Patriotism- (from the Greek patris- fatherland) - a moral and political principle, a social feeling, the content of which is love for the fatherland, pride in its past and present, willingness to subordinate one's interests to the interests of the country, the desire to protect the interests of the motherland and its people.
National Sociological Encyclopedia
Patriotism- love for the fatherland, devotion to him, the desire to serve his interests with his actions.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- Patriotism is a moral criterion that distinguishes a noble person from a low one and a spiritually developed person from one who is in spiritual lethargy.
- Patriotism is an objective assessment of the situation and actions of the native country, combined with an optimistic view of the vector of its development in the future.
- Patriotism is pride in all the achievements of one's people and awareness of all its historical mistakes.
- Patriotism is the willingness to sacrifice the personal for the sake of the public good.
Benefits of Patriotism
- Patriotism gives strength - from the realization that hundreds of generations of his ancestors stand invisibly behind a person's back.
- Patriotism gives joy - from the realization of the merits and successes of one's country.
- Patriotism gives responsibility - for the family, the people and the Motherland.
- Patriotism gives confidence - due to a sense of belonging to the fate of the country.
- Patriotism gives freedom - to act for the good of one's country.
- Patriotism gives respect - to the history, traditions and culture of the country.
Manifestations of patriotism in everyday life
- Geopolitics. The formation of nation-states is one of the manifestations of the patriotism of every nation.
- Liberation Wars. It was patriotism, as the basis of solidarity in the face of the enemy, that helped peoples win the most terrible wars, if they were not aggressive.
- Military service. Willingness to defend the Motherland from an external enemy is an essential sign of patriotism; a person who chooses military service shows patriotism.
- National customs, traditions. An example of a “everyday” manifestation of patriotism is the unique national costumes of different peoples.
- National culture. Russian folk songs, epics of the Yakut people, Scottish bagpipe playing are all examples of patriotism expressed in the cultural heritage of different peoples.
How to develop patriotism in yourself
- Family education. Parents who show love and respect for their country, and instill these feelings in their children, raise their children as patriots.
- Interest in national culture and traditions. In order to love your people, you need to know them; consciously studying the history of his people, a person cultivates patriotism in himself.
- Awareness. Patriotism involves pride in one's country's achievements; interest in information associated with all aspects of the life of society and the country creates the basis for the development and manifestation of patriotism.
- Travel in your own country. The best way to know and love your homeland.
Golden mean
Cosmopolitanism
Patriotism
Nationalism, xenophobia, chauvinism
Winged expressions about patriotism
Don't ask what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country. - John Kennedy - It seems to me that the feeling of love for one's own people is as natural to a person as the feeling of love for God. - Patriarch Alexy II - A patriot is a person who serves the motherland, and the motherland is, first of all, the people. - Nikolai Chernyshevsky - My friend, Let us dedicate our souls to the Fatherland with wonderful impulses! - Alexander Pushkin - It is important that you are ready to die for your country; but more importantly, you must be willing to live your life for her. - Theodore Roosevelt - A. S. Tsipko / Values and Struggle of Conscious Patriotism The author raises the question of the nature and features of Russian patriotism. Based on the point of view of the philosophers Berdyaev and Frank, he contrasts “leavened patriotism” with conscious patriotism, which is based not on a myth, but on historical truth. Patriotism is the spiritual core of the peoples of Russia The book is dedicated to patriotism - a feeling that is inextricably linked with Russian history and to which the Russian state owes its formation and existence in many respects.TO How does patriotism manifest itself in real life? It manifests itself in extreme conditions, primarily in war conditions. In the XVIII century, Russia spent 56 years on the battlefields, in the XIX - 30 years. All wars were a wonderful example of Russian patriotism, when a person died for the tsar, for the motherland, for the faith with a sense of civic duty and responsibility for the national state. Here I would like to note several important points. The Russian state was built on the principle of authoritarianism. The adoption of Christianity only strengthened these foundations. For more than a thousand years, Rus' (Russia) remained a country with a dominant authoritarian beginning. This has always been a reason for criticism from domestic liberals, who assured that bureaucracy stifles free thought and hinders the creative development of the individual. This ideological thesis still exists today. For example, the sister of the notorious Mikhail Prokhorov, Irina Prokhorova, is trying to convince us orally and in writing that Andrei Kurbsky, who betrayed Tsar Ivan IV and led one of the Polish armies in the war against Russia in 1564-1579, is the bearer of goodness and justice.
