Case forms of personal pronouns in Russian. Pronoun: examples

§1. General characteristics of the pronoun as a part of speech

The pronoun is an independent part of speech. The pronoun is not a significant part of speech.
Pronouns are a class of words that is heterogeneous in meaning and grammatical features.

For a pronoun, it is important which words it can replace: nouns, adjectives or numerals. The morphological features and syntactic role of pronouns that indicate objects, attributes, or quantity are similar to nouns, adjectives, and numerals. Therefore, they are sometimes called “noun pronouns”, “adjective pronouns” and “numeral pronouns”.

1. Grammatical meaning- "instruction".

Pronouns are words that answer different questions. The fact is that a pronoun can replace any name: a noun, an adjective, and a numeral. Pronouns do not themselves express the meaning of different names, but only point to them.

2. Morphological features:

• constants - rank by value, other signs are different, they depend on which part of speech the pronoun corresponds to: with a noun, adjective or numeral,
• inflected - case (for most pronouns), then differently for pronouns correlated with nouns, adjectives and numerals.

3. Syntactic role in the sentence like nouns, adjectives and numerals.

§2. Ranks by value

1. Personal : I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
   
2. returnable : myself
3. Possessive : mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, mine
   
4. Indicative: , and also deprecated: such (sort of), this, this
   
5. Determinants: all, everyone, each, any, other, other, most, himself, and also obsolete: every, every
6. Interrogative :
   
7. relative : who, what, which, which, which, whose, how much
8. Indefinite: pronouns formed from interrogative-relatives with the help of prefixes not, something and suffixes -something, -or, -nibud: someone, something, several etc. under.
9. Negative: no one, no one, nothing, nothing, none, no one

In school practice, the ranks of pronouns learn by heart. Believe experience, guys are the worst defining pronouns: not remembered and that's it! They are kind of different.

The user of our site O.V. Lobankova sent a rhyme, including definitive pronouns.

ALL day I teach myself lessons,
ANY question is up to me.
But EVERY time to board
My name is, I'm all in anguish.
I am the smartest, but shy;
ANOTHER dare me, to envy.
ANOTHER teacher does not know
That EVERY time “tortures” me!

(Olga Lobankova)

1) an interrogative word in interrogative sentences;
2) an allied word that connects parts of complex sentences in a complex sentence.

Others consider them to be different words with different functions, but identical in form, i.e. homonyms. Proponents of this interpretation distinguish not one category, but two:

Interrogative
- relative

§3. Morphological features of pronouns associated with different names

Language allows us to avoid many unnecessary repetitions of the same words. This is possible, in particular, because pronouns can take on the role of other words. They are able to replace names in sentences: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Consider an example:

Yaroslavl- beautiful city. Yaroslavl stands on the banks of the Volga.

If in the second sentence we replace the word Yaroslavl to the pronoun He, we avoid repeating: He stands on the banks of the Volga.

If a pronoun can replace a noun, then it corresponds to the noun, if it is an adjective, then to the adjective, and if it is a numeral, then to the numeral.

1. Pronouns related to nouns

This group includes:

• all personal pronouns
• reflexive: oneself ,
• interrogative-relative: who, what ,
• indefinite: someone, something, someone, something, etc.,
• negative: nobody, nothing .

Morphological features of these pronouns are similar to the morphological features of nouns. They also have gender, number and case. And personal pronouns also have an invariable sign of a person.

Pronouns, like nouns, do not change in gender. In some words, belonging to the genus is expressed by endings: he she it, there are no other indicators of the genus. But often the genus can be determined from the context. The forms of the adjective in singular help. or past tense verbs, for example: someone came, someone unknown, something big. Thanks to syntactic links, we know that the word Who- m.r., a What- average. Pronouns I And You- general gender, compare: I already grown up. I already an adult.

Number

Pronouns have a fixed sign of number. I And We, You And You, He And They are different words. A feature of pronouns that correlate with nouns is that they do not change in numbers.

case

Pronouns change in cases, i.e. bow down.
But:

• at the reflexive pronoun myself, negative nobody, nothing no form I.p.,
• someone there are only forms of I.p.,
• with an indefinite pronoun something there are forms I. and V.p.

