Mongols - the combined name of several peoples (Daurs, Oirats, Barga, Mongors, etc.), the bulk of which live on the territory of the Republic of Mongolia, part - in China. They are often associated with fierce warriors, conquerors of vast territories. And besides this, the Mongolian society was developed, had its own written language. How the descendants of nomads live today, and what traditions they still observe - in our material.
Where did the name "Mongols" come from?
Until now, the etymology of this word is the subject of controversy, since there are several versions, each of which has some basis. The most popular of them - the word "Mongol" comes presumably from "moŋg", which translates as brave.There is an assumption that the name has an analogy with the Mang River (Mang-kol) or the Mang Rock (Mang-qun), located in the place of residence of the tribes - nomads often chose their clan or tribal names in this way. There are also assumptions about the formation of the name from Mengwu - the Shiwei tribe, in honor of the name of the progenitor of the Borzhigids - Mang-qoljin-qo "a.
Some scholars believe that the "Mongol" consists of two bases, formed from the Turkic words "mengu" - immortal, eternal and "kol" - an army.
Mongolian way of life
Some of the tribes living on the territory of the Republic of Mongolia and northeast China united in the 13th century under the leadership of Genghis Khan and laid the foundation for the Mongolian ethnic community. The lifestyle and spiritual culture of the representatives of this nation is basically the same.
The Mongols are engaged in nomadic pastoralism, breeding cows, yaks, horses, sheep, goats, and camels. They give preference to those breeds that are able to provide everything necessary for cooking, housing and clothing.
The traditional food of the Mongols is meat, lamb is a priority. The most common dish is undercooked meat with a sauce that looks like rich thick broth.
Mistresses also make meat stocks - they smoke it, dry it in the sun, and process it into flour. One of the favorite treats of the Mongols are also steamed or boiled fat pies. He also eats vegetable soups. A wide variety of dairy products is a distinctive feature of Mongolian cuisine (different types of cheeses, butter, cottage cheese, koumiss, milk vodka). On the tables you can see dishes from wild cereals, berries, game.
Mongolian names and features of their origin
Mongolian names are distinctive, and each has a special meaning. Many of them mean objects of the surrounding world, natural phenomena, human qualities. In ancient times, women's names personified beauty, kindness, meekness, while men's - courage, strength, courage.Later they began to use names associated with the names of plants and flowers. This is especially true for female names - Sarnay (rose), Zambaga (magnolia), Saikhantsetseg (beautiful flower), Delbee (petal), Navchtsetseg (leaf flower) and others. Children were named depending on the day of the week on which they were born - Byam-batsetseg (Saturday-flower), Davaatsetseg (Monday-flower), or on individual qualities - Amartsetseg (Calm flower).
Mongol - the first emperor of the Chinese Yuan Dynasty
There are many interesting and little-known facts in the history of the Mongols. For example, long before China attacked and captured Mongolia, there was a period of time when China was in a conquered position. In the 13th century, this numerous nation was captured by the Mongol army led by the grandson of Genghis Khan - Khubilai. It was he who began to bear the title of the first emperor of the Chinese Yuan dynasty.
Ancient Mongols - talented mathematicians, astronomers and doctors
In ancient times, representatives of this nation created their own counting system, came up with names for numerals, fractions, introduced names for measures of length, weight, area, volume and time. The Mongolian people created their own monetary units and left a lot of complex riddles and logical tasks as a legacy, the solution of which requires a sharp mind and ingenuity.They also invented devices for performing mathematical operations - the Zurkhai board and the multiplication table. The Mongols were keenly interested in astronomy. They used mathematical knowledge to draw up calendars, calculate the locations of astronomical objects, the length of day and night, and determine human age. There is an opinion that the Mongolian nomads compiled an atlas in which all the heavenly stars were collected in 28 constellations.
Mongolian calendars are interesting - lunar, solar, stellar. Years in them were named after animals, the year of the monkey was considered the most difficult, and the cycle included 12 years. For chronology, the ancient Mongols used special boards - a board with 7 holes displayed the week, with the 12th - the year.
Until 1921, the treatment of people and animals in Mongolia was carried out exclusively with the help of folk methods. Ancient historians claim that medicine originated here in the Middle Ages. Historical notes mention plants and decoctions that saved from pain and healed wounds. The most famous person in medicine is the doctor Danzap-zhantsan (XVII century). He was the founder of the first medical school, the author of several books.