The history of Russia clearly shows that the stronger the state, the more stable the social system. And all the troubles and misfortunes occur precisely when the state is weakening. Without a strong state, there would be no Russian culture, no Russian ethnos, nothing would exist.
The Russian people are diverse, but they act as a single whole, they are held together by the unity of language and customs, they were formed under the strong influence of the great Orthodox culture. The anointed tsar in the Russian spiritual context is not just a ruler, a ruler, he is a person who is obliged day and night, all his life, to serve as a support and protection for the faith of Christ, to be accountable for his deeds before the Tsar of all those who reign and the Lord of all those who rule. The tsars not only appeared before their subjects in the grandeur of a royal, imperial entourage, they were obliged to show the highest earthly moral authority of Russia. I would like to note that in our, Russian context, the behavior of Russian rulers is of great importance in moral guidelines and educational means. If the rulers behave patriotically, then patriotism itself will be expanded and spread.
I will give two examples.
First example associated with the name of Alexander III, when in 1877 Russia entered the war for the liberation of Bulgaria. And that was the great mission of Russia. What is the difference between an empire and a non-empire? Brazil is a country, but not an empire, although it is a large country. The Vatican is a small state, but it is an empire. Empire is a universal aspiration. This is a broadcast of the strength and power of one's spiritual destiny. Therefore, America is, of course, an empire. This is a globalist empire, the fourth, according to some theological views. Russia was also an empire. What is the meaning of Orthodoxy, the faith of Christ? The evangelization of mankind and its preparation for the second coming of the Savior - this is the meaning of Orthodoxy, its ontological essence. In 1877, Russia, having no global, territorial, economic interests, was the only one to defend the Bulgarians, who were then subjected to total assimilation, and those who resisted it were simply destroyed. No one reacted, neither Germany nor France, only Russia alone came to the defense of the dying state of Bulgaria, having no territorial claims or encroachments on it. One of the important elements of that war was that the king himself and all five of his sons went to the battlefield. One of them was the heir Tsesarevich, the future Alexander III, Alexander Alexandrovich. It must be said that this was one of the most slandered wars in Russian history, which was only briefly mentioned in the Soviet Union, and generally hushed up in the West, like the Crimean one. In the West, the concept took root, according to which Russia allegedly intended to take possession of Constantinople, while in fact Russia categorically rejected this, there was not even a theoretical intention to capture Istanbul and turn it into Constantinople. The future Tsar Alexander III, Tsarevich Alexander Alexandrovich, led a small eastern army. For seven months he commanded this detachment, participated in combat battles. He held the rank of lieutenant general, which he was awarded in his youth. Having no experience in conducting military operations, he went through his universities on the battlefields and proved his devotion to Russia, to God.
There is such a wonderful artist - Polenov, he was at that war and captured the house, in fact, the hut where the heir to the Russian throne lived. There are letters from the Tsarevich, which indicate that he did not attach any importance to life at all. The main thing was - to win over the enemies of Christ. The only thing that brought him domestic inconvenience in this war was his beard. Alexander III is the only tsar who, after Peter the Great, had a beard. Before Peter I, tsars wore beards, but after Peter I they no longer wore them. Alexander III returned to this tradition, and our last martyr Tsar, Nicholas II, also had a beard.
Alexander Alexandrovich stayed at the front for seven months, his letters from there are evidence of a high spirit. There are no complaints, groans in the letters, he did not say anything that could upset his relatives. The Tsarevich left his wife and three children in St. Petersburg. Next to him, his cousin, the nephew of Emperor Alexander II, was killed. The grandson of Nicholas I was also in that war. All of them fought and died for Russia of their own free will.
Second case, which dates back to the time of the First World War, when the martyr tsarina, wife of Nicholas II, soon after the start of the war, graduated from the courses of sisters of mercy and went to work as an operating nurse to alleviate suffering and treat junior officers of the Russian army. Many believed that she should not have done this, that this was not the business of the queen, but she was a Christian first and then a queen. Her Christian soul called to help those near and suffering, it was a state of mind, a state of her nature. For several months, Alexandra Feodorovna assisted in operations, dressed the sick, she comforted the wounded - ordinary Russian peasants, listened to their simple stories, distracted them with conversations, tried to help their loved ones in some way. And here a comparison involuntarily arises with the Second World War, our Great Patriotic War, which still remains a socially significant topic. But the question is: has anyone heard that the wife of Molotov or some other party leader, at least one of the members of the nomenklatura families, would go to the hospital to help the wounded? No one even came close to the hospital, let alone assist in the operation. This is all an indicator of morality, or rather, the immorality of power.
