Navarre used to be a kingdom, but is now a province in the northern part of Spain, this area is located near the southern foot of the Pyrenees and borders on France. Mostly ethnic Basques and Spaniards live here.
This province is the southern part of the kingdom that existed in the Middle Ages, the other half belongs to France. In a certain historical period, this territory was dominated by the Romans, Suebi, Visigoths, and Moors. At the end of the 8th century, Charlemagne pushed back the Moors and conquered most of the kingdom, but he was defeated by the Basque troops. Then, for centuries, this land was transferred from one ruler to another.
On the territory of Navarre there is a division according to the use of the language, one part speaks Basque, the other - mixed and the third - Spanish. The provincial capital is Pamplona, where bull races are held every year. There is a small airport from where you can fly to Barcelona or Madrid. From the airport, a transfer already needs to get directly to the right place.
Navarra Map
Climate
The north of the province is the spurs of the southern Pyrenees, and the south of Navarre is located on a plateau, which is 400-500 meters high. The average in January is +2.5 degrees, the July temperature on average fluctuates around +20. In general, both the arid climate of the south and the Atlantic coexist in the province. Tourists usually come here from May to September, this period is considered the peak of the season. However, keep in mind that the region receives a lot of rainfall, even in summer.
Attractions
In Pamplona, the main attraction is the Cathedral, one of the most beautiful in the country. Its construction began in 1390 and was completed almost a century and a half later. The neoclassical style was used in the construction of the facade, in the cathedral itself there is a museum where a collection of church objects from different historical periods is exhibited. The cathedral is also interesting in that one of its 50-meter towers hangs a bell, which is the largest in Spain.
In the capital there is also a museum of the province itself, it stands on a mountainside and occupies a building that once housed a hospital. The halls of the museum present many archaeological finds, among them there are objects of the Middle Ages, paintings, and jewelry.
You can see the church-fortress of St. Nicholas, it has powerful walls, but very refined interior decoration. In addition, in Pamplona there is an archive building built at the end of the 17th century. The archive stores a variety of valuable historical documents. Another local attraction is the royal palace, which was built in the 19th century. In its throne room there is a portrait of King Ferdinand XVII.
Near the capital there is the village of Olit, where tourists visit the castle, built in the 13th century. Only during the Spanish-French war, it suffered a lot, and therefore the building was restored at the end of the 30s of the last century.
In the northeastern part of the province, you can see the monastery of Leire, which was mentioned as early as the 9th century, as it was a significant place during the reign of Pamplona-Najera. There are burial places of the first kings of the kingdom.
Also in Pamlon itself, it is worth seeing the arena where bullfights are held. The arena can accommodate almost 20,000 spectators. Once a year, fights are held here, and at other times there are concerts, performances, and a market for Christmas. Next to the arena you will see a monument to Hemingway, as it was this writer who glorified the St. Fermin festival in one of his novels.
Entertainment and nightlife
Every July, from the 6th to the 14th, the San Fermin festival is held in the capital of the province, during which each participant of the holiday will see the bull run through the city. All the action takes place in the center of Pamplona. Those who love extreme sports can run with the bulls. If you want to get to a holiday, then take care of booking a hotel at least six months in advance, as a lot of tourists come at this time.
The festival ends with a mass in the cathedral, and since everyone can't fit in the cathedral, people light candles in the square, which turns it into a sea of fire. As the mass draws to a close, those present sing the festival's anthem. An interesting fact is that during the holiday you can rent a place on the balcony of local residents in order to calmly watch the bull run.
Fans of sports spectacles will appreciate the local football matches that are held at the city's stadium.
In the capital of Navarre, there are many cafes and restaurants where you can eat delicious food, as well as drink wine. The cuisine of this area is characterized by richness and picturesque dishes; Spanish wines are also presented in all their diversity.
Car rental and housing
There are good road links throughout the province. If you want to travel around the area on your own, it is better to rent a car right at the airport, and from there go to the first destination. You need a passport, an international driver's license, a credit card. In addition, the driver must be 21 years of age at the time of renting the car. Driving experience must exceed 1 year. On average, the rental price is from 1440 rubles per day. Full payment is made when the car is returned. Usually cash is not accepted and payment is made by credit card.
