe." And indeed it is.

Ruthlessly restraining natural reciprocal feelings in everyday life, Hitler rarely laughed without covering his mouth with his hand, and learned an impressive repertoire of movements and postures that gave such unconditional persuasiveness to his speeches. Believing, as he wrote in Mein Kampf, that "all the great, most important world events are caused not by the printed word," but by the spoken word, Hitler constantly polished his stage art. Up to the point that he "practiced in the pathos and gestures that a huge hall with thousands of people demanded." Hitler, as eyewitnesses write, gave himself up to the role with such ardor that he easily managed to give the appearance of truth to the most blatant lies.

The purpose of this was not to convince the listeners, but to stun them. Hitler realized that many of his potential followers felt inferior and alienated, and the best way to get to such people was to plunge them into the cauldron of human nature, to bring the crowd of people to the peak of admiration. As Hitler wrote in Mein Kampf, such a ritual enabled the person who "felt himself negligible" to enter into something larger and more powerful: "He and three or four thousand others will merge in a powerful sensation that gives intoxication and enthusiasm." This is the essence of fascism. The doctrine hammered into the audience in this state will remain in the minds of the listeners, Hitler believed, because it carries the hypnotic power of mass suggestion.

Hitler scheduled performances at night, using dramatic lighting, and listeners became more suggestible. He turned the politician's speech into an act of art, into a theater. At night, the participants more easily succumb to the prevailing force of a powerful will. To make an even greater impression on the audience, the organizers of the rallies used heavy backstage, fanfare and so on.

One can find obvious analogies between the ideas of Kashpirovsky and those of Hitler. And there, and here the masses purposefully zombified.

French ambassador André François-Poncet described a stunning, shocking rally - a grand show - at Berlin's Tempelhof airfield shortly before Hitler came to power: in the presence of regimental detachments. Crowds of curious people flocked to the festival. Soon, about a million eager townspeople who wished to watch the show filled the field with military units and black-uniformed SS guards standing behind. Above "a forest of glittering banners," says François-Poncet, a huge podium with bristling microphones cuts like a ship's prow into a sea of human heads."

The Fuhrer arrives at eight o'clock. "Hitler appeared standing in the car, stretching out his outstretched hand, with a stern and distorted face. A lingering rumble of powerful greeting accompanied his advance. Night had already come. Searchlights placed at great distances turned on. Their soft bluish light, which did not dispel darkness, seemed to dissolve in it "The prospect of this human sea stretched to infinity. As soon as Hitler stepped onto the podium, all the floodlights turned off to save only an enveloping light on the Fuhrer. In such a blinding radiance, it seemed that he was looming over the human sea below. The crowd fell into religious silence" .

For the first few minutes, Hitler groped for the opening words and spoke brokenly in harsh tones. Then, as he developed his subject, the speech became smoother. "After 15 minutes, something happened that can be described by an ancient primitive metaphor: the spirit possessed him." Hitler Churchill oratory

The voice gradually became louder, the pace increased. Sweat poured from his face, and all the excitement contained in everyday life, he splashed to the surface as he captured the audience with an energy that he never allowed himself in ordinary performances. His eyes were cloudy and he looked mesmerized.

His listeners were stunned. In whatever direction Hitler swung, the crowd repeated the same thing. When he leaned forward, the crowd rushed towards him like a wave. Excited by his oratorical ecstasy, the women squealed hysterically and fainted. Even consummate skeptics, including French and Soviet diplomats and foreign journalists, have found themselves involuntarily holding out their hands in a stern greeting with cries of "Sieg heil!"

As Hitler's speech culminated, he became angry and brandished his fists as if he were near enemies: the Jews, the Reds, the hated Compromisers who had betrayed Germany and weakened her to the point of impotence. Hitler's blazing verbal attacks, increasingly filled with images of blood and violence, sent the audience into a fit that raged after every tirade he uttered. Goebbels gleefully reported after one of these performances in Berlin: "The audience in the Sportpalast roared and raged for an hour in a delirium of unconsciousness."

