Features of the creative manner of V. Garshin in the works included in children's reading. Poetics of V.M's prose

Unrelenting interest in the prose of V.M. Garshin indicates that this area of ​​research remains very relevant for modern science. And although scientists are much more often attracted by the work of writers of the “older” generation (I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, etc.), Garshin’s prose, a master of psychological storytelling, also rightfully enjoys the attention of literary critics and critics .

The writer's work is an object of study from the standpoint of different trends and literary schools. However, in this research diversity, three main approaches stand out, each of which brings together a whole group of scientists.

The first group should include researchers who consider Garshin's work in the context of his biography. Describing the prose writer's writing style in general, they analyze his works in chronological order, correlating certain "shifts" in poetics with the stages of his creative path. In studies of the second direction, Garshin's work is covered mainly in a comparative aspect. The third group consists of the works of those researchers who focused their attention on the study of individual elements of the poetics of Garshi's prose.

The first ("biographical") approach to Garshin's work is represented by the works of G.A. Byalogo, N.Z. Belyaeva, A.N. Latinina and others. The biographical studies of these authors describe the life path and literary activity of Garshin in general. So, N.Z. Belyaev in the book "Garshin" (1938), characterizing the writer as a master of the novelistic genre, notes the "rare writer's conscientiousness" with which Garshin "worked on his works, polishing every word." This task the prose writer, according to the researcher, "considered the most important task of the writer." Following it, he “thrown out” “heaps of waste paper” from his stories, removed “all the ballast, everything superfluous that could interfere with the reading of the work, its perception” . Paying increased attention to the links between Garshin's biography and work, N.Z. Belyaev, at the same time, believes that it is impossible to put an equal sign between literary activity and the writer's mental illness. According to the author of the book, the "gloom" of some of Garshin's works is most likely a consequence of his sensitivity to manifestations of evil and violence in society.

The author of another biographical study is G.A. Byaly (Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin, 1969) focuses on understanding the socio-political conditions that determined the nature of the work and the personal fate of the prose writer, notes the influence of the Turgenev and Tolstoy traditions on the literary activity of the writer. The scientist in particular emphasizes the social orientation and psychologism of Garshi's prose. In his opinion, the writer's creative task "was to combine the image of the inner world of people who acutely feel personal responsibility for the untruth prevailing in society, with broad pictures of the everyday life of the "big outside world"" . G.A. Byaly analyzes not only prose, but also Garshin's articles on painting, which are of fundamental importance for understanding the writer's aesthetic views, as well as for studying his works related to the theme of art (the stories "Artists", "Nadezhda Nikolaevna").

Written in the mid-1980s, the book by A.N. Latynina (1986), is a synthesis of biography and analysis of the writer's work. This is a solid work, containing a huge number of references to various studies. A.N. Latynina largely abandons the social accents characteristic of the works of earlier biographers and approaches Garshin's work primarily from a psychological point of view. The researcher explains the features of the writer's creative manner by the originality of his mental organization, which, in her opinion, determined both the strengths and weaknesses of Garshin's literary talent. “In this amazing ability to reflect someone else's pain,” says A.N. Latynin, is the source of that genuine sincerity that gives such a sad charm to Garshin's prose, but here is also the source of the limitations of his writing gift. Tears prevent him from looking at the world from the outside (which an artist should be able to do), he is not able to understand people of a different organization than his own, and if he makes such attempts, they fail. Only one hero seems impeccably alive in Garshin's prose - a person close to his own mental warehouse.

Among the comparative studies that offer attention. the reader's comparison of Garshin's works with the work of one of his predecessors, one should first of all name the article by N.V. Kozhukhovskaya "Tolstoy's tradition in the military stories of V.M. Garshin" (1992). The researcher, in particular, notes that in the minds of Garshin's characters (as well as in the minds of Leo Tolstoy's characters) there is no "protective psychological reaction" that would allow them not to suffer from guilt and personal responsibility.

Works in Garshin studies of the second half of the 20th century are devoted to comparing the work of Garshin and F.M. Dostoevsky. Among them is an article by F.I. Evnin “F.M. Dostoevsky and V.M. Garshin" (1962), as well as G.A. Skleinis “Typology of characters in the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "The Brothers Karamazov" and in the stories of V.M. Garshin in the 80s. (1992). The authors of these works note the influence of Dostoevsky on the ideological and thematic orientation of Garshin's stories, emphasize the similarity in the construction of plots and in the characterology of the prose of both authors. F.I. Evnin, in particular, points to "elements of ideological closeness" in the works of writers, including "tragic perception of the environment, increased interest in the world of human suffering", etc. . The literary critic reveals in the prose of Garshin and F.M. Dostoevsky, there are signs of increased stylistic expressiveness, explaining them by the generality of the psychological sphere depicted by the writers: and F.M. Dostoevsky and Garshin, as a rule, show the life of the subconscious in a situation “at the last line”, when the hero plunges into his inner world in order to understand himself “on the verge”. As Garshin himself pointed out, “The Incident” is “something from Dostoevism. It turns out that I am inclined and able to develop his (D.) way.