In addition, in Navarre you can rent an apartment, an apartment or a guest house. Hotel apartments
The cost, of course, depends on the specific location and conditions provided. For example, apartments can be rented for 95 or 120 euros. In a guest house, a room will cost you from 27 euros. Some places allow pets.
shopping
There are many shops and boutiques of different brands in the provincial capital, and therefore you can enjoy shopping here to your heart's content. Just do not forget about the traditional siesta in Spain, when everything is closed, this is the period from 12 o'clock to 4 o'clock. Olives and various types of cheese, wines and seafood are brought from here. There are good sales in January and July and August when prices are at their lowest. In addition, when you leave the country, you can return VAT for purchased goods.
The state of Navarre arose in the Basque territories in the Pyrenees. The first counts, whose names are not preserved, were probably elected. At the beginning of the 9th century, Count Iñigo Arista established the hereditary rule of his dynasty. Around 860, his son García Iñiguez assumed the royal title. Until the beginning of the 11th century, Navarre was the most powerful of the Christian states of Spain.
Inigo dynasty, c. 820-905
Iñigo Arista 820/35-852/7(7)
Blanca (1425-1441)
Blanca was married to Juan, brother of King Alfonso V of Aragon. According to an agreement between them, their son Carlos de Vian inherited the throne of Navarre, but he was to receive the royal title only after the death of his father. Blanca died in 1441, and soon strife began between father and son, especially aggravated after Juan's remarriage. In 1459, Juan became King of Aragon (Juan II), and in 1461 Carlos de Vian died. Soon his sister Blanca died in prison, to whom, according to the wills of her mother and brother, the throne of Navarre was to pass. As a result, after Juan, the throne of Navarre was briefly occupied by his daughter from his second marriage, Eleanor (Leonor).
Aragonese dynasty, 1425-1479
Juan I (II of Aragon) 1425-1479
Carlos de Vian(pretender) (1425-1461)
Blanca(applicant) 1461
Eleanor (Leonor) 1479
Eleanor was married to Count Gaston de Foix. The son of this marriage, Francisco, became the next king of Navarre.
Dynasty de Foix, 1479-1512
Francisco I 1479-1483
Catalina (Catherine) 1483-1512
In 1494, Catalina married Jean d'Albret, as a result, the ruling dynasty changed again in Navarre.
In 1512, King Fernando II of Aragon conquered the southern (Spanish) part of Navarre for Castile. Further, the Navarrese kings ruled only in the Northern (French) part of the state.
Dynasty d "Albret, 1494-1572
Jean III 1494-1522
Henry II 1522-1555
Jeanne III (1555-1572)
Queen Jeanne III married Antoine, Duke of Bourbon. Thus, the last kings of Navarre were from the Bourbon dynasty.
Bourbon dynasty, 1555-1589
Antoine 1555-1562
Henry III 1562-1589
In 1589, King Henry III of Navarre became King of France under the name Henry IV. In 1593 Navarre was joined to France.
Used materials of the book: Sychev N.V. Book of dynasties. M., 2008. p. 299-302.
Read further:
Pyrenean states, after the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Muslims and before the formation of a unified Spanish state, this term refers to the kingdoms of Asturias, León, León and Castile, Spain.
Cards:
Pyrenean states in the IX - X centuries.
Pyrenean states in the XI - XIII centuries.
The history of the medieval kingdom of Navarre is inextricably linked with France, Castile and Aragon.
Despite the influence of numerous invaders of these territories, the indigenous people have retained their language, culture and traditions of the region.
In the VIII century, the kingdom of Navarre became an independent state, thanks to the heroic actions of the Basque leader Iñigo Arista, who laid the foundation for the dynasty of the rulers of Navarre. X-XI centuries are considered the peak of the development of the kingdom of Navarre.
This was facilitated by friendly relations with France, which played a fatal role in the history of the kingdom of Navarre.
The dynastic marriage between the French king Philip IV and Princess Joanna of Navarre in 1284 ended the independence of the kingdom of Navarre, which became part of France as a dowry.
In 1328 the dynasty of French kings, the Capetians, ended, and Philippe of Valois ascended the throne. In order to eliminate all claims of Joanna II to the crown of France, she was granted the kingdom of Navarre, which regained its independence.