2.2 Thomas Woodrow Wilson

Thomas Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) - 28th President of the United States of America. He held this post for two terms, from 1913 to 1921. Wilson was:

One of ten US presidents recognized as the most outstanding in the history of the country;

One of the preeminent orators of the 20th century;

One of only four US Presidents to receive the Nobel Peace Prize;

First Southern president since Andrew Johnson, who took office in 1828;

The only US President to have a PhD;

One of two presidents - along with Theodore Roosevelt - former president of the American Historical Association;

The first US president to pay an official visit to Europe, participating in the work of the Paris Peace Conference;

Passionate car enthusiast who made daily car trips even as president;

A baseball fan who, in 1916, became the first sitting U.S. president to attend the Baseball World Cup.

The portrait of Woodrow Wilson is depicted on the US$100,000 bill, the largest in the country's history. Woodrow Wilson owns many quotations and aphorisms, including those that have not lost their significance even today. Below are some of them:

1. "If you want your report to be read, write it on one page."

2. "If you come to me with clenched fists, then I can promise you that my fists will be tightly clenched."

3. "If a man can become a king, don't think that the kingdom is already a democracy."

4. "The history of freedom is the history of resistance."

5. "We must ourselves believe in what we teach our children."

6. "A nation can be so right that it does not need to convince other nations of its rightness by force."

7. "Do not forget that the Lord's Prayer begins with a request for daily bread. It is difficult to praise the Lord and love your neighbor on an empty stomach."

8. "No nation has the right to judge another nation!".

9. "Freedom will not survive without the principle of constitutionalism."

10. "Freedom never comes from the government. Freedom always comes from its subjects. The history of freedom is the history of the limitation of government power, not its increase."

Wilson gave the impression of a cold and indifferent person, alienated from the outside world. In fact, he was a preacher in the guise of a president and, as a born introvert, could not become a populist in the modern sense of the word. Probably, this can explain that neither during his life nor after his death he belonged to the idols of the nation. However, according to expert assessments of liberal and conservative historians and political scientists, Woodrow Wilson invariably appears among the ten greatest US presidents.

2.3 Winston Churchill

According to Harvard University anthropologist and psychoanalyst Michael McCoby, it is through their eloquence that leaders gain popularity and find people who follow them. “They are often skilled speakers, and their charisma is due to some extent to this talent,” the scientist points out. “Without a doubt, anyone who has seen such leaders speak will attest to their personal charm and ability to arouse the enthusiasm of the audience.”

One of the most striking confirmation of these words was the British statesman Winston Churchill, who believed that "none of the talents that a person can possess is more valuable than the talent of oratory." Historian Simon Schama highlights Churchill's eloquence as one of the main components of his leadership style. Churchill "always turned to eloquence where others resorted to intrigue," adds Professor Anatoly Utkin.

"Public speaking skills are not a gift, they can be developed," the politician pointed out. Of course, Churchill knew what he was talking about. He was born with a lisp, never practiced a phoniatrist, never practiced at the elite Oxford Debating Club - and yet he was one of the greatest orators of the era. The analysis of the management activities of Winston Churchill made it possible to identify several practical recommendations for increasing the success of public speaking. Among them:

careful preparation;

focus on ideas

· "a good start";

the use of metaphors;

diction, facial expressions and gestures.

Let's dwell on them in more detail.

Careful preparation. Churchill's close friend Ferdinand Edwin Smith once remarked: "Winston spent the best years of his life compiling impromptu." This slightly humorous phrase contains one of the key principles of a famous speaker when working on texts. Speeches that seemed to be created spontaneously and the result of insight were actually carefully thought out, rehearsed, honed, polished and polished in a calm environment. “I don’t write quickly,” Churchill once admitted. “Everything I write is the result of hard work, everything is constantly polished. I try to polish it to a shine.”

When diplomat Harold Nicholson congratulated Churchill on a successful remark "improvised" by a politician at the end of one speech, Winston exclaimed: "Damn improvisation! I spent the whole morning on it while I was lying in the bath." "Successful impromptu speakers exist only in the imagination of the public," he noted. "While the flowers of rhetoric are hothouse plants."

Churchill wrote all his speeches personally, without resorting to the services of speechwriters for this. Responsible speeches were prepared for several days, constantly rewritten and edited again. Separate phrases, according to the recollections of assistants, Churchill could bear even more - for weeks, even months. He wrote them down in advance in a special notebook, after which he used them if necessary.

