Pablo Picasso boy leading a horse. Biography of Pablo Picasso

Pablo Picasso - great Spanish artist, cubist, sculptor, artist, remembered for the unique style of his paintings and trendsetter of the subsequent fashion for art. The full name of this brilliant artist is Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuseno Maria de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santisima Trinidad Martir Patricio Ruiz.

Picasso worked very hard and, in tandem with George Braque, founded the so-called style of painting - cubism. There is no doubt that he had a considerable influence on all the art that followed him, since he still has many imitators and students who follow his work.

Pablo Picasso's earliest painting is Picador, which was painted at the age of 8. He learned to draw Picasso from his father, who was an art teacher. Then he studied at various art schools, among which were such as: the school of fine arts in Barcelona, ​​the school in A Coruña. The first exhibition of works took place in Barcelona in June 1989, in the cafe "Els Quatre Gats". Pablo met with the work of the Impressionists later, after he left for Paris. Already here, after the suicide of his best friend and due to some depression in his life, a period occurs, which later all the art critics of the world will call " blue period". This style will develop already in Barcelona, ​​when the artist returns. This period in the life of Picasso's paintings is characterized by despondency, the expression of death and old age, depression, melancholy, sadness. Works that belong to the blue period are Absinthe Drinker, Date, Beggar old man with a boy. It was also called blue because of the predominance of blue shades in the paintings of this period.

In 1904, when the great Spanish artist settles in Paris in a hostel for poor artists, the blue period gives way to pink, in which mourning and images of death give way to more vital scenes from the theater, stories of the life of itinerant comedians, the life of actors and acrobats. Pink shades prevailed in his paintings, which is why they got the name “pink period”.

As mentioned earlier with George Braque, somewhere around 1907 he becomes the founder of Cubism due to the fact that he moved in his work from the image to the analysis of form and components. Cubism in all its manner rejected naturalism and, according to many art historians, was inspired by Pablo Picasso as a result of his passion for African sculpture, which is distinguished by its angularity, grotesque advancement of forms, and characteristic ornament. African sculpture generally influenced many trends in fine art, for example, in addition to Picasso, it helped Matisse create Fauvism.

In 1925, pink and cheerful paintings were replaced by the most difficult and difficult period in the artist's life. Cubism develops into absolutely surreal and surreal images. His monsters and creatures, screaming and torn to pieces, are inspired by the revolution of surrealism that broke out then in painting and literature. Then there was the fear of fascism that hung over the whole of Europe, which also influenced the work of Pablo: Fishing at night in Antibes, Maya and her doll, Guernica. One well-known story is connected with the last picture, which depicts the horrors of war. Once a Nazi officer, seeing a photograph of Guernica, asked Picasso: "Did you do this?" To which he replied: "You did this!"

After the war, a new mood takes possession of him, as a series of pleasant events: love for Francoise Gilot, the birth of two children, gives him a happy and bright period in his work, inhabited by life, family, happiness.

Pablo Ruiz Picasso died in 1973 at his villa in France. The great artist was buried near the castle, which belonged to him personally and was called Vovenart.

Pablo Picasso paintings

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In 1892-1895 he studied at the School of Fine Arts in A Coruña, in 1895-1897 - at the School of Fine Arts in Barcelona, ​​where he received a gold medal for the painting "Science and Charity" (1897).

In 1950, Picasso was elected to the World Peace Council.

In the 1950s, the artist painted many variations on the theme of famous masters of the past, resorting to the cubist style of writing: "Algerian women. According to Delacroix" (1955), "Breakfast on the grass. According to Manet" (1960), "Girls on the banks of the Seine. According to Courbet" (1950), "Menins. According to Velazquez" (1957).

In 1958, Picasso created the composition "The Fall of Icarus" for the Paris building of UNESCO.

In the 1960s, Picasso created a monumental sculpture 15 meters high for a community center in Chicago.

- one of the most "expensive" artists in the world - the estimate (pre-sale estimate) of his work exceeds hundreds of millions of dollars.

