School essay
The main theme of the novel "A Hero of Our Time" is the image of a socially typical personality of the noble circle after the defeat of the Decembrists. The main idea is the condemnation of this person and the social environment that gave birth to him. Pechorin is the central figure of the novel, its driving force. He is Onegin's successor - "an extra person." This is a romantic in character and behavior, by nature a person of exceptional abilities, an outstanding mind and strong will.
Lermontov paints a portrait of Pechorin psychologically deep. The phosphorescent-dazzling, but cold gleam of the eyes, a penetrating and heavy look, a noble forehead with traces of intersecting wrinkles, pale, thin fingers, nervous relaxation of the body - all these external features of the portrait testify to the psychological complexity, intellectual talent and strong-willed, evil power of Pechorin. In his "indifferently calm" look "there was no reflection of the heat of the soul", Pechorin was indifferent "to himself and others", disappointed and internally devastated.
He was characterized by the highest aspirations for social activity and a passionate desire for freedom: "I am ready for all sacrifices ... but I will not sell my freedom." Pechorin rises above the people of his environment with a versatile education, wide awareness in literature, sciences, and philosophy. In the inability of his generation "to make great sacrifices for the good of mankind," he sees a woeful shortcoming. Pechorin hates and despises the aristocracy, therefore he becomes close to Werner and Maxim Maksimych, does not hide his sympathy for the oppressed.
But Pechorin's good aspirations did not develop. The unrestrained socio-political reaction that choked all living things, the spiritual emptiness of high society changed and stifled its possibilities, disfigured its moral character, and reduced vitality. Therefore, V. G. Belinsky called the novel a "cry of suffering" and a "sad thought" about that time. Chernyshevsky said that "Lermontov - a deep thinker for his time, a serious thinker - understands and presents his Pechorin as an example of what the best, strongest, noblest people become under the influence of the social situation of their circle."
Pechorin fully felt and understood that under the conditions of autocratic despotism, meaningful activity for the sake of the common good is impossible for him and his generation. This was the reason for his inherent boundless skepticism and pessimism, the belief that life is "boring and disgusting." Doubts devastated Pechorin to such an extent that he had only two convictions left: the birth of a person is a misfortune, and death is inevitable. He broke with the environment to which he belonged by birth and upbringing. Pechorin denounces this environment and cruelly judges himself, in this, according to V. G. Belinsky, "the strength of the spirit and the power of the will" of the hero. He is dissatisfied with his aimless life, passionately looking for and cannot find his ideal: "Why did I live? For what purpose was I born? .." Inwardly, Pechorin moved away from the class to which he rightfully belonged by birth and social status, but the new system he did not find a social relationship that would suit him. Therefore, Pechorin does not adopt any laws other than his own.
Pechorin is morally crippled by life, he has lost his good goals and turned into a cold, cruel and despotic egoist who froze in splendid isolation and hates himself.
According to Belinsky, "hungry for worries and storms", tirelessly chasing life, Pechorin manifests himself as an evil, egocentric force that brings people only suffering and misfortune. Human happiness for Pechorin is "saturated pride." He perceives the sufferings and joys of other people "only in relation to himself" as food that supports his spiritual strength. Without much thought, for the sake of a capricious whim, Pechorin tore Bela out of his native hearth and ruined her, offended Maxim Maksimych very much, because of empty red tape he ruined the nest of "honest smugglers", violated Vera's family peace, rudely offended Mary's love and dignity.
Pechorin does not know where to go and what to do, and wastes the strength and heat of his soul on petty passions and insignificant deeds. Pechorin found himself in a tragic position, with a tragic fate: he is not satisfied with either the surrounding reality or his characteristic individualism and skepticism. The hero lost faith in everything, gloomy doubts corrode him, he longs for meaningful, socially purposeful activity, but does not find it in the circumstances surrounding him. Pechorin, like Onegin, is a suffering egoist, an egoist involuntarily. He became so because of the circumstances that determine his character and actions, therefore, he arouses sympathy for himself.
The protagonist of the novel "" - Grigory Alexandrovich was endowed with an unusually tragic fate. His actions, his actions very often lead to undesirable events not only in his life, but also in the fate of other people. Using examples from the stories of the novel, we can see how cold and selfish Pechorin is.
Or maybe he's just unhappy to the core? Maybe his inner world is in constant turmoil from what is happening around? There is no single answer! But, with all this, the people who were next to Gregory very often experienced suffering and pain.
Friendly relations with Maxim Maksimych at the last meeting turn the good-natured staff captain into an embittered and offended old man. And all this happens because of the dryness and rudeness of the protagonist. Maxim Maksimych with an open soul is waiting for a meeting with Pechorin, and receives only a cold greeting in response. What happens? Evil breeds and causes evil in return! And all because of the behavior of Gregory.
The love relationship of the hero with women can be called unsuccessful and unhappy. All his beloved ladies, after parting, experienced severe mental anguish. Love seemed to Pechorin the same as the feelings of noble ladies. Only now Gregory tried to find something completely different in a woman! Relations with the princess were just a game that Pechorin started in order to teach Grushnitsky a lesson. Feelings for Vera were the most real of all love relationships, but the hero realized this only when he lost his beloved forever.
Friendly ties with him end with his death in a duel with Pechorin. The protagonist gives several opportunities to his comrade in order to apologize and correct the situation. But, the proud and proud officer does not compromise, therefore, in the end, he dies at the hands of Grigory Alexandrovich.
And the episode with Lieutenant Vulich makes us think that Pechorin also has secret prediction abilities. After a fight with fate, the lieutenant remains alive, but Pechorin foresees his imminent death. And so it happens!
So, the protagonist of the novel really had a tragic fate. From the message before Pechorin's Notes, we learn that Grigory is dying on the way from Persia. He was never able to find his happiness, he was never able to find true love, to understand what joy and sincerity are. In addition, he crippled the fate of many people who were with him.