In 1512, the first annexation of the kingdom of Navarre to Spain took place. But only back in 1839, the inhabitants of the region called Isabella II their queen and retained the right to autonomy, laws and currency. In the history of the Spanish Civil War, the inhabitants of Navarre were on the side of the announcer Franco.
Spain. Navarre. Our days
/encyclopedia/mentalitet-prazdnik-tradicii/nacionalnye-prazdniki/">Spanish holiday San Fermin.
From July 6 to 14, thousands of tourists come to the capital of Navarre - Pamplona, who want to take part in the national action - the race with the bulls. This tradition gained worldwide fame thanks to the talent of Ernest Hemingway, who colorfully and figuratively described this event in his work “The Sun Also Rises”.
Navarra in Spain is one of the European leaders in the field of energy supply. The share of this region is the production of 60% of the consumed energy of the whole country. Several hundred photovoltaic power plants of various capacities are located here. The industry is represented by transnational corporations in the automotive and machine tool industries.
The farms of Navarre in Spain produce the famous Spanish cheeses - idiazabel and roncal, the wineries are famous for the varieties of red, rosé and white wines made according to old Navarrese recipes. Agricultural production is based on the cultivation of fodder grain, rapeseed and sunflower.
The great wealth of Navarra is considered to be huge forest plantations that are part of the unique natural areas of Spain. Even in the old days they were popular with the French kings in connection with the successful hunting here.
Street names in the cities of Navarra in Spain have a Spanish name and meaning in the Basque dialect - euscaro. This ancient national language was included in the list of endangered dialects by UNESCO in 2009.
province of Navarre
Miguel Sanz Sesma
601874 (15th)
Area 10,391 km². Population 601.874 inhabitants (). Mostly these are ethnic Basques (about 47%) and Spaniards. The most important city of Navarra and its administrative center is Pamplona (Iruña).
Geography
Northern part of Navarre, Montana, is entirely occupied by the spurs of the southern Pyrenees (the highest point is Ani peak, 2504 m), the southern part is located on a plateau 400-500 m high. The average January temperature in Pamplona is about 2.5 ° C, July - 20 ° C. The province is irrigated by the river Ebro, with tributaries flowing mainly along the southern border, with the tributaries of the Ega and Aragon, as well as the river Bidassoa (in the north). Forests (mainly broad-leaved) are found only in the mountainous part of the province; the plateau is occupied by solonchak steppes.
Story
The current Spanish province of Navarre is only the southern half of the medieval kingdom of the same name - Upper Navarre: Lower Navarre, located on the northern slope of the Pyrenees, is part of France.
The oldest known inhabitants of Navarre were the Vascones, descended from the ancient Iberians, the oldest population of Spain; their descendants are the Basques. Navarre, like the whole territory of Spain, was successively conquered by the Romans, Suebi, Visigoths (in the 6th century), Moors (in the 8th century).
The most successful of the descendants of Sancho Garcia was Sancho III the Great (ruled around -), who conquered almost the entire northern part of the Iberian Peninsula and divided it among his four sons; Navarra went to his son Garcia. As a result of the division, many territories annexed by Sancho III actually became independent kingdoms. In 1076, Navarre lost its independence, falling under the rule of the Aragonese king, who took the throne from Sancho IV. However, soon, in 1134, Navarre again became an independent kingdom, led by Garcia V.
In the Middle Ages, the economic development of Navarre remained low; there were few cities on its territory; there were peasant communities in the mountains.
Linguistic division of the territory
In accordance with the formal law 18/86 of December 15, 1986, Navarre is linguistically divided into 3 zones according to the nature of the distribution of the Basque language: Basque(with a predominance of Basque speakers), mixed And non-Basque(with a predominance of Hispanics).
In the Basque-speaking and mixed areas, Basque has official status along with Spanish, while in the non-Basque-speaking area, only Spanish is the official language. The official status of Basque implies, among other things, the use of Basque place names and the right of a citizen to use the Basque language when communicating in state institutions (court, municipal administration, etc.).
According to the 2001 Spanish census out of the total number of inhabitants of Navarre (536.989 people), 110.407 people (20.6%) speak the Basque language to one degree or another.
- V Basque speaking area 53632 people live. Of these, 33,420 people (62.3%) speak Basque well, 7,078 people (13.2%) speak with difficulty, and 13,134 people (24.5%) do not speak Basque.