Pablo Picasso was married twice. In 1918, he married Olga Khokhlova (1891-1955), a ballerina from the Diaghilev troupe. In this marriage, the artist had a son, Paul (1921-1975). After Olga's death in 1961, the artist married Jacqueline Rock (1927-1986). Picasso also had illegitimate children - daughter Maya from Marie-Thérèse Walter, son Claude and daughter Paloma from the artist Francoise Gilot.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

From the site http://www.pablo-ruiz-picasso.ru/

Biography

1. Childhood and years of study (1881-1900)

Pablo Picasso was born on October 25, 1881 in the city of Malaga, the Andalusian province of Spain. At baptism, Picasso received the full name of Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuseno Maria de los Remedios Crispin Crispignano de la Santisima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso - which, according to Spanish custom, was a series of names of revered saints and relatives of the family. Picasso is the mother's surname, which Pablo took, because his father's surname seemed too ordinary to him, besides, Picasso's father, Jose Ruiz, was himself an artist.

Pablo showed early talent for drawing. Already from the age of 7, he studied with his father the technique of drawing, who at first instructed him to finish the paws of pigeons in his paintings. But one day, having entrusted the thirteen-year-old Pablo to finish a rather large still life, he was so amazed by his son’s technique that, according to legend, he quit painting himself.

At the age of 13, Pablo Picasso brilliantly entered the Barcelona Academy of Fine Arts. It took Picasso a week to prepare for the exam, which usually took students a month. He impressed the commission with his skill and was accepted into the Academy despite his young age. Picasso's father, together with his uncle, decided to send Pablo to the San Fernando Academy in Madrid, which at that time was considered the most advanced art school in all of Spain. So, Pablo in 1897 at the age of 16 came to Madrid. However, classes at the School of Art did not last long, less than a year, and Pablo was captured by all the other charms of Madrid life, as well as by studying the works of the artists that impressed him then - Diego Velazquez, Francisco Goya, and especially El Greco.

Portrait of the artist's mother, 1896

A collection of Picasso's early works is located in Barcelona, ​​at the Picasso Museum. The most famous of them: "First Communion" (1896) - a large painting depicting Picasso's sister Lola, "Self-Portrait" (1896), "Portrait of a Mother" (1896). Already an adult and once visiting an exhibition of children's drawings, Picasso said: "At their age, I drew like Raphael, but it took me a lifetime to learn how to draw like them."

While studying in Madrid, Picasso made his first tour to Paris - the then recognized European capital of the arts. There, for several months, he visited all museums without exception, studying the paintings of the great masters: Delacroix, Toulouse-Lautrec, Van Gogh, Gauguin and many others. He was also fond of the art of the Phoenicians and Egyptians, Gothic sculpture, Japanese engraving. Pablo was interested in absolutely everything. Then, in the first years of his life in Paris, he met the art collector and dealer Ambroise Vollard, the poets Max Jacob and Guillaume Apollinaire, and many others. He revisited Paris in 1901 and 1902, and had finally moved there by 1904.
2. "Blue" period (1901-1904)

Life 1903

The "blue" period includes works created between 1901 and 1904. Gray-blue and blue-green deep cold colors, colors of sadness and despondency, are constantly present in them. Picasso called blue "the color of all colors". Frequent subjects of these paintings are emaciated mothers with children, vagabonds, beggars, and the blind. The most famous works of this period: "Life" (1903), "Breakfast of the Blind" (1903), "Meager Meal" (1904), "Absinthe Drinker" (1901), "Date" (1902), "Mother and Child" ( 1903), "The beggar old man with the boy" (1903, "Ironer" (1904), "Two" (1904).

3. "Pink" period (1904 - 1906)

Harlequin sitting on a red bench, 1905
paper, ink, watercolor

The "pink period" is characterized by more cheerful tones - ocher and pink, as well as stable image themes - harlequins, itinerant actors, acrobats ("Family of comedians" (1905), "Acrobat and young Harlequin" (1905), "Jester" (1905) Fascinated by the comedians who became the models for his paintings, he often visited the Medrano circus, at which time the harlequin is Picasso's favorite character.In 1904, Picasso met the model Fernando Olivier, who inspired him to create many significant works of this period.They lived in the center of the bohemian Parisian life and Mecca of Parisian artists Bato Lavoir.This strange dilapidated building with dark stairs and winding corridors was the home of a very motley company: artists, poets, merchants, janitors ... Here, in perfect poverty on the verge of poverty and indescribable creative disorder, Picasso constantly wrote his Fernanda and looked for his own way.