Face

Personal pronouns have a person. Pronouns do not change by person.

syntactic role in a sentence, like a noun. For example:

nobody nothing won't know.

Nobody- subject, Nothing- addition.

Myself cannot be subject. The second feature is that myself can be included in the predicate together with the verb. The pronoun in this case does not add any other meaning than reflexivity.

2. Pronouns related to adjectives

This group includes:

• all possessive pronouns
• demonstrative: almost all pronouns of this category,
• all definitive pronouns,
• four interrogative and relative: which, which, which, whose,
• indefinite, formed from which, which, whose: any, some and etc.
• negative: none, none

Like adjectives, the pronouns they refer to change in gender, number, and case to match the noun they refer to.
The exception is possessive pronouns. her his, used in the singular, and the pronoun their, used in plural. These are immutable words. Examples:

I.p. her, him, them sister, brother, community
R.p. her, him, them sister, brother, society
D.p. her, him, them sister, brother, society
V.p. her, him, them sister, brother, society
etc. her, him, them sister, brother, society
P.p. (O) her, him, them sister, brother, society

I.p. her, him, their sisters, brothers, windows, etc.

Examples show that possessive pronouns her his And their themselves do not change. Their grammatical form is determined by nouns.

Pronouns what, such coinciding formally with short adjectives, like them, they change by gender and number.

What father, what is mother, what is state, what are laws, such is son, such is daughter, such is society, these are customs.

Syntactic role in a sentence predominantly - a definition, less often a part of the predicate. For example:

mine, yours- definitions.

Without industrious ability nothing.

Nothing- part of the predicate. (Zero bond to be)

3. Pronouns related to numerals

This is a small group of pronouns, which include the words how many, so many and their derivatives: several, some, etc.

Like numerals, these pronouns change by case. They have no gender or number. Like numerals, they, being in the form of I. and V.p. control the form of the noun: they require a noun after themselves. in the form of R.p. plural, for example: a few apples, so many kilograms. In other cases, they agree with nouns in the case, for example: several apples, so many kilograms, (about) so many kilograms.

Like numerals, in a sentence, such pronouns perform the same role as the noun to which the pronoun refers. For example:

Several apples lay on the table.

Several apples- subject.

He ate some apples.

Several apples- addition.

test of strength

Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. Can a pronoun replace verbs?

2. Is it correct to assume that the syntactic role of a pronoun in a sentence can be the same as that of the nouns, adjectives or numerals that it replaces?

3. Which of the features characteristic of personal pronouns do not have other pronouns?

   • case
   • Numbers

4. Is the person of personal pronouns permanent?

5. Which case form does not have a reflexive pronoun myself?

6. What part of speech do pronouns refer to? how much, so much?

   • With nouns
   • With adjectives
   • With numerals

7. Which case forms do not have pronouns nobody, nothing?

8. someone?

   • Everything except I.p.

9. What forms does the pronoun have? something?

   • I.p. and V.p.
   • Only I.p.
   • Only V.p.

10. What category do pronouns belong to? this, that, such, such, so much?

    • Determinants
    • Undefined
    • pointing

11. How many pronouns in the example: Treat every person the way you would like everyone to treat you.?

Right answers:

1. With numerals
2. I.p. and V.p.
3. pointing

In contact with

In Russian, pronouns are of particular importance, it is incredibly difficult to do without them in speech and more efforts are needed to build any sentence without their participation. They allow you to avoid tautology and can replace the word, indicate the relationship between objects and phenomena and characterize many parts of speech: noun, adjective, numeral and even adverb!

By meaning, pronouns are divided into the following categories: personal, reflexive, possessive, relative, interrogative, demonstrative, attributive, indefinite and negative. According to grammatical features, this part of the speech of the Russian language is divided into three groups: generalized subject, generalized qualitative and generalized quantitative.

All personal pronouns

Their function is to indicate an object or a person. This group includes the following words: I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they.

The first four personal pronouns characterize the persons participating in the dialogue.