Focus on ideas. According to Churchill, the main sign of unsuccessful speeches is the lack of ideas, and sometimes of meaning. He repeatedly noticed and ridiculed this feature of his colleagues, noting once: “The speaker can be classified as one of those speakers who, before starting to speak, have no idea what they will talk about. When they speak, they do not know what they say. And finally, when they finish their speech, they have little idea what they just conveyed to the public. "

Drawing attention to the lack of meaning in the speeches of the speakers, Churchill did not spare not only ordinary deputies, but also respected members of the British establishment. In particular, he spoke of Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald as follows: "We know that he has a special ability to make the maximum of words the minimum of meaning."

A master of rhetoric, Churchill believed that before starting a speech, the orator must clearly understand what he will say to the audience, what idea he will put into the minds of the listeners and what conclusions he will lead them to at the end. Even in his youth, while working on his essay "Forests of Rhetoric", he deduced the formula that the secret of successful speech is not so much in demonstrating facts as in demonstrating ideas.

Modern researchers of communication problems note that the lack of meaning in messages is a scourge not only of public speaking, but of all interpersonal communication. Behavioral theorist Professor Keith Davis states: "A bad message written on glossy paper will not get any better by increasing the power of the loudspeaker." According to Davis, the leitmotif of successful communications should be a mandatory rule - "Don't start talking before you start thinking."

Churchill believed that before taking the podium, the speaker should pass through himself the main ideas of his speech. “Before inspiring anyone, the orator must inspire himself,” he pointed out. “Before making the public resent, the speaker’s heart must itself be filled with hatred. Before causing tears in the audience, the orator himself must cry. Before convincing, The speaker must believe in what he is about to say.

" A good start" . The ancient Greek philosopher Plato in one of his works noted that "a good start is half the battle." Public speaking is no exception. It is no coincidence that Churchill always attached great importance to the first minutes in front of an audience.

The first thing he advised: "Be natural and completely calm. Imagine that you are talking with your best friend in a calm atmosphere and discussing something that is very interesting for both of you." Secondly, the speaker should not give in to the audience, should not be afraid to be known as persistent. "Act like a pile driver," said Churchill. And even more so, do not be afraid to be serious! "There is no need to indulge the whims of the audience: they say, they will not understand it. Where will they go! - the British politician considered. - Once they have come, let them listen!".

According to Churchill, he received the best advice on the art of making speeches at the dawn of his parliamentary career from cabinet minister Henry Chaplin: "Take your time. If you have something to say, they will listen to you." "The main thing is not to rush and not let yourself be pushed around," Churchill himself would later teach.

As for the first phrases, here Churchill advised not to shelve matters. "If the topic of the speech is serious, do not try to play with words or be clever, go straight to the main thing," he said.

Use of metaphors. Having considered the issues related to the preparation of speeches and opening remarks, let us dwell directly on Churchill's tools, which contributed to the increase in the degree of persuasiveness of his speeches. One of the techniques is metaphors and analogies. “I often try to present serious things in the form of simple stories so that they are better stored in memory,” said Churchill. According to him, "successful metaphors are among the impressive weapons of rhetoric."

One of the forms of metaphors and analogies is the biting definitions that the British politician gave to the actions of his opponents and colleagues. For example, he compared the followers of the appeasement policy of the 1930s to those who feed the crocodile, hoping that he will eat them last.

Another form of metaphor that Churchill turned to was cautionary tales (sometimes from his own life). In this case, several goals were achieved at once. First, the attention of listeners increased. A fascinating story or real life example is always more interesting than bare facts. Secondly, the degree of perception increased, since the audience did not just listen to the speech, but did it actively, visualizing the described scenes in their imagination. Thirdly, the use of stories not only made it possible to increase the degree of perception of the material, but also significantly increased memorization. According to psychologists, understandable material is remembered more easily and retained in memory longer than their amorphous counterparts.

Modern researchers consider metaphors to be the most powerful tool for effective communication. “By telling instructive stories and enriching his speech with metaphors, the leader is able to have a significant impact on others,” says Professor Richard Daft. “The ability to paint a clear picture and create a vivid image helps leaders rally followers. The influence of a leader is largely determined by how subordinates perceive emanating from him cautionary tales and metaphors, because they are powerful tools for creating powerful images and strong emotions.People tend to relate cautionary tales to their own experiences and remember them better than dry statistics."

Humor. According to modern theories of effective leadership, humor is one of the "very effective management tools." According to Robert Goffey, professor at the London Business School, "when used properly, humor can be an indicator of the charisma of a leader."