The famous "Girl on a ball" (1905) is attributed to the transitional paintings between the "blue" and "pink" periods. The artist plays on the contrast and balance of forms or lines, heaviness and lightness, stability-instability. Also at the end of the "pink period" appeared "antique" paintings - "Boy leading a horse" (1906), "Girl with a goat" (1906) and others.
4. "African" period (1907 - 1909)

Girls of Avignon 1907
canvas, oil

In 1906, Picasso worked on a portrait of Gertrude Stein. He rewrote it about eighty times and, according to the memoirs of Gertrude Stein herself, in the end, Picasso said to her in a rage: "I stopped seeing you when I look at you." and left work on the portrait. This was a turning point in his work, and from here began the path of Picasso from the image of specific people to the image of a person as such and to form as an independent structure. Picasso needed confirmation of his path in the general development of world art and new impressions to gain new creative energy, and the discovery by the science of that time of a whole layer of African culture served as an impetus for the artist's work. He was especially interested in African sculpture and masks, he considered them endowed with magical powers and found in them a sensual simplicity of forms. Most likely it was these "African influences" that determined the final version of the portrait.

In 1907, the famous "Girls of Avignon" appeared. The artist worked on them for more than a year - for a long time and carefully, as he had not worked on his other paintings before. The first reaction of the public is shock. Matisse was furious. Even most of my friends didn't accept this job. "It feels like you wanted to feed us tow or drink gasoline," said the artist Georges Braque, Picasso's new friend. The scandalous painting, whose name was given by the poet A. Salmon, was the first step in painting on the path to cubism, and many art critics consider it the starting point of modern art.

5. Cubism (1909 - 1917)

Three musicians or masked musicians, 1921

Nude, 1909
canvas, oil

Woman with a fan, 1908
canvas, oil

In the "cubic" period of Picasso there are several stages. "Cezanne" cubism, represented in the works "Can and Bowls" (1908), "Three Women" (1908), "Woman with a Fan" (1909) and others, is characterized by "Cezanne" tones - ocher, greenish, brown, but more blurry, muddy and the use of simple geometric shapes from which the image is built. "Analytical" cubism: the object is divided into small parts, which are clearly separated from each other, the object form seems to blur on the canvas. "Portrait of Ambroise Vollard" (1910), "Factory in Horta de San Juan" (1909), "Portrait of Fernanda Olivier" (1909), "Portrait of Kahnweiler" (1910). At the stage of "synthetic" cubism, Picasso's works take on a decorative and contrasting character. The paintings depict mostly still lifes with various objects: musical instruments, notes, bottles of wine, smoking pipes, cutlery, posters ... Also, fearing the transformation of cubism into purely abstract aesthetic exercises, understandable only to a narrow circle, Picasso and Braque used in their works of real objects: wallpaper, sand, ropes, etc. Works of the "synthetic" period: "Still life with a wicker chair" (1911-1912), Bottle of Pernod (table in a cafe) "(1912)" Violin and guitar "(1913).

Despite the rejection of Cubism by the majority, Picasso's paintings are very well bought. The miserable existence is finally ending, and in September 1909 Pablo and Fernanda moved into a spacious and bright studio at 11 Clichy. Matisse, Cezanne, Rousseau, a collection of African masks... He always said that he was terrified of harmony and good taste. He bought things he liked without caring how they looked together.

In the autumn of 1911, Picasso broke up with Fernanda. His new muse was Eva (Marcel Humbert), with whom he lived and created his cubic works in Montparnasse and Avignon. One of the works dedicated to Eve is "Nude, I love Eve" (1912). Then came the sad years: war, mobilization and parting with many friends, an unexpected illness and the tragic death of Eva.

6. Neoclassicism (1918 - 1925)

seated harlequin, 1923
canvas, oil

In the spring of 1917, the poet Jean Cocteau, who collaborated with Sergei Diaghilev, invited Picasso to sketch costumes and scenery for the future ballet. The artist went to work in Rome, where he fell in love with one of the dancers of the Diaghilev troupe - Olga Khokhlova. They married in 1918, and in 1921 their son Paul was born.

At this time, his canvases are very far from cubism; on them: clear and understandable forms, light colors, regular faces. The most expressive picture of these years - "Portrait of Olga in an armchair" (1917). Picasso was widely criticized for his change of style, as he had previously been criticized for cubism. He responded to these accusations in an interview: "Whenever I want to say something, I speak in the manner in which, in my opinion, it should be said." Other paintings of the "realistic" period: "Bathers" (1918), "Women running along the beach" (1922), "Children's portrait of Paul Picasso" (1923).