In this case, using the example of the royal family, patriotism is manifested, which is not financed from the treasury, and conferences on this topic were not held then. Patriotism was the natural state of the people. Love for the Motherland cannot be explained or nurtured, you can theoretically give some justification, but, you know, it's like love between a man and a woman, about which a lot has been written, and when they begin to explain, everyone has their own. It's like loving a mother. Love your mother not only when she is young and beautiful, but also when she is old and sick. If you are a son or daughter, you will always love her because she is your mother. So here. Russia is a mother, and there is no need to say anything about some kind of mystical patriotism.
It is important to remember that patriotism in Russia was Orthodox. Russia did not know any people other than the Christian people, all these tribal restrictions had no meaning. People have never been counted by the composition of their blood. This is in other religions, ethnic groups believed that they got it from mom, dad, uncle, but we never had this. Orthodox and Russian are synonymous. And in this sense, Estonians, and Ukrainians, and Poles, and Belarusians, and Georgians, and so on, can be considered Russians to the extent that they consider themselves Orthodox. Now it is often said that there should be regional-ethnic patriotisms in Russia - Mordovian, Bashkir, etc. But this is the destruction of a single, whole organism. Russia is a home for everyone. The dominant ethnic group, of course, is Russian, but many peoples lived in Russia and will continue to live, I hope, because the destruction of this house will not bring benefits to anyone.
Patriotism must be shown to people by their example, their work and their whole lives, who, how and with what can: some with books, some with words. And of course, it is very important that our current and future rulers follow the path indicated by our ancestors, that they follow the patterns that existed when people did not have to explain what love for the Motherland is.
How is love even measured? Love is life. If a person is ready to give his life - this is love, if not ready - this is passion, passion, but not love. And millions of Russian people showed mass heroism and patriotism, giving their lives for the Fatherland and faith, because Russia spent 375 years in the war in 500 years of its history, that is, out of five years, it fought four years. Most of the time we won. Victory was determined precisely by the love of the Russian people for their land, for their faith. This shocked the foreigners. When Napoleon came with his 600,000-strong army and wanted to free the peasants from serfdom, he could not do it. Simple Russian serfs with pitchforks and stakes, without any command, went out and began to beat the French, because for them they were adversaries. They did it for the sake of the Fatherland and Christ. It was an element of spontaneous, organic patriotism, which is not taught in school, it is not inspired at the round table, it is absorbed into human souls with mother's milk.
Patriotism in our time.
Respect for one's state, for its history, the desire to change one's country for the better, to make it more beautiful, to protect and appreciate the homeland - usually this shows the patriotism of every person. But it would be interesting to know what kind of patriotism is in our time, if the same schoolchildren are ready, if something happens, to act like their great-grandfathers, who, being ordinary teenagers, rushed to the front to defend their fatherland.
In dictionaries, one can often find the definition of patriotism as love for the native language, for the land, nature and for the authorities that protect their people. Nationalism and patriotism are not identical, but close concepts. They have a number of differences and common characteristics. In addition, patriotism is a derivative of nationalism.
Consider a clear example of the manifestation of nationalism and patriotism. For example, each family loves both their home and their relatives and friends. But this love is different. If the family moves to another house, they will not grieve so much if someone close to them dies. That is, patriotism is an extension of the definition of human love for one's home, and nationalism is for relatives.
In patriotism, the main thing is the state, and in nationalism, love, sometimes too fanatical, for one's own people. According to a survey among school-age children, the formation of patriotism occurs in:
Knowledge of one's history, respect for the experience of older generations, its historical past. Loyalty, both to one's country and to one's own cause, ideas, views, family. Protection of state values, respect for age-old traditions.
It is worth noting that patriotism is manifested both in a respectful attitude towards the cultural values of one's country, and in respect for compatriots. It is believed that the upbringing of love for one's Motherland should be laid down from early childhood, but, alas, patriotism is such a free concept that it can easily turn into racism or nationalism. In recent years, one can notice the wide popularity of various neo-fascist and other organizations. It is in this situation that the problem of patriotism manifests itself. Each person should be aware that the manifestation of patriotism is not a fanatical, wild love for both one's country and its population, but also respect for others. Showing respect for other nationalities, cultures of other countries, a person thereby shows that he is capable of true patriotism, true devoted love for his fatherland.