Mongolian doctors knew the properties of all plants, their places of growth and processing methods.
Shaking hands after trampling on the foot and other popular superstitions
The Mongols are a very superstitious people. In ancient times, signs, significant events were given special importance, and even now many take them seriously.A popular superstition is that if a person steps on the foot of another, then he should immediately shake his hand. If this is not done, then you can become enemies for life.
Mongolian horsemen always approach their horses exclusively from the left side, and from here they sit on horseback. This custom has become so entrenched among the people that even the horses are all accustomed to it. If you approach a horse from the right, this causes an aggressive reaction of the animal and can be dangerous for human health and life.
One of the biggest taboos in Mongolia is whistling indoors. People sincerely believe that such manipulations call into the house of evil spirits that bring misfortune and misfortune.
Beh is the favorite sport of the Mongols
Mongolian wrestling (beh) is the most popular sport in the republic. For many men, this is a significant part of life, as it symbolizes high status. If a boy is born in the family, relatives pray to heaven that he becomes a fighter. A purely male sport reflects strength, will, dexterity and ingenuity. Wrestlers dress in a special suit, an invariable part of which is an open shirt. There is an opinion that this style arose after a woman turned out to be one of the participants in the fights.
Where did the Mongols come from?
The story about the emergence of the Mongols should begin from the depths of centuries, not even from the Great Migration of Nations. The origins of the raging stream called the Mongols are in the III millennium BC, because if now Mongolia is the backyard of the world, then the territory of modern Mongolia was at least one of the centers of the world. In the III-II millennium BC. e. in the valley of the Yellow River, the formation of the ancient Chinese state, the semi-legendary Xia dynasty, took place. Around 1600 B.C. e. the dynasty was overthrown, the fugitives mixed with the Hanyun and Hunyu tribes on the northern outskirts of the Gobi, thus the ancestors of the Xiongnu appeared. There is a formalization of traditions, life, the emergence of nomadic cattle breeding. By the XIII century BC. e. the formation of the tribal system of the Xiongnu takes place. In July 823 B.C. e. The Xiongnu invaded China for the first time and captured the cities: Qiao, Hu, Hao, Fen, but were repulsed, as many times later due to weak weapons and organization, but continued massive raids. China at that time, as well as before the invasion of the Mongols a thousand years later, is heterogeneous, consists of many competing kingdoms and lands, including those inhabited by nomads. The unifier of China, Qin Shi Huang, drove the Xiongnu away from his borders and, in order to secure the state forever, during the period of the Warring States (475-221 BC) ordered the construction of the Great Wall (says a lot about the scale of the raids), although it took more resources than the Xiongnu plundered. The wall was not as gigantic and massive as the plots now show, just earthworks built by driving earth into the formwork with sticks and folding, a traditional and simple Chinese way of building walls.
In 201 BC. e. The leader of the Xiongnu Mode, having united the tribes, attacked China, weakened by another civil war, in 192 BC. e. he even proposed marriage to Empress Dowager Lü-hou. In 177 BC. e. Chzhuki-prince (the title of the Xiongnu) attacked China, then the Xiongnu annexed the lands of present-day East Turkestan, Usun and entered into an alliance with some clans of Tibetans-kyans, imposed tribute on many peoples. At the expense of fugitive Chinese officials, the Xiongnu created a complex state apparatus (like the future Mongolian one) and imposed tribute (like the Mongols) on everyone around them, continuing their raids on China, sometimes turning into real wars. The Chinese undertook a number of expeditions, attacked nomad camps, but suffered losses, while the Xiongnu, due to internal conflicts, weakened themselves, went into the allegiance of a growing China, and lost wars. In 80 BC. e. The Xiongnu, weakened by civil strife, attacked China, but the border guards were able to repulse the attack. The Hunnic state was falling apart from the inside, clans were at war with each other, everyone was tired of endless civil strife. The Chinese Empire counted on the fact that the defeat of the Xiongnu would allow all northern and many Western peoples known to the Chinese to be annexed to the Empire. The opposite happened: the collapse of the Xiongnu led to a war of all the tribes who wanted to achieve the same power as the former rulers of the steppes - the Xiongnu. Each tribe aspired to "dominion over the peoples" and was hostile to China. Two Xiongnu appeared: northern and southern. The northerners were opponents of China and the southerners, advocating the restoration of an independent power. The southerners were supporters of peace with China and agreed to the role of its vassals.