- V mixed zone 288.953 people live. Of these, 27,462 people (9.5%) speak Basque well, 31,403 people (10.9%) speak with difficulty, 230,088 people (79.6%) do not speak Basque.
- V non-Basque speaking area 194.404 people live. Of these, 4,237 people (2.2%) speak Basque well, 6,807 people (3.5%) speak with difficulty, 183,360 people (94.3%) do not speak Basque.
List of 109 municipalities in the Basque-speaking and mixed zones
- Basque speaking area: Abaurrea Alta (Abaurregaina), Abaurrea-Baja (Abaurrepea), Alsasua (Altsashu), Anue, Arais (Araits), Aranas (Aranza), Arano, Arakil, Arbizu, Areso (Aresho), Aria, Arive (Aribe), Arruaçu , Bakaikoa (Bakaikou), Basaburua Mayor (Bashaburua), Bastan, Bertisarana, Betelu, Burgete (Aurits), Sjordia, Donamaria, Echalar, Echarri-Aranas (Echarri-Aranats), Elgorriaga, Erasun (Eratsun), Ergoena, Erro, Esteribar (Eshterribar), Eskurra, Garayoa, Garralda, Goisueta, Huarte Arakil, Imos (Imots), Iranieta, Ituren, Iturmendi, Labaen, Lakunsa (Lakunza), Lans (Lanz), Larraun, Leisa (Leytsa), Lesaka (Leshaka), Ois (Oyts), Olasagutia (Olasti), Orbaiseta (Orbaiceta), Orbara, Roncesvalles (Orreaga), Saldias (Shaldias), Santesteban (Donestebe), Sumbilya (Sunbillya), Ulsama (Ultsama), Urdaks (Urdasubi), Urdiain, Urros de Sanesteban (Urroz), Valcarlos (Lusaide), Vera de Bidasoa (Bera), Villanueva de Aescoa (Iriberry), Yancy (Iganzi), Subieta, Sugarramurdi.
- Mixed zone: Abarsusa, Ansoayn (Anshoayn), Aois (Agoyts), Arce (Artsi), Ates, Baranyayn, Burgi, Burlada (Burlata), Sirisa, Sisur, Echarri, Echauri, Eguez (Eguesh), Eskaros (Eskaros), Esparza (Esparza) , Estella (Lisarra), Escabarte, Garde, Gogni, Guesa (Highlander), Guesalas (Gueshalas), Huarte, Isaba, Isa, Izalzu (Itzalzu), Jaurrieta (Dyaurrieta), Huslapenya (Dyushlapenya), Lesaun, Lisoain, Ochagavia (Otsagabia ), Odieta, Olaibar, Olsa, Olho, Orons (Oronze), Oros Bethelu, Pamplona (Iruña), Puente la Reina (Gares), Roncal (Erroncari), Salinas de Oro, Sarries (Sartze), Ursainki, Ostarros (Ustarros) ), Vidangos (Bidangose), Vidaurreta (Bidaurreta), Villava (Atarrabia), Yerry, Sabalsa.
- Non-Basque speaking area includes all other municipalities, mainly in the center, south, east and southeast of the autonomous community, where the Basque language does not have any official status, since, as a rule, it is not spoken by the local population. However, there are municipalities in this zone where the bilingual population exceeds 10%, such as Tafalla, Sanguesa (Sangosa) and Lumbier (Ilunberry). Although the number of people who speak Basque fluently ranges from 5% in Tafalla and Sanguez to 10% in Lumbiere. In other municipalities where there are icashtols (Basque-language schools), such as Fontellas, Lodosa and Viana, the bilingual population is between 2% and 8%.
Literature
- Olhagary, "Histoire de Foix, Béarn et Navarre" (P., 1609)
- Faryn, "Histoire de Navarre" (P., 1622)
- Bordenave († 1572), "Histoire de Bearn et de Navarre" (published by Raymond, P., 1873)
- Boissonade, "Histoire de la réunion de la Navarre à la Castille" (P., 1893).
| Districts of Navarre | ||
|---|---|---|
Comunidad Foral de Navarra(Nafarroa in the Euskera language) is an autonomous community of Spain, located in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. Navarre borders France, as well as Aragon (east and southeast), the Basque Country (west) and Rioja (south). In Aragon, in the province of Zaragoza, there is a small enclave - Petilla de Aragon, which is part of Navarre.