True and false patriotism - differences
It also happens that a person only strives to pretend that with all his heart he is ready to stand up for the values of his state, that he is a true patriot. Its main goal is to achieve personal goals or such a game for the public in order to have a good reputation. This is false patriotism.
It is worth noting that true and false patriotism differ in that the former is based on true love for the motherland. A person does not seek to inform every passer-by about this, he simply knows that he is able to stand up for his state at the right time. At present, sometimes one can come across such a concept as a “crisis of patriotism”, caused by the low standard of living of the population and ineffective policies in the field of education and upbringing.
To avoid the emergence of new organizations with pronounced nationalism or to reduce the number of existing ones, it must be remembered that the feeling of patriotism should be born from the family, friends of a person, from his memory of his older generation, who gave their last strength for the good of their homeland. And it must be remembered that the traditions laid down by them must be multiplied by each person.
So, patriotism must be nurtured in oneself, in one's children, from birth. Indeed, due to inept patriotic education, society receives people with pronounced anti-human views.
To the question What does it mean to be a patriot (examples from life) asked by the author philosophize the best answer is To be a patriot means to be devoted to your country and be ready to defend its interests and even give your life if the Fatherland requires it.
Many examples of patriotism can be taken from history
So at the beginning of the 17th century, the people's militia, led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, defended the independence of Russia in the fight against foreign invaders.
During the Second World War, many patriots went to their deaths to defend their country: Alexander Matrosov, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya,
Answer from Manka bond?¦?[guru]
Ride a VAZ...
Answer from Evgeny Purov[guru]
ride viburnum and smoke will accept
Answer from European[guru]
Become an MP. They are all patriots.
Answer from Country road[guru]
The feat of Zina Portnova
Zina Portnova was born in Leningrad. After the seventh grade in the summer of 1941, she came to visit her grandmother in the Belarusian village of Zuya for the holidays. There she found the war. Belarus was occupied by the Nazis.
From the first days of the occupation, the boys and girls began to act decisively, a secret organization "young avengers" was created. The guys fought against the fascist invaders. They blew up a pumping station, which delayed the sending of ten fascist echelons to the front. Distracting the enemy, the Avengers destroyed bridges and highways, blew up a local power plant, and burned down a factory. Obtaining information about the actions of the Germans, they immediately passed them on to the partisans.
Zina Portnova was assigned more and more difficult tasks. According to one of them, the girl managed to get a job in a German canteen. After working there for a while, she carried out an effective operation - she poisoned food for German soldiers. More than 100 fascists suffered from her dinner. The Germans began to accuse Zina. Wanting to prove her innocence, the girl tried the poisoned soup and only miraculously survived.
In 1943, traitors appeared who revealed secret information and handed over our guys to the Nazis. Many were arrested and shot. Then the command of the partisan detachment instructed Portnova to establish contact with those who survived. The Nazis grabbed the young partisan when she was returning from a mission. Zina was terribly tortured. But the answer to the enemy was only her silence, contempt and hatred. The interrogations didn't stop.
“The Gestapo man went to the window. And Zina, rushing to the table, grabbed a pistol. Obviously sensing a rustle, the officer turned around impulsively, but the weapon was already in her hand. She pulled the trigger. For some reason I didn't hear the shot. I only saw how the German, clutching his chest with his hands, fell to the floor, and the second, who was sitting at the side table, jumped up from his chair and hastily unfastened the holster of his revolver. She pointed the gun at him as well. Again, almost without aiming, she pulled the trigger. Rushing to the exit, Zina yanked open the door, jumped out into the next room and from there onto the porch. There she almost point-blank shot at the sentry. Running out of the building of the commandant's office, Portnova rushed down the path in a whirlwind.
“Just to run to the river,” thought the girl. But the sound of the chase was heard from behind ... “Why don’t they shoot? ” Quite near the surface of the water already seemed. And beyond the river was a forest. She heard the sound of machine gun fire, and something sharp pierced her leg. Zina fell on the river sand. She still had enough strength, slightly rising, to shoot ... She saved the last bullet for herself.
When the Germans ran up very close, she decided that it was all over, and pointed the gun to her chest and pulled the trigger. But the shot did not follow: a misfire. The fascist knocked the pistol out of her weakening hands.