• But I given to another; I I will be faithful to him forever. (A. Pushkin)
• You remember You of course, remember... (S. Yesenin)
• The more We talking to each other, the less We we understand each other. (E. Remarque)
• At dawn You don't wake her up... (A. Fet)

It is interesting to note that in the Russian language there are also obsolete personal forms of pronouns that have gone out of our everyday life. For example, onet , used to refer to a group of persons that consists exclusively of objects belonging to the feminine gender.

The last four words from the group characterize persons not participating in the dialogue.

• At dawn she sleeps so sweetly ... (A. Fet)
• He was silent at random and sang along out of time, He always talked about something else ... (V. Vysotsky)

They play a role additions or subject. Pronouns change according to cases, numbers and persons. Pronouns referring to the third person can also change by gender.

Refundable

Only one pronoun is reflexive - myself (and other forms).

1. Genitive case - at home;
2. Dative - to yourself;
3. Accusative - into yourself;
4. Instrumental case - in front of you (yourself);
5. Prepositional - with me.

It indicates an object, phenomenon or person who is acting in a dialogue.

• I often think about yourself as an important and intelligent person.
• Despite her modest demeanor, she often admired yourself, spinning in front of the mirror for hours.

Reflexive pronouns play a role additions.

Possessive

Possessive inflected pronouns are ours, yours, yours, mine. Their function is to indicate the belonging of an object to any person.

• The teacher said that my writing was the best!
• Everyone in the family needs to their household chores to keep everything in order.
• I'm scared because yours the dog growls at me.
• Your The new dress really suits you.
• It was our the first award received for excellent performance.

Changing possessive pronouns is similar to how adjectives change. That is, by gender, number and case. In a sentence, they act as definitions, always agreed upon.

Invariable possessive pronouns are her, him, them . These are modified personal pronouns used in the form of the genitive case and the third person.

• Her platinum hair riveted the enthusiastic glances of passers-by.
• His the voice was firm and stern.
• Their the job was great!

relative

They answer questions Which? whose? Who? What? which? How many? what? Often used to connect several simple sentences as part of a complex one.

• It was noisy, so it was difficult for me to understand Who said these words.
• Look, How many cows are grazing in the meadow!
• Lost, I did not know the way home, but to return to the dark forest, from which just got out, didn't intend to.
• Mom was released from the hospital and I was able to see my little brother. He wasn't like that at all. what I imagined him.
• I didn't want to eavesdrop, but curiosity got the better of me and I began to listen, about what these two say.

Interrogative

They are most often used in interrogative sentences of the Russian language. Pronouns who what There is no gender, no number, no person. Pronouns which, whose, which, what vary by gender and number. All of them, except for the word what, change in cases.

• Who came to us this morning? I heard noise.
• What is that a bundle on the table?
• Which Do you like the color more: orange or red?
• Whose did the dog bark last night and keep everyone awake?
• Which hour?
• What is it on the face?

pointing

Pronouns this, this, that, such, then So , are indicative. They are designed to distinguish an object from a group of similar ones. For example:

• This I like the puppy more than the others.
• This the dress looks amazing!
• That the person looks suspicious to me.
• Such A look can drive anyone crazy.
• Then we were very happy and relaxed.

It is important not to confuse the pronoun This with a particle. “Is it your work that won the competition?” In this sentence, the word "it" is not a pronoun.

Determinants

Himself, most, all, everyone, each, any other, other are examples of definitive pronouns.

This rather large section is divided into several more. The first includes pronouns himself and the most. They have a distinguishing role and give individuality to the object in question.

• Myself The director of the firm set out to solve the problem.
• Most a great gift of life is a strong and loving family.

Word the whole covers the full breadth of facial characteristics. For example:

• Whole the garden was trampled by goats.
• The sun illuminated all room.
• All the meeting was in place.

Another, the other have the opposite meaning to what was discussed earlier.

• We found different way out of the current situation.
• It turned out that it leads to his house another road.

Anyone, everyone, anyone indicate the possibility of choosing from the majority.

• Anyone can say that he is a good and sincere person.
• Everyone knows how rainy the weather is here.
• Anyone can try their luck at this attraction.