The territory of the Autonomous Community in the past was occupied by Kingdom of Navarre. IN 1512 part of this state was captured by Castile. Since then Upper Navarre has belonged to the Spanish crown. Lower Navarre (the capital of Bayon), one of whose kings was the notorious Henry IV(founder of the dynasty Bourbon), now part of France. The Spanish part of Navarre retained the status of the Kingdom until 1841
The area of the region is 10.391 sq. km, the population is 630,000 people. (2009). Capital - Pamplona, where about half of the inhabitants of the autonomy live.
The first written source where Navarre is mentioned is the biography of the famous king of the Franks. Charlemagne(Vita Karoli Magni), which was compiled Aeginard(Eginardo) in IX century. This work mentions campaigns Karla to the river Ebro.
Some researchers believe that the name Navarre may have come from the term "nava" from the ancient Basque language. This word supposedly meant "plain surrounded by mountains." This definition is fully applicable to the territory spread around the city of Pamplona.
Term "Foral", in the official name of the autonomous region, emphasizes the special (exclusive) legal regime that operates in Navarre. Many cities and even entire territories during the reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula received "Fueros" or special rights (laws) from the kings. However, in the case of Navarra, there were so many exceptions that a whole system of fueros (rechimen foral) arose.
In the past, an agricultural territory, today Navarre is one of the most economically developed and wealthy regions of the country.
Navarra Day is celebrated on December 3 and will coincide with the feast day of Saint Francis Javier (día de San Francisco Javier), the most famous saint of Navarre.
Geography and Climate of Navarre
Although Navarre occupies a relatively small area, it is distinguished by great geographical and climatic diversity. A significant part of the territory (north and center) is located in the mountains (the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian System). In the south, along the Ebro River, the relief is greatly reduced. On the territory of the autonomous region there is a conditional border between 2
climate types: Atlantic and Mediterranean. If the south of Navarra is dominated by a relatively dry and hot Mediterranean climate, then the mountain valleys in the north are dominated by a humid Atlantic climate.
According to A. Floristan and S. Mensua, Navarra is divided into THREE geographic areas that are very different from each other.
Ribeira de Navarra(Ribera de Navarra) - the southern part of the autonomous region along the Ebro River. It is located at a low altitude relative to sea level and has a highly rugged terrain. The main cities of this geographical area are Tudela and Corella. Some researchers point to the presence of two zones in Ribeira: eastern (Ribeira Tudelana) and western (Ribeira Estelles), but the main differences between them are cultural, not geographical. The climate of Ribeira is dry and hot (Mediterranean continental). It is characterized by a large seasonal temperature difference. The average annual rainfall is less than 500 mm per year.
Middle Zone(La Zona media) - is located in the center of the autonomous region and its relief is dominated by low mountain ranges (sierras): Urbasa (Urbasa), Andia (Andía), El Perdón (el Perdón), Alais (Alaiz), Isco (Izco) and Leyre. This area, as well as Ribeira, is divided into two parts: Western (Tierra Estella / Tierra Estella) and Eastern. The border between them runs along the river Arga (río Arga). The relief and climate in the west and east of this geographical area of Navarra differ significantly from each other. Between the river Arga and the border with Aragon (east), there are mainly low mountains with smooth slopes. The average annual temperature here varies within 12.5–14°C, and the average annual rainfall is 450–750 mm. In the west, the relief changes - the mountains become higher, and mountain valleys and lowlands appear between them. The Atlantic climate dominates here, which is characterized by a large amount of precipitation (1100 - 1500 mm per year) and relatively low average annual temperatures (9-11 ° C). Only in the very south, closer to the city of Tudela, does the precipitation rate slightly decrease (500-800 mm), and the average annual temperature rises to 11.5-13.5°C. 
Mountain Zone(Zona de la montaña) is the highest mountain area (altitude over 600 m above sea level) in the north of Navarra. It includes the valleys that are surrounded by sierras: Aralar, Urbasa and Andia in the extreme west of the region and the Pyrenees in the center. The course of the Arga River separates the Pyrenean valleys from the Basque-Cantabrian ones. The northwest of this zone is called Humid Navarre (Navarre humide), because it receives from 1400 to 2500 mm of precipitation per year (Atlantic climate). The average annual temperature is 11 - 14.5°C. The Pyrenean valleys occupy the northeast of the mountainous geographical area. The altitude rises from west to east (1459 m in l'Adi, 2436 m in la Mesa de los Tres Reyes). A little less precipitation falls in this zone than in the northwest (900-2200 mm), but the average annual temperatures are lower (7-12°C).
