Case questions and prepositions to them. Russian case endings rules

Great and rich, so many subtleties in it that it seems impossible to remember everything. In fact, there is nothing complicated. Just for each question you need to be able to find the right solution. Let's look together at how many cases there are in Russian, what questions they answer, and the easiest way to remember them.

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Definition

What is a fall? To begin with, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the concept itself. . Case is a form that indicates relationship between words. With its help, the proposal can be agreed and formed. Eg:

1. We, joy, accept, he, the team.
2. We gladly accepted him into the team.

In the first variant, there is simply a set of words that are in no way related to each other. In the second paragraph, thanks to the shape change, we get a complete sentence with a formed thought.

How many cases are there in Russian? The common number is six. That is how much is offered for the study of students. However, linguists argue that the present number 15. Apparently, in order to simplify the system, it was decided to remove some of them from the curriculum.

Main types

All nouns are comparable to questions and auxiliary expressions. Their interaction with each other is very convenient: if you forget one thing, another can come to the rescue.

Some cases questions match, and to distinguish between them, you can turn to declensions for help.

What are the main cases in Russian.

Nominative

Used to name objects, has the following identifying features:

• questions who? - Mother. What? - frame;
• auxiliary expression "is";
• occurs with endings in the singular: I skl: -a, -ya. II: -oh, -e. III:ÿ;
• plural: -s, -i, -a, -i.

1. Marina has always loved to read books. Is there anyone? - Marina (1 class).
2. The leaves fluttered in the wind. Is there anything? - Leaves (1 cl.).

Genitive

Defines an ownership. To facilitate the memorization of the genitive case in Russian, there are a number of ways:

• you can compare it with the expression "no" who? - father. What? Palace;
• used with prepositions: at, around, before, with, from, near, without, from, after, about, for;
• ending in singular: I skl: -s, -i. II: -a, -z. III: -and;
• in the plural: -ov, -ev, -ey.

1. After my mother left, we were a little upset. No one? - Moms (1st class).
2. There were no horses in the stable. There is nothing? - Horses (plural).

Dative

It has a hint in the name itself, to pass something to someone. Its features:

• defines the last action point;
• "give" to whom? - a boy. What? - a glass;
• prepositions: by, to;
• endings in unit number: I skl: -e, -i. II: -y, -y. III: -and;
• in the plural: -am, -yam.

1. Grandma didn't like our game. Give to whom? - Grandmother (1st class).
2. Running across the field was a lot of fun. Give what? - Field (2 cl.).

Accusative

Names the action object:

• "I see" who? - girlfriend. What? - hand;
• prepositions of the accusative case: through, on, in, for, about;
• endings in unit number: I skl: -y, -y. II: -o, -e;
• in the plural: -, -s, -and, -a, -ya, -her.

1. It was especially nice to hear from the little sister. I see who? - Sister (1st class).
2. A dog was running across the bridge. See what? – Bridge (3rd declension.).

Instrumental

The belonging of a part of speech to this case is determined as follows:

• "admire" who? - wife. How? - chain mail;
• used with prepositions: above, before, under, with, for;
• endings in the singular: I declension: -oy, -oy, -ey, -ey. II: -om, -em. III: -e: -yu;
• in the plural: -ami, -ami.

1. Before which stop did you ask to stop? Love what? – Stop (1st line).
2. Lena and I have been friends since the fifth grade. I love who? - Lena (1 cl.).

Prepositional

Always used with prepositions, and also has the following properties:

• most often used prepositions - on, with, about, in, about;
• "I dream" about whom? - about a fox. About what? – about the assessment;
• endings in unit number: I skl: -e, -i. II: -e, -i. III: -i.
• plural: -ah, -ya.

1. My dream of having a puppy has finally come true. Thinking about who? - Puppy (1 declension.).
2. A birch grove grew at the court. Think about what? - Yard (1 declension.).

To memorize all the names, children can be asked to learn a short sentence:

• Irina
• gave birth
• girl
• Velela
• drag
• diaper.

Table - cases.