In 1999, psychologist Sigal Barsade conducted a study at the Yale School of Management that showed that positive emotions are more contagious than negative ones. According to scientists, "this is a very ancient mechanism, since smiling and laughter strengthen relationships between individuals and thus contribute to the survival of the species. Leaders should draw a simple conclusion - humor helps to quickly establish a good mood in the team."

Unfamiliar with these studies, Churchill intuitively understood the enormous potential of humor in public speaking. The speeches of the politician are so full of numerous witticisms and jokes that the famous humorist Alan Patrick Herbert called Churchill "the most outstanding British humorist of our time."

When the politician was asked how he felt about the upcoming invasion of German troops, he immediately retorted: "We are looking forward to it. The same is expected of the fish." Churchill, the master of the episode, often used his effervescent humor in verbal battles with political opponents. "I believe it would be impossible to express something so contrary to the truth with greater accuracy," he commented on the speech of one deputy.

Churchill was no stranger to self-irony. For example, to the question "Are you not pleased to realize that every time during your performance the hall is crowded?", he replied: "Of course, it's nice, but every time I see a crowded hall, I repeat to myself - if it were not your performance, but your hanging, the audience would have gathered twice as much.

In rhetoric, jokes about oneself are considered the most effective, and self-irony is one of the signs of self-awareness, which, in turn, refers to the "primary component of emotional intelligence."

Diction, facial expressions and gestures. Despite his international fame as a master of public speaking, Churchill was not a born orator. And first of all, this was due to his physical defect - lisp. For hours, pronouncing numerous tongue twisters, Churchill was able to significantly improve his diction. But that's not all. According to his son Randolph, he used the residual effects of a birth defect to "create his own, distinctive and unique style of public speaking."

In his essay "Forests of Rhetoric," Churchill described the "defect-effect" formula as follows: "Sometimes a slight, barely noticeable stutter or some other physical handicap can do a good job of capturing the attention of the public." Lisp, although barely noticeable, was by no means the only "projectile" in the politician's bandolier. Churchill was a master of small strokes and sometimes he could convey an idea with just intonation, evoke the desired mood. Over the years of training, Churchill learned the filigree technique of controlling his own voice. For him, the voice was akin to a musical instrument, playing which he achieved amazing success in increasing the persuasiveness of his speeches. Along with intonation and facial expressions, Churchill was able to superbly beat his speech. “Like a great actor, he recited memorable lines in a majestic, dignified and unfussy manner,” wrote the English philosopher Sir Isaiah Berlin. “His performances are great public recitations, possessing all the qualities of splendor and luxury.”

Conclusion

In this control course work, I have identified the features of the speeches of outstanding speakers of the 20th century. To analyze their activities, the great Winston Churchill was taken as an example of oratory. Based on this personality, I identified the main features inherent in great speakers, examined how the success of oratory depends on personal qualities and the ability to control the audience, and what abilities a person must have in order to be able to influence others with speech.

She also analyzed the speech techniques of Adolf Hitler, which allowed him to influence the audience. The Fuhrer, using his oratorical skills, was able to lead the entire German people, but, in the end, led the country to death.

In addition, in this work, I have reviewed the biographies of great orators.

List of sources used

Pprinted sources:

2. Vvedenskaya M.A., Pavlova L.G. Culture and art of speech. - Rostov-on-Don.: Phoenix, 1995.

3. Rozov A.N. Rhetoric. The art of public speech. - St. Petersburg, 2009.

Internet resources:

1. Bestreferat.ru - reference and information portal. Access mode:

http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-85370.html.

2. Wikipedia.ru - reference and information portal. Access mode:

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston.

3. E-xecutive - reference and information portal. Access mode:

http://www.e-xecutive.ru/knowledge/announcement/1851798/index.php.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Canadian Defense Minister and his "aliens"

Let's start with perhaps the most recent example. This is a speech by the former head of the Ministry of Defense of Canada, Paul Hellier, which, although it will not go down in the annals of history, will definitely remain in the memory of millions of people shocked by such a loud statement, which was first made by an official.

In 2013, as part of a conference called "Civil Declassification Hearings" held in the capital of the United States, Washington, the Canadian minister literally horrified the listeners present at the event. He uttered words that produced the effect of a detonated hydrogen bomb, hitting everyone with their blast wave. “UFOs and aliens are as real as the planes that fly over our heads,” Hellier said in front of a fairly respectable audience. Other frightening things were said in this speech. For example, the former Minister of Defense told how many varieties of aliens have been on Earth, emphasizing that some of them live among us. According to him, at least two representatives of alien civilizations today work for the American government. However, he made the same statements before, but the performance in Washington became a real hit among the multi-million army of network users.