Historical facts
The original inhabitants of Navarre were the Bascons, whose warlike tribes resisted the Roman legions for a long time. Yet in 75
BC Pompey captured the main settlement of the Basques - Irunya and founded his own city in its place - Pompelo (now Pamplona). However, the Basques continued to control the highlands. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Basque tribes regained control over the entire territory of Navarre and even managed to expand it somewhat. Visigoths, which by that time occupied almost the entire territory of the Iberian Peninsula, were forced to make a lot of efforts to resist the constant raids of the Basques.
Arab conquerors ( VIII c.) also failed to completely conquer the Basques. The Mauritanian kingdom of Tudela was formed only in the very south of Navarre, along the Duero River ( 714
).
IN 778
G. Charlemagne, the king of the Franks tried to expand his possessions west of the Pyrenees and set out on a campaign to the Duero River. His venture ended in failure. However, one of the episodes of this campaign - the retreat through the Roncesvalles valley (Ronceval - Rus), formed the basis of the knightly epic, which is part of the treasury of world literature - "Songs of Roland".
History of occurrence Kingdoms of Pamplona on the territory of Navarre has not been sufficiently studied. It is only known that in IX V. here the local dynasty of leaders of the Bascons ruled - Inigo(Íñigos) and then it was replaced by family Jimenos(Jimenos). First king of the new dynasty Sancho Garces(905-925
) established political contacts with other Christian kings, drove the Moors further south, liberated the territories of Estella and took Najera and Calahorra. Tudela remained in the hands of the Moors until 1119
G.
The moment of the highest prosperity of Navarre was the period of the reign of the king Sancho III the Great(1004-1035
). His power extended to a significant part of the Christian territories of the Iberian Peninsula (Pamplona, Aragon, Castile and Leon), and, in addition, Sancho III claimed the county of Barcelona and Gascony. This monarch is credited with the emergence of the "oldest tourist route in Spain" - the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela (Camino de Santiago). 
After death Sancho the Great territorial expansion ceased, and a period of struggle for the political independence of the kingdom began. Already in 1076
the Aragonese royal house took possession of the crown of Pamplona. Only in 1134
the local dynasty again came to power in Navarre. IN XII c., at Sancho Wise (1150-1194
), Kingdom of Pamplona turns into Kingdom of NavarreA. IN 1234
the last representative of the dynasty died Sancho and a Frenchman became king of Navarre - Thibault I Count of Champagne(he was married to a daughter Sancho VII the Strong). IN 1285
the kingdom of Navarre went to the king of France, thanks to Jeanne Champagne who was married to Philip IV the Handsome. Cursed by the master of the Order of the Templars, the Capetian family, to which Philip and his children belonged, ceased at the beginning XIV V. Title and kingdom of Navarre passed to the Counts of Evreux(junior branch of the Capetians). IN 1425
Queen of Navarre, Blanca, marries the future King of Aragon Juan II. This marriage subsequently led to a clash between Blanca's husband ( Juan II) and her son ( Prince Viana). After the death of his wife 1441
d) Huang refused to return the kingdom to the rightful heir. The confrontation between relatives continued 20
years until death Prince Vian V 1461
The turmoil did not end there, as the Navarrese accused the second wife Juan II in the poisoning of her stepson, whom they considered their rightful king. IN 1479
d. the daughter of the Aragonese king married Count of Foix, and Navarre followed her. So the French received this kingdom for the second time. After the Foix were left without heirs in the male line, Navarre passed Counts d'Albret. IN 1512
G. Fernando II, the husband of Isabella the Catholic annexed part of the territory of the kingdom and attached it to the Crown of Castile. Since then, Navarre has been divided between Spain and France. On the territory of French Navarre (the capital of Bearn) arose Bourbon dynasty who ruled in France ( 1555 – 1789
g.), and Spain with 1700
G. 
Spain, after acquiring part of Navarre, retained the status of a kingdom for this territory and upheld the local fueros, which were codified back in XIII V. and were called "General Fueros of Navarre". Although in XVIII V. fueros and were formally abolished, local legal traditions did not disappear.