7. Surrealism (1925 - 1936)

nude on the beach, 1929
canvas, oil

"Beauty will be convulsive, or it will not be" - said Andre Breton, the founder of surrealism, a movement in art that aimed to comprehend the true depths of artistic creativity through penetration into the world of dreams and the unconscious.
In 1925, Picasso painted the painting "Dance". Aggressive, painful, with deformed figures, it reflects a difficult period in the artist's family life and at the same time proclaims a new turning point in his work. Picasso is close to the surrealists, but he always has his own way.
Works of this period: "Bather opening the cabin" (1928), "Figures on the beach" (1931), "Woman with a flower" (1932), etc.

On a cold January day in 1927, Picasso met the seventeen-year-old Maria Theresa Walter. He purchased the Château de Bouagelou for her, and there she became his sole model and the heroine of several of his famous works, such as Mirror (1932, private collection), Girl in front of a Mirror, (1932, Museum of Modern Art, New York); the sculpture "Woman with a Vase" was also made from it (now this sculpture stands on the grave of the artist)). In 1935, Maria Teresa gave birth to a daughter, Maya, but by 1936 Picasso had separated from both women, although he was not officially divorced from Olga Khokhlova until her death in 1955.

In the years 1930-1934, Picasso is fond of sculpture and creates a number of sculptural works in the spirit of surrealism: "Reclining Woman" (1932), "Man with a Bouquet" (1934), and with the help of his Spanish sculptor friend Julio Gonzalez, he constructs various metal abstract structures . In the same 30s. he creates a number of engravings-illustrations for Ovid's "Metamorphoses" (1930) and the works of Aristophanes (1934), indicating that the classics have always been a strong source of inspiration for him.

8. War in Spain. Guernica. World War II (1937-1945)

Guernica 1937
canvas, oil

Since the 1930s, such a key theme and image for him as a bull, the Minotaur, has appeared in the work of Picasso. The artist creates a number of works with this character ("Minotauromachia", 1935), while Picasso interprets the myth of the Minotaur in his own way. For Picasso, the bull, the Minotaur are destructive forces, war and death.
The apogee of the development of this theme was Picasso's famous painting "Guernica" (1937). Guernica is a small Basque town in northern Spain, almost wiped off the face of the earth by German aircraft on May 1, 1937. This huge (almost eight meters long and three and a half high) monochrome (black, white, gray) painting was first exhibited in the Republican Pavilion of Spain at the World Exhibition in Paris.
One day the Gestapo ransacked Picasso's house. A Nazi officer, seeing a photograph of Guernica on the table, asked: "Did you do that?" "No," the artist replied, "you did it."
In the same period, a series of monsters "Dreams and Lies of General Franco" (1937) was created (in 1936, during the Spanish Civil War, Picasso supported the Republicans and opposed the supporters of General Franco) and a number of paintings on similar topics: "Night fishing on Antibach" (1939), "Weeping Woman" (1937) (he painted the last picture with Dora Maar, a Yugoslav woman photographer whom Picasso met in 1936; she became famous for capturing the stages of Picasso's work on "Guernica").

During the Second World War, Picasso lives in France, where he becomes close to the Communist members of the Resistance (in 1944, Picasso even joins the French Communist Party). At this time, he creates such paintings with the same leitmotif of a bull, war and death: "Still Life with a Bull's Skull" (1942), "Morning Serenade" (1942, National Museum of Modern Art, Center Pompidou, Paris), "Slaughterhouse" ( 1944-1945, Museum of Modern Art, New York) and the sculpture Man with a Lamb (1944), which was subsequently installed in front of an old Romanesque cathedral on the market square of Vallauris in southern France.
9. Post-war period (1945 - 1960e)
Already in peacetime, in 1946, Picasso made a picturesque ensemble of 27 panels and paintings for the castle of the Grimaldi princely family in Antibes, a resort town on the Mediterranean coast of France. The panel in the first room is called "The Joy of Being" and the whole series is designed in the same spirit of harmony with nature and being - images of fauns, naked girls, centaurs, fairy-tale creatures ...

portrait of Francoise, 1946
paper, pencil

In 1946, Picasso met the young artist Francoise Gilot and moved with her to the Grimaldi castle. Francoise soon gives him a son, Claude, and a daughter, Paloma. The painting "Flower Woman" is dedicated to Francoise. (In 1953, Françoise ran away from Picasso with two children because of his complex nature and constant betrayals, the artist was very upset by this separation, which was reflected in a number of his works of that time - for example, in a series of ink drawings depicting a disgusting old dwarf in buffoonery contrasting with young and beautiful girl).