Undefined

They are formed from interrogative and relative. For example, from the pronoun What indefinite pronoun formed something; from the pronoun which indefinite some.

• They say that someone broke into our neighbor's house and stole everything valuable that was in it.
• Something terrible and frightening happened last night.
• Some things are so secret that they cannot be discussed in public.
• From the closeness standing in the room, a certain lady fainted.
• Several dogs, barking, rushed to catch up with the unfortunate cat.
• Some say that everything Oleg said that evening was a lie.
• A piece of paper, hanging on the building of the unfinished church, said that the whole congregation asked the parishioners to donate at least some money to complete the repair.

Negative

They either describe the negative characteristics of objects or persons, or indicate their complete absence.

• Nobody none of us expected this turn of events.
• Nothing couldn't convince him.
• None we could not dissuade him from this reckless act.
• He repented, realizing that there was no one to blame for this act, except himself.
• Lenochka resolutely nothing she had to do, and out of boredom she idly dangled from one end of the apartment to the other.

Meaning and grammatical features pronouns in Russian are divided into several categories: personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative, relative, negative, indefinite, attributive and demonstrative.

Table "Discharges of pronouns"

In order to correctly determine the category of pronouns, we will find out what meanings they have in speech, and highlight their main grammatical features.

In the table, we got acquainted with the categories of pronouns with examples of their use in Russian. We previously learned .

personal pronouns "I", "we", "you", "you", "he", "she", "it", "they" point to a person or thing.

Pronouns "I", "we" refer to the first person; "you you"- to the second; "he she it"- to the third.

I climbed a tall pine tree and began to scream (K. Paustovsky).

We walked along the moose trail (K. Paustovsky).

Do you remember, Alyosha, the roads of the Smolensk region? (K. Simonov)

Have you seen how, under a coniferous roof, a saffiano mushroom walks in morocco boots ..? (A. Kovalenko)

Pronouns "he she it" masculine, feminine and neuter are defined.

He sang, and from every sound of his voice something familiar and boundlessly wide blew, as if the familiar steppe was opening before you, going into the endless distance (I.S. Turgenev).

After Masha rummaged through the compositions, she settled on novels (A. Pushkin).

To the left, a field began at the edge of the village; it was visible far to the horizon, and in the full breadth of this field, flooded with moonlight, there was also no movement, no sound (A. Chekhov).

Personal pronouns have the category of singular and plural.

Compare:

• I, you - we, you;
• he, she, it - they.

However, we keep in mind that the pronouns "I" And "We" , "you and "You" are not singular and plural forms of the same word. Pronouns "We" And "You" do not designate "a lot of me" or "a lot of you". They indicate the speaker or interlocutor together with other persons participating in a conversation or in a certain action.

All personal pronouns change by case. When they are declined in oblique cases, completely different words appear:

• i - me;
• you - you;
• she her;
• they are them.

As soon as I touch mathematics, I will again forget everything in the world (S. Kovalevskaya).

reflexive pronoun "myself" indicates the person they are talking about.

Do you look into yourself? There is no trace of the past (M. Lermontov).

I erected a monument to myself not made by hands (A. Pushkin).

This pronoun has no nominative form, grammatical categories of person, gender, number. It only changes in cases:

• i.p. -
• r.p. myself
• d.p. yourself
• c.p. myself
• etc. yourself
• p.p. About Me

horse (im.p.) (whose?) his (r.p.).

It happened that a nightingale flew to their noise (I.A. Krylov).

Noise (whose?) them- inconsistent definition.

Possessive pronouns "his", "her", "them" do not change.

Words that respond to nouns Who? What?), adjectives ( Which? whose? what? which one?) and numerals ( how much?) are interrogative pronouns.

Who's knocking at the gate? (S. Marshak).

What will I do for people? - Danko (M. Gorky) shouted louder than thunder.

Suddenly he turned to his mother: "Avdotya Vasilievna, how old is Petrusha?" (A. Pushkin).

"What don't you understand?" - Pavel Vasilyevich asks Styopa (A. Chekhov).

What news did you receive yesterday?

What is the answer to my question?

What is the number of math lesson?