It is not surprising that in XIX c., during the so-called. Carlist wars, Navarre supported the pretender (Carlos) in the hope that he would restore a strong monarchy and return to the region its special laws (fueros). The slogan of Carlos's supporters in Navarre became: "God, Fatherland and King". Carlos did not become king, but the inhabitants of Navarre achieved their goal. IN 1841
The kingdom ceased to exist, and Navarre, although it became a province, retained its traditional authorities and special rights in the field of local government and finance. During II Republic (XX c.), the inhabitants of Navarre, out of fear of losing their privileges, willingly supported the military rebellion. This gave the general Franco declare Navarre "the cradle of the nationalist movement".
After the departure of Franco and with the beginning of the democratization of Spain, the inhabitants of the region achieved the expansion of their special rights, which are enshrined in the Law 1982
d. Today, the Comunidad Foral de Navarra is one of the most "independent" autonomies in Spain.
Language in Navarre
The official language throughout the Comunidad Foral de Navarra is Spanish(castellano). For almost 90% of local residents, it is native. Second language of Navarre - euskadi(Basque), has official status only in some areas of the region, specifically mentioned in the local law (Ley Foral del Vascuence). Euskadi is especially common in the center and in the north of the autonomy, and for the majority of the inhabitants of the north it is native. 
Once upon a time, Navarre had its own Navarro-Aragonese dialect. IN XIII V. it was written on at the royal court, and in 1329
This dialect became the official language of the Kingdom of Navarre. After absorption into XVI V. parts of Navarre by Castile, Navarro-Aragonese was replaced by Spanish.
Euskadi in Navarre has many dialects. Their 9
according to the classification of the Basque Royal Academy of Languages.
The Spanish language in Navarre also has its own characteristics associated with the long-term interaction of native speakers of this language with the Basques (using the diminutive - iko), as well as the remnants of the Navarro-Aragonese dialect.
Administrative-territorial structure
In the Middle Ages and until the end of the Franco era, the main administrative-territorial unit of Navarre was the so-called. merindades(merindades). Currently, this concept denotes the historical regions of Navarre. "Merindad" has no administrative functions. Total count 5 Merindad:
Pamplona(Merindad de Pamplona / Iruñeko merindadea)
Tudela(Merindad de Tudela / Tuterako merindadea)
Estella(Merindad de Estella / Lizarrako merindadea)
Olite(Merindad de Olite / Erriberako merindadea)
Sanguez(Merindad de Sangüesa / Zangozako merindadea)
The modern administrative-territorial units of the Comunidad Foral de Navarra are the municipalities (272). 
Power in the region belongs to the following institutions:
Parliament of Navarre- the highest authority of the autonomy, which adopts legislative acts on issues within the competence of the Comunidad Foral, and also elects the Chairman of the Government and controls the activities of the Government.
Government of Navarre- collegial executive body. Its head is the Prime Minister. He directs the activities of the ministers, who are called here "Consejeros" or "Deputatos Forales". In 2009, the government of Navarre was formed by the Union of the People of Navarre (Unión del Pueblo Navarro) party.
The Accounts Chamber is the supreme control body of the autonomy. His task is to control the spending of budgetary funds.
Ombudsman (Defender of the People / Defensor del Pueblo - cast. / Ararteko - Euskadi). He, on the basis of the mandate of the Parliament of Navarre, controls the observance of the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens by local authorities.
Public order protection in the territory of the Comunidad Foral de Navarre carry out 4
types of police units:
The local police (policías locales), is subordinate to the municipal authorities;
National Police(Policía Nacional) - operates in major cities and is subordinate to the central government of Spain; 
Police Foral de Navarra(Policía Foral de Navarra / la Foruzaingoa) - the police of the autonomous region. Recently, there has been a tendency to expand the powers of this police force.
Civil Guard(Guardia Civil)
Curious statistics of crime and detection of cases in this region of Spain. On the one hand, in 2006, Navarre ranked 6th in terms of crime among all the autonomies of Spain, and on the other hand, in the same year, it was in last place in terms of their detection (32.6%) and the number of arrests (90 arrests per 1000 applications).