In 1949, Picasso painted his famous "Dove of Peace" on the poster of the World Peace Congress in Paris, and in 1951 he created the political painting "Massacre in Korea" (Picasso Museum, Paris). Since 1947, Picasso has been living in the south of France, in the city of Vallauris, where in 1952 he paints the walls of the old chapel with allegorical symbols of war and peace, and he himself calls it all the “Temple of Peace”. In Vallauris, Picasso took up ceramics. He creates his favorite characters - centaurs, fauns, bulls, doves, women, makes anthropomorphic jugs. Until now, in this town in the south of France, the so-called "ceramic workshops" have been preserved, which continue to keep the Picasso brand and replicate the products invented by the artist. In 1958, the already recognized and illustrious artist created the monumental composition "The Fall of Icarus" for the UNESCO building in Paris. In 1961, almost 80-year-old Picasso marries 34-year-old beauty Jacqueline Rock. She inspires him to create a series of portraits that show her chiseled sphinx profile. For her and himself, he buys a villa in Cannes.
10. Recent years (late 60s - 1973)

In the 1960s, Picasso wrote various variations on the themes of famous masters - Velasquez, Goya, Manet in a free, scandalous cubist manner: "Girls on the banks of the Seine. According to Courbet" (1950, Art Museum, Basel), "Algerian women. According to Delacroix" (1955), "Menins. According to Velazquez" (1957), "Breakfast on the Grass. According to Manet" (1960).

Also in his later work, the artist often turns to a female portrait (portraits of Jacqueline Roque). Jacqueline remains the last and faithful woman of Picasso and takes care of him, already sick, blind and hard of hearing, until his death. Picasso died on April 8, 1973 at the age of 92, a multimillionaire, in the city of Mougins in France and was buried near the Vauvenargues castle that belonged to him. He left behind more than 80 thousand works (according to other sources, about 20 thousand). Picasso himself spoke about death like this: "I think about Death all the time. She is just a woman who will never leave me." Even during the life of the artist, in 1970 the Picasso Museum in Barcelona was opened (paintings for this museum were transferred by Picasso himself), and in 1985, through the efforts of the artist's heirs, the Picasso Museum in Paris was already created, with more than 200 paintings, more than 150 sculptures and several thousand drawings, collages, prints, documents.

The work of Picasso radically influenced the development of art and culture throughout the 20th century. And at world auctions, more and more new, still little-known works of the famous master from his vast heritage are still being found and put up for sale.

"Self-portrait". 1972

Technique: Colored pencils

Collection: Tokyo, Fuji Television Gallery

1906

Technique: Oil on canvas

More works of the year

Comments

Alexandra, Vladivostok
January 05
in my opinion, the image of a horse is the image of a woman, a girl. if you squint, see how the light skin of the horse contrasts with the swarthyness of the boy. and the refinement and harmony of the front legs of the horse create the image of female hips. the boy's hand rests somewhere on the "pubis" of this image. it feels like this hand is reaching out from the "belly" of the image of a woman, born from there ...

2011

Mark, St. Petersburg
March 06
great picture. Picasso could draw in any style. I like the more realistic style.

Margarita, Kirov
February 22
perhaps, I will make a copy of this picture .. fascinating))

Natalia, Moscow
January 21
Stanislav, you gave me the idea that perhaps the idea of ​​the picture is simple sincerity, which, without any tricks and difficulties, without effort and violence, can lead to, interest, make a true leader. The horse feels strength, but does not obey, namely, he wants to follow the boy

Stanislav,
January 11
It is surprising that the boy seems to be holding the horse by the reins, but in fact there are none.

2010

Anna, Novosibirsk
12 December
Probably, Picasso wanted to convey the primordial purity of a person, free from all material things. The artist removes the superfluous from him, puts him on a par with a bareback horse, thereby debunking the idea of ​​him as the "crown of nature".

Alexander, Almaty
December 08
Amazingly harmonious composition!

