"Vano, Niko and the Hunt"

Once it seemed to Niko that Vano was a bird, and he himself was a hunter.

Vano was worried and thought: "What should I do, I'm not a bird, I'm Vano." But Niko did not believe, he bought a double-barreled gun and began to look at the sky. He was waiting for Wano to take off to kill him. But the sky was empty.

Vano was really afraid to turn into a bird and fly; he carried stones in his pocket so as not to fly; ate a lot so as not to take off; did not look at the swallows, so as not to learn to fly; I did not look at the sky, so as not to want to fly.

Niko, - said Vano Niko, - drop this gun and don't look at the sky. I'm not a bird, I'm Vano... What kind of bird am I?

You are a bird, and it's over! Take off quickly, I'll shoot. I am a hunter.

Niko, - said Vano Niko, - what a bird I am when I am Vano.

Don't bother, - Niko dispersed, - don't bother, otherwise I'll shoot. If you are on the ground, I will shoot anyway, as if you had just landed.

Wano fell silent and left.

Arriving home, Vano had a hearty lunch, sewed many pockets on his shirt, stuffed them with stones and thought.

“Probably, Niko doesn’t know what a bird is, otherwise he didn’t turn turn me into a bird.

Nodar Dumbadze

"Dog"

This story began in August 1941 and ended exactly two years later.

Our village felt the harsh breath of war within a month. Accustomed to a prosperous life, the collective farmer could not immediately comprehend the whole horror of what had happened, did not calculate his possibilities, and it so happened that the barns and chests in many houses were empty already in August, and in our house even earlier ...

Grandfather Spiridon, exhausted by dropsy, spent days and nights by the fireplace, and all the household chores fell on my shoulders. What a farm! Even now my back begins to ache, as I remember how much firewood and brushwood I then dragged from the forest: the poor old man would have disappeared without heat.

On August 25, the last piece of mchadi was eaten. Grandfather took a ten-liter bottle of vodka sealed with a stump from the closet and said:

Put it in the basket, go to Chokhatauri and exchange it for a pood of corn. The one who offers less, douse this very vodka, break the bottle and return home ... Mulberry vodka, and it contains eighty degrees, you must understand! .. That's it.

Miho Mosulishvili

"Dance with the Rock"

"If you are forever in eternal snow

You lie down - over you, as over your loved ones,

Mountain ranges lean

The most durable obelisk in the world."

Vladimir Vysotsky, "To the Top" (In Memory of Mikhail Khergiani).

One day, in the autumn of 1968, my uncle took me, a boy of six years old, to watch a climbing practice in the Tbilisi Botanical Garden.

And then I, sitting in an exceptionally elite place, in the "Benoir box", that is, on my uncle's neck, saw a stunning sight.

No, it couldn't be called climbing.

It was a rock dance! Or with a rock! Oh, how filigree, like a cat, one of them especially moved. And the truth - as if dancing, deftly climbing up the rock. With just one finger, he caught on ledges that others did not notice.

Who is he? asked my uncle.

Which? He looked at me, narrowing his sun-drenched eyes.

There is the one that dances on the rock.

And did you like it? uncle rejoiced. "He is the Tiger of Rocks!"

Why Tiger?

The newspapers wrote that for his ability to pass difficult rocky routes with incredible speed, he received the nickname "Tiger of Rocks" from English climbers.

And who is he really?

Misha Khergiani!

Is it true? And I'm also Misha! I rejoiced.

Yes, you namesakes! Uncle laughed. - And they also say that if he catches on a bare ledge of a rock with just one finger, he hangs over the abyss for a whole week and does not utter a groan ...

Akaki Tsereteli

"Bashi-Achuk"
(historical story)

Chapter first

From somewhere out of boundless distance, the seething Aragva rushes, wriggling like a snake, and, punching its way, violently, with a swing, flies onto a sheer rock! Thrown back by an indestructible stronghold, deafened, dazed, she stops her run here, as if in order to take a breath, and, circling in place, rushes forward again, but flows more slowly, more carefully, with a groan and roar, carrying her waters into the valley.

On top of this sheer cliff, cutting through the clouds, rises a huge impregnable castle, like a reliable sentry, looking around the surroundings from a height. The castle is surrounded by a high strong fence, and only from the east is a balcony stretching along the entire wall visible.

They had already had lunch in the castle. Eristav Zaal, a venerable old man, sat cross-legged on an ottoman in the corner of the balcony, fingering a rosary.

Right next to it, moving a chair to the very railing, Zaal's wife was reading the "Canon of Passions". The psalter lay in her lap; having read the psalm - and she had to repeat it, forty times a day, - the princess crossed herself and moved another knot on a cord that replaced her rosary.

Alexander Kazbegi

"Eleanor"

Young and playful, pampered and sly, wayward and beautiful Eleonora, the daughter of a wealthy feudal lord Vakhtang Kheltubneli, was the object of dreams of the then youth.

All who were noble enough, rich and brilliant, relentlessly sought her hand, everyone dreamed of the honor of becoming her husband, inventing a thousand ways to please her. But Eleanor, arrogant in her beauty and proud that her father was the ruler of the whole region, came from the most noble family in the country and possessed innumerable wealth, laughed at her fans, at the same time attracting them to her, kindled the fire of love in them. without submitting to anyone. Many young people surrounded the beautiful girl, they sighed, yearned for her, deprived of sleep and peace, but all was in vain. Their fiery words, impulsive selfless deeds and fiery sparkling glances were unable to soften Eleanor's hearts, could not melt the icy armor around her.

Anna Antonovskaya

"Great Mouravi"
(an epic novel in 6 books)

Book One "Awakening the Leopard"

Part one

A gloomy cliff with mossy sides loomed over the abyss. Suddenly, a golden eagle burst from his slightly bent shoulder. Spread as if forged from black

iron wings and angrily opening a curved beak, like a bent tip of a spear, the predator rushed to the sun. The stunned sun staggered and fell, and instantly shattered into pieces, dropping red-green-orange splashes on

the crimson heights of Didgori.

"Oh! .. ho! .." - the arba creaked out of the thickets of hazel. Fingering the yoke with their wrinkled necks, the two buffaloes, with slightly squinting bulging eyes, walked indifferently towards the mountain forest. Papuna Chivadze, having risen, wanted to express his opinion about the impolite behavior of the golden eagle, but ... why was it sprawled on a steep ledge?

Either a leopard, or another unknown solar beast with melted spots

on a smoldering skin. Papuna Chivadze decided to advise the sun so that,

leaving, it picked up its clothes, but something fell off the cart and hit on

roadside stone. Picking up the wineskin and throwing it into place, Papuna Chivadze was about to think about the rules for communication between earthly travelers with those above ground and heavenly, but suddenly a pink bird tweeted excitedly in the branches of an oak struck by lightning and Papuna's thoughts were transferred to a small house, where a "bird", similar to pink, waiting for the promised beads. He wanted to hurry the buffaloes with a twig, but changed his mind and indulged in contemplation of the hushed forest.

The sun rolled over the peaks, the golden eagle disappeared, the leopard faded. With a light step

night descended on the earth, dragging a cloak strewn with

fireflies, not stars.

Konstantin Gamsakhurdia

"Hand of the Grand Master"

Prologue

The Georgian Military Road is the most beautiful in the world, Dardimandi is a wonderful horse, and horseback riding is the best recreation for me. When a sharp-faced, broad-chested, strong-legged spear, pricking up his ears, looks at me, inexhaustible energy wakes up in me, and it seems that I was born again into the world and have not yet had time to taste the delight of fast horse running and the joy of movement on this beautiful land.

I stroke Dardimandy's ears, small as beech leaves, look into his black eyes and become infected with the irrepressible power that mother nature has so generously awarded him ...

It happened one day that my well-behaved horse suddenly got excited and became so furious that even to the very Kara-Kum you can ride it with a quarry.

Widely opening his beautiful big eyes to the shiny cars, grubby trucks, he, absorbing space, carried me into the distance. I am not inclined to blame Dardimandy for the fact that the hot blood of an indefatigable horse boiled in him ...