Everyone was slaughtered among themselves, until in 141 Tanshihuai was born from Xianbi - former tributaries of the Xiongnu. His mother claimed that he was conceived from a hailstone swallowed by her during a thunder, that is, his father was not a man. Tanshihuai did for the Xianbi what Mode once did for the Xiongnu: with firm power, he gathered clans into one state and fought with his neighbors. Tanshihuai plundered the Chinese border in the south, drove out the Dinlins in the north, defeated the army of Buyo, Usun in the west and seized the former Xiongnu lands. All conquests occurred in 10 years. The conquest of Southern Siberia took a little longer. But Tanshihuai did not adopt the Xiongnu model of the state. Instead of the generic principle, he introduced military democracy. Tanshihuai was just a leader for his warriors, he did not have the title of shanyu or otherwise, his commanders were appointed by him personally, regardless of origin, he plundered China and defeated his armies, but after his death, the Xianbei state finally collapsed in 235. After 155, there were no mentions of the northern Xiongnu, but in 350 in Europe they learned about the Huns - nomads from the depths of Asia, who terrified the settled peoples. In addition to the consonance of names, a number of categories of material culture indicate the genetic connection between the Huns and the Xiongnu of Central Asia, especially in the field of military affairs, a characteristic feature of which was the use of a compound bow. Here begins the Great Migration of Nations, but what do we see before that? Yes, almost a thousand-year-old tracing paper, which created all the tools necessary for the future Mongols: a nomadic lifestyle, Chinese officials in government, the scale of campaigns, lifestyle, weapons and tactics.
In European sources, the first mention of the Huns dates back to the 2nd century AD. e. and belong to the region in the eastern region of the Caspian Sea. In the 70s of the 4th century, the Huns conquered the Alans in the North Caucasus, and then defeated the Ostrogothic state of Germanarich. The Huns, led by Tsar Balamber, subjugated most of the Ostrogoths (they lived in the lower reaches of the Dnieper) and forced the Visigoths (who lived in the lower reaches of the Dniester) to retreat to Thrace (in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula, between the Aegean, Black and Marmara seas). Then, having passed through the Caucasus in 395, they devastated the Eastern Roman provinces of Syria and Cappadocia (in Asia Minor). Since that time, the main branch of the Huns settled in Pannonia (the Western Roman province on the right bank of the Danube, now the territory of Hungary) and Austria, raiding the Eastern Roman Empire from there (in relation to the Western Roman Empire until the middle of the 5th century, the Huns acted as allies in struggle against the Germanic tribes). By this time, an extremely diverse composition of Germanic and non-Germanic peoples was already in the Hunnic union: Bulgars, Ostrogoths, Heruli, Gepids, Sarmatians, etc. All conquered tribes were subject to tribute and were forced to participate in military campaigns. In 422 the Huns again attacked Thrace. The Eastern Roman emperor Theodosius II agreed to pay tribute to the Huns in the amount of 350 pounds of gold per year. In 445, the ruler Attila switched from the tactics of horse raids to the siege of cities and by 447 took 60 cities and fortified points in the Balkans, the territory of modern Greece and other provinces of the Roman Empire. In 451, in the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields in Gaul, the advance of the Huns to the west was stopped by the combined army of the Romans under the command of the commander Aetius and the Toulouse kingdom of the Visigoths. In 452, the Huns invaded Italy, sacking Aquileia, Milan and several other cities, but then retreated. After the death of Attila in 453, the strife that arose within the empire was taken advantage of by the conquered Gepids, who led the uprising of the Germanic tribes against the Huns. In 454, at the Battle of the Nedao River in Pannonia, the Huns were defeated and driven out to the Black Sea region. The attempts of the Huns to break through to the Balkan Peninsula in 469 were futile. The Huns quickly dissolved in the midst of other peoples who continued to continuously arrive from the east. However, their name was used for a long time by medieval authors as a common name for all the nomads of the Black Sea region, regardless of their real connections with the former Hunnic union. The next wave of the Great Migration of Nations was the appearance of the Ogur tribes in the 460s. and Savirs at the beginning of the VI century.