Valentina Borkovskaya, Ryazan
The 25th of January
Great picture. Both the horse and the boy are alive.

One of the most controversial figures in contemporary art, one who constantly changed, not imitating anyone, carrying the world of art along with him, from the classical canons of the beauty of lines and composition to the complete deformation of space.

Knowledge and Mercy, 1897

Salon Prado, 1897

From an early age, Picasso began to show promise as a future great artist, in which his mother tirelessly supported him, and his father, as a teacher of painting, helped to master the basics of skill.

Pablo with his sister Lola, 1889

Throughout Picasso's training, his sister was a constant model for paintings. He painted many of her portraits.

The Artist's Sister Lola, 1900

yellow picador

This painting is considered one of the first paintings by Picasso, which the boy painted under the impression of a bullfight. Bullfighting remained his passion all his life.

Bullfight, 1901

Bullfight, or the death of a matador, 1933

By the way, the real name of the artist is Pablo Diego Jose Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuseno Maria de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santisima Trinidad Martir Patricio Clito Ruiz and Picasso, but since Ruiz is one of the most common surnames in Spain, Pablo left the surname after Picasso's mother. If you listen to the sounds, then associations with picador(from picar- prick) and bullfighting, and you will be right!

But this is a participant in a bullfight on a horse, armed with a special pike, with which he strikes at the scruff of a fighting bull in order to weaken the muscles of his neck and make sure he reacts to pain. And what else, Picasso's passion for this cruel, but no less exciting duel between two creatures, unites him with one of the most famous artists Francisco de Goya, who also gravitated towards this action, seeing something primitive, bewitching.

Francisco de Goya "Picador"

Francisco de Goya, The Death of a Picador, 1793

Pablo was inspired by the work of many great masters, like El Greco, Velasquez, Rembrandt, Cranach, Poussin, Ingres, Titian, Courbet, Delacroix, Cezanne, Gauguin, Renoir, Manet. He copied and then created portraits in the style of great masters and could be quite a traditional artist, a high-class realist, but, as he later said, “it is pointless to duplicate the visible world in your paintings.”

Pablo Picasso: "Art is a lie leading to truth."

Pablo Picasso, The Rape of the Sabine Women, 1963

Pablo Picasso, The Rape of the Sabine Women, 1962

Pablo Picasso, The Rape of the Sabine Women, 1962

Peter Paul Rubens "The Rape of the Sabine Women"

Nicolas Poussin "The Rape of the Sabine Women", 1537. Louvre, Paris

Las Meninas (after Velasquez), 1957

Another option.

Comparable to original painting Diego Velázquez Las Meninas (1656).

Picasso studied the work of many of his predecessors, but perhaps no painting of the past received such attention as "Breakfast on the Grass" by Édouard Manet. Within two years (1961-1962) Pablo Picasso created 26 paintings (14 of them in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris), six linocuts and 140 drawings of his versions of Manet's painting.

Edouard Manet "Luncheon on the Grass", 1863

But even at the age of 12, Pablo painted like this ...

Male torso, plaster, 1893

At the age of 15, he enters the Madrid Academy of Arts, the most prestigious art institution in the country, but after six months of study he realizes that he is not getting anything new, and leaves his studies to independently study the paintings of the great Spanish artists in the Prado Museum, mainly Velazquez and El Greco.

Copy of the portrait of Philip IV (from a painting by Velázquez, 1653), 1898

Diego Velázquez, Portrait of King Philip IV of Spain, 1656

El Greco's style is recognizable in the elongated figures and shades of gray paint.

Portrait of a stranger, 1899

Portrait of Lola Ruiz Picasso, 1901

Portrait of Carlos Casagemas, 1899

Portrait of Josep Cardona, 1899

At the age of 17, he returns to Barcelona, ​​where he finds himself among avant-garde artists, leads a bohemian lifestyle and is imbued with new trends. Included in the circle of artists and writers revolving around the cafe-bar-cabaret "Four Cats", opened by analogy with the bohemian Parisian establishment "Black Cat". Now he writes under the influence of the Impressionists, in particular, Toulouse-Lautrec, Degas.