Tbilisi has grown into a big city before our eyes. The lights of electric lamps sparkle on Mount St. David, in the park named after Stalin. Electric balls, reflected in the waves of the Kura, sway near the bridge of Heroes and along the wide embankment of Stalin. And so, when cars with blinding headlights roared right into your ears, running away along the tarmac, factory sirens howled, tractors going to collective farms rattled, and cyclists rang merrily, sedate Dardimandy began to shudder every minute, snort uneasily and gnaw at the bit. Neither the bit nor the mouthpiece can hold it. Stretching out his neck, curved like that of a swan, he rushed forward. I tried to curb his impulse, to take him in hand, but he, having brought forward the croup, suddenly went sideways.

Guram Dochanashvili

"A Thousand Little Worries"

They couldn't agree at all.

Come when you want, - the accountant repeated again and again.

And when all the same, you do not sit here from morning to evening!

Here's a man! If I say it, then I will.

Can't you tell for sure?

Anytime... Well, man! When you decide, then come...

What if I don't get you? Sandro interrupted the accountant irritably. - I'm running out of time.

Don't worry, you will. Is there a cigarette?

Both lit cigarettes and seemed to calm down; The accountant even leaned back in his chair, blowing smoke towards the ceiling with pleasure, but Sandro again began to doubt and asked, as if casually:

Do you actually visit in the morning or in the afternoon?

Listen, friend ... - The accountant was clearly offended. - I'm telling you, come any time. I won't be there, you'll wait for what you've done...

So I knew, - Sandro got nervous, - I'll lose the whole day here tomorrow! Understand, we leave the day after tomorrow morning.

In the morning? And Margot said - in the evening.

They are in the evening, and I have to go with the car in the morning ...

Okay, okay, calm down. You will arrive tomorrow and you will receive - money will be written out.

Please don't forget about money for the topographer.

I won't forget, how can I forget! Don't worry!

Guram Megrelishvili

"Writer"

I stage. How it all began

Like most young people of my generation, as a result of doing nothing, playing cards, dominoes and backgammon, smoking weed and reckless drinking, I fell into a deep depression. In my vocabulary with increasing frequency, phrases such as: - that's it, I'm stuck ... all over ... nothing shakes ... I'm already flying ... everything to a damn thing ... etc. In addition, I turned from a surprisingly accommodating boy into a conflicting, malicious-speaking and ruthless person.

I also had problems in my relationship with my parents (I hate: - Dad, give me two lari), I began to hate my relatives (they went ... what use are they?!), I hated the neighbors (and this sucker has such a car ?! ) and almost became a police officer.

My nerves were all over the place. No job, no job prospects, no job prospects. In short, the only dream that I have left is to grow old and die as soon as possible. And then the American book of wise thoughts fell into my hands. It was written in it:

II stage. What was written in the American book

wise thoughts: “If you don’t know what to do, get married!”

Leo Chiacheli

"Almasgir Kibulan"

Svans worked at the Lenkher logging, where the Khuberchala flows into the Enguri. Ten people gathered. Almasgir Kibulan, a resident of the remote village of Khalde, was also here. Almasgir stood out sharply among fellow countrymen with his heroic build - just like an old tower rises above ordinary Svan houses.

With Kibulan came his son Givergil. The fellow villagers nicknamed the young man “Dali gozal”, which means “Son of Dali” - he was such a successful hunter!

Givergil was barely fifteen years old, and his father took him to logging for the first time.

Almasgir was summoned from the village by his relative Bimurzola Margvelani. He was also from Khalde, but now lived permanently in Lenheri.

A year ago, Bimurzola agreed with the old contractor Kauza Pipiya that by the beginning of next summer he would hand over a hundred selected pine logs of a certain size to him in the village of Jvari. By signing the agreement, Bimurzola received from the contractor a deposit and a permit for logging. In addition to Almasgir Kibulan and Givergil, Bimurzola recruited several more of his former neighbors - experienced lumberjacks.

Guram Petriashvili

"Baby Dinosaur"

In ancient times, dinosaurs grazed on the endless plain.

Dinosaurs were huge, enormous, each ten times the size of an elephant.

Clumsy, clumsy, they were too lazy to take an extra step. Stretching out their long neck, day and day they moved their heads from side to side. Only having plucked out all the grass in front of them, they reluctantly stepped on.

Dinosaurs grazed like that.

Slowly, unhurriedly they moved and moved their jaws.

Why were they in a hurry?

Grass - as much as you want, the end-edge of the plain is not visible.

Time passed unnoticed.

Baby dinosaurs appeared, learned to pluck grass, grew up, became big dinosaurs, and, like all others, ate grass from morning to evening, chewed and chewed.

But then one day a kid looked up from the grass. Then he stretched out his neck and raised his head even higher.

Oh, how wonderful, it turns out, to look up.

Niko Lomouri

"Mermaid"

I remember when I was still quite small and could not confidently hold in my hand not only a shepherd's whip, but even a rod used to drive oxen; at a time when I would not be entrusted not only with a herd, but even a piglet in the field - I had one cherished desire: I wanted to visit the forest. Everyone to whom I dared to express my desire invariably ridiculed me.

What you think is unprecedented - the forest! What, baby, did you bury a treasure there or sow pearl seeds?

Treasure! Pearl Grains! At that time, I did not even understand the meaning of these words. My desires did not extend so far then.

Usually my father and my three uncles brought me from the forest either pigeon eggs, or a hare, or small squeaky quails; they gave me handfuls of hazelnuts with firm juicy kernels - my favorite delicacy; they also brought me bunches of reddish flexible willow twigs, from which I then weaved small dams for the fish that lived in our stream. Every spring I received as a gift a small resonant pipe, skillfully carved from reeds.

I felt extremely happy at that time.

Egnate Ninoshvili

"Gogia Uishvili"

Again, an “ecutia” was placed in our village. Today the headman ran around everyone and announced: we must contribute ten rubles from the house for the maintenance of this "ecutia", and even firewood, hay, corn and so on! - with pain and hopelessness in her voice, Marina said to her husband Gogia in the evening, when he returned from work.

How! Again "ecutia"!.. Are you out of your mind, woman! If again they set up an "ecutia" for us, our hearth will cool down! .. - said Gogia, and his face frowned.

Are you angry with me, as if it was my fault! Marina reproached her husband.

Got it right! I'm angry with you! Understand what I'm talking about! You should have said to this anathema: pay the ransom, they say, pay for the corvée, pay the church tax for the upkeep of the priest, pay the postal tax, pay the road tax, and not even list what an abyss of taxes we must deliver with our hump. It didn’t seem enough to them, they say, the robbers are hiding in your place, they took and put the “ecutia” on us last year, ruined our village. That's what you should have told him! - so said Gogia, sitting down to the hearth.

Otar Chiladze

"Iron Theater"

1
The land was carried on carts. Muddy water bubbled up in the pits. Seedlings with roots wrapped in rags were scattered between the holes: some eccentric German decided to plant a garden on the sand. In the port, several half-rotted barges were rubbing their sides against each other. The distorted reflection of the mast swayed on the greenish surface of the sea. The seagulls screamed and burst into laughter. A dead horse lay on the shore. From her open belly, a rat suddenly jumped out, cut through the air like a projectile, and flopped in the world. “Straight to Turkey,” said dad. But most surprising was the milkman. The milkman's can teased him with a white, smoking tongue. The milkman himself had a cap tied around his head, and a long motley pipe stuck out of his mouth, which he constantly sucked with a whistle. “I will put you in this vessel - your own father will never find you!” he said with a smile. Together with an empty can, he carried away the remnants of food from yesterday's table. After him, a rich smell remained on the balcony, warm and moist. This is how the morning began.

Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani

"On the Wisdom of Fiction"

There was once a king whose deeds no one can imagine; he accumulated so much mercy in his heart by kindness and beneficence that he himself could not measure it. He conquered the ardor and cruelty of his angry heart with a benevolent breath of God-fearing, with generosity he quenched the heat more than clouds carrying moisture; more abundant than the rain that falls from heaven were the gifts with which he rewarded people.
Fear and trembling before him seized the whole earth; people were more afraid of him than thunder, but his mercy and kindness were more captivating and sweeter than a mother's nipples for a baby.
The name of this great and illustrious king was Phinez.
He had a vizier, his wisdom reached the heavens. With his mind, he measured the length and breadth of the earth's firmament, with learning he penetrated into the abysses of the sea, air phenomena and star paths he inscribed on the tablets of his heart. With the meekness of his speeches, he tamed wild animals, likening them to people. At his word, the rocks melted like wax, the birds spoke with human voices.
The name of this vizier was Sedrak.