Garshin's prose is also compared by some researchers with the work of I.S. Turgenev and N.V. Gogol. So, A. Zemlyakovskaya (1968) in the article "Turgenev and Garshin" notes a number of common features in the work of Garshin and I.S. Turgenev (type of hero, style, genres - including the genre of poetry in prose). According to A.A. Bezrukov (1988), N.V. Gogol also had an aesthetic and moral influence on the writer: “Gogol’s belief in the highest social purpose of literature, his passionate desire to help the revival of the human personality<.>- all this activated Garshin's creative thought, contributed to the formation of his "humanistic views, nourished the optimism of" Red Flower "and" Signal "". Following N.V. Gogol, the researcher believes, Garshin "spiritualizes" art, opposing the pursuit of external artistic He, like the author of "Dead Souls", counts in his work on the effect of a moral shock, believing that an emotional shake-up will give impetus to the "reorganization" of people themselves and the whole world.

The third group of literary scholars and critics writing about Garshin includes, as already noted, authors who have chosen as their subject the analysis of individual elements of the writer's poetics. The "initiator" of this direction can be considered N.K. "(1885) gave an interesting "report" on the writer's prose. Despite the ironic style, the article contains many subtle observations on the names of the characters, the narrative form of Garshin's works and the plot structure of his stories. N.K. Mikhailovsky notes the writer's individual approach to military topics.

Psychologism and narration in Garshin's work have been studied by few researchers. More V.G. Korolenko, in an essay on Garshin's work, points out: “Garshin's time is far from history. And in the works of Garshin, the main motives of this time acquired that artistic and psychological completeness, which ensures their long existence in literature. V.G. Korolenko believes that the writer reflects the characteristic moods of his time.

In 1894 a certain subjectivity in Garshin's prose was seen by Yu.N. The talker-Otrok, who noted “Garshin and reflected in his works the feelings and thoughts of his generation - dull, sick and powerless.<.>In the works of Garshin there is truth, but not the whole truth, much but the truth. The truth of these works is only in their sincerity: Garshin presents the matter as it appears to him in the depths of his soul. .

In the first half of the 20th century (since 1925), interest in the study of the life and work of the writer increased. Particular attention should be paid to Yu.G. Oksman, who did a great job in publishing the writer's unpublished works and letters. The researcher gives detailed comments and notes to Garshin's letters. Studying archival materials, Yu.G. Oksman reflects in detail the political and social life of the 70-80s of the XIX century. Separately, the scientist specifies the sources of publications, the places of storage of autographs and copies, and gives basic bibliographic information about the addressees.

In the first half of the XX century. Several articles were published on the study of Garshin's life-creativity. P.F. speaks about the deep introspection of the writer’s hero, the dissection of his inner world. Yakubovich (1910): “Scourge of the “man”, exposing our inner abomination, the weakness of our best aspirations, Mr. Garshin, with particular detail, with the patient’s strange love for his pains, dwells on the most terrible crime that lies on the conscience of modern mankind, the war » .

So V.N. writes about the influence of content on form. Arkhangelsky (1929), defining the form of the writer's works as a short psychological story. The researcher focuses on the psychological appearance of the hero, who "is characterized by extreme nervous imbalance with its external manifestations: sensitivity, longing, consciousness of one's powerlessness and loneliness, a tendency to introspection and fragmentary thinking" .

C.B. Shuvalov in his work (1931) retains an interest in Garshin's suffering personality and speaks of the writer's desire to "reveal a person's experiences," tell his soul ", i.e. [interest] determines the psychologism of creativity.” .

Of particular interest to us is the dissertation research of V.I. Shubin “The mastery of psychological analysis in the work of V.M. Garshin" (1980). In our observations, we relied on his conclusions that the distinguishing feature of the writer's stories is ". internal energy that requires a short and lively expression, the psychological richness of the image and the entire narrative.<.>The moral and social issues that permeate all of Garshin's work have found their vivid and deep expression in the method of psychological analysis based on the comprehension of the value of the human personality, the moral principle in a person's life and his social behavior. In addition, we took into account the research results of the third chapter of the work “Forms and means of psychological analysis in the stories of V.M. Garshin”, in which V.I. Shubin distinguishes five forms of psychological analysis: internal monologue, dialogue, dreams, portrait and landscape. Supporting the conclusions of the researcher, we nevertheless note that we consider the portrait and landscape in a wider, from the point of view of the poetics of psychologism, functional range.