Additional varieties of case forms

1. Vocative. It could include appeals to someone created by "circumcision". Example: mom, dad, Tan, etc.
2. Local. Prepositions: at, at, on. Answers the questions: where, on what? Example: on the bedside table, at the school yard.
3. Dividing. Genitive derivative In russian language. Example: add speed, set the heat.
4. Countable. Used with numbers. Example: four balls, two cabinets.
5. Deferral. Indicates starting point of movement. Example: from the garden, from the house.
6. Depriving. To negate verbs. Example: Can't go, not ready to say goodbye.
7. Quantitative-determinative. It has similar traits to the parent. Example: a cup of tea.
8. Waiting. Example: wait for a friend.
9. Transformative (inclusive). Example: go to the sailors, go to the stewardesses.

Noun declension

Every noun can be inflected. There are 1, 2 and 3 declensions, as well as words related to this part of speech, may be divergent. These include the words "way", "ten", and nouns ending in "me".

Declension of nouns, table.

Attention! Only the nominative case is considered direct, the rest are indirect.

Cases and questions

How to learn cases easily

How to easily and simply determine the case of a noun and an adjective

Conclusion

For faster and easier memorization, you just need to choose a more convenient option - visual materials. For example, for visual perception easier to work with tables and charts. So cases and questions will not cause you any problems.

Some linguists believe that the Russian language is rich in cases. It means that there are not six of them, as schoolchildren study, but more. And, as it turns out, they have every reason to hold such an opinion. So, how many cases are there in Russian? Let's try to understand this issue.

Case system

The term "case" in translation from Greek sounds like "fall", and from Latin - "fall".

Case (declension) is a grammatical category designed to show the syntactic role of nouns and their interaction with other words of the sentence. In addition to the noun, adjectives, participles, numerals, and pronouns also change in cases. It is worth noting that the case of these adjectival words depends on the declension of the noun being defined. It is expressed by changing the ending.

How many cases are there in Russian?

Considering the morphology of the Russian language, as a rule, six main cases are called:

• Nominative (initial form of declension).
• Genitive.
• Dative.
• Accusative.
• Instrumental.
• Prepositional.

These cases are called the main ones due to their widespread use. In addition, it is worth noting that their prevalence is due to the fact that the parts of speech that were mentioned earlier have grammatical forms for the listed cases.

For the correct declension of words, you need to know that all cases answer questions. In addition, each of them expresses several meanings. Let's get acquainted with each in more detail.

Nominative

Correspond to the questions "who?", "What?" To recognize this case, you need to add the word "is" to the noun. For example: there is (what?) a light bulb. Used without prepositions. The singular has the following endings:

• 1 declension: -a, -z.
• 2 declension: -o, -e or zero.

And in the plural: -s, -i, -a, -я.

Since the nominative case is the original case form of the word, its duties include:

• give a name to the subject of an action or state ( mother is cleaning, the children are tired);
• define, characterize an object, person or action (n your daughter is a doctor; war is a disaster);
• name the subject of the message, subject, action, property (used in sentences of this type: Morning. Sun.);
• Express an appeal to the interlocutor ( Baby how old are you?).

Genitive

The questions “who?”, “What?” To recognize this case, you need to substitute the word "no" for the noun. For example: there is no (what?) snow. Used with prepositions near, at, after, without, about, from, for, around, before, from, with. The singular number is defined by the following endings:

• 1 declension: -s, -i.
• 2 declension: -a, -z.
• 3rd declension: -i.

It has an ending: zero, -ov, -ev, -ey.

The genitive case can indicate:

• Item belonging ( son's car).
• The property carrier ( blue sky).
• The object to which the action is directed ( watching TV).
• The subject doing the action mom's arrival).
• parts of the whole ( piece of cake).

Dative

Words in the dative case answer the questions "to whom?", "what?". To recognize this case, you need to substitute the word "dam" to the noun. For example: ladies (to whom?) sister. Used with prepositions to, by. In the singular, words in the dative case end in:

• 1 declension: -e, -i.
• 2 declension: -u, -u.
• 3rd declension: -i.

The plural declension is characterized by the endings: -am, -yam.

Words in the dative case are intended to denote:

• Action destination ( gave a magazine to a friend, wrote a letter to mom);
• The subject of an action or state ( the kids couldn't sleep).

Accusative

The questions “who?”, “What?” Correspond. To recognize this case, you need to substitute the word “I see” for the noun. For example: I see (whom?) Mom. Used with prepositions in, for, on, about, through. Endings correspond to the singular number:

• 1 declension: -u, -u.
• 2 declension: -o, -e.
• 3rd declension: zero ending.