To the question Please help me find an essay on the topic: what is the tragedy of the fate of Pechorin? given by the author Vyacheslav Sautin the best answer is Why did I live? For what purpose was I born? The tragedy of the fate of Grigory Pechorin
The whole life of the protagonist of the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" can indeed be called a tragedy. Why and who is to blame for this are the topics to which this essay is devoted.
So, Grigory Pechorin, exiled from St. Petersburg for some "story" (obviously for a duel over a woman) to the Caucasus, on the way a few more stories happen to him, he is demoted, goes to the Caucasus again, then travels for some time, and, returning from Persia home, dies. Here is such a fate. But during all this time, he experienced a lot himself and influenced the lives of other people in many ways.
I must say, this influence was not the best - in his life he destroyed many human destinies - Princess Mary Ligovskaya, Vera, Bela, Grushnitsky ... Why, is he really such a villain? Does he do it on purpose or does he do it arbitrarily?
Generally speaking, Pechorin is an extraordinary person, intelligent, educated, strong-willed, brave ... In addition, he is distinguished by a constant desire for action, Pechorin cannot stay in one place, in one environment, surrounded by the same people. Isn't that why he can't be happy with any woman, even with the one he's in love with? After a while, boredom overcomes him and he begins to look for something new. Isn't that why he breaks their destinies? Pechorin writes in his diary: "... the one in whose head more ideas were born, he acts more; from this, the genius, chained to the bureaucratic table, must die or go crazy ...". Pechorin is not attracted by such a fate, and he acts. Acts without regard for the feelings of other people, practically not paying attention to them. Yes, he is selfish. And this is his tragedy. But is Pechorin alone to blame for this?
No! And Pechorin himself, explaining to Mary, says: "... Such was my fate from childhood. Everyone read signs of bad properties on my face that were not there; but they were assumed - and they were born ...".
So, "all". Who does he mean? Naturally, society. Yes, the same society that interfered with Onegin and Lensky, which hated Chatsky, is now Pechorin. So, Pechorin learned to hate, to lie, became secretive, he "buried his best feelings in the depths of his heart, where they died."
So, on the one hand, an extraordinary, intelligent person, on the other hand, an egoist, breaking hearts and destroying lives, he is an "evil genius" and at the same time a victim of society.
In Pechorin's diary we read: "... my first pleasure is to subordinate everything that surrounds me to my will; to arouse a feeling of love, devotion and fear for myself - is this not the first sign and the greatest triumph of power." So that's what love is for him - just the satisfaction of his own ambition! But what about his love for Vera - is she the same? In part, yes, there was a barrier between Pechorin and Vera. Vera was married, and this attracted Pechorin, who, like a true fighter, strove to overcome all obstacles, it is not known how Pechorin would have behaved if this barrier had not been ... But this love, love for Vera, however, is more than just a game, Vera was the only woman whom Pechorin truly loved, at the same time, only Vera knew and loved Pechorin not fictional, but real Pechorin, with all his advantages and disadvantages, with all his vices. "I should have hated you ... You gave me nothing but suffering," she says to Pechorin. But she cannot hate him ... However, selfishness takes its toll - all the people around Pechorin turn away from him. In a conversation, he somehow admits to his friend Werner: "Thinking about the near and possible death, I think about myself alone." Here it is, his tragedy, the tragedy of his fate, his life.
I must say that Pechorin admits this in his diaries, analyzing his life, he writes: "... I did not sacrifice anything for those whom I loved: I loved for myself, for my own pleasure ...". And as a result of his loneliness: "... and there will not be a single creature left on earth that would understand me completely
"A Hero of Our Time", written by Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov, shows us one of the newest images in literature, previously discovered by Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin in "Eugene Onegin". This is the image of an "extra person", shown through the main character, officer Grigory Pechorin. The reader already in the first part of "Bel" sees the tragedy of this character.
Grigory Pechorin is a typical "extra person". He is young, attractive in appearance, talented and smart, but life itself seems boring to him. The new occupation soon begins to bother him, and the hero embarks on a new search for vivid impressions. An example of this can be the same trip to the Caucasus, where Pechorin meets Maxim Maksimych, and then with Azamat and his sister Bela, a beautiful Circassian.
Grigory Pechorin has little desire for hunting in the mountains and communication with the inhabitants of the Caucasus, and he, in love with Bela, kidnaps her with the help of the heroine's brother, wayward and proud Azamat. A young and weak-minded girl falls in love with a Russian officer. It would seem that mutual love - what else does the hero need? But soon he gets bored with it. Pechorin suffers, Bela suffers, offended by the inattention and coldness of her lover, and Maxim Maksimych, who observes all this, also suffers. The disappearance of Bela brought many troubles to the girl's family, as well as to Kazbich, who wanted to marry her.
These events end tragically. Bela dies almost in the hands of Pechorin, and he can only leave those places. From his eternal boredom and searches, people who have nothing to do with the hero suffered. And the "extra person" goes on.
This example alone is enough to understand how Pechorin, because of his boredom, is able to interfere in other people's destinies. He cannot cling to one thing and hold on to it all his life, he needs a change of place, a change of society, a change of occupation. And still he will be bored with reality, and still he will go on. If people are looking for something and, having found a goal, they calm down on this, then Pechorin cannot decide and find his “finish”. If he stops, he will still suffer - from monotony and boredom. Even in the case of Bela, where he had mutual love with a young Circassian woman, a faithful friend in the person of Maxim Maksimych (after all, the old man was ready to help Pechorin) and service, Pechorin still returned to his state of boredom and apathy.