Chabua Amirejibi

"Gossip Magpie"

The fox, the donkey and the cuckoo were brought to the court to the lion magpie.
The lion yawned, put on his glasses and said:
- What was the magpie guilty of?
Lisa said:
- Magpie spread a rumor about me that I am tailless. I thought: I’ll pull my tail higher, everyone will see that I have a tail, and they won’t laugh at me anymore. Since then, I have become accustomed to walking. Hunters see me from afar. And what is it like for me now, dear judge, to live without a tail, judge for yourself! ..
The fox laid her tail on the table in front of the lion, all scorched and pierced by shot. The lion adjusted his glasses, examined him carefully, sighed, and said:
What a fluffy tail! No other animal had a tail like a fox!
The lion turned to the magpie and asked:
- Why did you lie?
- How did I know she had such a bushy tail? I made a mistake, forgive me! answered the magpie.

Daniel Chonkadze

"Surami fortress"

Last summer, when, exhausted by the unbearable heat, the inhabitants of Tbilisi were looking for coolness outside the city, several young people, and among them your humble servant, agreed to gather every evening on the Sands, across the river, against the Anchiskhata church, and have fun there until late at night. . In our agreement there was such a condition: everyone had to tell some kind of legend, parable or story from Georgian life.
It was one of those beautiful evenings that are so often replaced by hot days in our country. Young people have just bathed in the river; some were drinking tea, others were still dressing, the rest surrounded D. B., - he, putting a tari on his knee, played something and hummed in an undertone. Some time later, when everyone had drunk tea and the servants began to prepare for dinner, the young people remembered that they had not yet heard another story that evening. They began to find out whose turn it is today; it turned out that everyone had already said something. They asked for one, asked for another - but there were no hunters. I had to draw lots. One of us, having risen from his seat, began to count: "Itsilo, bitsilo, shroshano ...", etc. The counting ended with Niko D.
- Congratulations, Niko! Congratulations! they all shouted.
- No, friends, save me today. Really, I don’t know what to tell, I didn’t prepare.
- Oh, friend Niko! Remember God and start: “Once upon a time…”, and then it will go by itself, I assure you! - Said instructive tone Siko.
- Okay ... So listen! And Niko started.

Mikhail Lokhvitsky

"Search for the Gods"

The summer of 1867, March, the seventh day from the Nativity of Christ, according to the Gregorian calendar, or the first day of the month of Zul Qaada, 1233, according to the Muslim, or two weeks before the head day of the first month of the New, countless year from the generation of the Circassians by the Sun, according to According to the Adyghe chronology, the sky was blue over the mountains of the Caucasus, saturated with the hot radiance of a low and slowly floating daylight.
Hot rays melted the ice on the top of the mountain turned to the sun, streams of water crawled like snakes under the thickness of packed snow, blurred its connections with the frozen ground, and an avalanche, huge, like a Nart horse-alp, barely audibly sighing, rushed into the ever accelerating run along the steep slope. , condensing the air. A firmament of snow and air tore off piles of rocks from the base, cut off, like blades of grass, crooked oaks, spruces, firs, and the gorge resounded with a quiet moan of horror.

Lado Mrelashvili

"The Boys from Ikalto"

In a thunderstorm
Thunder rumbled with such force that it drowned out the crackling and creaking of the trees bending under the gusts of wind. The downpour whipped like a bucket. Noisy streams rushed headlong along the slopes and plunged into the Ikalto ravine, where the swollen stream foamed and growled, turning stones. There was not a soul around. On the balconies of the houses and under the balconies, with their noses buried in warm fluffy tails, lay shaggy dogs. And just beyond the outskirts, near the forest, in an old, abandoned barn, lightning flashed two boyish faces. Judging by their expressions, the boys were uneasy about the thunderstorm and wind raging outside the walls.
- Well, the night! - one of them said and sank down on the straw that covered the entire barn.
- Yes, we got here on time, otherwise we won’t dry out until morning.
- Ha-ha-ha! At home, now they are sure that I am with you. And your old people think that you are with us ...
- Quiet, Gogi, don't laugh so loudly!
- Nothing, Sandro, in such a noise no one will hear anyway.

Guram Panjikidze

"Seventh heaven"

1
Early July morning.
The air above the airfield is transparent and clean.
At the gangway TU-104, passengers are crowding and talking loudly. The stewardess, realizing the hopelessness of her efforts, tries to calm them down.
- Comrades! Comrades, take your time. You can do everything.
Levan Khidasheli stands at a distance and silently looks at his restless fellow travelers. He doesn't like fuss.
Buzzing like bees, the passengers disappear one by one into the dark opening of the entrance.
The last one had already disappeared, but Levan still did not move. The stewardess breathed a sigh of relief and only now noticed him. Levan felt eyes on him. Mechanically he reached for his pocket, wanted to pull out a box of cigarettes, but suddenly remembered that smoking was not allowed near the plane. He waved his hand in annoyance and picked up his duffel bag.
- Are you in Tbilisi? - asked the stewardess, glancing at the ticket.
Levan didn't answer.

Niko Lordkipanidze

"Bogatyr"

The Prangulashvilis have long been famous throughout Lower Imeretia for their heroic strength. No wonder they were often called Veshapidze. Indeed, they possessed as much monstrous power as monstrous gluttony. In battles, Veshapidze never claimed superiority, but they wielded a dagger the size of a buffalo yoke as if it were a light twig.
And they used this weapon in a peculiar way. If an enemy detachment approached in single file, Prangulashvili smashed the enemy directly in the chest or stomach, without making out whether it was bone or pulp, with one blow they planted two or three people on the tip of the dagger and gutted them like piglets. If the enemy advanced in a deployed formation, they struck backhand from the right ear to the left thigh, crushed two opponents with one blow, and the third itself fell to the ground, either from horror in front of a sparkling blade, or overturned by an air wave.
The Prangulashvilis usually sent only one warrior to the war, no more, no less, since their entire clan consisted of one family.

Grigol Abashidze

"Long Night"

Georgian chronicle of the 13th century

CHAPTER FIRST
The children played by the stream that flowed through the stone trough. Among them was a young man, probably not more than sixteen years old, although in appearance, both in height and in the width of his shoulders, and in the serious thoughtfulness of his face, he looked much older than his years. The young man was carefully adjusting a toy mill wheel. He stuck thin forks on both sides of the stream, placed the axle of the wheel on them, and now gradually lowered it so that the light jet flying along an even trough touched the light wooden blades. Suddenly he pulled his hands away and straightened up. The wheel spun, spraying small cool drops onto the grass. Children crowded around the wonderful mill, crowding and interfering with each other.
Straightening up, the young man really turned out to be tall, broad-shouldered, slender. He stood over the stream, like a giant over a big river, leaning his feet on different banks. And the water, and the fuss of the children, their squeals and merry laughter were somewhere below, and the young man no longer saw either the water flying along the chute, or the merry wheel, or the children's faces. Behind the nearby noise and laughter, he discerned something in the distance that made him alert and listen. Then he darted to a wide gate that opened just onto the road.
A lop-eared donkey trotted along the road. Sitting on it was not yet old, but, apparently, an early heavy, flabby man. He was pale with that sickly pallor that appears when a person moves little, sees little of the sun and fresh air.

History of Georgia (from ancient times to the present day) Vachnadze Merab

§3. Georgian literature

§3. Georgian literature

The second half of the 19th century is the most important period in the history of Georgian culture, in particular, in the history of the artistic word. By this time, a new generation of writers entered the literary arena, whose work reflected Georgian reality until the 10s of the 20th century. It is noteworthy that it was this galaxy of Georgian writers who approved the realistic method in Georgian literature.

Ilya Chavchavadze (1837–1907)- is certainly the central figure of Georgian literature and the socio-political life of Georgia in the 19th century. He set the tone and determined the main directions for the development of not only Georgian literature, but also the development of the socio-political movement in Georgia, as well as the spiritual life of the Georgian people. Ilya Chavchavadze was the leader and active participant in all initiatives vital for the nation. As a writer, thinker and politician, he is a completely unique phenomenon in the history of Georgia. He was rightly dubbed the "uncrowned" king of Georgia.