Plural: -s, -i, -a, -i, -ey.

The accusative case, in turn:

• Designates an action object ( clean the room, sew a dress).
• Expresses quantity, space, distance, measure of time (drive a kilometer, weigh a ton, wait a year, cost a penny).

Instrumental case

The questions “by whom?”, “by what?” Correspond. To recognize this case, you need to put the word “proud” to the noun. For example: I am proud of (whom?) Son. Used with prepositions for, over, under, before, with

• 1 declension: -oy (-oy), -ey (-ey).
• 2 declension: -om, -em.
• 3rd declension: -u.

Plural: -ami, -ami.

Intended to refer to:

• Permanent or temporary employment in any activity ( serves as a soldier, worked as a plumber).
• Subject of action - for passive constructions ( house demolished by workers).
• Action object ( breathe oxygen).
• Tool or means of action ( peroxide).
• Locations ( follow the path).
• Method, mode of action ( sing bass).
• Measures of time or amount of something ( carry buckets).
• Item parameter ( the size of a fist).
• Compatibility of persons and objects ( brother and sister).

Prepositional

The questions “about whom?”, “About what?” Correspond. To recognize this case, you need to put the word “I think” to the noun. For example: I think (about whom?) about my beloved. Used with prepositions in, on, oh, about, both, at. The singular has the endings:

• 1 declension: -e, -i.
• 2 declension: -e. -And.
• 3rd declension: -i.

The plural cases end in: -ah, -ah.

Prepositions used with nouns in the prepositional case help determine what it stands for. Namely:

• Action object ( think of a girl).
• Place of action, states ( sit on the chair).
• Time after doing some action upon arrival).

Additional cases

In the Russian language, in addition to the six main cases, there are several forms that have a controversial status, close to the case. They are also called cases of nouns, since they are intended solely for their declension. These include: the second genitive (partitive or quantitative-separative), the second prepositional (locative, local), the second accusative (transformative, inclusive, collective), the vocative (vocative), the countable, the expectant, the deprivative. The peculiarity of these forms is that each of them occurs in a limited circle of words. In addition, they can exist in certain contextual conditions. Let's study these cases a little. Examples will help us understand them better.

The second is intended for the declension of some masculine words in the singular related to the second declension: a cup of tea, a spoonful of sugar. The ending of this case, namely “-y”, is more often used in colloquial speech and is not mandatory (you can say bag of sugar or bag of sugar). Exceptions are certain cases: let's have a cup of tea. Quite a lot of masculine nouns are not used in the partitive form: ice cube, slice of bread.

The second prepositional declension has special endings for a group of nouns, in the singular having a masculine gender. The case is used, for example, in the following words: on the shore, in the closet, in battle. Also, the locative is characterized by the transfer of stress to the ending of certain nouns of the 3rd declension, which are feminine and singular: in silence, aground, in the furnace.

The second occurs with some verbs ( enroll, ask, choose, go, prepare, get out, mark etc.) after the preposition "in". In addition, its endings are the same as in the plural: ( sign up as a pilot).

The expectant case practically coincides with the genitive, but it can be distinguished due to the declension of some words with the same grammatical form in the form of the accusative case: wait for (whom? what?) telegrams And wait for (who? what?) brother.

The countable case is slightly different from the genitive case and is used when counting: two steps, three canteens.

The vocative case is almost identical to the nominative form, but differs in the formation of an independent figure of speech, similar to an interjection: Van, Mash, Sing, Tan. That is, it is more often used in colloquial speech to address the interlocutor.

The deprivative case is a kind of accusative case, but it is used only with negation with the verb: have no right, do not know the truth.

How many additional cases are there in Russian? According to our calculations, there were seven of them. But the most interesting thing is that some linguists consider only two full-fledged cases: local (second prepositional) and transformative (second accusative). Others argue that the wait case also has some meaning. But since the deprivative and second genitive cases can very often be replaced by the genitive, they can only be called variants of the genitive form of the declension. The vocative and countable are also often not considered cases. In the first case, it is simply a noun in the nominative case, and in the second, it is a noun formed from an adjective.