Transport in Navarre
Railway
Rail transport in Navarra is less developed than in other autonomous regions of Spain. On 2007
d. Navarra has 3 railway lines: Madrid - Irún / Hendaya (Madrid-Irún / Hendaya); Alsausa - Zaragoza (Alsasua-Zaragoza) and Bilbao - Castejon (Bilbao-Castejón). The total length of railway lines in Navarra is 175 km. Currently, the issue of building a high-speed rail line between Zaragasza and the main cities of the Basque Country is being decided. This branch should pass through Pamplona, along the so-called "Navarre Corridor". Construction work is expected to begin in 2011.
Currently, RENFE only uses TWO types of trains: intercity (Media Distancia or Regional Exprés) and long distance (Talgo). The main lines of intercity trains: Logrono - Castejón - Zaragoza (Logroño-Castejón-Zaragoza) and Castejon - Pamplona - Vitoria (Castejón-Pamplona-Vitoria).
The long-distance train Pamplona - Madrid (Talgo Altaria) leaves four times a day. Travel time is less 4
hours (on the Rikla-Madrid section, the tracks of the ABE high-speed train are used).
Car roads.
Navarra has a fairly extensive network of roads with a total length 3.886,44
km (data 2006
G.). All roads except expressway toll AP-68, are administered by the Government of Navarre. Modern multi-lane highways connect Pamplona with Logroño (Rioja), Vitoria and San Sebastian (Basque Country), Zaragoza (Aragon). There is a direct route from Pamplona to France. But, in order to get to Madrid, you will have to make a small detour either through Zaragoza or through Vitoria and Burgos. 
bus service- the main type of local public transport in Navarre, especially developed in the Pamplona region. Suburban and intercity buses of 18 transport companies depart from the bus station of the capital of Navarra.
Airports
The airport of Pamplona (Aeropuerto de Pamplona-Noáin) is located 6 km from the capital of Navarre.
Gastronomy of Navarre
Despite the strong influence of French, Basque and Aragonese cuisine, especially in the border areas, the gastronomy of Navarre has retained its originality. It should be noted that the culinary traditions of Navarre have deep historical roots. One of the first cookbooks of Navarre, Codex Calixtinus, appeared in XII V. 
The main components of Navarrese cuisine are: livestock meat, game and vegetables.
Pork is used to make sausage (choris de pamplona) and prepare various dishes, such as: chuletas de navarra, Magras a la Navarra And a la Pamplonesa.
Chistorra(la chistorra) is the acknowledged king of sausages in Navarre. Prepared from lamb cocifrito navarro And los chilindrones. Roast bull meat enjoys well-deserved fame. By the way, Navarra is an area of controlled origin of beef (DO - Ternera de Navarra / Nafarroako Aratxea).
Popular poultry dishes in the region include: quail in chocolate(perdices al chocolate) and Echalar pigeons(palomas de Echalar). Hare and rabbit are used as fillings for pies. Enjoys well-deserved fame trout in Navarrese(trucha a la navarra), served with jamon.
Asparagus, sweet peppers, abas (large beans), artichokes are often used in salads, side dishes and soups. 
In the Pyrenean valleys, the famous sheep cheeses are made: queso roncal(queso Roncal) and Idiazabal(Idiazabal). In these places there is a curious way of preparing scrambled eggs (huevos al estilo del Roncal). It is not fried, but baked in the oven along with sausage (chouriso).
Navarra is an area of controlled origin for wine(TO Navarre). Another very common drink in Navarre is pacharan(Pacharán), sloe berry liqueur (a type of plum with a very astringent taste). Some manufacturers add anise and coffee beans to pacharan. There is an opinion that this liquor has a positive effect on digestion. It is known that the Queen Blanca of Navarre, who suffered from a stomach ailment, took pacharan as a medicine. Pacharan is drunk with ice.
Traditions and Holidays of Navarre
The people of Navarre carefully preserve the rich traditions of their ancestors, and, in this regard, it is not out of place to recall that the fueros of Navarre put custom above written law.
Many generally accepted holidays throughout the Iberian Peninsula have their own characteristics in Navarre. For example, on Christmas night, someone named olencero(Olentzero) - a cheerful coal miner and drunkard who brings gifts to children. Other all-Spanish holidays are celebrated in the same unusual and original way: the Day of the Magi, Carnival, Holy Week and Easter.