Sofa, 1899

In the dressing room, 1900

At this time, Picasso met the aspiring artist Carlos Casagemas, with whom they almost never parted, having fun together, making art exhibitions. In 1900, they travel to Paris for the first time, get acquainted with the artistic life of the capital. Picasso visits all the museums in Paris, studies the art of the Impressionists live, gets acquainted with art dealers, receives the first money for his paintings, and he is ordered new ones. Pablo begins to understand that his life in art must be connected with Paris.
He explores the artistic life of the capital of the world, but also the life of the city - the nightlife of bars, cabarets and brothels, being impressed by the relaxedness and freedom of this city, as well as under the influence of the Impressionists. Following the tradition started Degas, Manet, Toulouse-Lautrec, Pablo captures images of the Moulin de la Galette, the famous Parisian ballroom at the time.

"Moulin de la Galette", 1900

However, after the suicide of his best friend Carlos Casagemas, who shot himself in the head in front of friends and cafe visitors because of unhappy love, Picasso felt guilty that he did not prevent the tragedy, did not go to Paris with him, but remained in Barcelona to do his exhibition. This is how it started "blue period", which lasted from 1901 to 1905. The cold, gloomy coloring of his works, almost monochrome painting with tragic, depressive characters, was in tune with his worldview at that time.

Grim Despair

Celestine (Woman with a cataract), 1904

Such sadness, despair, hopelessness, silent suffering have never been seen in world art, he created works in an unprecedented early style. By the way, the famous American jazz trumpeter Miles Davis, who had a significant impact on the development of the music of the 20th century, was inspired by the works of the "blue period", as can be seen from the design of his albums and creativity.

In 1904, Pablo Picasso finally moved to Paris and settled in Montmartre, in the hostel of artists, known as Bateau Lavoir.

In addition to congenial young people, Pablo meets Fernande Olivier here, who sometimes comes to Bateau Lavoir to pose for artists.

Pablo Picasso and Fernanda Olivier in Montmartre with dogs, 1904

Pablo Picasso, Fernanda Olivier and Jaquin Reventos, Barcelona, ​​1906

They lived together for almost a decade. According to researchers, she was the model for the creation of the Maidens of Avignon, one of Picasso's main paintings. These positive changes led to a new round in the work of Picasso - the so-called "rose period" (1904-1906) when he paints pictures full of grace, subtlety and charm in cheerful colors, mainly red, orange, pink and gray shades.
Among his works there are many subjects with circus performers, French comedians(he and his friends often visit the circus, which is located next to their hostel). By the way, interest in circus performers was very common in the art of the early 20th century - itinerant artists were poor, but creative and independent people, like avant-garde artists. For people of art, the circus theme symbolized freedom and independence. It is believed that Picasso often depicts himself as Harlequin, and as other characters - his friends.

At the cabaret Lapin Agil, or Harlequin with a glass, 1905

Seated Harlequin, 1905

Acrobat and young Harlequin, 1905

Girl on a ball, 1905

Family of comedians, 1905

One of his most famous works of the "pink period" is the painting "Boy with a pipe" (1905).

At this time, Picasso finds his long-term patrons - Gertrude Stein and her brother Leo– collectors who begin to buy paintings by an almost mendicant artist and exhibit them in their gallery. Subsequently, Gertrude Stein writes: “In 1904 he came to Paris again. There he again began to become a little French, that is, France again captivated and seduced him ... And this weakened his Spanish seriousness, and ... he freed himself from the blue period, from the Spanish spirit reborn in him, and when this was over, painting began, which now called the pink or harlequin period. Here he closely communicated with Guillaume Apollinaire, Max Jacob and André Salmon, and they all saw each other constantly. Artists have always loved the circus, even now that it has been replaced by cinema and nightclubs, they like to remember circus clowns and acrobats. At that time they visited the circus Medrano at least once a week and they were very flattered by close contact with clowns, jugglers, horses and riders ... Then he would be freed from this, from the circus and elegant French poetry, he would be freed from them, just as , as I had freed myself from the blue period before.

Many found inspiration in Picasso, for example, the famous American singer, rock musician David Bowie.

One of the last works of this time "Boy Leading a Horse" (1906), which strikes with its monumentality and grandeur, and at the same time the artist here follows the classical canons.

Therefore, his greatest creation "Avignon Girls", created in 1907,

marks the beginning of a new "African period" (1907-1909) in the artist's work, influenced by the ancient art of Africa and Spain.