Various aspects of the poetics of Garshin's prose have already been analyzed by the authors of the collective study “Poetics of V.M. Garshin” (1990) Yu.G. Milyukov, P. Henry and others. The book touches upon, in particular, the problems of theme and form (including types of narration and types of lyricism), images of the hero and the “counterhero”, considers the writer’s impressionistic style and the “artistic mythology” of individual works, raises the question of the principles for studying Garshin’s unfinished stories ( reconstruction problem). Researchers ascertain the general direction of the genre evolution of Garshin the prose writer: from a social essay to a moral and philosophical parable; emphasize the importance of the technique of "diary entries" and the "hero-counterhero" plot scheme, which, in their opinion, is not a simple imitation of the "two worlds" of romantics. The study rightly emphasizes the significance of the story "Red Flower", in which the writer managed to achieve an organic synthesis of the impressionistic writing technique and an objective (in the spirit of realism) reproduction of the spiritual makeup of the Russian intelligentsia of the 1870s - 80s. In general, the book makes an important contribution to the study of Garshin's prose, however, significant elements of poetics are still analyzed in it not in a complex, but separately, selectively - without indicating their common connection in the unity of the author's creative manner.

Separately, one should dwell on the three-volume collection "Vsevolod Garshin at the turn of the century" ("Vsevolod Garshin at the turn of the century"), which presents research by scientists from different countries (Bulgaria, Great Britain, Germany, Russia, Ukraine, etc.). The authors of the collection develop various aspects of poetics (S.N. Kaidash-Lakshina "The image of a "fallen woman" in the work of Garshin", E.M. Sventsitskaya "The concept of personality and conscience in the work of Vs. Garshin", Yu.B. Orlitsky "Poems in prose in the work of V. M. Garshin ", etc.). Foreign researchers acquaint us with the problems of translating the writer's prose into English (M. Dewhirst

Three Translations of Garshin "s Story "Three Red Flowers" ", etc.). V. Kostrica in the article "The reception of Vsevolod Garshin in Czechoslovakia" notes that the writer's works during his lifetime (starting from 1883) were published in twenty different translations, Garshin's prose especially attracted Czech publishers by the volume of stories and their genre character.The collection "Vsevolod Garshin at the turn of the century" deserves special attention of scientists studying the literary activity of the writer.

As we can see, the problems of the poetics of Garshin's prose occupy an important place in the studies devoted to the work of this writer. However, most of the research is still of a private, episodic nature. Some aspects of the poetics of Garshin's prose (including narrative poetics and the poetics of psychologism) remain almost unexplored. In those works that come close to these problems, it is more about posing the question than about solving it, which in itself is an incentive for further comprehensive research in this direction. In this regard, the identification of forms of psychological analysis and the main components of the poetics of narration can be considered relevant, which allows us to come close to the problem of the structural combination of psychologism and narration in Garshin's prose.

The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the fact that for the first time a consistent consideration of the poetics of psychologism and narration in Garshin's prose, which is the most characteristic feature of the writer's prose, is proposed. A systematic approach to the study of Garshin's work is presented. The supporting categories in the poetics of the writer's psychologism (confession, "close-up", portrait, landscape, setting) are revealed. Such narrative forms in Garshin's prose as description, narration, reasoning, other people's speech (direct, indirect, improperly direct), points of view, categories of the narrator and narrator are defined.

The subject of the study are eighteen stories by Garshin.

The purpose of the dissertation research is to identify and analytically describe the main artistic forms of psychological analysis in Garshin's prose and systematic study of its narrative poetics. The research super-task is to demonstrate how the connection between the forms of psychological analysis and narration is carried out in the writer's prose works.

In accordance with the goal, the specific objectives of the study are determined:

1. consider the confession in the poetics of the author's psychologism;

2. to determine the functions of "close-up", portrait, landscape, environment in the poetics of the writer's psychologism;

3. to study the poetics of narrative in the works of the writer, to identify the artistic function of all narrative forms;

4. to identify the functions of "foreign word" and "point of view" in Garshin's narrative;

5. describe the functions of the narrator and narrator in the writer's prose.

The methodological and theoretical basis of the dissertation are the literary works of A.P. Auera, M.M. Bakhtin, Yu.B. Boreva, L.Ya. Ginzburg, A.B. Esina, A.B. Krinitsyna, Yu.M. Lotman, Yu.V. Manna, A.P. Skaftymova, N.D. Tamarchenko, B.V. Tomashevsky,

M.S. Uvarova, B.A. Uspensky, V.E. Khalizeva, V. Schmid, E.G. Etkind, as well as the linguistic studies of V.V. Vinogradova, H.A. Kozhevnikova, O A. Nechaeva, G.Ya. Solganika. Based on the works of these scientists and the achievements of modern narratology, a methodology of immanent analysis was developed, which makes it possible to reveal the artistic essence of a literary phenomenon in full accordance with the author's creative aspiration. The main methodological reference point for us was the "model" of immanent analysis, presented in the work of A.P. Skaftymov "Thematic composition of the novel "The Idiot"".