I. Chavchavadze's contribution to the renewal and revival of the Georgian language and literature is invaluable. He is a reformer of the Georgian literary language.

The main thing in the writer's work is the national motive. All artistic creativity of Ilya Chavchavadze is imbued with the ideas of the struggle to save the Georgian people from degeneration, to preserve the national identity and unity of the nation, to increase national self-awareness.

The treasury of Georgian literature was enriched by the unfading masterpieces created by Ilya Chavchavadze. These are: "Notes of a Traveler", "Mother of a Georgian", "Glorious Motherland", "Vision", "The Beggar's Tale", "Otarov's Widow", "Is he a man?" and others.

The works of Ilya Chavchavadze, imbued with ardent love for the motherland and a call to the national struggle, served for a long time as spiritual food for the fighters for the freedom and independence of the Georgian people. He showed the Georgian people the only path that led to the achievement of the cherished goal - the restoration of the lost state independence.

Akaki Tsereteli (1840–1915). In the forefront of the fighters for national freedom, together with Ilya Chavchavadze, stood the outstanding Georgian writer Akaki Tsereteli. He, like I. Chavchavadze, was the initiator and active participant in all vital national affairs. Poet, prose writer, publicist, translator, satirist-humorist, Akaki Tsereteli was primarily a lyric poet.

The poetry of Akaki Tsereteli is imbued with boundless love for the motherland and the ideas of the national movement, as evidenced by his numerous works: “Gray hair”, “Chonguri”, “My bitter fate”, “Spring”, “Suliko”, “Dawn”, “Educator”, "Tornike Eristavi", "Bashi-Achuki" and others.

The optimistic works of Akaki Tsereteli, imbued with faith in the future of the Georgian people, played a big role in establishing and raising their national self-awareness.

Yakob Gogebashvili (1840–1912). A very special place in the history of Georgian literature and in general in the history of Georgian culture is occupied by the activities of the outstanding figure of the Georgian national movement, the great teacher and children's writer Yakob Gogebashvili.

His creation of the textbooks "Deda Ena" ("Native Speech", 1876), "Georgian alphabet - the first book for students to read" (1876), among the phenomena of the 19th century, should be considered a fact of special significance. Yakob Gogebashvili is the author of numerous patriotic stories for children, among which stand out: “What did Iavnana do?”, “King Heraclius and the Ingiloika”, “Self-sacrificing Georgians” and others. These stories served to awaken and strengthen the patriotic consciousness in children.

Lavrenty Ardaziani (1815–1870) in the novel "Solomon Isakich Mejganuashvili" depicted the process of formation of the Georgian bourgeoisie. This was a completely new topic in Georgian literature.

Rafiel Eristavi (1824–1901). The creative activity of Rafiel Eristavi begins in the 50s of the XIX century. Patriotic themes occupy a significant place in his work. This topic is devoted to his famous poem "Motherland of Khevsur", recognized as a masterpiece of Georgian poetry.

Georgy Tsereteli (1842–1900). The work of Georgy Tsereteli is a remarkable phenomenon in the history of Georgian literature, journalism and journalism, as well as in the history of the development of political thinking in Georgia. The writer's worldview is determined by patriotic motives, the struggle for national freedom and social equality.

In his works: "The Flower of Our Life", "Aunt Asmat", "The Gray Wolf", "The First Step", Georgy Tsereteli painted an interesting picture of the life of the post-reform and subsequent eras of Georgia. His work served to establish critical realism in Georgian literature.

Alexander Kazbegi (1848–1893). The literary talent and civil courage of Alexander Kazbegi were especially clearly manifested in his creative activity in the 80s of the XIX century. In his novels and stories, the inner world of the characters, their feelings and experiences are conveyed with great artistic power.

Alexander Kazbegi truthfully portrayed the cruelty of the Russian enslavers and the plight of the Georgian people under the yoke of the colonial regime of the tsarist autocracy. The tragic pictures of the life of the oppressed people and their unbridled desire for freedom and independence are depicted with great artistic skill in the works: “Heavybury Gocha”, “Mentor”, “Elguja”, “Eliso” and others.

Vazha-Pshavela (1861–1915)- the pseudonym of the great Georgian poet Luka Razikashvili. In the poetry of Vazha-Pshavela, life is an endless confrontation between light and darkness, good and evil. In his lyrical works: “The Good Serf”, “Eagle”, “Night in the Mountains”, “An Old Song of Warriors”, etc., the motherland is embodied in the image of God.

The crown of the poet's poetry are his poems: "Snake Eater", "Bakhtrioni", "Gogoturi and Apshina", "Aluda Ketelauri", "Guest and Host". We can say that after Ilya Chavchavadze and Akaki Tsereteli, it was the patriotic poetry of Vazha-Pshavela that had a huge impact on the rise and development of Georgian national consciousness.

Egnate Ingorokva (1859–1894) in Georgian literature he is known under the pseudonym "Ninoshvili". The work of Egnate Ninoshvili reflects the life and way of life of his native land (Guria). Against the background of the miserable existence of the peasants at the time of the establishment of capitalism in Georgia, the writer shows the social contradictions that exist between the various layers of Georgian society. The stories “Gogia Uishvili”, “Mose, the village clerk”, “Simone” are devoted to this topic.

The uprising of 1841 in Guria is dedicated to his work "Revolt in Guria".

Avksenti Tsagareli (1857–1902) is a well-known playwright, champion of the renewed Georgian theater.

The feature films "Keto and Kote", "Other Times Now" are based on the plots of his unfading comedies.

Populist ideas were reflected in Georgian literature of the second half of the 19th century. From this point of view, the works Anton Purtseladze (1839–1913),Ekaterina Gabashvili (1851–1938), Sofrom Mgaloblishvili (1851–1925) and Niko Lomouri (1852–1915). At that time, writers who were carried away by populist ideas were called "admirers of the common people." Populist writers from Peru own the most popular works: “Lurja Magdana”, “Kajana”, “Matsi Khvitia”.

At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, a new generation of Georgian writers entered the literary field, among which, first of all, it should be noted Shio Dedabrishvili (Aragvispireli), David Kldiashvili, Vasily Barnaveli (Barnov), Kondrate Tatarashvili (Unarmed), Cholu (Bikenti) Lomtatidze and Shalva Dadiani.

Shio Dedabrishvili (1867–1926) in Georgian literature he is known under the pseudonym "Aragvispireli". The main theme of his work is the relationship between man and society.

David Kldiashvili (1862–1931)- a brilliant chronicler of the life of the Georgian petty nobility, who lost their economic soil and privileges at the time of the establishment of bourgeois relations. The writer with unsurpassed skill and subtle humor shows the tragedy of the impoverished nobles, who were once proud of their privileged position and reached complete impoverishment.

In the works of David Kldiashvili: "Solomon Morbeladze", "Samanishvili's Stepmother", "Darispan's Adversity", the heroes who find themselves in a comic situation become victims of a tragic fate.

Vasily Barnov (1856–1934) in Georgian literature he revived the genre of the historical novel. His historical novels "Dawn of Isani", "Martyrdom", "Destruction of Armazi" captivate the reader with deep patriotism and sublime love.

Kondrate Tatarashvili (1872–1929) (“Unarmed”) in his work “Mamluk”, against the background of the tragic fate of two people, shows one of the most monstrous phenomena that took place in Georgia in the 18th century - the sale and purchase of prisoners.

Chola (Bikenti) Lomtatidze (1878–1915) introduced the theme of the horrors of prison life into Georgian literature. His most famous works devoted to this topic are "Before the gallows" and "In prison".

Shalva Dadiani (1874–1959) enriched Georgian literature with his dramatic work "Yesterdays" and the historical novel "George of Rus'", dedicated to the era of Queen Tamar.

At the beginning of the 20th century, future masters of the artistic word began their creative activity: Mikhail Javakhishvili, Niko Lordkipanidze, Leo Shengelaia (Kancheli), Alexander Chochia (Abasheli), Galaktion Tabidze, Titian Tabidze, Iosif Mamulashvili (Grishashvili) and others.

Mikhail Javakhishvili (1880–1937) began his literary activity at the beginning of the 19th century. He actively participated in the national movement. His first stories ("Chanchura", "The Shoemaker Gabo", etc.) are realistic and imbued with the ideas of humanism.