Fidel Castro and his record

In 1960, the Cuban leader Fidel Castro managed the unimaginable - he managed to keep such a respectable audience as the UN meeting room, filled with the heads of governments of the countries of the world who had gathered for the 15th session of the UN General Assembly, speaking to it with a continuous speech, lasting 269 minutes. It was this speech by the father of the Cuban revolution that set the precedent, after which the international organization made changes to its regulations, introducing restrictions on the timing of speakers' speeches.

Fidel Castro has long been known for his fiery speeches and ability to ignite the hearts of millions. And there is nothing surprising in the fact that a quarter of a century later he managed to break his own record. In 1986, during the 3rd Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba in Havana, he managed to hold the attention of the audience, according to some reports, for more than 7 hours. By the way, there were sources who claimed that this speech of the politician lasted not 7, but as many as 27 hours, but no one believed this statement. It is noteworthy that all this time the commandant, who at that time was, for a second, under 80 years old, spoke exclusively while standing and not at all straying, constantly emphasizing that he felt great.

Steve Jobs and his motivation

“Death is perhaps the best invention of evolution. It is she who is the cause of all change and all progress. She always cleans up the old to make way for the new.” This legendary speech was delivered by the equally legendary Apple CEO Steve Jobs before his senior year at Stanford University in the summer of 2005. That day, Jobs had long been the idol of the modern era of the scientific and technological revolution and the greatest "visionary" in history. Then he already knew about his fatal illness.

Despite the fact that the head of one of the most innovative corporations on the planet has delivered almost historical speeches before, these are his words that are considered to be the most legendary. Many experts even quote his speech for motivational purposes. And there really is something to it. “Your time is very limited, don't waste it on living someone else's life. No need to live on the thoughts of strangers - this is a trap of dogma. Listen to your inner voice through the veil of other people's opinions. Find the courage to follow your own intuition and your own heart. Everything else is secondary,” these words came from the lips of a true legend in the world of modern technology, marketing and design.

It is noteworthy that it was precisely because of this speech by Steve Jobs that the Ukrainian politician Raisa Bogatyreva was once disgraced. During a speech to the audience of one of the Kyiv universities, she appropriated entire excerpts from this famous speech by the head of Apple.

Nelson Mandela: "To die for your ideals"

“I fought not only against white supremacy, but also against black supremacy. I never stopped honoring the ideals of a free democratic community in which people could live in harmony and enjoy comparable opportunities and rights. It is to this ideal that I aspire, it is for this ideal that I am ready to live. But, if it is required of me, for the sake of the same ideal, I am ready to die with the same confidence.

This poignant and full of emotions and faith in a better future speech belongs to the lips of Nelson Mandela, a man whose titanic efforts in South Africa once defeated the most dangerous infection on the body of mankind under the name of apartheid. It was this policy of racial segregation that was carried out by the then ruling National Party in the country.

That legendary speech Mandela dared to deliver in the courtroom, the same one that a day later would sentence him and several of his supporters to life imprisonment. Years later, there will be a release, and a major political success, and winning the presidency of South Africa in the first free democratic elections in the country. But on that day, millions listened to a hero who was ready to sacrifice himself for the sake of one goal only - equality and justice.

Winston Churchill and his Iron Curtain

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill once knew how to play with words and meanings like Vivaldi, extracting intricate sounds from the violin of the best master in history. The politician was witty, eloquent, balanced, but this is only one side of him. On the other hand, he could instantly turn into a biting, rude and reckless speaker, while maintaining a unique charm. And if there are those among you who still consider themselves masters of the epistolary genre, start biting your lips right now. Alas, but the name of the best has long been known. There are no such speakers as Churchill, and, most likely, there will be no more. Or are your speeches also parsed into quotes to the last brick, turning them into millions of aphorisms that are still being replicated? That's the same.

But the most famous speech of Churchill can be called a speech to students at Westminster College in the United States. It was after his “Fulton speech”, delivered in March 1946, that Moscow first started talking about the prerequisites for the start of the Cold War, and the world press enthusiastically picked up the phrase “Iron Curtain”. On that day, the head of the British government said: "From the Baltic Stettin to the Adriatic Trieste, across the whole vast continent, an iron curtain has descended."