Zina was sent to prison. For more than a month, the Germans brutally tortured the girl, they wanted her to betray her comrades. But having taken an oath of allegiance to the Motherland, Zina kept her.
On the morning of January 13, 1944, a gray-haired and blind girl was taken to be shot. She walked, stumbling barefoot, through the snow.
The girl withstood all the torture. She truly loved our Motherland and died for it, firmly believing in our victory.
Zinaida Portnova was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Report at the All-Russian Scientific and Public Conference "", held on March 28, 2014 in Moscow.
“The new Soviet patriotism is a fact that is pointless to deny. This is the only chance for the existence of Russia. If he is beaten, if the people refuse to defend Stalin's Russia, as they refused to defend the Russia of Nicholas II and the Russia of a democratic republic, then there are probably no opportunities for historical existence for this people ”(G.P. Fedotov)
The Russian historian and religious philosopher Georgy Petrovich Fedotov (1886–1951), who lived in exile for a quarter of a century, can hardly be suspected of loving the Stalinist regime. In the article "Defence of Russia", published in the 4th issue of the Parisian "New Russia" for 1936, the thinker does not undertake to evaluate the "strength and vitality of the new Russian patriotism", the bearer of which is the "new nobility" that governs Russia. Moreover, he doubts the strength of the patriotic feeling of the workers and peasants, "on whose backs the Stalinist throne is being built." That is, for Fedotov, the difference between patriotism, as an ideological construct, and the patriotic feeling, the bearer of which is the people, was obvious.
But this duality of patriotism is external, because by its nature, it represents the interconnection of two principles - socio-political and moral (Fig. 1), two dimensions - a small and large Motherland and two manifestations - a feeling of love for the Motherland and readiness to defend the Fatherland.
Rice. 1. The essence of patriotism
In its deepest essence, patriotism is the basis for satisfying the need to ensure the security of the individual and society. It is based on two archetypal images: the Mother, personifying the native land, and the Father, symbolizing the state.
So what is patriotism: “the last refuge of a scoundrel” (as defined by the author of the famous “Dictionary of the English Language” Samuel Johnson), “a tool for achieving power-hungry and selfish goals” (in the understanding of Leo Tolstoy) or “virtue” and “love to the good and glory of the Fatherland ”(according to N.M. Karamzin and V.S. Solovyov)? Where is the line between nationalism, real and false patriotism? Is patriotism compatible with universal values?
The problem of patriotism has been and is one of the most urgent in the sphere of the spiritual life of Russian society. It is not surprising that only during the existence of the new Russian statehood, the attitude towards patriotism in different social groups has fluctuated and continues to vary from complete rejection to unconditional support. Today in Russia everyone is talking about patriotism - from monarchists to communists, from sovereigns to internationalists.
Few will argue with the fact that almost two thirds of the history of our people is a struggle for independence. It is not surprising that in these conditions, patriotism has become the cornerstone of state ideology. We must also take into account the fact that the formation of a patriotic idea, which coincided in time with the emergence of the Russian state, from the very beginning turned out to be associated with the fulfillment of military (military) duty. As the idea of uniting the Russian lands in the fight against enemies, it is clearly heard in The Tale of Bygone Years and the sermons of Sergius of Radonezh, in the Tale of Igor's Campaign and Hilarion's Tale of Law and Grace.
But at the same time, the absence of a single type of warrior-hero in Russian epics attracts attention. But all of them (Mikula Selyaninovich and Ilya Muromets, Sadko and Nikita Kozhemyaki) are united by love for the "father's coffins" and the desire to "stand up for the Russian land."
It is significant that the term "patriot" was used in Russia only in the 18th century. in connection with the Northern War. In his work on this war, Vice-Chancellor Baron P.P. Shafirov first used it with the meaning "son of the Fatherland." It is precisely for the time of Peter the Great that the growth of national self-consciousness in general and the state principle in it, in particular, is characteristic. It can be considered that under the first Russian emperor, patriotism acquired the character of a state ideology, the main motto of which was the formula “God, Tsar and Fatherland”. Parting words to the soldiers before the Battle of Poltava, Peter the Great emphasized that they were fighting for the state, their family and the Orthodox faith. “Institution for battle”, “Military article”, “Charter of military and cannon affairs” and “Naval charter” - all these and other laws of the Petrine era fixed patriotism as a norm of behavior, first of all, a warrior. Later, the great Russian commander A.V. Suvorov used the term “patriot” in the same meaning. And this is no coincidence. After all, the word “patriotism” owes its origin to the Greek “compatriot”, which originates from the ancient Greek “patra”, which meant family. Let us recall that the ancient thinkers considered the attitude to the Fatherland to be the noblest thought. For antiquity, patriotism was the main moral duty of a member of the policy, investing in this concept not only the military defense of the city-state, but also active participation in the management of the policy. Unfortunately, in Russian history (including for a number of objective reasons), patriotism as a feeling of a citizen of one's Fatherland has received much less development than its military component.