But the hero cannot find his place in society and life, not only because any occupation quickly becomes boring for him. He is indifferent to all people, which can be observed in the part "Maxim Maksimych". People who had not seen each other for five years could not even talk, because Pechorin, with absolute indifference to the interlocutor, is trying to finish the meeting with Maxim Maksimych as soon as possible, who, by the way, managed to miss Grigory.
It is safe to say that Pechorin, as a true hero of our time, is able to be found in each of modern people. Indifference to people and the endless search for oneself will remain the eternal features of the society of any era and country.
Option 2
G. Pechorin is the central character of the work "A Hero of Our Time". Lermontov was accused of portraying a moral monster, an egoist. However, the figure of Pechorin is extremely ambiguous and requires in-depth analysis.
Lermontov did not accidentally call Pechorin a hero of our time. His problem is that from childhood he got into the corrupting world of high society. In a sincere impulse, he tells Princess Mary how he tried to act and act according to truth and conscience. They did not understand him and laughed at him. Gradually, this produced a serious turning point in Pechorin's soul. He begins to act contrary to moral ideals and seeks disposition and favor in a noble society. At the same time, he acts strictly in accordance with his own interests and benefits and becomes an egoist.
Pechorin is constantly oppressed by longing, he is bored in the environment. Moving to the Caucasus only temporarily revives the hero. Soon he gets used to the danger and again begins to get bored.
Pechorin vitally needs a constant change of impressions. Three women appear in his life (Bela, Princess Mary, Vera). All of them become victims of the restless nature of the hero. He himself does not feel much pity for them. He is sure that he always did the right thing. If love has passed or has not even arisen, then he is not to blame for this. His character is to blame.
Pechorin, for all his shortcomings, is an exceptionally truthful image. His tragedy lies in the limitations of the noble society of the Lermontov era. If the majority is trying to hide their shortcomings and unseemly acts, then Pechorin's honesty does not allow him to do this.
The individualism of the protagonist could, under other conditions, help him become an outstanding personality. But he does not find use for his powers and as a result appears to those around him as a soulless and strange person.
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"A Hero of Our Time", written by M. Yu. Lermontov in 1840, became the first psychological novel in Russian literature. The author set himself the goal of showing in detail and versatile the character of the main character, who has fallen out of the cycle of an obsolete era.
It seems to me that the tragedy of the fate of Grigory Alexandrovich Pechorin lies in his complex character. Lermontov presented to the reader's judgment a psychological portrait of a contemporary with a dual nature.
Coldness, indifference, selfishness, extravagance
and a tendency to introspection were inherent in many representatives of the "superfluous people", doomed to inaction. A smart, educated hero is bored and dreary from the senselessly changing days, from a series of predictable events.
Pechorin does not trust either friendship or love, therefore he suffers from loneliness. He himself is not capable of deep feelings and brings suffering to others. Gregory feels that two people coexist in him and this explains the duality of behavior. This idea is confirmed by Maxim Maksimovich with a story about Pechorin, who could boldly go hunting for a wild boar alone in bad weather, and
sometimes he looked like a coward - he trembled and turned pale from the sound of the window shutters.
The hero's behavior is contradictory, he quickly cools down to any undertakings, cannot find his destiny. Recall at least his desire to achieve the location of Bela and the rapid cooling of the mountain beauty who fell in love with him. Pechorin's personality emerges from the relationships he enters into with those around him. His actions are worthy of condemnation, but one can also understand the hero, because he belongs to the people of his time, who managed to become disillusioned with life.
Not finding the meaning of life, Pechorin decides to depart on a long journey, which will someday end in death. He himself is unpleasant that he becomes the cause of other people's troubles: Bela and Grushnitsky die because of him, Vera and Princess Mary suffer, Maxim Maksimovich is undeservedly offended. The tragedy of the hero is that he rushes about in search of his place in life, but at the same time he always does as he sees fit.
Thus, the tragedy of the fate of Lermontov's hero lies in himself: in character, in the analysis of any situation. The burden of knowledge made him a cynic, he lost his naturalness and simplicity. As a result, Pechorin has no goals, no obligations, no attachments ... But if the person himself loses interest in life, seeing only boredom in it, then even the healing power of nature is hardly able to heal the soul.
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Sadly, I look at our generation!
His future is either empty or dark,
Meanwhile, under the burden of knowledge and doubt,
It will grow old in inaction.
M. Yu. Lermontov
The novel by M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" was created in the era of government reaction, which brought to life a whole gallery of "superfluous" people. Pechorin is "Onegin of his time" (Belinsky). Lermontov's hero is a man of tragic fate. He contains "immense forces" in his soul, but there is much evil on his conscience. Pechorin, by his own admission, invariably plays "the role of an ax in the hands of fate", "a necessary protagonist of any fifth act." How does Lermontov feel about his hero? The writer is trying to understand the essence and origins of the tragedy of Pechorin's fate. "It will also be that the disease is indicated, but how to cure it - God only knows!"
Pechorin eagerly seeks applications for his extraordinary abilities, "immense spiritual strength", but is doomed by historical reality and the peculiarities of his mental makeup to tragic loneliness. At the same time, he admits: “I like to doubt everything: this disposition does not interfere with the decisiveness of character; on the contrary ... I always boldly go forward when I don’t know what awaits me. After all, nothing worse than death will happen - and you can’t escape death! "
Pechorin is alone. The hero's attempt to find natural, simple happiness in the love of the mountain girl Bela ends in failure. Pechorin frankly admits to Maxim Maksimych: "... the love of a savage woman is little better than the love of a noble lady; the ignorance and simple-heartedness of one are just as annoying as the coquetry of another." The hero is doomed to be misunderstood by those around him (the only exceptions are Werner and Vera), neither the beautiful "savage" Bela, nor the kind-hearted Maxim Maksimych are able to comprehend his inner world. However, let us recall that at the first meeting with Grigory Aleksandrovich, the staff captain is able to notice only minor features of Pechorin's appearance and the fact that the "thin" ensign was recently in the Caucasus. Maxim Maksimych does not understand the depth of Pechorin's suffering, being an unwitting witness to Bela's death: "... his face did not express anything special, and I became annoyed: I would have died of grief in his place ..." And only by a casually dropped remark, that "Pechorin was unwell for a long time, emaciated," we guess about the true strength of the experienced
ii Grigory Alexandrovich.