John Kennedy and new vector

“Ask not what your country has done for you, ask what you could have done for your country” - this quote, which became part, without exaggeration, of the historic inaugural speech of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, has long been legendary. Meanwhile, it was delivered on January 20, 1961, and today it is considered one of the standard speeches demonstrating the fullness of oratory.

During his speech on the occasion of his official inauguration as president of the country, the young and progressive owner of the oval office, Kennedy, publicly and boldly proclaimed a plan in accordance with which the new foreign policy of official Washington should develop. “We would like every nation to know that the United States is ready to pay the highest price, bear any burden, endure all hardships, stand up for any of our partners, or fight any of our enemies, all in order to survive and achieve freedom,” the newly minted head of state said that day from the rostrum. It was in this speech that many experts at one time saw the prerequisites for the emergence of a tangible and full-fledged Cold War, relegating Churchill's statements to the background. We would venture to disagree with them and recall that the most important theses in Kennedy's speech were the words about the large-scale struggle against the most dangerous enemies of every person on the planet. Kennedy was referring to disease, inequality and poverty, war, conflict and tyranny. Answer yourself honestly, do you see this idea as an attempt to oppose the United States to the country's main antagonist on the world stage at that time - the Soviet Union?

Martin Luther King - black rights against a white Lincoln

“I have a dream…” – many modern politicians regularly try to beat this immortal phrase in their pre-election propaganda speeches, but invariably fail. Why? It’s just that all of them are not worth an inch of land, on which one of the greatest speakers and minds once stepped - an African-American preacher and a desperate fighter for the full civil rights of black Americans Martin Luther King.

His legendary speech, which began with these very words, was aimed at a bright new future in which all people will have equal rights and responsibilities, regardless of the color of their skin. On that day, three hundred thousand American citizens heard the phrase about the dream live. Perhaps some of you yourself remember how it went on? Let's give you time to refresh your memory and check yourself.

“I dream that one day, in the “red hills” in Georgia, the descendants of slaves and their slave owners will finally be able to sit together at the same fraternal table,” - it was in these words that touched so far King saw the only future of America. This speech was delivered by a preacher in August 1963 on the stairs of the Abraham Lincoln Memorial, against the backdrop of a dazzling white statue of the 16th US president who achieved the abolition of slavery. It happened just during the historic "March on Washington" - a major episode in the activities of the movement for equality and civil liberties in the United States. Moreover, not only in the struggle for equal rights, but also for personal freedoms, for jobs, for the rejection of unjustified harassment on the basis of race alone. Later, this speech will be called the best speech of the twentieth century.

Historical reports remember more than a dozen of the most important phrases and proposals said from the stands, people's meetings, the stage of television studios and simply on the streets of cities. All of them, partially or completely, have changed ideas about the world, citizenship, culture and much more. Now the days of heated oratorical discussions have passed to a new generation. In their lyrics, African-American hip-hop artists raise vital themes, vloggers in front of the cameras offer heated discussions that collect thousands of dissatisfied opinions under their vaults, and activists' public speeches are replicated at an instant rate.

But what does today's action need to be revolutionary and set a historical precedent? We invite our readers to choose a few really important statements or strong speakers that are now delighting the ears of many listeners around the world. Perhaps you like the speeches of politicians and phrases like “Make America Great Again” or motivational sayings of business gurus Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos? Share your examples in the comments so that everyone can join the real cultural heritage of our time.

But before and now there were not only talented people who were fluent in oratory, but also those who were not given it at all. Here's a good example for you.

Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin(Appendix 7) - our contemporary, the current politician, who enriched the idioms of the Russian language with numerous phrases. Viktor Stepanovich has always been distinguished by the peculiarities of his eloquence. Having heard Chernomyrdin's speech, you will not confuse his style of presentation with someone else's. His expressions have become aphorisms, each of us often quotes them in everyday life.

But, despite his peculiar and unique manner, he was very popular in society. He was entrusted with being the ambassador to Ukraine, despite the fact that Russia has rather tense relations with this country.

Not possessing the generally recognized oratorical art of his feelings, emotions and thoughts, he nevertheless conveys to a wide mass of people, and just yesterday he was a prominent figure in the political arena.

I would like to quote some of his phrases that we often use and hear.

"We can't do anything to anyone's detriment to ourselves"

"... we wanted the best, but it turned out as always"

"Without me, Mamai passed through the country"

"This has never happened before, and here it is again!"