As an ideology, patriotism is the ideological basis for the effective functioning of social and state institutions, one of the mechanisms for the legitimacy of power and a tool for the formation of the socio-political and psychological identity of the people. For the whole of Russian history, the central component of patriotism was sovereignty, understood as a characteristic of the political, economic, military and spiritual power of the country in the world, as well as the ability to influence international relations. But sovereignty has always been some unattainable ideal of the state system, which sometimes acquired very unexpected features, such as, for example, an autocratic republic by K.D. Kavelin.
Obviously, the nature of patriotism is determined by the historical era and the specifics of statehood. In tsarist Russia, for example, duty to the Fatherland, devotion to the tsar, responsibility to society developed from generation to generation. For imperial Russia, with its attempts to cultivate nationwide patriotism, the main content of the "theory of official nationality" was the idea of sovereignty and nationality as a reliance on their own traditions. It is no coincidence that it was history that was considered as the main subject in the education of citizenship and patriotism of the subjects of the Russian Empire.
In turn, the origins of Soviet sovereignty lie in the idea of "building socialism in one single country." The strengthening of state-patriotic principles turned out to be connected with the concept of a “new socialist motherland”. It should be noted that the formation of Soviet patriotism proceeded under the slogan "to absorb the best traditions of Russian history" and when referring to the idea of Slavic unity. The new patriotism was based on a combination of love for the motherland (patriotism in the traditional sense) and the idea of building communism and internationalism. The need to defend the socialist Fatherland was reinforced by the conviction of the superiority of socialism over capitalism and justified by the doctrine of just and unjust wars. That is, it was about protecting a more progressive social system, which served as a model for the rest of the peoples of the world (“We all know that the Earth begins with the Kremlin”).
However, an active appeal to traditional national values occurred only during the Great Patriotic War, when the question arose of the survival of not only the Soviet government, but also the nation as such. This was the reason for the appeal of the communist authorities to the Russian Orthodox Church and the reproduction in mass propaganda of the images of such national heroes as Alexander Nevsky and Dmitry Donskoy, Kozma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, Alexander Suvorov and Mikhail Kutuzov, Fyodor Ushakov and others.
But the content and direction of patriotism are determined, among other things, by the spiritual and moral climate of society. The freethinker A.N. Radishchev and the Decembrists N.P. Muraviev and S. Pestel, the revolutionary democrats V.G. Belinsky, N.A. Dobrolyubov and N.G. Chernyshevsky, Russian philosophers V.S. Soloviev, I.A. Ilyin, V.V. Rozanov, N.A. Berdyaev and others. It is significant that they understood patriotism not only as readiness to defend the Fatherland, but also as civil dignity. In the wake of the transformations of Alexander II, the reforms of S.Yu. Witte and P.A. Stolypin, patriotism was increasingly perceived in Russian society as a kind of school of civic education and responsibility for the fate of one's Fatherland.
So, according to I.A. Ilyin, the very idea of the Motherland implies the beginning of spirituality in a person, reflecting the characteristics of people of different nationalities. Speaking about patriotism, A.I. Solzhenitsyn saw in him “a whole and persistent feeling of love for his nation with serving it not by being obsequious, not by supporting its unjust claims, but frankly in assessing vices, sins and in repentance for them.” G.K. Zhukov wrote in his memoirs about the greatest patriotism that raised people to a feat in the days of the battle for Moscow. In other words, patriotism is not only an ideological construction, but also a value positioned in the general system of individual and social values. First of all, it belongs to the highest values, because. shared by more than half of the country's social groups. Patriotism is also a common value, due to the fact that it is supported by more than 3⁄4 of the population (or at least the dominant value shared by more than half of the citizens). Patriotism is undoubtedly a value that integrates society and is active, because involves a conscious and emotionally loaded action. And, finally, due to its dual nature, it refers to terminal (target) values and, at the same time, to instrumental values, serving as a means in relation to goals.