Pechorin's last meeting with Maxim Maksimych clearly confirms the idea that "evil breeds evil." Pechorin's indifference to the old "friend" leads to the fact that "the good Maxim Maksimych has become a stubborn, grumpy staff captain." The officer-narrator guesses that the behavior of Grigory Alexandrovich is not a manifestation of spiritual emptiness and selfishness. Particular attention is drawn to Pechorin's eyes, which "did not laugh when he laughed ... This is a sign of either an evil disposition, or a deep constant sadness." What is the reason for such sadness? We find the answer to this question in Pechorin's Journal.
Pechorin's notes are preceded by a message that he died on the way from Persia. Pechorin never finds a worthy application for his outstanding abilities. The stories "Taman", "Princess Mary", "Fatalist" confirm this. Of course, the hero is head and shoulders above empty adjutants and pompous dandies who "drink - but not water, walk a little, drag only in passing ... play and complain of boredom." Grigory Alexandrovich sees perfectly well the insignificance of Grushnitsky, who dreams of "becoming the hero of a novel." In the actions of Pechorin, a deep mind and a sober logical calculation are felt. The whole plan of seducing Mary is based on knowledge of the "living strings of the human heart." Calling compassion for himself with a skillful story about his past, Pechorin makes Princess Mary the first to confess her love. Maybe before us is an empty rake, a seducer of women's hearts? No! This is confirmed by the last meeting of the hero with Princess Mary. Pechorin's behavior is noble. He tries to alleviate the suffering of the girl who fell in love with him.
Pechorin, contrary to his own assertions, is capable of a sincere, great feeling, but the love of a hero is complex. So, the feeling for Vera awakens with renewed vigor when there is a danger of forever losing that only woman who understood Grigory Alexandrovich completely. "With the opportunity to lose her forever, Vera became dearer to me than anything in the world - dearer than life, honor, happiness!" Pechorin admits. Having driven the horse on the way to Pyatigorsk, the hero "fell on the grass and, like a child, wept." Here it is - the power of feelings! Pechorin's love is high, but tragic for himself and disastrous for those who love him. Proof of this is the fate of Bela, Princess Mary and Vera.
The story of Grushnitsky is an illustration of the fact that Pechorin's outstanding abilities are wasted, on small, insignificant goals. However, in his attitude towards Grushnitsky, Pechorin is noble and honest in his own way. During the duel, he makes every effort to cause belated remorse in the enemy, to awaken his conscience! Useless! Grushnitsky shoots first. “The bullet scratched my knee,” Pechorin comments. The play of good and evil in the soul of the hero is a great artistic discovery of Lermontov the realist. Before the duel, Grigory Alexandrovich makes a kind of deal with his own conscience. Nobility is combined with ruthlessness: "I decided to give all the benefits to Grushnitsky; I wanted to test him; a spark of generosity could wake up in his soul ... I wanted to give myself every right not to spare him if fate had mercy on me." And Pechorin does not spare the enemy. The bloody corpse of Grushnitsky rolls into the abyss ... Victory does not bring joy to Pechorin, the light fades in his eyes: "The sun seemed dim to me, its rays
they warmed it."
Let us sum up the results of Pechorin's "practical activity": because of a trifle, Azamat exposes his life to serious danger; the beautiful Bela and her father perish at the hands of Kazbich, and Kazbich himself loses his faithful Karagez; the fragile little world of "honest smugglers" is collapsing; Grushnitsky was shot dead in a duel; Vera and Princess Mary suffer deeply; Vulich's life ends tragically. What made Pechorin "an ax in the hands of fate"?
Lermontov does not introduce us to the chronological biography of his hero. The plot and composition of the novel are subordinated to one goal - to deepen the socio-psychological and philosophical analysis of the image of Pechorin. The hero appears in different stories of the cycle as the same, does not change, does not evolve. This is a sign of early "deadness", that we really have a half-corpse in front of us, in which "some kind of secret cold reigns in the soul, when the fire boils in the blood." Many of Lermontov's contemporaries tried to limit the richness of the image to one quality - selfishness. Belinsky resolutely defended Pechorin from accusations of a lack of high ideals: “You say that he is an egoist? But doesn’t he despise and hate himself for this? Doesn’t his heart yearn for pure and disinterested love? No, this is not selfishness ... "But what is it? Pechorin himself gives us the answer to the question: "My colorless youth passed in the struggle with myself and the light; fearing ridicule, I buried my best feelings in the depths of my heart; they died there ..." Ambition, thirst for power, but
The desire to subjugate those around him to his will take possession of the soul of Pechorin, who "from the storm of life ... brought out only a few ideas - and not a single feeling." The question of the meaning of life remains open in the novel: “... Why did I live? For what purpose was I born? And, it’s true, it existed, and, it’s true, I had a high purpose, because I feel immense strength in my soul .. But I did not guess this appointment, I was carried away by the baits of passions, empty and ungrateful, from their crucible I came out hard and cold as iron, but I lost forever the ardor of noble aspirations, the best color of life.
Perhaps the tragedy of Pechorin's fate is connected not only with the social conditions of the hero's life (belonging to a secular society, political reaction in Russia after the defeat of the Decembrist uprising), but also with the fact that a sophisticated ability for introspection and brilliant analytical thinking, "the burden of knowledge and doubts" lead a person to the loss of simplicity, naturalness. Even the healing power of nature is not able to heal the hero's restless soul.