Summing up

After reviewing the information described above, you can answer the question of how many cases there are in the Russian language. So, at school we study six basic cases. They are used daily in any type of communication: conversation, correspondence, etc. But, apart from them, there are seven more forms of declension, which are found mainly in colloquial speech. How many cases do you get in total? We can safely say that there are thirteen of them. Considering that additional forms of declension are variants of the main ones, they are not offered for study at school to simplify the educational process. But it is possible to offer acquaintance with them in out-of-class time for general development.

Nouns are very widely represented in Russian. They can act as main and secondary members of the proposal. Using the cases of nouns, the speaker and writer can connect these parts of speech with others in the context of the sentence. Cases are directly related to another category of a noun - its declension. From the correct definition of which, by the way, the spelling correctness of the written depends.

Case category

The case of nouns is such a grammatical category that indicates the relation of a given part of speech to other words in a sentence. These connections can be realized not only with the help of case forms - prepositions help in this, as well as intonation coloring and even word order.

In modern Russian, there are only 6 case forms.

Once upon a time in the Old Russian language there was another, seventh, vocative case. But it has lost its significance in the course of the development of linguistic culture. Echoes of the vocative case remained in common speech. Previously, it was comparable to the nominative and denoted the appeal: father, man. At the present stage of development of the Russian language, it is realized in such colloquial appeals: Sing, Vas, Tan, etc.

Meaning and form of expression of cases. Nominative

In addition to grammatical meaning, cases of nouns have lexical meaning. Let's sort them out.

Nominative. This is the basic form of the noun. Used in academic literature (dictionary entries). In this case, there is always a subject, as well as a word in it. n. can be an integral part of the predicate.

Example: Roses bloomed in time. Subject roses is in the nominative case.

Another example: This tree is a birch. Subject tree(Name p., predicate birch- the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate, stands in Im. P.).

Genitive case meanings

Genitive. Can associate nouns with different parts of speech. So, if the genitive case connects two nouns, then it will denote:

• a substance whose measure is indicated: liter of kvass;
• affiliation: mom's shoes b;
• object of any action: boiling water;
• definition relationships: the beauty of the fields.

The genitive case is used in the comparative degree of adjectives: stronger than (whom?) Bull. With a quantitative numeral: a thousand (what?) rubles.

As for the verb and verb forms, this case is used in the following cases:

• denotes a specific object when associated with a transitive verb: issue a receipt;
• used after verbs like to be afraid, to seek, to deprive me and others: seek (what?) permission.

The genitive case is used when reporting the exact date. For example: She was born on the sixth (what?) of March, nineteen eighty-two.

Meanings of the dative and accusative cases

Other cases of nouns are not so rich in lexical meanings and grammatical connections. So, the dative case is associated with verbs and some nouns (verbal). Has a side object value: to help parents(compare: help around the house- direct object).

The accusative case indicates that we have a direct object: writing a poem.

Instrumental and prepositional cases

A noun in the instrumental case will have the following meanings:

• tool or method of action: to beat (with what?) with a fist(way), beat (with what?) with a hammer(tool);
• the subject performing the action: spelled (by whom?) by mother; washed (with what?) with a rag;
• is part of the nominal part of the predicate: she was (who?) a doctor.

The prepositional case is special, this is clear from its name. He always asks for a preposition. May refer to:

• topic of conversation, thoughts, etc.: let's talk (about what?) about the work of Goethe; I think (about whom?) about a beautiful stranger;
• temporal and geographical indicators: met (when?) last weekend; work (where?) in a cafe.
• used to indicate a date, but not a full one, but with an indication of the year: I was born (when?) in 1990.

Noun declension

To write spelling correctly, you need to know not only cases. The declension of nouns has a paramount role. There are three types of declension in Russian, each of them requires certain endings. To determine whether nouns belong to one of them, case, gender, you need to know first of all.

Nouns such as homeland, land, frame, belong to the first declension. They are united by belonging to the feminine gender and the endings -а/-я. Also, few masculine nouns fell into these declensions: Vitya, grandfather, father. In addition to the gender, they are united by the endings -а / -я.

The group of masculine nouns is much larger: son-in-law, wolf, sofa. They have a null ending. Such words belong to the second declension. The same group includes neuter nouns with inflection -о/-е: sea, building, crime.

If you have a feminine noun ending in a soft sign (zero ending), it will refer to the third declension: rye, youth, daughter, brooch.

Nouns can have an adjective declension, that is, they change in cases like adjectives and participles. This includes those who have made the transition from these parts of speech to a noun: living room, meeting.