The key concept used in the dissertation work is psychologism, which is an important achievement of Russian classical literature and characterizes the individual poetics of the writer. The origins of psychologism can be found in ancient Russian literature. Here one should recall the life as a genre (“The Life of Archpriest Avvakum”), where the hagiographer “. created a living image of the hero<.>colored the story with a range of different moods, interrupted it with waves of lyricism - internal and external. It is worth noting that this is one of the first attempts in Russian prose; psychologism as a phenomenon is only outlined here.

The psychological image was further developed in the late 18th - early 19th centuries. Sentimentalism and romanticism singled out a person from the mass, the crowd. The view of the literary character has qualitatively changed, there is a tendency to search for personality, individuality. Sentimentalists and romantics turned to the sensual sphere of the hero, trying to convey his experiences and emotions (N.M. Karamzin "Poor Liza", A.N. Radishchev "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow", etc.).

In full measure, psychologism as a literary concept manifests itself in realism (F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov). The psychological image becomes dominant in the work of realist writers. It is not just the view of a person that is changing, the authors have a different approach to revealing the inner world of their heroes, forms, techniques and ways of depicting the inner world of heroes are revealed.

V.V. Kompaneets notes that "the developed element of psychologism is the key to artistic knowledge of the inner world, the entire emotional and intellectual sphere of the individual in its complex and multilateral conditionality by the phenomena of the surrounding world" . In the article "Artistic psychologism as a research problem" he separates the two concepts "psychologism" and "psychological analysis", which are not fully synonymous. The concept of psychologism is broader than the concept of psychological analysis, it includes the reflection of the author's psychology in the work. The author of the article emphasizes that the writer does not decide the question: to be psychologism in the work or to be absent. Psychological analysis, in turn, has a number of means directed at the object. The conscious attitude of the author of the work of art is already present here.

In the work "Psychology of Russian classical literature" A.B. , Esin notes "special depth" in the artistic development of the inner world of a person by "writers-psychologists". He especially considers F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, since the artistic world of their works is marked by the utmost attention to the inner life of the characters, to the process of movement of their thoughts, feelings, sensations. A.B. Esin notes that “it makes sense to talk about psychologism as a special, qualitatively defined phenomenon that characterizes the originality of the style of a given work of art only when a form of direct depiction of the processes of inner life appears in literature, when literature begins to adequately depict (and not only designate) such mental and mental processes that do not find an external expression for themselves, when - accordingly - new compositional and narrative forms appear in literature, capable of capturing the hidden phenomena of the inner world quite naturally and adequately. The researcher claims that psychologism makes external details work on the image of the inner world. Objects and events motivate the state of mind of the hero, affect the features of his thinking. A.B. Yesin identifies a psychological description (reproduces a static feeling, mood, but not a thought) and a psychological narrative (the subject of the image is the dynamics of thoughts, emotions, desires).

However, the image of a person and everything connected with him distinguishes any writer of the era of artistic realism. Such artists of the word as I.S. Turgenev, I.A. Goncharov, A.N. Ostrovsky has always been distinguished by his human skill. But they revealed the inner world of the hero in different ways, using different psychological techniques and means.

In the works “Ideas and Forms in the Works of L. Tolstoy” and “On Psychologism in the Works of Stendhal and L. Tolstoy” A.P. Skaftymov we find the concept of psychological drawing. The scientist determines the mental content of the characters in the work of L.N. Tolstoy, noting the writer's desire to show the inner world of a person in his process as a constant, continuous flow. A.P. Skaftymov notes the characteristic features of L.N. Tolstoy: “cohesion, inseparability of external and internal being, the diverse complexity of mutually intersecting psychological lines, the continuous relevance of the mental elements given to the character, in a word, that “dialectic of the soul”, which forms a continuous individual stream of running collisions, contradictions, always caused and complicated by the closest connections of the psyche with the environment of the current moment.

V.E. Khalizev writes that psychologism is expressed in the work through "individualized reproduction of the characters' experiences in their interconnection, dynamics and originality" . The researcher speaks of two forms of psychological representation: explicit, open, “demonstrative” psychologism is characteristic of F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy; implicit, secret, "subtextual" - I.S. Turgenev, A.P. Chekhov. The first form of psychologism is associated with introspection, the internal monologue of the character, as well as with the psychological analysis of the hero's inner world, which is carried out by the author himself. The second form is manifested in an implicit indication of certain processes occurring in the soul of the character, with the mediation of the reader's perception.