Niko Lordkipanidze (1880–1944) He wrote his first works under the influence of impressionism (“Heart”, “Unwritten Story”, “To the Moon”, etc.). His short stories are imbued with a sense of disappointment in life, caused by its dullness and cruelty.

From early works Leo Chiacheli (1884–1963) the most significant is the brilliant example of Georgian prose, the novel Tariel Golua, in which the social struggle found its realistic reflection.

Titian Tabidze (1895–1937) was one of the most typical representatives of Georgian symbolism. In his work, one can feel the connection of Georgian poetry with romantic and patriotic traditions.

Creation Galaktiona Tabidze (1891–1959) is an inexhaustible encyclopedia of the human soul, which equally reflects the real and the unreal, human weakness and strength, joys and sorrows.

Joseph Grishashvili (1889–1964) entered Georgian literature with his optimistic, patriotic poems. In his work, in addition to the theme of love for the Motherland, the leading place is occupied by exotic types of antiquities of Tbilisi.

Georgian literature of the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries has taken a worthy place in the treasury of the achievements of world culture.

author Prudnikova Elena Anatolievna

What the Georgian Cheka did In November 1922, the Transcaucasian Regional Committee sent Beria "for reinforcement" to Georgia, as the head of the secret operational unit and deputy chairman of the Cheka. The situation there was the same as in Azerbaijan, only much worse - Georgia was longer

From the book War. Chronicle of five days: Make up, make up, make up by Jemal Orhan

Fourth day of the war Georgian border On the morning of August 11, Vostok received an order to advance towards the Georgian border. Along with him in the column were the 693rd motorized rifle regiment and the airborne regiment. The Chechens sat on captured armored vehicles, on which they painted with chalk:

From the book General Staff without secrets author Baranets Viktor Nikolaevich

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From the book of Georgians [Keepers of Shrines] author Lang David

From the book Caucasian War. Volume 5. The Time of Paskevich, or the Rebellion of Chechnya author Potto Vasily Alexandrovich

VII. THE GEORGIAN MILITARY ROAD The conquest of Ossetia, which was next in line after the accession of the Djaro-Belokan Lezgins to Russia, was closely connected with the issue of the security of the Georgian Military Highway, which served as the only route connecting Russia and Georgia. Lateral Posts

the author Vachnadze Merab

Georgian culture in the 12th and early 13th centuries The political unification of the country, the strengthening of the Georgian state and its economic rise created favorable conditions for the further development of Georgian culture.1. Education. There is always a lot of attention in Georgia

From the book History of Georgia (from ancient times to the present day) the author Vachnadze Merab

The Georgian Church in the 4th-12th centuries After Christianity was declared the state religion in the 4th century, the Georgian Orthodox Church began to play a significant role in the life of the Georgian people and the Georgian state. All the important events that took place in Georgia were

From the book History of Georgia (from ancient times to the present day) the author Vachnadze Merab

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From the book History of Georgia (from ancient times to the present day) the author Vachnadze Merab

The Georgian Church in the 16th-18th centuries of the 16th-18th centuries is one of the most difficult periods in the history of Georgia. In the fierce struggle of the Georgian people for their salvation from physical and spiritual degeneration, the church has always been there and has played a huge role. Spiritual persons

From the book History of Georgia (from ancient times to the present day) the author Vachnadze Merab

§5. Georgian culture in 1918–1921 A new stage in the history of Georgian culture began even before the restoration of state independence. In February-March 1917, after the collapse of the Russian Empire, favorable conditions were created in Georgia for the development of the Georgian

From the book History of Georgia (from ancient times to the present day) the author Vachnadze Merab

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From the book History of Georgia (from ancient times to the present day) the author Vachnadze Merab

§5. Georgian Culture in 1921-1941 Beginning in 1921, Georgian culture developed under extremely difficult conditions. The Soviet political leadership used culture as an ideological weapon in the process of building socialism. Free art was

From the book Philatelic Geography. Soviet Union. author Owner Nikolay Ivanovich

From the book The regime of M. Saakashvili: what was it author Grigoriev Maxim Sergeevich

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From the book Russian Post author Owner Nikolay Ivanovich

Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic Located in the center of the west. h. Transcaucasia. Terr. 69.7 thousand sq. km. Us. 5.1 million (as of Jan. 1, 1982). Capital - Tbilisi. 25 Feb. 1921 The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed. From March 12, 1922 to December 5. 1936 - as part of

From the book People of the Georgian Church [History. Fate. Traditions] author Luchaninov Vladimir Yaroslavovich

Georgian Orthodox Church: Brief Background The Georgian Apostolic Autocephalous Orthodox Church is an integral part of the Ecumenical Orthodox Church and is in dogmatic unity, canonical and liturgical communion with all Local

§ 3. Georgian literature

The second half of the 19th century is the most important period in the history of Georgian culture, in particular, in the history of the artistic word. By this time, a new generation of writers entered the literary arena, whose work reflected Georgian reality until the 10s of the 20th century. It is noteworthy that it was this galaxy of Georgian writers who approved the realistic method in Georgian literature.

Ilya Chavchavadze (1837–1907)- is certainly the central figure of Georgian literature and the socio-political life of Georgia in the 19th century. He set the tone and determined the main directions for the development of not only Georgian literature, but also the development of the socio-political movement in Georgia, as well as the spiritual life of the Georgian people. Ilya Chavchavadze was the leader and active participant in all initiatives vital for the nation. As a writer, thinker and politician, he is a completely unique phenomenon in the history of Georgia. He was rightly dubbed the "uncrowned" king of Georgia.

I. Chavchavadze's contribution to the renewal and revival of the Georgian language and literature is invaluable. He is a reformer of the Georgian literary language.

The main thing in the writer's work is the national motive. All artistic creativity of Ilya Chavchavadze is imbued with the ideas of the struggle to save the Georgian people from degeneration, to preserve the national identity and unity of the nation, to increase national self-awareness.

The treasury of Georgian literature was enriched by the unfading masterpieces created by Ilya Chavchavadze. These are: "Notes of a Traveler", "Mother of a Georgian", "Glorious Motherland", "Vision", "The Beggar's Tale", "Otarov's Widow", "Is he a man?" and others.

The works of Ilya Chavchavadze, imbued with ardent love for the motherland and a call to the national struggle, served for a long time as spiritual food for the fighters for the freedom and independence of the Georgian people. He showed the Georgian people the only path that led to the achievement of the cherished goal - the restoration of the lost state independence.

Akaki Tsereteli (1840–1915). In the forefront of the fighters for national freedom, together with Ilya Chavchavadze, stood the outstanding Georgian writer Akaki Tsereteli. He, like I. Chavchavadze, was the initiator and active participant in all vital national affairs. Poet, prose writer, publicist, translator, satirist-humorist, Akaki Tsereteli was primarily a lyric poet.

The poetry of Akaki Tsereteli is imbued with boundless love for the motherland and the ideas of the national movement, as evidenced by his numerous works: “Gray hair”, “Chonguri”, “My bitter fate”, “Spring”, “Suliko”, “Dawn”, “Educator”, "Tornike Eristavi", "Bashi-Achuki" and others.

The optimistic works of Akaki Tsereteli, imbued with faith in the future of the Georgian people, played a big role in establishing and raising their national self-awareness.

Yakob Gogebashvili (1840–1912). A very special place in the history of Georgian literature and in general in the history of Georgian culture is occupied by the activities of the outstanding figure of the Georgian national movement, the great teacher and children's writer Yakob Gogebashvili.

His creation of the textbooks "Deda Ena" ("Native Speech", 1876), "Georgian alphabet - the first book for students to read" (1876), among the phenomena of the 19th century, should be considered a fact of special significance. Yakob Gogebashvili is the author of numerous patriotic stories for children, among which stand out: “What did Iavnana do?”, “King Heraclius and the Ingiloika”, “Self-sacrificing Georgians” and others. These stories served to awaken and strengthen the patriotic consciousness in children.

Lavrenty Ardaziani (1815–1870) in the novel "Solomon Isakich Mejganuashvili" depicted the process of formation of the Georgian bourgeoisie. This was a completely new topic in Georgian literature.