To determine which cases of nouns are used in a sentence, you need to find the word to which the noun refers and ask a question.

For example, let's define cases and declensions of nouns in a sentence: The motorcyclist was driving on level ground.

Subject motorcyclist does not refer to any other word, because it is the main member of the sentence, therefore, it is in the nominative case. We determine the declension: the zero ending and the masculine gender indicate that the word is 2 declensions. Noun with preposition by terrain depends on the word rode. We ask a question: drove (where?) through the area. This is a matter of prepositional case. terrain- feminine, ends in b, so the declension is third.

Declension of singular nouns

To determine with what ending you want to write a noun, gender, number, case and declension, you must know. Declension is hard and soft: the word can end in a soft or hard consonant. For example: lamp- solid type; pot- soft.

Let us give examples of the declension of singular nouns and pay attention to the endings in some forms.

first declension

Pay attention to the dative and prepositional cases. They require the ending -e. In a noun on -iya, on the contrary, in these cases one should write the ending -и.

Second declension

Here we pay attention to the prepositional case: it requires the ending -e. If the noun ends in -й / -е, then in this case it is necessary to write -и.

third declension

Pay attention to the genitive, dative and prepositional cases: they require the ending -i. It should also be remembered that after hissing in the singular in this declension, it is required to write a soft sign. It is not needed in the plural.

Declension of plural nouns

Let's analyze the cases of plural nouns.

Nouns in the dative, instrumental, and prepositional cases have identical endings.

The endings -i/-ы or -а/-я have plural nouns. The first can be in all three declensions, the second - in some nouns of the second declension: director, watchman, professor.

To distinguish the lexical meanings of plural nouns, different endings are used: sheet, But leaves (of a tree) And sheets (of a book).

Nouns like contracts, elections, engineers, officers, designers it is required to write only with the ending -s. Another flexion is a violation of the norm.

Inflected nouns

The Russian language has a unique group of nouns. When changing in cases, they have endings of different declensions. The group includes those words that end in -my (for example, time, stirrup), as well as the word path.

Like nouns of the 3rd declension, these words in the singular, genitive, dative and prepositional cases require the ending -i.

Immutable nouns

Another special group of nouns is invariables. They are not put in the form of number and case. They always have the same form: without kimono(R. p.) - about kimono(P. p.); new kimono(units) - bought kimonos(plural).

How to determine in this case how the noun is grammatically expressed? Number, case, look at the word to which it refers. Examples:

1. Pedestrians hurried along the new highway.

2. New highways are laid.

In the first sentence, we determine the number and case by adjective new(singular h., D. p.). In the second - also by adjective new(pl., Im.p.).

Invariable nouns are, as a rule, foreign words, like common nouns ( soda, cafe) and own ( Baku, Hugo). Complexly abbreviated words (abbreviations) are also invariable. For example: computer, nuclear power plant.

The case of an adjective is more difficult to determine than the case of a noun.

To do this, it is worth determining the case of the noun, which is directly related to the adjective, for example, a stormy river is the nominative case.

You can quickly deal with the cases of adjectives with the help of such a table, which lists the questions of each case with examples.

the case of the adjective is the same as the case of the noun whose sign is mentioned, for example: fresh fruit is masculine for both the noun and the adjective,

interesting movie - neuter here, good weather - feminine

Determining cases for adjectives is easy. To do this, it will be enough just to make a phrase with any noun, after which it will already determine the case of this very noun. For example, a large table (what?), a noun in the nominative case:



If it’s hard right away, then attach the adjective to the noun. Then bending will be much easier. For example:

Blue sky

blue skies

blue sky

Blue sky

blue skies

About the blue sky.

The case of the adjective is determined by the case of the pronoun or noun, the sign of which it denotes and with which it agrees. For example, About the blue sea. Here the noun sea is in the prepositional case. This means that the adjective blue is also in the prepositional case.

Cases of adjectives are not so difficult to learn to determine if these adjectives also contain nouns. And if there are no such nouns, then you need to substitute them hypothetically.

An adjective, as you know, denotes a certain attribute of an object (an object is the noun that we talked about above). The cases of the noun and adjective in the vast majority of variants coincide. For example: blue sky (Dative), about a good boy (Prepositional), paper documentation (Creative), spring thoughts (Nominative or accusative).