The image of Pechorin is eternal precisely because it is not limited to the social. There are Pechorins now, they are next to us ...
And the soul breaks out into space
From under the power of the Caucasian communities -
The bell is ringing...
The young man's horses rush to the north ...
In the distance I hear the cawing of a crow -
I distinguish in the dark the corpse of a horse -
Drive, drive! Shadow of Pechortsna
It's following me...
These are lines from a wonderful poem by Ya. P. Polonsky "On the way from the Caucasus."
In the novel A Hero of Our Time, Lermontov introduces the reader to the image of a person who has absorbed the most characteristic qualities of the generation of the 1830s. The novel deals with the problem of "an extra person" on the example of the main character, Pechorin.
Pechorin is a very difficult and controversial personality. His life is marked by tragedy. This is both a tragedy of a person rejected by society, and a tragedy of a crippled soul. What is this tragedy and what are its origins and causes?
Pechorin is placed in conditions in which his outstanding personality cannot fully open up and prove himself, and therefore is forced to waste his strength on unnecessary petty intrigues that bring people only misfortune. Pechorin is forced to play the role of an egoist, that is, to be an "egoist involuntarily", and to suffer because of this himself.
This is the tragedy of the hero.
Pechorin stands out from the general mass of people around him. He is smart, straightforward and insightful. Lies and pretense, hypocrisy and cowardice are alien to him. He is not satisfied with an empty and monotonous existence in pursuit of petty, insignificant interests. Pechorin does not want to go with the flow with everyone. With his mind and strength of character, he is capable of the most decisive and courageous actions. If he had directed his activities towards good, lofty goals, he could have achieved a lot. But fate and life decreed otherwise. As a result, Pechorin appears before us as an egoist, living in the world to dispel his boredom at the expense of the misfortunes of others. He lives not with his heart, but with his mind. His soul is half dead. “I became a moral cripple,” Pechorin admits to Princess Mary. Pechorin is full of contempt and hatred for people. He likes to study the psychology of people in various situations, not empathizing and not sympathizing, but completely indifferent. Pechorin brings nothing but misfortune to those around him. Through his fault, smugglers suffer, Bela dies, the lives of Vera and Princess Mary are destroyed, Grushnitsky dies. “I played the role of an ax in the hands of fate,” writes Pechorin in his diary. What motivated the hero to cruel, selfish acts? Most likely the desire to dispel boredom. Pechorin did not think that behind his every unbridled act there is a living person who has a soul and a heart, with his own feelings and desires. Pechorin did everything for himself and nothing for others. “I look at the suffering and joys of others only in relation to myself,” Pechorin admits. Here is how he explains his actions in relation to Princess Mary: "... There is an immense pleasure in the possession of a young, barely blossoming soul ... I feel this insatiable greed in myself." No wonder Princess Mary considers Pechorin worse than a murderer.
What made a hero like this? Possessing outstanding qualities, Pechorin from childhood stood out from the crowd of peers, friends and other people. He put himself above others, and society put him below. Society does not tolerate those who are not like everyone else, it cannot come to terms with the existence of an extraordinary, somewhat distinguished personality. And yet people failed to bring Pechorin under their average level, but managed to cripple his soul. Pechorin became secretive, envious, vindictive. “And then despair was born in my chest - not the despair that is treated at the muzzle of a pistol, but cold, powerless despair, covered with courtesy and a good-natured smile.”
Using the example of Pechorin, Lermontov shows the inevitable conflict between a thinking person and society, the confrontation between a strong personality and a gray, faceless crowd, the problem of an “extra person”.
But is it possible to unequivocally call the hero a cruel egoist.
“... If I am the cause of the misfortune of others, then I myself am no less unhappy! .. I ... am very pitiable,” Pechorin believes. Indeed, while torturing others, Pechorin himself suffers no less. If he is an egoist, then he is a suffering egoist. Genuine human feelings have not completely died in him. An example is the attitude towards the Faith. Indeed, his feelings for this woman are genuine. Pechorin is inherently a deeply unhappy person. He is alone and incomprehensible.
People shun him, feeling some kind of evil force in him. Pechorin lives without a goal, without aspirations, wasting himself on empty intrigues, unnecessary passions. But despite this, his heart is still able to love, his soul - to feel, and his eyes - to cry. At the end of the chapter "Princess Mary" we see Pechorin, who is crying like a child. We see an unfortunate, lonely person who has not found his place in life, repenting of his actions, a person who evokes pity and compassion.
The image of Pechorin is a tragic image of a thinking, strong person. Pechorin is a child of his time, in him Lermontov concentrated the main typical vices of his generation, namely: boredom, individualism, contempt. Lermontov portrayed a man who is in a struggle with society and with himself, and the tragedy of this man.
Is Pechorin a tragic hero?
Pechorin Grigory Alexandrovich, the main character of the work, appears in all five parts of the novel. Maxim Maksimych, in a paternal way, talks about his subordinate: "... He was so thin, white, his uniform was so new." Kind Maksim Maksimych sees contradictions in Pechorin's behavior: “... He was a nice little fellow, only a little strange - he was silent for hours, otherwise he laughed like that, THAT“ you will break your tummies. The staff captain is sure that there are people with whom \g.\lo be sure to agree. By extraordinary things must happen to them.
A more detailed portrait (psychological) is barked in the psychological story “Maxim Maksimych” through the eyes of the narrator: “His dress was lazy and careless, but ... he did not wave his arms -
a sure sign of some secret character. Despite the light color of his hair, his mustache and eyebrows were black - a sign of breed in a person.