"The government is not the body where you can use your tongue at random"

"It's better to be the head of a fly than the ass of an elephant" There is no worse vodka

"You have to think what to understand"

"Whoever's hands itch - scratch elsewhere!"

"You there there..."

"I'm generally far from thinking."

"We can't join. As soon as we start joining, we will definitely step on something"

"We have completed all the points: from. A to. B"

"Principles that were fundamental were unprincipled"

"Here you are not here"

"We have a country - enough for her to skip jumping"

"I won't say much, otherwise I'll say something again"

In addition to the manner of speaking, the presentation of oneself as a speaker also plays a very important role. Many personalities have become great people of their word precisely because of charisma and temperament. In order for the speech to touch and interest the audience, the authority of the speaker or his special psychological attitude is important. In order to induce listeners to take some action, the speaker, first of all, makes an effort himself, requiring a special effort of will. This effort is felt in the speech of the speaker and is transmitted to his listeners, prompting them to action. One of the brightest representatives of the modern political world is Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky ( Appendix 8).

Zhirinovsky's political activity is characterized by extremely bright and often defiant scandalous populist statements. It is believed that Zhirinovsky voiced the plans of the Russian government several times and often these predictions came true. A number of public scandals and brawls (especially in 1994-1995) were associated with the name of Zhirinovsky, which added to his popularity among voters. It has no censorship. Vladimir Volfovich does not select correct and ethically verified phrases for his statements. He speaks directly, in fact, and calls all things by their proper names. No banknotes. His manner of conveying information to the public does not fit into the standard framework of oratory, but despite this, crowds of people listened to him. It was his way of teaching himself that made people pay attention to him. And most importantly, listen to him.

Here are some of his quotes:

"Here was a good journalist, John Reed - made a report, died, buried."

"If McDonald's is a good place, why are our people dying at 57?"

"We will explain to our people what the Russian people are. This is savagery in general!"

"We will be told..."

"The Germans sent us Bolsheviks in a sealed wagon. Now we need to send a sealed wagon with Chechens to Europe."

"He will say today, and tomorrow he will be hanged."

"What do cows go crazy about? British democracy."

"Pushkin was unhappy. It would be better if he didn't exist at all."

"So is Jacques Chirac. Let him come here and sit in the ward between droppers and see how Russian doctors can treat. We treat all diseases."

"Only under Russian songs the planet cries."

"My hands are clean, but they will be covered in blood if I become president."

Having considered the outstanding personalities of the past and modern times, I want to bring you to a man who is held up as an example to many politicians, who has absorbed the best qualities of a modern orator. Being our contemporary, he represents the classical school of oratory. Most politicians tend to give the palm to him!

Hugo Rafael Chavez Frias(Appendix 9) - President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. A good example of the ability to keep an audience.

On May 23, 1999, the program "Hello, President" went on air with the participation of the president of the country himself. Chavez explained his desire to try himself as a TV presenter by saying that he wants to convey the truth about what is happening in the country and around it to every Venezuelan. On the air, Chavez asks questions to his ministers, communicates with local residents, conducts teleconferences with other regions, explains government policy, makes historical digressions, sends kisses and jokes. On February 15, 2007, President Hugo Chavez began to communicate with his people daily on weekdays for an hour and a half from 20.00 to 21.30. But he didn't stop there. In August, Chavez set a record by talking to the Venezuelan people for 7 hours and 43 minutes. During the broadcast from the presidential palace, Chavez did not take a single break and only occasionally drank a cup of coffee. And during the September TV program, Hugo Chavez set a new record for its duration. He, without interruption, with a thirty-degree heat, led a popular program in the country for 8 hours and 06 minutes. He is the epitome of oratory. All the norms are observed in his speech.

Dialogue requires the speaker to have extensive knowledge of philosophy, history, law and literature so that he can take the discussion of any issue to higher spheres, and not be limited to narrow legal problems. How skillfully and effectively we are able to communicate with people depends on how others perceive us, and how successful we will be in life. People who can communicate better than others are usually more successful, they achieve more, both in their personal lives and in business. The ability to communicate is the art of listening and hearing, the art of seeing and feeling, the ability to understand the interlocutor and convey your thoughts to him. Many great people have said wonderful things about oratory.