But back to China, there, in the meantime, and to the north, the formation of new empires was taking place. The period of the III-VI centuries was one of the most difficult in the history of China: after the fall of the Han dynasty (220 years) and the collapse of the empire, the state's economy experienced a sharp decline. There was a threat of an invasion of China by the hordes of the Turkic Khaganate. At the end of the 6th century, in the northern Chinese state of Northern Zhou (which succeeded Wei), Chinese and Sinicized Turkic aristocrats led by Yang Jian managed to come to power. Due to the negative attitude of most Chinese towards feudal fragmentation, as well as the will of the aristocracy to consolidate against external enemies and internal economic problems, Yang and his supporters were able to achieve the unification of the country with relative ease. In 581, Yang Jian was proclaimed emperor of the new Sui dynasty under the name Wendi. He became the first ruler in more than 300 years, whose power extended to the whole of China, after the overthrow of the Tang era came, it lasted from June 18, 618 to June 4, 907, the empire stretched from Manchuria to Thailand and from the Caspian Sea to the Pacific Ocean.
In the meantime, the Ashina family enters the scene, they lived in the Altai mountains, their number was estimated at several hundred families. It is believed that Ashina Asyanshe became a vassal of the Juran Khagan (a powerful state, but we will not talk about them for brevity). In the middle of the 5th century, the Ashins settled on the southern side of the Altai and began to mine iron for the Juan, it was the subjects of Ashin who later became known as the Turks. The very word "Turk" means "strong", "strong". In 545, the Teles tribes again rebelled against the Rourans, and Bumyn, the ruler of the Ashin Turks, became the head of the new state. In 551, he entered into an alliance with the Chinese kingdom of Western Wei and, having defeated the Rourans, took the title "ilkhan" ("ruler of the peoples"). The main forces of the Hephthalites were defeated by the Turks in 567 near Bukhara, after the conquest of Central Asia, the khanate began to control a significant part of the Great Silk Road. Kagan (khan) - the highest ruling person in the kaganate, military leader. As a result of negotiations with the Byzantine emperor Justin II, a trade agreement and a military treaty were signed against Iran, which was sitting on the Silk Road. After the conclusion of the Byzantine-Turkic alliance, Iran undertook to pay tribute to the Khaganate in the amount of 40 thousand gold dinars annually and not interfere with trade. In 575, Iran and Byzantium united against the Turks. In response to this, in 576, the Turkic troops defeated the vassal of Byzantium - the Cimmerian Bosporus, undertook victorious campaigns in the Crimea and the Western Caucasus. Thanks to these conquests, the khanate began to control all the important sections of the Great Silk Road, which provided the Turkic nobility with huge profits from caravan trade. The borders of the kaganate stretched from the Black Sea to the almost Pacific Ocean, from Baikal to Tibet. After the death of Tobo Khan in 581, the Turkic Khaganate was traditionally weakened, internecine wars, China's offensive on the borders of the Khaganate, and wars with neighboring countries.
In 603, the Turkic Khaganate broke up into the Western Turkic Khaganate and the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. The Eastern Turkic Khaganate had long common borders with China and waged frequent wars, located approximately on the territory of modern Mongolia. Several major battles in which the Khaganate won victories took place at the end of the 7th century and in the first half of the 8th century. In 630, the Tang Empire captured the Eastern Khaganate. After the defeat in 744 in the battle with the Uyghurs under the leadership of Khan Moyun-Chur, the Uighur Khaganate arose on the lands of the Eastern Khaganate, which existed from 744 to 840. The Western Khaganate included Kazakhstan, Central Asia, the North Caucasus, Crimea, the Urals and the Volga region. The kaganate reached its peak of power during the reign of Shegui-kagan (in 610-618) and his younger brother Ton-yabgu-kagan (in 618-630). New campaigns in Tokharistan and Afghanistan pushed the borders of the state to northwestern India. The Kaganate represented a unified system of predominantly nomadic and semi-nomadic ways of running a nomadic economy and a settled agricultural type of management. Completely collapsed in 704, but played an important role in the consolidation of the Turkic-speaking population of Eurasia and contributed to the further development of ethnic groups, which later formed the basis of modern Turkic-speaking peoples.
The favorite weapon of the Turks: bows with arrows, spears, sabers, broadswords, often use the armor of a rider and a horse. Death in battle was considered the best death for a man. The main occupation of the Turkuts was nomadic cattle breeding, as well as hunting for herbivores, which was in the nature of a round-up due to the large number of herds of steppe animals. The main food of the Turks was meat, their favorite drink was koumiss. Clothing and tents were made from animal skins. The Turks also made felt and woolen fabrics. The main livestock were sheep and horses. The main economic unit was the steam (ail) family. The Turkyuts mastered the industrial extraction of iron. The method of obtaining iron was raw. The development of metallurgy allowed the Turkut khans to re-equip their army. That is, the Mongols, five hundred years before them, developed and tested in detail their way of life and weapons.