Rafiel Eristavi (1824–1901). The creative activity of Rafiel Eristavi begins in the 50s of the XIX century. Patriotic themes occupy a significant place in his work. This topic is devoted to his famous poem "Motherland of Khevsur", recognized as a masterpiece of Georgian poetry.

Georgy Tsereteli (1842–1900). The work of Georgy Tsereteli is a remarkable phenomenon in the history of Georgian literature, journalism and journalism, as well as in the history of the development of political thinking in Georgia. The writer's worldview is determined by patriotic motives, the struggle for national freedom and social equality.

In his works: "The Flower of Our Life", "Aunt Asmat", "The Gray Wolf", "The First Step", Georgy Tsereteli painted an interesting picture of the life of the post-reform and subsequent eras of Georgia. His work served to establish critical realism in Georgian literature.

Alexander Kazbegi (1848–1893). The literary talent and civil courage of Alexander Kazbegi were especially clearly manifested in his creative activity in the 80s of the XIX century. In his novels and stories, the inner world of the characters, their feelings and experiences are conveyed with great artistic power.

Alexander Kazbegi truthfully portrayed the cruelty of the Russian enslavers and the plight of the Georgian people under the yoke of the colonial regime of the tsarist autocracy. The tragic pictures of the life of the oppressed people and their unbridled desire for freedom and independence are depicted with great artistic skill in the works: “Heavybury Gocha”, “Mentor”, “Elguja”, “Eliso” and others.

Vazha-Pshavela (1861–1915)- the pseudonym of the great Georgian poet Luka Razikashvili. In the poetry of Vazha-Pshavela, life is an endless confrontation between light and darkness, good and evil. In his lyrical works: “The Good Serf”, “Eagle”, “Night in the Mountains”, “An Old Song of Warriors”, etc., the motherland is embodied in the image of God.

The crown of the poet's poetry are his poems: "Snake Eater", "Bakhtrioni", "Gogoturi and Apshina", "Aluda Ketelauri", "Guest and Host". We can say that after Ilya Chavchavadze and Akaki Tsereteli, it was the patriotic poetry of Vazha-Pshavela that had a huge impact on the rise and development of Georgian national consciousness.

Egnate Ingorokva (1859–1894) in Georgian literature he is known under the pseudonym "Ninoshvili". The work of Egnate Ninoshvili reflects the life and way of life of his native land (Guria). Against the background of the miserable existence of the peasants at the time of the establishment of capitalism in Georgia, the writer shows the social contradictions that exist between the various layers of Georgian society. The stories “Gogia Uishvili”, “Mose, the village clerk”, “Simone” are devoted to this topic.

The uprising of 1841 in Guria is dedicated to his work "Revolt in Guria".

Avksenti Tsagareli (1857–1902) is a well-known playwright, champion of the renewed Georgian theater.

The feature films "Keto and Kote", "Other Times Now" are based on the plots of his unfading comedies.

Populist ideas were reflected in Georgian literature of the second half of the 19th century. From this point of view, the works of Anton Purtseladze (1839–1913), Ekaterina Gabashvili (1851–1938), Sofrom Mgaloblishvili (1851–1925) and Niko Lomouri (1852–1915) are of interest. At that time, writers who were carried away by populist ideas were called "admirers of the common people." Populist writers from Peru own the most popular works: “Lurja Magdana”, “Kajana”, “Matsi Khvitia”.

At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, a new generation of Georgian writers entered the literary field, among which, first of all, it should be noted Shio Dedabrishvili (Aragvispireli), David Kldiashvili, Vasily Barnaveli (Barnov), Kondrate Tatarashvili (Unarmed), Cholu (Bikenti) Lomtatidze and Shalva Dadiani.

Shio Dedabrishvili (1867–1926) in Georgian literature he is known under the pseudonym "Aragvispireli". The main theme of his work is the relationship between man and society.

David Kldiashvili (1862–1931)- a brilliant chronicler of the life of the Georgian petty nobility, who lost their economic soil and privileges at the time of the establishment of bourgeois relations. The writer with unsurpassed skill and subtle humor shows the tragedy of the impoverished nobles, who were once proud of their privileged position and reached complete impoverishment.

In the works of David Kldiashvili: "Solomon Morbeladze", "Samanishvili's Stepmother", "Darispan's Adversity", the heroes who find themselves in a comic situation become victims of a tragic fate.

Vasily Barnov (1856–1934) in Georgian literature he revived the genre of the historical novel. His historical novels "Dawn of Isani", "Martyrdom", "Destruction of Armazi" captivate the reader with deep patriotism and sublime love.

Kondrate Tatarashvili (1872–1929) (“Unarmed”) in his work “Mamluk”, against the background of the tragic fate of two people, shows one of the most monstrous phenomena that took place in Georgia in the 18th century - the sale and purchase of prisoners.

Chola (Bikenti) Lomtatidze (1878–1915) introduced the theme of the horrors of prison life into Georgian literature. His most famous works devoted to this topic are "Before the gallows" and "In prison".

Shalva Dadiani (1874–1959) enriched Georgian literature with his dramatic work "Yesterdays" and the historical novel "George of Rus'", dedicated to the era of Queen Tamar.

At the beginning of the 20th century, future masters of the artistic word began their creative activity: Mikhail Javakhishvili, Niko Lordkipanidze, Leo Shengelaia (Kancheli), Alexander Chochia (Abasheli), Galaktion Tabidze, Titian Tabidze, Iosif Mamulashvili (Grishashvili) and others.

Mikhail Javakhishvili (1880–1937) began his literary activity at the beginning of the 19th century. He actively participated in the national movement. His first stories ("Chanchura", "The Shoemaker Gabo", etc.) are realistic and imbued with the ideas of humanism.

Niko Lordkipanidze (1880–1944) He wrote his first works under the influence of impressionism (“Heart”, “Unwritten Story”, “To the Moon”, etc.). His short stories are imbued with a sense of disappointment in life, caused by its dullness and cruelty.

From early works Leo Chiacheli (1884–1963) the most significant is the brilliant example of Georgian prose, the novel Tariel Golua, in which the social struggle found its realistic reflection.

Titian Tabidze (1895–1937) was one of the most typical representatives of Georgian symbolism. In his work, one can feel the connection of Georgian poetry with romantic and patriotic traditions.

Creation Galaktiona Tabidze (1891–1959) is an inexhaustible encyclopedia of the human soul, which equally reflects the real and the unreal, human weakness and strength, joys and sorrows.

Joseph Grishashvili (1889–1964) entered Georgian literature with his optimistic, patriotic poems. In his work, in addition to the theme of love for the Motherland, the leading place is occupied by exotic types of antiquities of Tbilisi.

Georgian literature of the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries has taken a worthy place in the treasury of the achievements of world culture.

And it's not just about delicious food and wine, warm climate and beautiful nature. Georgia is first of all friendly people, original culture and ancient history. This is a country where West and East, Europe and Asia are harmoniously combined. Sunny Sakartvelo captivates its guests, makes them fall in love with itself, fills them with strength. You want to return there again and again. This is a place where everyone feels at home, surrounded by family and close friends.

Georgia also played its special role in Russian culture. It was a land where talented writers, poets, artists and musicians from all over Russia sought inspiration. We will talk about some of them in our material.

The life of Alexander Griboyedov was closely connected with Georgia. He lived and worked in Tiflis (now Tbilisi) for a long time. It was in this city that he completed his famous comedy Woe from Wit. And here the first productions of his play were successfully staged. Georgian nobles, who had just begun to get acquainted with Russian culture and Russian literature, staged it on the stages of amateur home theaters. In the summer of 1828, Griboyedov married Nina Chavchavadze, a Georgian princess, daughter of the outstanding Romantic poet Alexander Chavchavadze. But they were destined to live together for only a few weeks. The poet was sent on a diplomatic mission to Persia, and six months later an angry mob massacred the Russian embassy in Tehran.

Griboedov's body was taken to Tiflis and solemnly buried in the pantheon on Mount Mtatsminda. A heartbroken Nina erected a monument over his grave, the inscription on which reads: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you!”. Griboyedov's gravestone is still considered one of the main attractions of the city, and the Tbilisi Russian Drama Theater is named after him - the oldest Russian theater in the world operating outside of Russia.