Spain

If you look closely at the picture, then the two characters on the right quite definitely refer us to the images of African masks that captured the imagination of Picasso with their primal strength and incredible power. I can't help but notice that this picture is very reminiscent of Paul Cezanne and his "Bathers".

"Avignon girls" Pablo wrote during the year with great care. And she certainly made a real sensation for that time, since this style turned out to be a bold experiment, and besides, she became the first step in painting on the path to cubism, in addition, many art critics consider it the starting point of modern art. It seems that the picture is plotless, but at the same time, it is filled with a completely different, mystical, "mirror" meaning. A complete transformation of the human body, where there are no prettiness, smoothness of corners, look at least into these monstrous eyes. From this, tension grows, and inside the picture a clash of angels and demons, good and evil, seen by the artist through glass fragments, is already ripening. Another interesting detail is the hand moving the curtain in the background, which has a double meaning: it reveals the space of cubism to the viewer, and also testifies to the theatricality of what is happening on the canvas. Painting and theater are two of Picasso's hobbies that are found in this picture.

The face of his patroness Gertrude in the painting of the same name "Portrait of Gertrude Stein" (1905-1906), already clearly reminds us of an African mask with wide and narrow eye slits.

A new period is coming "analytical cubism" (1909-1912) When an object is crushed into small parts that are clearly separated from each other, the object form seems to blur on the canvas. Picasso's search was based on his belief that painting is capable of more than just showing what the eye sees. There must be a way to show the world as it really is. It is necessary to write “not what I see, but what I know,” as Picasso said. To show what is not visible, but what is.

Fan, salt shaker, melon, 1909

Woman seated in an armchair, 1910

One of the distinguishing features of painting during the period of analytical cubism is monochrome. "Color weakens!" - says Picasso, watching the experiments of Matisse in painting. And he focuses on the shape and volume of objects. The second thing he refused was the separateness of things, their differences in texture and material. Also, in Cubism, any perspective disappears, so the concept of where the object is located, far or near, does not matter at all. As a result, in Cubist paintings we see a very strange, fantastic, monochrome image that creates the illusion of some kind of metaphysical space protruding from the plane of the canvas. The object and the background surrounding it are one and the same, and individual objects in this single structure of reality do not have clearly defined boundaries. We see only an incomprehensible, icy, fragmented, homogeneous mass, which has no texture, internal differences, and we can guess what is depicted only by separate details-hints. Picasso called them "attributes". Somewhere you can see a hand, somewhere a mustache, or a key, or a guitar neck, but they are all created from the same conditional "substance". But these are only symbols and signs of objects, and not themselves. Cubism thus set itself not a pictorial but a philosophical task.

Man with clarinet, 1911

Torero, 1912

Famous French painter, graphic artist, set designer, sculptor and decorator Georges Braque Since 1907, he joined the artistic searches of Picasso, and then became an equal partner in their creative union. Let's take a look at some of Georges Braque's paintings.

And now consider their joint projects.

Girl with a Mandolin (Fanny Tellier), 1910

The figure of the girl and the background are like a single pictorial universe, built by the artist from the same type of "blocks". Space as a sculpture. The artist disassembles the world into elements and assembles a new reality - the reality of a work of art.

Mandolinist, 1911

At the same time, volume, the use of real light and shadow on sculptural volumes, spaces, shifts of planes, shapes, volumes, varying voids and fullness in the future opened the door to a new direction in painting - abstractionism, for example, a prominent representative of this direction is Mark Rothko.

Cubism had a noticeable influence on the appearance of the style art deco (or art deco), especially his way of dissecting objects and analyzing their geometric components. The distinctive features of this style are strict regularity, bold geometric shapes, ethnic geometric patterns, richness of colors, generous ornaments, luxury, expensive materials.

Chrysler skyscraper in New York

Furniture from Jacques-Emile Ruhlmann.

Or creations Emil Brandt.

They even made cars.

Famous French fashion designer Coco Chanel, had a tremendous impact on fashion in the 20th century, bringing the fitted jacket and little black dress to women's fashion, primarily contributing to the modernization of women's fashion, borrowing many elements of the traditional men's wardrobe and following the principle of luxurious simplicity. She also brought elements of cubism into her work.

The straight silhouette of the fashion of the 20s continues the tradition of cubism.

A Guggenheim Museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art in Bilbao, Spain - incorporated elements of cubism, embodying the abstract idea of ​​a futuristic ship.