As a moral phenomenon, patriotism presupposes practical actions to overcome national limitations, respect for the individual, and activity that transforms the human community. The role of patriotism increases at sharp breaks in history, requiring a sharp increase in the tension of the forces of citizens, and, above all, during wars and invasions, social conflicts and political crises, natural disasters, etc. It is in crisis conditions that patriotism acts as an attribute of the viability and even, often, simply the survival of society. The current situation associated with attempts to isolate Russia can be considered as force majeure, which has always in the history of our country led to the consolidation of the population, its rapprochement with the authorities and the strengthening of state-patriotic principles.
However, this does not mean that in other periods of history, patriotism is not functional. It is one of the main conditions for the effective functioning of social and state institutions, as well as a source of spiritual and moral strength and the health of society. If the French enlighteners of the XVIII century. noted the dependence of patriotic feelings on the state and its laws, Hegel associated patriotism, first of all, with a sense of trust of citizens in the state.
Unfortunately, already in the second half of the 1980s. the “foremen of perestroika” had a view of patriotism as an obsolete value that hinders the building of a new democratic society. Moreover, absolutizing the internal connection between ideology and politics, the post-Soviet elite, without suspecting it, following K. Marx, saw in ideology in general and in patriotism, in particular, a false form of consciousness. It is not surprising that in the 1990s researchers often emphasized the "unstable, amorphous, indefinite character" of Russian patriotism.
Only the “rehabilitation” of patriotism on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the Victory over fascism yielded positive results. In the early 2000s, judging by the data of a RosBusinessConsulting survey, 42% of Russians considered themselves patriots, and only 8% did not consider themselves patriots. The country's leadership has matured to recognize that the new statehood should be based not only on respect for the law, but also on a sense of civic duty, the highest manifestation of which is patriotism. No less important was the realization that without a clearly formulated idea of protecting Russia's interests, it is impossible to develop a sovereign foreign policy.
The deficit (or even a systemic crisis) of patriotism in modern Russia is associated with a revision of the very concept of "patriotism" in connection with the destruction of the ideological shell of socialism. This led to the discrediting of any ideological mechanisms for the legitimization of power - this is precisely what explains the preservation of the constitutional ban on state ideology in modern Russia. In part, the “discrimination” of state ideology is caused by a lack of understanding that ideas are not only a product of the interests of certain social strata, but also values rooted in the people's mind.
It seems that the dispute over this issue between neo-Kantians and Marxists has long lost its relevance. In practice, the destruction of patriotism in Russia led not only to the weakening of the post-Soviet statehood, but also to the erosion of the social and spiritual foundations of Russian society. It is not surprising that even the concept of the Motherland has devalued and lost its essential content.
But ideology is an indispensable element of social life and a form of including people in social ties. It is difficult to agree with I. Wallerstein and his followers that only the presence of an enemy gives ideology (including patriotism) vitality and an integrating character. Of course, outside of morality and law, any ideology is potentially dangerous for society. But this is the peculiarity of patriotism, as already mentioned, that it is love for the Motherland, regardless of the presence of an enemy, that takes patriotic feeling beyond the bounds of political egoism and creates protection from ideological manipulations.
In today's Russia, the revival of patriotism by the authorities is directly associated only with the idea of restoring the status of a great power. This is understandable, because only pride in one's country, people and its history can become a constructive basis for a patriotic feeling. However, this does not take into account the fact that in Russian history, sovereignty has always been combined with other value components: the Orthodox faith in pre-revolutionary Russia or internationalism in the USSR (Fig. 2). It can be argued that the Orthodox faith played an important role in shaping the ideas of sovereignty and greatness of Russia, patriotism and devotion to the Fatherland, Russia's special path, etc., which are the most important components of the political consciousness of Russians. But it is obvious that the patriotic formula of pre-revolutionary Russia "For Faith, Tsar and Fatherland!" does not fit into modern Russian society.
Rice. 2. Components of a patriotic idea
It seems that today patriotism as a mechanism for the identity of the people, which is a basic human need, and the legitimization of power is also impossible without the second value component - the principle of social justice. Let us recall that in the archetypes of the Russian consciousness, law and law become a value only when the adjective “fair” is added to them. Justice has always been not just the preservation of traditional communal forms of social regulation in Russian life, but also a kind of moral self-defense of the individual in a non-legal state.