V.V. Gudonienė considers psychologism as a special quality of literature and problems of its poetics. In the theoretical part, the researcher analyzes the literary character as a psychological reality (the attention of writers is not to the character, but to the personality, the universal nature of individuality); interpenetration of forms of psychological writing (interest in portrait description, author's commentary on the character's state of mind, use of improperly direct speech, internal monologue), F. Shtanzel's circle as a set of basic methods of narration, means of psychological writing, landscape, dreams and daydreams, artistic detail, etc. etc. In the practical part, based on the material of Russian literature (prose and lyrics), V.V. Gudonene applies the developed theory on the texts of I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, I.A. Bunina, M.I. Tsvetaeva and others. The author of the book emphasizes that psychologism has been actively studied in recent decades; Each literary epoch has its own forms of psychological analysis; the most studied are portraits, landscapes, and internal monologues as means of psychological writing.

In the first chapter we analyze the forms of psychological analysis: confession, close-up, portrait and landscape. The theoretical basis for studying the concept of confession is the work of A.B. Krinitsyn, Confession of an Underground Man. To the anthropology of F.M. Dostoevsky ", M.S. Uvarov "Architectonics of the confessional word", in which the characteristic features of the narrator, the features of the presentation of inner experiences are noted.

E.G. Etkind in his work “Inner Man and External Speech” speaks of psychopoetics as “a field of philology that considers the relationship between thought and word, and the term “thought” here and below means not only a logical conclusion (from causes to effects or from consequences to causes), not only the rational process of understanding (from the essence of the phenomenon and vice versa), but also the totality of the inner life of a person. The scientist defines the concept of "inner man", by which he understands "the diversity and complexity of the processes occurring in the soul". E.G. Etkind demonstrates the relationship between the speech of the characters and their spiritual world.

Fundamental for the dissertation research (for the first chapter) are the concepts of "close-up" and "momentary", the essence of which is revealed in the work of the scientist. Important works in the study of the concept of "close-up" were also the works of Yu.M. Lotman "On Art", V.E. Khalizeva "Value Orientations of Russian Classics".

Psychologism reveals itself in full measure in realism. The psychological image really becomes the dominant feature in the work of many writers. The view of a person is changing, the authors have a different approach to depicting the psychology of their heroes, their inner world, revealing and focusing on its complexity, inconsistency, maybe even inexplicability, in a word - depth.

The second main term in the dissertation research is “narration”, which is understood quite widely in modern literary criticism. The following definitions of "narrative" can be found in dictionaries:

Narration, in an epic literary work, the speech of the author, personified narrator, narrator, i.e. all text except for the direct speech of the characters. Narration, which is a depiction of actions and events in time, description, reasoning, improperly direct speech of heroes, is the main way to build an epic work that requires an objective-event reproduction of reality.<.>Consistent deployment, interaction, combination of "points of view" forms the composition of the narrative.

Narration - the entire text of an epic literary work, with the exception of direct speech (the voices of characters can be included in the narration only in the form of various forms, improper direct speech).

Narration - 1) a set of fragments of the text of an epic work (compositional forms of speech) attributed by the author-creator to one of the "secondary" subjects of image and speech (narrator, narrator) and performing "intermediary" (connecting the reader with the world of characters) functions; 2) the process of communication of the narrator or narrator with the reader, the purposeful deployment of the "event of storytelling", which is carried out due to the reader's perception of the indicated fragments, the text in their sequence organized by the author.

N.D. Tamarchenko stipulates that, in a narrow sense, narration is one of the typical forms of utterance along with description and characterization. The researcher notes the duality of the concept, on the one hand, it includes special functions: informativeness, focus on the subject of speech, on the other hand, more general, up to compositional, functions, for example, focus on the text. N.D. Tamarchenko speaks of the connection between the terminology of Russian literary criticism "with the "theory, literature" of the last century, which in turn relied on the doctrine developed by classical rhetoric about such compositional forms of constructing prose speech as narration, description and reasoning" .

Yu.B. Borev notes two meanings of the concept of narration: “1) a coherent presentation of real or fictional events, an artistic prose work; 2) one of the intonation universals of the narrative. The researcher distinguishes four forms of the transmission of artistic information in prose: the first form is a panoramic view (the presence of an omniscient author); the second form is the presence of a narrator who is not omniscient, a story from the first person; the third form is dramatized consciousness, the fourth form is pure drama. Yu.B. Borev mentions the fifth "variable form", when the narrator either becomes omniscient, or a participant in events, or merges with the hero and his consciousness.