Obviously, Lermontov's Pechorin belongs to the disillusioned young people of that era. He continues the gallery of EXTRA PEOPLE. His bright abilities and strengths do not find worthy application and are wasted on fleeting hobbies and senseless and sometimes cruel experiments on others. Already at the beginning of the novel, the hero’s self-recognition sounds: “My soul is spoiled by light, my imagination is restless, my heart is insatiable: everything is not enough for me: I get used to sadness just as easily as to pleasure, and my life becomes empty every day ...” The best features Maxim Maksimych, the "Russian Caucasian" of the Yermolov hole, is set off by the moral anomalies of Pechorin's nature with its inner coldness and spiritual passion, genuine interest in people and selfish self-will. Pechorin admits: “... I have an unhappy character: did my upbringing make me like this, did God reward me like that, I don’t know; I only know that. that if I am the cause of the unhappiness of others, then I myself am no less unhappy.” The confession of the protagonist reveals the inner motives of spiritual anguish and boredom, the hero is not able to find happiness in achieving life goals, because upon reaching them he immediately cools down to the result of his efforts. The causes of this moral sickness are partly connected with the "corruption of the light" that corrupts young souls, and partly with the premature "old age of the soul."
In his journal, Pechorin analyzes the external and internal events of his life. His sober introspection, a clear understanding of himself and other people - all this emphasizes the strength of character, his earthly multi-passionate nature, doomed to loneliness and suffering, the tireless struggle with his unfortunate fate.
Pechorin is a wonderful actor, deceiving everyone and partly himself. Here there is both a player's passion and a tragic protest, a thirst to take revenge on people for their grievances and sufferings invisible to the world, for a failed life.
“The soul of Pechorin is not stony soil, but the earth dried up from the heat of fiery life ...” - notes V.G. Belinsky. Pechorin did not bring happiness to anyone, he did not find a friend in life (“out of two friends, one is the slave of the other”), neither love, nor his place - only loneliness, unbelief, skepticism, fear of seeming ridiculous in the eyes of society.
He's 'chasing furiously out. life", but finds only boredom, and this is the tragedy not only of Pechorin, but of his entire generation.
What is the contradictory character of Pechorin?
"A Hero of Our Time" is the first major social-psychological novel in Russian literature. The main problem of the novel "A Hero of Our Time" is defined by M.Yu. Lermontov in the preface; he draws "a modern person as he understands him", a hundred hero is not a portrait of one person, but "a portrait made up of the vices of our entire generation." In the image of Pechorin, the fundamental features of the post-Decembrist iiioxii were expressed in which, according to Herzen, “only losses were visible on the surface”, while inside “great work was being done ... deaf and silent, but the deaf”;. share and uninterrupted.
Pechorin himself, reflecting on his life, finds in it much in common with the fate of an entire generation: “We are no longer capable of making great sacrifices, either for the good of mankind, or even for our own happiness, because we know its impossibility and indifferently move on from doubt to doubt. ".
Pechorin, like an evil ray, brings suffering to everyone who meets on his way: Bela and her loved ones, the family of “honest smugglers”. Mary, Grushnitsky. At the same time, he is the strictest judge of himself. He calls himself a "moral cripple", more than once compares himself to an executioner. No one understands better than Pechorin how empty and meaningless his life is. Remembering the past before the duel, HE cannot answer the question: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born? Life torments Pechorin: “I am like a man who yawns at a ball, who does not go to bed just because his carriage is not yet.” But still, the living soul of Pechorin manifests itself in a shocked: !! Bela's death, in tears of despair, when he realized that he had lost Faith forever, in a capable! and about I give in to the charm of nature even before a duel, in the ability to look at oneself from the outside.
In Mary's confession, Pechorin accuses society of becoming a "moral cripple." Pechorin repeatedly speaks of his duality, of the contradiction between his human essence and existence. He confesses to Dr. Vsrnsr: “There is a person in me: one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks
lit and judges him ... "To live for Pechorin, namely, this is the function of the first person, -" to be always on the alert, to catch every look, the meaning of every word, to guess intentions, destroy conspiracies, pretend to be deceived and suddenly overturn everything huge and difficult with one push a building of cunning and designs ... ".
Pechorin differs from the rest of the characters in the novel precisely because he is worried about questions of conscious human existence - about the purpose and meaning of human life, about his purpose. He is worried. THAT its only purpose is to destroy other people's hopes.
What is the most important thing for Pechorin: honor, duty, conscience, freedom?
Roman M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time" - psycho! a-chesky novel.
In the center of it is the "story of the soul" of an extraordinary personality at the beginning of the 19th century.
The imprint of fate was in Pechorin's soul, and he knew his fate) Pechorin longed for his death and knew how he would die. For a person who “thinks so much about himself, I think it will be more important” I sow freedom. He is ready to stake his honor and conscience for the sake of freedom.
Pechorin did not have a home at all, he did not want to tie himself to anything. Pechorin was, in my VIEW, an ideal person, cold and strong. This man inflicted pain without remorse. with pleasure and gusto. The Demon, who despised everything, became the literary prototype of Pechorin. life itself. So. for the hero of our time, the goal of life was to “crowd out” from life all possible feelings and experiences that a person could feel. But standing in ONE place, how could he do it? No!
Lermontov wrote in the preface that Pechorin is not a portrait of the author. But. I think it was just a hoax. In the article Vl. Solovyov, where the philosopher describes the inner world of Lermontov, there are lines very similar to Pechorin's diary entry: “I feel in myself this insatiable greed that absorbs everything. what is found in nougat: I look at the pains and joys of others only in relation to myself, as food that supports my mental strength. . and my first pleasure is to subordinate everything that surrounds me to my will.
That's why the hero of our time needs freedom!
Determining in the novel, in my opinion, is the motive of Fate. This is confirmed by constant accidents. Fate leads the hero. Fate and chance are controlled by God, who sent the soul in the image of Pechorin so that she could decide, make a choice. Here is the answer to the question: a soul like that of Pechorin and Lermontov cannot tie itself to the earth and decides all its life who it is. I. in my opinion, Pechorin decided who he was: the Demon, Mephistopheles and the Devil, eternal with a penny. lonely but free.