With this approach, patriotic sentiments are an essential factor in mobilization and socio-political activity. In other words, patriotism implies a collective national identity. Without a formed positive image of the country, in which the idea of sovereignty is present, the citizens of modern Russia will not be able to consolidate their national identity.
It should be taken into account that patriotism is an important component of the national idea, the search for which the Russian authorities have been concerned about since the late 1990s, and which should contribute to Russia's self-identification in the world community. In turn, the ideology of patriotism, as the basis of a strategy for the successful development of the country, due to its understandability, can be perceived by the majority of Russian society as a tool for overcoming the spiritual crisis and the path to gaining real sovereignty. And here you will need an effort on yourself, and not violence on others. Also, no external release will be effective without an internal release. Let's listen to the words of A.I. Herzen about the conservatism of not only the throne and the pulpit, but also the people themselves. Or to the reasoning of S.L. Frank about conscious patriotism as an awareness of the value of national existence and its organization in the face of statehood. Today, more than ever, the “translation” of the idea of patriotism from the ethnic language into the national language is also important.
NOTES
Fedotov G.P. Protection of Russia // Fate and sins of Russia. In 2 vols. T. 2. M .: Publishing house "Sofia", 1992. S. 125.
See, for example: Brief Political Dictionary. M.: Politizdat, 1989. S. 411; Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia. In 2 volumes: T. 2. M .: Bolshaya ros. Encycl., 1999, p. 409; Philosophical Dictionary / Ed. I.T.Frolova. 5th ed. M.: Politizdat, 1986. S. 538.
See, for example: State ideology and national idea. M .: Club "Realists", 1997; Lutovinov V.I. Patriotism and the problems of its formation among Russian youth in modern conditions. Abstract dis... Dr. Phil. Sciences. M., 1998; Patriotism of the peoples of Russia: traditions and modernity. Materials of the interregional scientific-practical conference. Moscow: Triada-farm, 2003.
Beskrovny L.G. Russian army and fleet in the XVIII century (Essays). M.: Military publishing house of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, 1958. S. 147; Patriotic education of servicemen on the traditions of the Russian army. M.: VU, 1997. S. 48–52; Pushkarev L.N. The mentality and political history of Russia: turning points. // Mentality and political development of Russia. Abstracts of scientific conference reports. Moscow, 29–31 Oct. 1996. Moscow: IRI RAN, 1996. P. 6.
See, for example: Cicero. Dialogues "About the state", "About laws". M.: Nauka, 1966. S. 87.
Forsova N.K. Spiritual turn in the Soviet mentality in the conditions of the Great Patriotic War, its consequences // Great feat. To the 55th anniversary of the Victory. Omsk: Publishing House of OmGTU, 2000, pp. 35–36.
Belinsky V.G. Works. T. 4. M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954. S. 489; Revolt of the Decembrists: in 8 vols. T. 7. M .: Gospolitizdat, 1927. S. 86; Ilyin I. We were right // About the future of Russia / Ed. N.P. Poltoratsky. Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1993, pp. 333–334. and etc.
Solzhenitsyn A. Journalism. In 3 vols. T. 1. Repentance and self-restraint as categories of national life. Yaroslavl; Upper Volga book. publishing house, 1995. S. 65.
Zhukov G.K. The greatness of the victory of the USSR and the impotence of the falsifiers of history // Roman-gazeta. 1994. No 18. S. 101.
For the classification of values, see: Goryainov V.P. Empirical classifications of life values of Russians in the post-Soviet period // Polis. 1996. No 4; crisis society. Our society in three dimensions. Moscow: Institute of Philosophy RAS, 1994.
Hegel G. Works of different years. T. 2. M.: Thought, 1971. S. 70.
Krupnik A.A. Patriotism in the system of civil values of society and its formation in the military environment: Abstract of the thesis. dis. ...cand. philosophy Sciences. M., 1995. S. 16.
Novikova N. Patriotism is the willingness to sacrifice everything if it does not harm your business // Profile. 2002. No 42. S. 4.
Identity is one of the most effective mechanisms for mobilizing the population, and identification criteria, in turn, are built with the help of ideology as a set of ideas and ideals.
For more information about the mechanism of formation and activation of identities, see: Brubaker R., Cooper F. Beyond "Identity" // Ad Imperio. 2002. No 3. pp. 61–116.