Pushkin also visited Georgia. Alexander Sergeevich drove past Tiflis when he was catching up with the regular army, which was going to war with Turkey in Western Armenia. Tired of the long journey along the Georgian Military Highway, he decided to stop in the city for a few days to gain strength, and at the same time meet with his comrades from the lyceum (many of whom were in Tiflis in those years).

During these days, the poet managed to visit the famous sulfur baths of Abanotubani, take part in several noisy feasts, walk a lot along the winding city streets, and also observe the life and customs of the locals. He left his memories of Georgia in the story "Journey to Arzrum during the campaign of 1829".

Perhaps the most famous Russian "Caucasian" writer was Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov. Exiled from Russia for poems on the death of Pushkin, Lermontov ended up in the Nizhny Novgorod Dragoon Regiment, stationed in those years in the Caucasus. Impressions from what he experienced and saw during his service in the regular army strongly affected his personality, turning him from a metropolitan rake into a lonely melancholy romantic.

The beauty of nature, the life of the highlanders and folklore: all this left its mark on him, and subsequently formed the basis of most of his works, in many of which the action takes place precisely in Georgia (“Demon”, “Mtsyri”, etc.) . To this day, at the entrance to Tbilisi, there is a monument to the great Russian romantic poet, for whom the Caucasus served as an inexhaustible source of inspiration, and Daryal, Mtskheta and Old Tiflis became his real creative homeland.

Shortly before entering the Caucasian army, twenty-three-year-old Leo Tolstoy lived in Tiflis. Having settled in the house of a German colonist, he began to write his first literary work - the story "Childhood". In parallel, he kept diaries, writing down his thoughts and memories of the Georgian capital. It was during this period of his life that he realized that he wanted to become a professional writer. Subsequently, the experience of participating in the Caucasian War and the impressions of being in Georgia formed the basis of the famous story "Hadji Murad", as well as other works of the great Russian classic.

Vladimir and Vasily Nemirovichi-Danchenko

The Nemirovichi-Danchenko brothers were born in the family of an officer in the city of Ozurgeti, Kutaisi province (now in Guria).

Vasily Ivanovich's childhood passed in a field environment - he traveled a lot in Georgia, Azerbaijan and Dagestan. As the eldest son, he was ordered to follow in his father's footsteps and become a military man, so he was sent to study at the Alexander Cadet Corps in Moscow. He returned to Georgia only in 1876, when an uprising against the Turks was brewing in Adzharia (a region adjacent to his native Guria). His impressions of what he saw were reflected in the second part of "Under the Hot Sun". The very next year, being a career officer in the imperial army, Vasily Nemirovich-Danchenko took part in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, which was reflected in his famous book Skobelev.

The fate of his younger brother, Vladimir Ivanovich, was different, whom his parents sent to study at the Tiflis gymnasium. As a high school student, he, along with his friend Alexander Sumbatov-Yuzhin (real name Sumbatashvili), rented a small apartment on the outskirts of the city, where young people composed their first plays and gave small performances for friends and acquaintances. Few could then imagine that they would later become the greatest theatrical figures in Russia and the Soviet Union, one of whom would be the founder of the Moscow Art Theater, and the other the director of the Maly Theater.

In 1876, after graduating from high school with a silver medal, Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko left for Moscow to study law. His friend stayed in the Georgian capital, where in the same year he made his acting debut on the stage of one of the city theaters. Subsequently, the friends met already in Moscow.

and Zinaida Gippius

In the summer of 1888, twenty-two-year-old Dmitry Merezhkovsky traveled around Georgia. Arriving in the resort town of Borjomi, he met with one of his acquaintances, who during the conversation showed him a photograph of the aspiring poetess Zinaida Gippius. Looking at her, Merezhkovsky exclaimed: "What a mug!" But ironically, just a few days later, walking along one of the city streets, he accidentally ran into an eighteen-year-old girl. It turned out to be just ... Zinaida Gippius. Six months later they got married in Tiflis. And they lived together for 52 years, during which, according to Zinaida Nikolaevna, "we did not part for a single day." This strange meeting at one of the Georgian resorts marked the beginning of one of the strongest and most fruitful creative unions in Russian culture.

As part of his first "Walk in Rus'" Maxim Gorky also visited Georgia. It was this country that became his original literary homeland. The first story of the young writer (“Makar Chudra”) was published in Tiflis. It happened in 1892, when Gorky worked in the workshops of the Transcaucasian Railways. Soon after that, the novice writer went to build the Black Sea highway to Abkhazia. On one of the deserted roads between Sukhumi and Ochamchire, he met a pregnant woman who suddenly went into labor. The writer had to take her child, biting the umbilical cord with his teeth. This episode from life formed the basis of the story "The Birth of Man", and the obstetric feat of Peshkov (this is Gorky's real name) was subsequently cast in bronze near the Kodori River.

Returning to Russia after that, Gorky always remembered the sunny Sakartvelo. During his life, he repeatedly came to Georgia, where he met with his friends and acquaintances. Together with them, taking part in traditional feasts, he sang Gurian and Kartli-Kakhetian songs, which from his youth conquered him with their beauty and sensuality, and said about the country itself with a smile on his face: “Georgia from a vagabond made me a writer.”

Mayakovsky was born into the family of a forester in the village of Bagdati, Kutaisi province (now a city in Imereti). Up to the age of nine, he practically did not speak Russian - only at home with his parents. The rest of the time he spent in the company of his Georgian peers. The situation was changed by his enrollment in the Kutaisi gymnasium, where teaching was conducted in Russian. But just four years after admission, a misfortune occurred in his house - his father died from blood poisoning, accidentally pricking his finger with a needle.

After the death of the breadwinner, the mother decided to move permanently to Moscow with her children. Nevertheless, throughout his life, Mayakovsky repeatedly returned to his small homeland, where he had so many friends and acquaintances. The poet himself was proud that he was born in Georgia, and in some of his poems he even called himself a Georgian.

Boris Pasternak's first trip to Georgia took place in 1931, when he arrived in Tbilisi at the invitation of his friend, the poet Paolo Yashvili. There he also met prominent Georgian cultural figures - Titian Tabidze, Lado Gudiashvili, Nikoloz Mitsishvili, Simon Chikovani, Georgy Leonidze and others. Their acquaintance grew into a close long-term friendship, and Pasternak's three-month stay in Georgia left a deep mark on his soul.

Carried away by the culture and history of this country, he also became interested in its literature. Soon after returning to Russia, he enthusiastically set about translating the works of Georgian classics. Among his most famous works are "The Serpent" by Vazha Pshavela and the lyrics by Nikoloz Baratashvili. The poet's friendship with famous representatives of Georgian art lasted almost 30 years, and Georgia itself became his second homeland, where he repeatedly returned throughout his life.

Many Georgian writers are well known not only in their own country, but also far beyond its borders, especially in Russia. In this article, we will present some of the most prominent writers who have left the most visible mark on the culture of their country.

Classic of Literature

One of the most famous writers of the 20th century is the author of novels and epics Chabua Amirejibi. He was born in 1921 in Tiflis. In 1944, he was arrested for participation in the White George political group and sentenced to 25 years in prison.

He managed to escape three times, and the last time his forged documents were so good that Chabua became the director of a plant in Belarus. However, as a result, he was arrested again and sent to the camp.

In 1953, Chabua Amirejibi, one of the active participants in the uprising of prisoners in Norilsk, was released only in 1959. In the 1990s, he was a deputy; in 2010, he openly accused the regime of President Mikheil Saakashvili. In the same year he took the vows as a monk. Died in 2013. The writer was 92 years old.

Chabua Amirejibi's main novel is Data Tutashkhia, which he wrote from 1973 to 1975. This is an epic work in which the author drew a reliable panorama of pre-revolutionary Georgian society. Data Tutashkhia - the main character, whose name is the same as the character of Georgian mythology, sets himself the goal of eradicating all evil in the world, but this brings him into conflict with the state and the law. Date becomes an exile.

In 1977, based on this novel, the serial film "Shores" was shot.

Luka Razikashvili

Another famous Georgian writer and poet is Luka Razikashvili. He was born in 1861 and wrote poems, plays and poems. In literature, he is better known under his pseudonym - Vazha Pshavela.

Vazha began to write in 1881, he wanted to get a higher education in St. Petersburg, but he could only become a volunteer at the Faculty of Law.

The main theme of his work is social and ethnographic. Vazha Pshavela tells in detail about the life and traditions of the highlanders, their customs and way of life.