I agree with Pechorin's point of view: the main thing for a person is not duty, not honor, and not even conscience, but freedom, without which one cannot serve one's duty, protect one's honor and act according to one's conscience.
With what cell does Pechorin start a love nitride
With Princess Mary? (but the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov
"Hero of our time")
In the novel “A Hero of Our Time”, Lermontov set the task of comprehensively and multifacetedly revealing the personality of a contemporary, showing a portrait of a “hero of time”, “composed of the vices” of the entire generation “in their full development”, as the author said in the preface to the novel. All storylines are reduced to a central image, but a love affair plays a special role in this, which is present in almost every part of the novel. After all, one of the main features of the “hero of time” is “premature old age of the soul”, in which “... some kind of secret cold reigns in the soul, / When the fire boils in the blood.”
History about. how Pechorin achieves the favor and love of Princess Mary, shows the secret motives of the actions of the hero, who seeks to always and in everything rule, while maintaining his own freedom. He makes people toys in his hands, forcing them to play by their own rules. And as a result, broken hearts, suffering and death of those who met on his way. He really is like "the executioner in the fifth act of the tragedy." This is precisely his role in the fate of Mary.
A girl who, like Pechorin, belongs to high society, Princess Mary absorbed from childhood a lot of the morals and customs of her environment. She is beautiful, proud, impregnable, but at the same time she loves worship and attention to herself. Sometimes she seems spoiled and
capricious, and therefore the plan developed by Pechorin for her “seduction” at first does not cause strong condemnation in the reader.
But we also notice other qualities of Mary, hiding behind the appearance of a secular beauty. She is attentive to Grushitsky. whom he considers a poor, suffering young man, cannot stand the ostentatious bragging And vulgarity of the officers who make up the “water society”. Princess Mary shows a strong character when Pechorin begins to carry out his "plan" to win her heart. But the trouble is, Pechorin admits that he does not like "women with character." He does everything. to break them, subdue and subjugate them. AND, To unfortunately. Mary fell victim to it, as did the others. Is she guilty of this?
In order to understand THIS, you need to look at what Pechorin "plays" on, winning her favor. The key scene is Pechorin's conversation with Mary on a walk near the failure. “Having taken a deeply touched look,” the hero “confesses” to an inexperienced girl. He tells her about him, how the dog saw "vices" from childhood, and as a result he became a "moral cripple." Of course, there is a particle of truth in THESE words. But the main task of Pechorin is to arouse the sympathy of the girl. II indeed, her kind soul was touched by this story, and as a result she fell in love with Pechorin for his "eye-sights". And the feeling of IT turned out to be deep and serious, without the edge of coquetry and narcissism. And Pechorin reached his goal: “... After all, there is an immense pleasure in the possession of a young, barely blossoming soul!” - the hero cynically remarks. Once again, he showed the most negative traits of his character: selfishness, heartlessness And spiritual coldness, the desire for power over people.
The last scene of Pechorin and Mary's explanation evokes keen sympathy for the unfortunate girl. Even Pechorin himself "began to reap it." By the verdict is merciless, the cards are revealed: the hero announces that he laughed at her. And the princess can only suffer and hate him. and for the reader to think about how cruel a person can be, squandered by selfishness and a thirst to achieve their goals, no matter what.
Is Pechorinfatalist?(based on the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time")
Lermontov's novel "A Hero of Our Time" is rightly called Be only socio-psychological, but also moral
philosophical. The question of free will and predestination, about the fate of the second life of a person is considered in one way or another in all parts of the novel. Neither a detailed oibci on him is given only in the final part - the philosophical story "The Fatalist", to which the yuram plays the role of a kind of epilogue.
A fatalist is a person who believes in the predestination of all events in life, in the inevitability of fate, fate, fate. In the spirit of his time, which is revising the fundamental issues of human existence, Pechorin is trying to decide whether the purpose of a person is predetermined by the higher will or whether he himself determines the laws of life and follow them,
As the action of the story develops, Pechorin receives threefold confirmation of the existence of the prerogative of the estate, of fate. Officer Vulich. with whom the hero makes a risky bet, could not shoot himself, although the gun was loaded. Chatem Vulich nevertheless dies at the hands of a drunken Cossack, and in THIS Pechorin does not have a shish ICHONE in a nipple, since even during a dispute he marked the “seal of death” on his line. And finally, Pechorin himself is trying his luck, deciding to disarm the drunken Cossack, the murderer of Vulich. “... A strange thought flashed through my head: like Vulich. I decided to try my luck, ”says Pechorin.
What is the answer of the "hero of time", and with it the writer himself, to this most difficult question? Pechorin’s conclusion sounds like this: “I like to doubt everything: this disposition of the mind does not interfere with the decisiveness of the character: on the contrary, as far as I am concerned, I always go forward more boldly when I don’t know what awaits me,” As you can see, the failed fatalist turned into his own opposite. If he is ready to admit that predestination exists, THEN it is by no means to the detriment of the activity of human behavior: to be just a toy in the hands of fate, according to Pechorin, is humiliating.
Lermontov gives just such an interpretation of the problem, without unequivocally answering the question that tormented the philosophers of that time. It seems that in the story that ends the novel, there is no solution to the problem of the judge. But by showing that the hero, who expresses thoughts about the possibility and existence of predestination, in all situations prefers to act as a person endowed with free will, Lermontov, in fact, shows the way to a solution.
Why is "Dead Souls" a poem?
The author himself defined the genre of his work as a poem, emphasizing in this way the equality of the epic and lyrical principles 1 in “The Dead i\i The epic and lyrical parts differ in the goals that the author sets. The task of the epic part is to show "although from one side Rus'."