The same pronouns, only without a question, serve to connect simple sentences as part of a complex one and are called relative:

Look how many flat-bottomed scows lie on my shore (A. Kataev).

A hundred paces from me a dark grove which I just got out (A. Chekhov).

He was not at all what Konstantin (L. Tolstoy) imagined him to be.

It was already getting dark, and Vasily could not understand who was coming (K. Paustovsky).

Often I wanted to guess what he was writing about (A. Pushkin).

I also thought about the person in whose hands my fate was (A. Pushkin).

Indefinite pronouns

Indicate unknown objects, signs and quantities:

"someone", "something", "some", "several", "someone", "something", "someone", "anyone", "someone", "some ”, “some”, “some”, “some”, “someone”, “someone”, “someone”, “any”, “so many”.

Someone played the violin ... the girl sang a soft contralto, laughter was heard (M. Gorky).

It became scary, as if some kind of danger silently lay in wait for him in this silence (V. Kataev).

In the living room, something small fell off the table and broke (A. Chekhov).

You are incapable of acting any motives (K. Fedin).

But, perhaps, in some ways he was right (M. Sholokhov).

Negative pronouns

Negative pronouns "no one", "nothing", "no one", "nothing", "none", "no one", "not at all" serve to deny the presence of some object, attribute or quantity, or to reinforce the negative meaning of the whole sentence.

I do not want to sadden you with anything (A. Pushkin).

Nobody really knew anything (K. Simonov).

Vladik stood silently, not bullying anyone and not answering anyone's questions (A. Gaidar).

They are formed from interrogative (relative) pronouns using an unstressed prefix neither- or shock attachment Not-.

Pronouns "no one", "nothing" do not have a nominative case.

They were silent, because there was nothing to tell each other (I.A. Goncharov).

There is no one to ask when he himself is to blame (proverb).

Pronouns "no one", "none", "no one", "no one", "nothing" can be used with a preposition that comes after the prefix:

from no one, on nothing, under no one, behind anyone, from no one, not because of anything, etc.

In nothing is the folk character so freely manifested as in song and dance (A. Fadeev).

I don’t want to think about anything, interfere in anything (M. Prishvin).

An attempt to intercept Masha on the way did not lead to anything (A. Fadeev).

"that", "this", "such", "such", "so much" serve to distinguish among others some specific object, attribute, quantity.

I would strictly forbid these gentlemen to drive up to the capitals at a shot! (A. Griboedov).

All this would be funny if it were not so sad (M. Lermontov).

How many heads, so many minds (proverb).

In the dark, I climbed into such a windbreak, from which you will not soon get out even during the day. However, I managed to get out of this maze (V. Arseniev).

Definitive pronouns - “all”, “every”, “himself”, “most”, “each”, “any”, “other”, “other”, “whole”.

Everyone who is young, give us a hand - into our ranks, friends! (L. Oshanin).

Every work of the master praises (proverb).

Learn to control yourself; not everyone will understand you like me; inexperience leads to trouble (A. Pushkin).

To the right, the whole village was visible, a long street stretched for five miles (A. Chekhov).

These pronouns change in gender, number and case like adjectives.

Video lesson in Russian for students of the 6th grade “Pronoun. Ranks of pronouns»

, interrogative, relative, index, defining, negative, mutual And indefinite.

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns refer to the person in question. Pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person designate the participants in the speech ( I, You, We, You). 3rd person pronouns indicate a person or persons not taking part in the speech ( He, she, it, They).

In some languages ​​there is also an indefinite personal pronoun that replaces an arbitrary subject regardless of gender - for example, fr. on and German. man.

reflexive pronoun

Transfers the value of the direction of the action to the subject of the action ( I see myself in the mirror).

Declines in cases:

• myself ( rd. , int. cases), yourself ( dt. , etc.), oneself, oneself ( tv.).