In the second chapter, we focus on four narrative forms: types of narration (description, narration, reasoning), “alien speech”, subjects of image and speech (narrator and narrator), point of view. The linguistic work of O.A. Nechaeva “Functional-semantic types of speech (narration, description, reasoning)”, which proposes classifications of description (landscape, portrait, setting, description-characteristic), narration (specific stage, generalized stage, information), reasoning (evaluative nominal , with the meaning of the state, with the justification of real or hypothetical actions, with the meaning of necessity, with conditioned actions, with categorical negation or affirmation). The researcher defines the term narration in the text of a work of art as follows: “a functional-semantic type of speech that expresses a message about developing actions or states and has specific language means for the implementation of this function” .

When studying “foreign speech”, we focus primarily on the works of M.M. Bakhtin (V.N. Voloshinova) “Marxism and the Philosophy of Language” and H.A. Kozhevnikova "Types of Narrative in Russian Literature of the 19th-20th Centuries" , in which researchers identify three main forms for the transmission of "alien speech" (direct, indirect, improperly direct) and demonstrate its features using examples from fiction.

Exploring the subjects of image and speech in Garshin's prose, in theoretical terms, we rely on the work of H.A. Kozhevnikova "Types of Narrative in Russian Literature of the 19th-20th Centuries" , candidate dissertation research by A.F. Moldavsky "Storyteller as a theoretical and literary category (based on Russian prose of the 20s of the XX century)", articles by K.N. Atarova, G.A. Lesskis "Semantics and structure of first-person narrative in fiction", "Semantics and structure of third-person narrative in fiction". In these works, we find features of the image of the narrator and the narrator in literary texts.

Turning to the problem of studying the point of view in literary criticism, in our study, the central work is the work of B.A. Uspensky "Poetics of composition". The literary critic emphasizes: in fiction there is a montage technique (as in cinema), a plurality of points of view is manifested (as in painting). B.A. Ouspensky believes that there may be a general theory of composition applicable to various art forms. The scientist distinguishes the following types of points of view: "point of view" in terms of ideology, "point of view" in terms of phraseology, "point of view" in terms of spatio-temporal characteristics, "point of view" in terms of psychology.

In addition, when exploring the concept of point of view, we take into account the experience of Western literary criticism, in particular, the work of V. Schmid "Narratology", in which the researcher defines the concept of point of view as "a knot of conditions formed by external and internal factors that affect the perception and transmission of incidents" . V. Schmid identifies five planes in which a point of view is manifested: perceptual, ideological, spatial, temporal, and linguistic.

The theoretical significance of the work lies in the fact that on the basis of the results obtained, an opportunity is created to deepen the scientific understanding of the poetics of psychologism and the structure of narration in Garshin's prose. The conclusions made in the work can serve as a basis for further theoretical study of Garshin's work in modern literary criticism.

The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that its results can be used in the development of a course in the history of Russian literature of the 19th century, special courses and special seminars dedicated to Garshin's work. Dissertation materials can be included in an elective course for classes in the humanities in a secondary school.

Approbation of work. The main provisions of the dissertation research were presented in scientific reports at conferences: at the X Vinogradov Readings (GOU VPO MGPU. 2007, Moscow); XI Vinogradov Readings (GOU VPO MGPU, 2009, Moscow); X conference of young philologists "Poetics and comparative studies" (GOU VPO MO "KSPI", 2007, Kolomna). 5 articles were published on the topic of the study, including two in publications included in the list of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia.

The structure of the work is determined by the goals and objectives of the study. The dissertation consists of an Introduction, two chapters, a Conclusion and a list of references. The first chapter discusses in turn

Conclusion

In conclusion, I would like to sum up the results of the study, which only outlined the problem of studying narrative and artistic, psychologism in Garshin's prose. The writer is of special interest to the researcher of Russian literature. As noted in the introduction, psychologism and narration in Garshin's stories have been analyzed in the works of a few researchers. At the beginning of the dissertation work, the following tasks were set: "to consider confession in the poetics of the author's psychologism; to determine the functions of a close-up, portrait, landscape, setting in the poetics of the writer's psychologism; to study the poetics of narration in the writer's works, to identify the artistic function of all narrative forms; to identify the functions " someone else's word" and "point of view" in Garshin's narration; describe the functions of the narrator and the narrator in the writer's prose.

Studying the poetics of psychologism in the works of the writer, we analyze confession, close-up, portrait, landscape, setting. The analysis shows that the elements of confession contribute to a deep penetration into the inner world of the hero. It was revealed that in the story "Night" the hero's confession becomes the main form of psychological analysis. In other prose works of the writer (“Four Days”, “The Incident”, “Coward”), she is not given a central place, she becomes only part of the poetics of psychologism, but a very important part, interacting with other forms of psychological analysis.