The history of the Khitans has been recorded for certain since the 4th century. In the VI century. the Khitans became part of the steppe empire of the Turks, then they alternately act as allies and aggressors in relation to the Chinese Tang empire. The Khitans lived relatively peacefully in the first half of the 9th century. Relations with the Tang Empire began to cool as the Khitans and Uighurs drew closer, but the alliance did not work out: the Khitans declared themselves tributaries to them, but in 842 they again switched to the Chinese side. The main features of the social structure of the pre-imperial period in the history of the Khitans: the existence of ordo - squads under each of the rulers, the absence of a capital or any permanent residence of the Khitan leaders. Like the Jurchens later, the Khitans preferred to change residences depending on the onset of the fishing and hunting seasons (celebrated, respectively, by the rituals of catching the first fish and the first wild goose). In 947, the new state was named the Great Liao, in 983 - the Great Khitan State, in 1066 - again the Great Liao. Actively gaining ground on the northern borders of China, the Khitans seized part of its territories (“Sixteen Districts”). The foundations of government in the Liao state were created by the Chinese and Koreans, writing was created on the basis of Chinese characters and Chinese writing elements, cities, crafts, and trade developed. From the end of the 11th century, the Liao state fell into decline, and in 1125 it was destroyed by the Jurchens and the Chinese. Part of the Khitan nobility (Karakidan, or Karakitai) goes to Central Asia, where a small Karakitay state, Western Liao (1124-1211), was formed in the region of the Talas and Shu rivers.
The unification of the Jurchen tribes caused alarm among the Khitan, who by all means prevented the unification of the Jurchens. The intervention of the Khitan Liao in Jurchen affairs led the tribes to plot a war against the Khitan state. The mobile Jurchen cavalry prevailed over the huge but poorly prepared Khitan army. The weakened Khitan empire was finally defeated in 1125, the last Khitan emperor was captured by the Jurchens. In 1125, two Jurchen armies launched an offensive against the Song Empire. The Chinese armies were huge, but consisted mainly of infantry, which could not fight on an equal footing with the Jurchen cavalry. In 1127, the Jurchens captured Kaifeng, incorporating northern China into their state. In 1191, the ban on marriages between Chinese and Jurchen families was officially lifted, which significantly accelerated the process of Sinicization of the latter.
live in China, Russia and Mongolia. O about 10 million people consider themselves to be Mongols. Most of them live in Mongolia and Chinese regions. In Russia, the Mongols can be found in Kalmykia, Buryatia, in the Trans-Baikal Territory. The modern territory of Mongolia extends over 156 thousand square kilometers. km. However, the population density is low: about 2.5 million people live in the open spaces of Mongolia. The national language, respectively, is Mongolian and the main population is the Mongols. In addition to them, bytes live here. There are about 20 ethnic groups in Mongolia, the most numerous are Khalkha Mongols. The territory of the formation of the ethnic group Khalkha belongs to the interfluve Onona and Kerulena.
From Genghis Khan to the Republic
The Europeans regarded the Mongols as one of the harshest conquerors in the world. The history of this nation began in the 11th century, when the first principalities arose. The wise leader Temujin created a powerful union in the 13th century, uniting the Mongol tribes. For far-sighted wisdom, the grateful Mongols called their leader the Great, which sounded like Genghis Khan. The most important territorial conquests are connected with the era of Genghis Khan's reign. So China, Persia and Kievan Rus submitted to the conquerors. But as soon as the Mongols were left without a leader, all the former glory and power began to wane. In 1480, the Moscow principality enslaved the Mongols and captured most of their lands. The main dates in the history of the Mongolian state were 1924 (formation Mongolian People's Republic) and 1991 ( Republic of Mongolia).
Life and customs of the Mongols
The Mongols were not settled tribes, so they constantly moved across the endless steppes. nomadic lifestyle left an imprint on the spiritual and cultural image of the people. In order to feed themselves in the harsh steppes, cattle were actively bred. As soon as the pastures were empty, the Mongolian families gathered their belongings and set off on a journey in search of new places to feed their livestock. Due to frequent relocations, the Mongols did not have solid dwellings. National yurt " ger was dismantled and erected in a short time. There were two rooms inside the felt hut: the men's area and the women's room. It was possible to eat food only with the right hand, as the locals considered the left to be unclean. The Mongols also love to warm themselves over a cup of fragrant tea. The love for this drink is directly related to the territorial proximity to China. Mongolian tea is specific, milk is added to it and brewed specially for the arrival of the guest. Roots and herbs are used in tea.