Communication in itself is inexhaustible and exciting - the more you do, the more you get real results - the more you want to continue. It is unusually interesting and exciting - to understand human relations, rebuild communication, notice what other people do not notice. When small details become visible, a completely different picture begins to clear up, much deeper and more significant than everything that was noticeable before.

Oratory, which originated in the ancient world, is still one of the most effective ways to influence an audience today. Perhaps most often it is used by politicians and lawyers. Russian-speaking lawyer Yashar Yakobi, included in the ranking of the 10 best Israeli lawyers by Israeli TV channel for a large number of acquittals, believes that the importance of rhetoric in his profession cannot be overestimated. Today he talks about history's greatest speakers and gives a short "master class" on the art of public speaking.

Great - about the secrets and goals of eloquence

Aristotle, an ancient Greek philosopher, became the author of one of the first textbooks on rhetoric, which he defined as the art of persuasion based on "three pillars": the moral qualities of the speaker, the quality of the speech itself, the mood of the listeners.

Another ancient thinker, Socrates, believed that the main task of true eloquence is to establish the truth, and not the speaker's ability to convince the audience of anything. Socrates told his students that you should always start a speech with an introduction, then you need to present the material, then provide evidence, and then draw plausible conclusions.

Demosthenes, a student of Socrates, is considered an example of overcoming one's shortcomings through hard work. This man, tongue-tied, with a weak voice and short breathing, as well as a habit of twitching his shoulder during speech, became an outstanding orator thanks to work on himself: in particular, he developed diction by stuffing his mouth with pebbles, and a sword suspended from him saved him from the habit of raising his shoulder. to the ceiling.

Mark Antony, an ancient Roman politician and military leader, went down in history, among other things, thanks to his speech at the funeral of the murdered Caesar. The speech about the merits of Caesar and the oath given to him by the Roman citizens aroused among the people the desire to take revenge on the murderers. While delivering his speech, Mark Antony showed the people the bloody toga of Caesar - the prototype of visual propaganda.

One of the leaders of the French Revolution, Count Honoré Mirabeau, amazed the audience with the contrast between his almost ugly appearance and his deep, sonorous and powerful voice. Mirabeau masterfully mastered the art of intonation and gesture. It is believed that he wrote all his speeches in advance, but the public took his performances for brilliant improvisations.

Mikhail Lomonosov is considered the founder of oratory in Russia. He ensured that subjects in higher educational institutions of that time were taught in Russian. It was then that public speaking in Russian became widespread.

One of the most prominent Russian speakers is the lawyer Fyodor Plevako. In 1864, a judicial reform was carried out in Russia, which resulted in the introduction of the jury and the bar. Public competitions in oratory began between representatives of the prosecution and the defense. Plevako's first court speeches immediately revealed a huge oratorical talent. He countered the harsh attacks with sound objections, a calm tone, and a rigorous analysis of the evidence.

Fedor Plevako. Photo: Wikipedia

On August 28, 1963, American human rights activist and preacher Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech on equal rights for whites and blacks, which is considered a masterpiece of oratory. Its style is reminiscent of a Negro Baptist sermon. The American Oratory Society recognized this speech as the best speech of the 20th century.

On June 12, 2005, Apple co-founder Steve Jobs delivered the "Stay Hungry, Stay Reckless" speech to the alumni of Stanford University. This speech was immediately recognized as legendary and classic, it was included in the lists of the most outstanding speeches. It has been viewed over a million and a half times on YouTube.

Steve Jobs. Photo: Getty Images

6 principles of oratory

Don't think about yourself

Focus on what really worries you, not your own worries.

Become a leader

Don't go along with the audience by answering inappropriate questions or intimidating every look from the audience. Strictly follow the plan outlined by you.

Yashar Jacobi

Surprise your audience

A variety of means are suitable for this purpose: joke, give interesting facts, make unexpected pauses or suddenly “turn on” the volume. Actively use gestures, facial expressions, move around if possible.

Become an actor

Of course, this advice is not easy to follow, but it should be remembered that the people gathered in the hall will always prefer an interesting show to a boring lecture.

The listener is always right

Don't complain to the public. If the audience is bored, the speaker is to blame. Be grateful to the people who take the time to listen to you.

Don't abuse your time

Try to exhaust the topic before the audience runs out of patience.

Follow these rules, they are unlikely to make you Demosthenes or Steve Jobs, but they can teach you how to achieve your goals with the help of eloquence, says Yashar Jacobi.