At the same time, he manages to outline the brewing conflict between the old and the new way of life, which, therefore, was one of the first to consider. In total, he wrote 36 poems and about 400 poems.

In Russia, his work is well known for the translations of Boris Pasternak, Osip Mandelstam, Marina Tsvetaeva.

leader of the national liberation movement

Georgian poet and writer Akaki Tsereteli is a prominent thinker, national and public figure. He was born in 1840 and devoted his entire life to the struggle against tsarism and serfdom.

Most of his works of art have become classic examples of nationality and ideology. The most famous of them are "Imereti Lullaby", "Song of the Workers", "Desire", "Chonguri", "Dawn", "Little Kahi", "Bagrat the Great", "Natela". They brought up many patriotic ideals in the Georgian people.

Akaki Tsereteli died in 1915 at the age of 74.

"I, grandmother, Iliko and Illarion"

The author of the novel "I, grandmother, Iliko and Illarion" Nodar Dumbadze enjoys great popularity in Georgia. He was born in Tiflis in 1928. He worked in the magazines "Dawn" and "Crocodile", was a screenwriter at the film studio "Georgia-Film".

He wrote his most famous novel in 1960. The novel is dedicated to a Georgian boy named Zuriko, who lives in a small village. The action takes place in pre-war Georgia. The main character is a schoolboy who encounters his first love, then escorts adult fellow villagers to the Great Patriotic War, rejoices at the victory over fascism with those of them who remain alive.

After school, Zuriko enters the university in Tbilisi, but, having received a higher education, he nevertheless returns to his native village to stay with his most faithful and loving friends for the rest of his life. In 1963, the novel was filmed, under the same name, it was released at the studio "Georgia-Film".

Nodar Dumbadze died in 1984 in Tbilisi, he was 56 years old.

"Canaglia"

In 1880, the future classic of Georgian literature, Mikhail Adamashvili, was born in the Tiflis province. He published his first story in 1903, and then he came up with a pseudonym for himself. Since then, everyone knows him under the name Mikheil Javakhishvili.

After the October Revolution, he was in opposition to the Soviet government, was a member of the National Democratic Party of Georgia. In 1923, the Bolsheviks arrested him and sentenced him to death. It was possible to justify Mikhail Savvich only with the guarantee of the Georgian Writers' Union. Outwardly, he reconciled with the Soviet regime, but in reality, relations remained difficult until his death.

In 1930, he was accused of Trotskyism, only with the coming to power of Beria, the new sentence was canceled. Javakhishvili even began to print, and his novel "Arsen from Marabda" was filmed.

His 1936 novel The Woman's Burden was condemned by Soviet ideologists, claiming that the Bolsheviks were presented as real terrorists. After that, the writer refused to describe the work of the Bolsheviks in pre-revolutionary Georgia to Beria. In 1936, he supported André Gide and was declared an enemy of the people.

In 1937, Mikhail was arrested for an anti-Soviet provocation and shot. Until the end of the 50s, his works remained banned, only after Stalin's personality cult was debunked, the Georgian writer was rehabilitated, and his novels began to be republished.

He wrote his most famous novel, Canalla, in 1924. It describes how a well-known rogue named Kvachi Kvachantiradze travels around St. Petersburg, Georgia, Stockholm and Paris. He manages to get into the chapel to Grigory Rasputin, the royal palace, take part in the First World War and the Civil War. He paves his way to success and glory through the bedrooms of the first beauties of the Russian Empire and trickery.

The name of the assertive rogue has become a household name, in Georgia he is put on a par with Ostap Bender, Figaro and Casanova.

Georgian science fiction

A prominent representative of Georgian science fiction is Guram Dochanashvili. He was born in Tbilisi in 1939. He wrote many novels, short stories, essays. In Russia, he is primarily known for such works as "Song Without Words", "There, Beyond the Mountain", "Give Me Three Times".

The main themes that he explores in his books are love, friendship, service to art.

Gamsakhurdia is a well-known Georgian philologist and literary historian, writer, born in 1891. After graduating from German universities, he became one of the most influential prose writers of the 20th century.

After studying in Europe, he returned to Georgia in 1921, when the power of the Bolsheviks had already been established here. At first, he was neutral towards the new rulers, but with the growth of Sovietization, the oppression of freedoms and the development of the repression machine, he began to make anti-Bolshevik speeches.

He created the "Academic Group", which called for art outside of politics. In 1925, the first novel was published under the title Dionysus Smile, which presents his aesthetic and philosophical views in the most detailed way. The protagonist is an intellectual from Georgia, somewhat similar to the author himself, who goes to learn life in Paris. In an unfamiliar city, he remains a stranger, cut off from his roots. Soviet critics accused the author of decadence.

In 1924, the anti-Soviet uprising in Georgia was defeated, Konstantin was expelled from Tbilisi University, where he lectured on German literature. In 1926, Gamsakhurdia was arrested and sentenced to 10 years for participating in an anti-Soviet uprising. He served his term in the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp, spent more than a year in prison and was released ahead of schedule.

Creativity Gamsakhurdia

During the years of Stalinist terror, he worked on his main work - a novel about the fate of the artist under the totalitarian system "The right hand of the great master." It was written in 1939.

Events unfold in the 11th century, when, by order of Tsar George I and Catholicos Melchizedek, the Georgian architect Arsakidze was building the Orthodox Church of Svetitskhoveli. The fates of the main characters of the novel are intertwined into a real tragic tangle, both claiming the love of Shorena, the beautiful daughter of feudal lord Talakva Kolonkelidze. They are torn between feeling and duty. The writer comes to the tragic conclusion that no person can be happy in a totalitarian society. Both heroes come to disappointment and death, they become victims of a totalitarian regime, even though by outward signs they are on opposite sides of power. In his work, Gamsakhurdia describes in allegorical form the tragedy of Stalin's rule.

Similar topics are devoted to his tetralogy "David the Builder", which he wrote from 1946 to 1958. Its events unfold in the 12th century during the heyday of the Georgian feudal state.

In 1956, in the novel The Flowering of the Vine, Gamsakhurdia describes the collective-farm peasantry turning once barren lands into vineyards. In 1963, he completed his memoirs "Communication with Ghosts", which were forbidden to be published, and were published only after 1991.

Lavrenty Ardaziani

Lavrenty Ardaziani is considered the founder of realism among Georgian authors. It was he who prepared the fertile bud for critical realism in this country.

He was born in Tiflis in 1815, studied at a parochial school, entered the theological seminary, since his father was a priest.

After receiving his education, he could not get a job for a long time, until he received a small clerical position in the Tiflis district administration. In the same years, he began to collaborate with literary magazines, published journalistic articles, translated Shakespeare's tragedy "Hamlet" into Georgian.

His most famous novel was written in 1861, it is called "Solomon Isakich Mejganuashvili". He describes a wealthy merchant and a real financial predator. In the novel "Journey along the sidewalks of Tbilisi" realistically tells about the life of the city, bullying officials over ordinary people.

In his polemical articles, he defended the ideas of the "new generation", advocating the development of realism in literature.

Karchkhadze is considered by literary scholars to be one of the most significant Georgian prose writers of the 20th century. He was born in the Van municipality in 1936.

He wrote his best works in the 80s. In 1984, his novel "Caravan" was published, and in 1987 - "Antonio and David".

Another Georgian writer that needs to be mentioned in this article is screenwriter Rezo Cheishvili. Scripts for films brought him popularity, for which he received not only people's love and recognition, but also state awards.

In 1977, according to his script, Eldar Shengelaya directed the tragicomedy "Stepmother Samanishvili" about pre-revolutionary Georgia, the next year Devi Abashidze's film "Kvarkvare" was released, in which Cheishvili drew a vivid political satire on the petty-bourgeois pre-revolutionary world.

He received the State Prize for the screenplay for Eldar Shengelia's comedy "Blue Mountains, or an Improbable Story" about a young author who takes his story to a publishing house, but everyone does not print it. This happens due to the fact that everyone there is busy with anything, but not work. The director sits all day on the presidium and spends time at banquets, the editors themselves learn French for some reason, cook dinner or play chess. The manuscript of a young writer is read only by a painter who happened to be in the editorial office.

Rezo Cheishvili died in Kutaisi in 2015.