In the simple complex - the culture of the Mongols
The religious culture of the Mongolian people is a complex system of centuries-old beliefs and rituals. The ancestors of the Mongols deified natural objects. The sky was especially revered. In the mythical representations of the ethnos, Heaven was an intermediary between the higher world and ordinary everyday existence. Stones are another holy element of this people. Firmness, power and steadfastness of faith were associated with mountains, stones, earth. The tradition of erecting stone pyramids among the Mongols is called ovo. A pile of stones and the energy received from the construction of such a structure are perceived with respect by the Mongols. There is no noise near Ovo, they practically do not talk, because this is a place for freedom of thought. To destroy the sacred pyramid is a great sin. The Mongols treat fire with no less respect. A bonfire, like a family hearth, gathers loved ones around and drives away evil spirits. The flames of a fire are not filled with water, do not touch the edge of a knife. Old and dirty clothes, unnecessary garbage are never burned, so as not to offend the Spirit of Fire.
In a Mongolian yurt
In the Mongolian yurt, although everything is simple, it is quite exotic for any tourist. Bright national clothes, amulets, hospitality of the owner of the yurt captivates any guest. The descendants of Genghis Khan are friendly with everyone who came to their house. If help is needed, the Mongolian will provide it in full and will never ask for payment for it. But, if you are going to visit the yurt, take gifts with you. When you meet, the host will show you where to sit. Do not give all souvenirs at once. It is customary for the Mongols to stretch this pleasure. Give gifts in stages, first give a gift to the owner, after a while to the keeper of the hearth, and finally to the noisy kids. An exciting sight to watch the mass dances. To the national music, the Mongols can perform a national dance, which is more like a ritual, a hunting dance or a hunter's ritual.
The country has the richest natural resources and interesting architectural monuments. Tourists are happy to go on a journey to touch the past of the Golden Horde..
In Mongolia (Outer Mongolia) - 3 million
In Inner Mongolia (PRC) - 3 million
30 million people with Mongolian roots live in India
In Nepal - 10 million
Afghan Hazaras or Mingats - 5 million
Iranian Hazaras or Mingats - 1 million
Pakistani Hazaras or Mingats - 600 thousand
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China - 200 thousand (this is approximately 0.8% of the total population of China)
How many Buryats are there?
There are about 550,000 ethnic Buryats around the world.
461,389 people live in Russia (according to the All-Russian Census of 2010)
Republic of Buryatia - 286,839
Irkutsk region - 77,667
Trans-Baikal Territory - 73,941
Buryats living in Mongolia - 45,087
Buryats living in China - 10 thousand
Mongols living near Khukhe-nuur (Kukunur) - approx. 200 thousand
Dongxiang people (residence in China)- these are the descendants of the great army of Genghis Khan, who remained in the conquered lands. In 1227, Genghis Khan set off on his last campaign against the state of Tangut. During the campaign, the great commander decided to leave his wounded soldiers on the banks of the Khatan River. This is today's Dongxiang, the descendants of those remaining wounded soldiers. Today the number of small people is 541 thousand people. The language belongs to the Mongolian dialect of the Altaic language family.
The so-called tsastyn - "mountain" Khalkha. These are settlers who migrated from the western aimags of Mongolia after 1910. Their number today is about 4 thousand people.
Also around the world live Tatars or descendants of the khan of the state of Ikh Nirun. The exact number has not been established.
live in Russia Tuvans in 17 khoshuns. Their number is 310,460
69 thousand representatives of the Mongolian nation live in the Altai Territory.
Republic of Kalmykia - 183,372 people (according to the 2010 All-Russian Census).
Also a large diaspora Kalmyk live in the USA. The history of their resettlement can be found in this video.
Thus, the Mongolian tribes are settled in almost all corners of the world. There are other small nationalities that are not included in the list.
This spread is due to several factors:
Separation of the already existing borders of the once united Mongolian state
Some conquerors remained in the places where they were born during the great conquests
Basically, these are the descendants of the khan families of governors, commanders and warriors
Resettlement for various historical, geopolitical and other reasons
In other words, Mongolian-speaking tribes and nationalities live in an area of 33 million square meters from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. In total, the Mongolian world has about 55 million people.