When we learn to see or imagine these phrases, then determining the case of an adjective will be as simple as determining the case of a noun. At the end, which indicates the case. Or on a question that can be asked to this adjective.

An adjective is a part of speech that denotes a sign of an object and agrees in gender, number and case with the noun on which it depends.

Thus, to determine the case of an adjective, it is enough to determine the case of a noun.

Example: I see a beautiful (V.p.) girl (V.p.). To begin with, we determine the case of the noun: I see (who?) A girl. The noun is used in the form of the accusative case, respectively, the adjective is also in the B. case.

Most often in sentences and phrases, adjectives refer to nouns. And what case these nouns will have, so will adjectives.

For example:

1. Blue sky. Ex. has a nominative fall (what?). So the adjective is also in this case.
2. Sad sometimes (what?). Instrumental.
3. Rejoice in the yellow sun (what?). Dative.
4. He brought good news (whom what?). Accusative.
5. Came to thank my best friend (who what?). Genitive.
6. Regret the money spent (about what?) prepositional.

If there is no noun, then you will have to invent it according to the meaning.

For example:

slightly interesting. We substitute the word story and determine its case (who is what?). Nominative.

To determine the case of an adjective, you need to pay attention to the noun to which this adjective refers - what case this noun has, so will the adjective.

Example: with a steel needle (answers the question with what ?, which means that this is a tool case - for both a noun and an adjective).

Tables with adjective endings are, of course, good, but you won’t memorize it, will you? You need to learn how to independently navigate in such a topic as cases.

Let's take an example:

I want to say goodbye to old things.

We have an adjective - old, it describes the attribute of a noun by things. The adjective is always closely connected with the noun, in what form the latter is used, the former will also be in this form, in particular, they will have the same case.

That is, you just need to understand in which case our noun is used. By the word things, you can pick up the case question what ?, which means that it refers to the instrumental case. And the adjective is also used in the instrumental case and ends in -y.

An adjective means a sign of an object that answers the question: what? what? what? The adjective is declined in the singular.

The masculine gender has the ending th, th, oh. For example: a man (what?) is handsome, loving, cool. For example: what kind of skirt? turquoise, burgundy.

In Russian everything six independent cases, and decline (change in cases) nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns. But schoolchildren often have difficulties in determining the case. Students are not always able to correctly put the question to the word, and this leads to errors. Particular difficulties arise when the word in different cases has the same form.

There are several tricks that will help you accurately determine the case of a word.

1. Statement of the question.

Let us note that the question should be case, not semantic. For questions where? Where? When? Why? it is not possible to determine the fall.

Both applicants(who? – R. p.).

What happened in 1812?(in what? – P. p.).

After the concert five(I. p.) spectators(whom? – R. p.) stayed in the hall(in what? – P. p.).

In ten minutes(through what? – V. p.) he (I. p.) returned.

She is happy with the new car(how? – T. p.).

2. Exist auxiliary words, which can help in determining the case:

To distinguish between homonymous case forms, the following techniques are used.

3. Replacing the singular with the plural.

To go on the road(ending -e both in D. p., and in P. p.).

Walk the roads(Why? – D. p., in P. p. – about roads).

4. Replacing the masculine gender with the feminine.

met a friend(ending -a both in R. p., and in V. p.).

Met a girlfriend(whom? – V. p., in R. p. – girlfriends).

5. Magic word mom.

Particular difficulties arise when distinguishing between the forms of accusative and genitive, accusative and nominative cases. Help, as always, will come "Mother". It is this word that can be substituted in a sentence. Framed, look at the end: mom A – nominative, mom S – Genitive; mom At – accusative.

Die yourself, and comrade(ending -a both in R. p., and in V. p.) help out.

Die yourself, but mom(V. p.) help out.

6. Knowing the characteristic prepositions also helps to determine the case.

As you can see, there are prepositions that are characteristic of only one case: without– for the genitive (no hitch); by, to – for the dative case (through the forest, towards the house), oh, oh, at – for prepositional case (about three heads, with you).

Recall that the case of an adjective is determined by the case of the word being defined. In order to determine the case of an adjective, it is necessary to find in the sentence the noun to which it refers, because the adjective is always in the same case as the word being defined.

I'm happy with my new coat. Adjective new refers to a noun coat in T. p., therefore, new – T. p.

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