Close-up" in Garshin's prose is presented: a) in the form of "detailed descriptions with comments of an evaluative and analytical nature ("From the Memoirs of Private Ivanov"); b) when describing dying people, the reader's attention is drawn to the inner world, the psychological state of the hero, located nearby ("Death", "Coward"); c) in the form of a list of the actions of the heroes who perform them at the moment when consciousness is turned off ("Signal", "Nadezhda Nikolaevna").

Analyzing portrait, landscape sketches, description of the situation in Garshin's prose works, we see that they enhance the author's emotional impact on the reader, visual perception and largely contribute to the identification of the inner movements of the characters' souls. The landscape is more connected with the chronotope, but in the poetics of psychologism it also occupies a fairly strong position due to the fact that in some cases it becomes the “mirror of the soul” of the hero. Garshin's heightened interest in the inner world of a person "in many ways determined the image of the world around him in his works. As a rule, small landscape fragments woven into the experiences of the characters and the description of events are complicated in his stories by psychological sound.

It was revealed that the interior (furnishings) performs a psychological function in the stories "Night", "Nadezhda Nikolaevna", "Coward". When depicting an interior, it is typical for a writer to concentrate his attention on individual objects, things (“Nadezhda Nikolaevna”, “Coward”). In this case, we can speak of a passing, condensed description of the situation.

In the process of analyzing Garshin's stories, three types of narration are considered: description, narration and reasoning. We prove that description is an important part of Garshin's narrative poetics. The most characteristic in the structure of the description are four “descriptive genres” (O.A. Nechaeva): landscape, portrait, setting, characterization. The description (landscape, portrait, setting) is characterized by the use of a single time plan, the use of the real (indicative) mood, and the use of key words that carry the function of enumeration. In the portrait, when describing the external features of the characters, nominal parts of speech (nouns and adjectives) are actively used for expressiveness. In the description-characteristic, it is possible to use verb forms of different times (combining the past and present tenses), it is also possible to use an unreal mood, in particular the subjunctive (the story "Batman and Officer").

In Garshin's prose, descriptions of nature are given little space, but nevertheless they are not devoid of narrative functions. Landscape sketches serve more as a background for the story. These patterns are clearly manifested in the story "Bears", which begins with a lengthy description of the area. A landscape sketch precedes the story. The description of nature is an enumeration of the features of the general view of the area (river, steppe, loose sands). These are permanent features that make up the topographic description. In the main part, the depiction of nature in Garshin's prose is episodic. As a rule, these are short passages, consisting of one to three sentences.

In Garshin's stories, the description of the external features of the hero undoubtedly helps to show their inner, mental state. The story "The Orderly and the Officer" presents one of the most detailed portrait descriptions. It should be noted that most of Garshin's stories are characterized by a completely different description of the characters' appearance. The writer focuses the reader's attention, rather, on the details.

Therefore, it is logical to talk about a compressed, incidental portrait in prose, Garshin. Portrait characteristics are included in the poetics of the narrative. They reflect both permanent and temporary, momentary external features of the characters.

Separately, it should be said about the description of the hero's costume as a detail of his portrait. Garshin's costume is both a social and psychological characteristic of a person. The author describes the clothes of the character if he wants to emphasize the fact that his characters follow the fashion of that time, and this, in turn, speaks of their financial situation, financial capabilities and some character traits. Garshin also deliberately draws the reader's attention to the clothes of the hero, if it is an unusual life situation or a costume for a celebration, a special occasion. Such narrative gestures contribute to the fact that the clothes of the hero become part of the poetics of the writer's psychologism.

To describe the situation in Garshin's prose works, the static nature of objects is characteristic. In the story "Meeting" descriptions of the situation play a key role. Garshin focuses the reader's attention on the material from which things are made. This is significant: Kudryashov surrounds himself with expensive things, which is mentioned several times in the text of the work, so it is important what they were made of. All things in the house, like the whole environment, are a reflection of the philosophical concept of "predation" Kudryashov.

Descriptions-characteristics are found in three stories by Garshin "Batman and officer", "Nadezhda Nikolaevna", "Signal". The characterization of Stebelkov (“Batman and Officer”), one of the main characters, includes both biographical information and facts that reveal the essence of his character (passivity, primitiveness, laziness). This monologue characteristic is a description with elements of reasoning. Completely different characteristics are given to the main characters of the stories "Signal" and "Nadezhda Nikolaevna" (diary form). Garshin introduces the reader to the biographies of the characters.

Studying the structure of the narrative, we note that the presentation. events in Garshin's prose can be concrete-stage, generalized-stage and informational. In a concrete stage narrative, the dismembered concrete actions of the subjects are reported (we have before us a kind of scenario). The dynamics of the narrative is transmitted through conjugated forms and the semantics of verbs, participles, adverbial formants. To express a sequence of actions, their relation to one subject of speech is preserved. In a generalized stage narrative, typical, repetitive actions in this one are reported. environment. The development of the action occurs with the help of auxiliary verbs, adverbial phrases. Generalized stage narration is not intended for staging. In the informational narrative, two varieties can be distinguished: the form of retelling and the form of indirect speech (themes of the message sound in the passages, there is no specifics, certainty of actions).