Literature

• Pronoun//Russian language. - " Printhouse ": Astrel Publishing House, 2003. - S. 3. ISBN 5-271-06781-5

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

• Network communication
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See what "Pronoun" is in other dictionaries:

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PRONOUN- PRONOUN, part of speech is a class of words that indicate a person, object or feature without naming them (he, that, such, etc.). By value, categories of pronouns are distinguished, for example, in Russian, personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative ... ... Modern Encyclopedia

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PRONOUN- PRONOUN, I, cf. In grammar: a word (noun, adjective, numeral or adverb) in a sentence that indicates an object or attribute and replaces the corresponding significant names and adverbs. Personal, reflexive, index ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

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Pronoun- a part of speech that indicates a person, object or sign, but does not name them. Pronouns are divided into:

Personal: I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they.

returnable: myself.

Possessive: mine, ours, yours, yours.

Interrogative-relative: who, what, which, which, which, whose, how much.

pointing: this, that, such, such, so much.

Determinants: himself, most, all (all, all, all), everyone, everyone, any, other.

Negative: no one, nothing, none, no one, no one, no one, nothing.

indefinite: someone, something, some, some, a few and etc.

1. Personal pronouns- pronouns indicating persons who are involved in speech: these are noun pronouns. A constant morphological feature for all personal pronouns is the person (I, we are the first person; you, you are the 2nd person; he (she, it, they) are the 3rd person). A constant morphological feature of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person is the number (I, you - singular; we, you - plural). All personal pronouns change in cases, while not only the ending changes, but the whole word (I - me, you - you, he - his); the pronoun of the 3rd person changes by number and gender (in the singular) - he, she, it, they.

2. Reflexive pronoun- a pronoun that means that the action performed by someone is directed at the actor himself. This pronoun is a noun. A reflexive pronoun has no gender, person, number, or nominative form; the reflexive pronoun changes in cases (himself, himself, himself).

3. Possessive pronouns- indicate the attribute of an object by its belonging: these are pronouns-adjectives.

Possessive pronouns change by number, gender (in the singular), cases (mine, mine, mine, mine, mine, etc.). When indicating belonging to a third person, frozen forms of the genitive case of personal pronouns are used - his, her, them.

4. Interrogative pronounsare used in interrogative sentences. Who? What? - noun pronouns. They have no gender, person, number; change in cases (who, whom, what, what, etc.). Which? whose? which? - pronouns-adjectives, change by number, gender (in the singular), cases (what, what, what, what, what, etc.). How many? - pronoun-numeral; changes in cases (how many, how many, how many, etc.). Where? When? Where? where? For what? and others - pronominal adverbs; immutable words.

5. Relative pronounscoincide with interrogatives - who, what, what, whose, which, where, when, how much, where, where, why and others, but are used not as interrogative words, but as allied words in subordinate clauses (I know how much effort he put into this task; I know who is to blame for our failure; I know where the money is hidden. ). Morphological and syntactic characteristics of relative pronouns are the same as for interrogative pronouns.

6. Demonstrative pronouns- these are means of pointing to certain objects, signs, quantity (with a distinction between one and the other). That, this, this, such are pronouns-adjectives and change according to numbers, genders (in the singular), cases (that, that, that, those; such, such, such, such, etc.). So much - pronoun-numeral; varies by case (so many, so many, so many, etc.). There, here, here, there, here, from there, from here, then, therefore, then others - pronominal adverbs; immutable words.

7. Defining pronouns- serve as a means of clarifying the subject, the sign in question. Himself, most, all, everyone, everyone, different, other, any - pronouns-adjectives and change by number, gender (in the singular), cases (any, everyone, everyone, everyone, everyone, etc.). Everywhere, everywhere, always - pronominal adverbs; immutable words.

8. Negative pronouns- indicate the absence of objects, signs, quantities. Negative pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns with the help of prefixes not-, none-: who → nobody, how many → not at all, where → nowhere, when → never. The morphological and syntactic characteristics of negative pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns, from which negative pronouns are formed.

9. Indefinite pronouns- indicate indefinite, unknown objects, signs, quantity. Indefinite pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns with the help of prefixes not-, something- and postfixes -something, -or, -someone: who → someone, someone, someone, someone, someone, someone; how much → several, how many, how many; where → somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere. The morphological and syntactic characteristics of indefinite pronouns are the same as for interrogative pronouns, from which indefinite pronouns are formed.

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