The following types of reasoning are presented in Garshin's prose works: nominal evaluative reasoning,. reasoning for the purpose of justifying actions, reasoning for the purpose of prescribing or describing actions, reasoning with the meaning of affirmation or negation. The first three varieties of reasoning are correlated with the scheme of the inferential sentence ("Batman and officer", "Nadezhda Nikolaevna", "Meeting"). For nominal evaluative reasoning, it is typical in the conclusion to evaluate the subject of speech; the predicate in the derivational sentence, represented by a noun, implements various semantic and evaluative characteristics (superiority, irony, etc.) - It is with the help of reasoning that the characteristic of the action is given for the purpose of justification (“Nadezhda Nikolaevna”). Reasoning with the aim of prescribing or describing substantiates the prescription of actions (if there are words with a prescriptive modality - with the meaning of necessity, obligation) ("Night"). Reasoning with the meaning of affirmation or negation is reasoning in the form of a rhetorical question or exclamation ("Coward").

Analyzing Garshin's prose, we determine the functions of "foreign word" and "point of view" in the author's works. Studies show that direct speech in the writer's texts can belong to both a living being (human) and inanimate objects (plants). In Garshin's prose works, the internal monologue is constructed as a character's appeal to himself. For the stories "Nadezhda Nikolaevna" and "Night", in which the narration is conducted in the first person, it is characteristic that the narrator reproduces his thoughts. In the works (“Meeting”, “Red Flower”, “Batman and Officer”), events are described in the third person, it is important that direct speech conveys the thoughts of the characters, i.e. the true view of the characters on a particular problem.

An analysis of examples of the use of indirect and improperly direct speech shows that these forms of someone else's speech in Garshin's prose are much less common than direct speech. It can be assumed that it is fundamental for a writer to convey the true thoughts and feelings of the characters (it is much more convenient to “retell” them using direct speech, thereby preserving the inner experiences and emotions of the characters).

Considering the concepts of narrator and narrator, it should be said about the story "The Incident", where we see two narrators and a narrator. In other works, the relationship is clearly presented: the narrator - "Four Days", "From the Memoirs of Private Ivanov", "A Very Short Novel" - a narration in the form of the first person, two narrators - "Artists", "Nadezhda Nikolaevna", the narrator - "Signal" , "The Traveling Frog", "Meeting", "Red Flower", "The Tale of the Proud Arree", "The Tale of the Toad and the Rose" - third-person narration. In the prose works of Garshin, the narrator is a participant in the ongoing events. In the story "A Very Short Romance" we see the conversation of the main character, the subject of speech, with the reader. The stories "Artists" and "Nadezhda Nikolaevna" are diaries of two storytelling characters. The narrators in the above works are not participants in the events and are not portrayed by any of the characters. A characteristic feature of the subjects of speech is the reproduction of the thoughts of the heroes, the description of their actions, deeds. We can talk about the relationship between the forms of depicting events and the subjects of speech in Garshin's stories. The revealed pattern of Garshin's creative manner boils down to the following: the narrator manifests himself in the forms of presentation of events from the first person, and the narrator - from the third.

Studying the "points of view" in Garshin's prose, we rely on the study of B.A. Uspensky "Poetics of composition". Analysis of the stories reveals the following points of view in the writer's works: in terms of ideology, spatio-temporal characteristics and psychology. The ideological plan" is clearly presented in the story "The Incident", in which three evaluative points of view meet: the view "of the heroine, the hero, the author-observer. We see the point of view in terms of the spatio-temporal characteristics in the stories" Meeting "and" Signal ": there is a spatial attachment of the author to the hero; the narrator is in close proximity to the character. The point of view in terms of psychology is presented in the story “Night.” Verbs of the internal state help to formally identify this type of description.

An important scientific result of the dissertation research is the conclusion that narration and psychologism in Garshin's poetics are in constant relationship. They form such a flexible artistic system that allows narrative forms to pass into the poetics of psychologism, and the forms of psychological analysis can also become the property of the narrative structure of Garshin's prose. All this refers to the most important structural regularity in the poetics of the writer.

Thus, the results of the dissertation research show that the basic categories in Garshin's psychologism poetics are confession, close-up, portrait, landscape, setting. According to our conclusions, in the poetics of the writer's narration, such forms as description, narration, reasoning, other people's speech (direct, indirect, improperly direct), points of view, categories of the narrator and narrator dominate.

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