The main means of depicting Russian life in the poem is the detail. With its help, Gogol shows the typicality of the provincial fool, who "was not inferior to other provincial fools", a landscape representing "famous views". I point out such tricks! on a realistic method of creating thunder reference.
In addition, the detail acts as a means of individualization. Sobakevich looks like a “medium bear ham”, and the tailcoat on him is “completely copper-colored.”
In the epic part, the writer is especially attentive to the world of things (a feature of the “natural school”!: things are personified, but the reverse process also occurs, a person becomes a likeness of a thing.
In the lyrical part, a positive ideal of the author arises, which is revealed through lyrical digressions about Russia, linking together the themes of the road, the Russian people and the Russian word (“Oh, loud” bird-troika, who invented you? Are you rushing about with the unfortunate trio?”) The author is aware of his lofty mission (“And for a long time yet it is determined for me by wonderful power to go hand in hand with my strange heroes”).
Such oppositions (epic and lyrical) are also reflected in the language of the poem. The language of lyrical digressions is characterized by a high style, the use of ietaphors, metaphorical epithets ^ "a piercing finger"), hyperbole, rhetorical questions ("What Russian does not like fast driving?"), exclamations, repetitions, gradations.
The language of the epic part is simple, colloquial. Vernaculars are widely used. PROVERBS. The main means of creating and characterizing characters is irony.
"Dead Souls" on the issues raised by Gogol is called the "Russian Odyssey". A novel beginning, unrelated episodes that are united by the adventures of the hero, a through theme of the road, a wide social pressure that breaks off in the poem, the presence of inserted muments (the short stories "The Tale of Captain Kopsykin" and the parable of Kif Mokievichs and Mokni Kifovich) - all this indicates to the epic side of the work.
The presence of a huge number of lyrical digressions that depict the positive ideal of the author, the presence of the author himself, expressing his attitude to what is happening, discussing philosophical topics, touching on the topics of writing, the poetic language of these digressions - this characterizes the work as a poem. Thus, before the reader is an original work of an unusual genre - the poem "Dead Souls".
Why N.V. Gogol uses exactly
artistic detail
as the main means of psychology?
Detailing is a special artistic technique that is necessary to create the most complete image. Through the detail, you can show any comic situation, designate something typical in heroes or. on the contrary, emphasize individual traits. Reception of detail is used, as a rule, in epic works.
N.V. Gogol is a recognized master of detail. Details are filled not only with the large-scale poem "Dead Souls", but also with the dramatic work - the comedy "The Inspector General". The most striking example of this is the silent scene. In it, the author, reminding both his heroes and zrshel about the Last Judgment, describes in detail the poses in which the heroes freeze. So. for example, the mayor stops with me "in the middle in the form of a pillar, with arms outstretched and head thrown back."
Detailing is sometimes used for comic effect. At the end of the 1st act, the mayor tries to put on a box instead of a hat, which shows his excitement, fear of Khlestakov, whom all the officials of the county town mistook for the auditor.
Khlestakov in the climactic scene of the sienna of lies - talks about the soup, which "came straight from Paris on the ship," and the watermelon on his table "is a seven hundred-ruble watermelon." A detail can act not only as a means of individualization, but also as a means of typification. So. for example, preparing for a meeting with the "auditor", the mayor, having gathered officials, gives instructions to everyone. Oi knows what is going on in every department: in charitable institutions, the sick "recover like flies", walk around in dirty caps, goslings walk in the office near Lyaikin-Tyapkin, and in the most prominent place a rapnik hangs. These details are the best way to characterize not only the characters, but also the city, all of Russia.
The plot of the poem "Dead Souls" is full of descriptions, both epic and lyrical digressions. In the chapters devoted to Chichikov's visits to the landlords, one can single out one's own microplot.
First, Chichikov enters the estate, he is met by the landowner (here is a description of the estate, a portrait of the landowner, the interior, the author describes in detail the treat), the climax is Chichikov's conversation with the landowner about the sale of dead souls. then the departure of the protagonist. And in each of these descriptions, Gogol uses many details. For example, characterizing Plyushkin, calling him “a hole in humanity,” he indicates that the house of the former zealous owner looked like a gigantic castle, which spoke of former wealth, and now the dwelling looked like a decrepit invalid. The streets in the village were very clean, but not because the peasants cleaned them, but because they were clean. that Plyushkin himself went out on a kind of hunt in the morning: he dragged everything into the house. what I found on the street.
Describing Manilov, the first landowner to whom Chichikov came, the author uses such a portrait detail as "too much transferred sugar" in the pleasant features of his face. Interior details (an armchair covered with matting, two different candlesticks), subject details (a book laid on the 14th page, neat pyramids of ash knocked out of a pipe) - all this helps to create an image and characterize this character.
Detail for Gogol's work is vital. F> ei there is no Gogol with his mouth-watering dinners, colorful landscapes, vivid portraits, memorable speech characteristics.
Is it possible to agree with A. Bely's statement that
that "Chichikov is a real devil"?
(based on the poem by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls")
Once the philosopher Hegel rightly noted that a work of art is a dialogue with everyone standing in front of it. Maybe. precisely because Oh Often there are disputes about the meaning of a literary work, about its heroes. Symbolist poet Andrey Bely, who once wrote an interesting work on the work of Gogo. I saw in the image of Chichikov a terrible, mystical meaning. I think. WHAT arguments can be made both for and against such a point of view, depending on how this ambiguous literary image is interpreted.
On the one hand, Chichikov is a special type of Russian person,
a kind of "hero of the time", whose soul is "enchanted by riches
vom". "Scoundrel-acquirer", in the pursuit of capital, he loses
understand t. conscience, decency. Lust for profit killed him
the best human feelings, left no room for a "living" soul.
On the other hand, this hero, like a real devil, is merciless and terrible, when he strives to achieve his goal with unbridled energy, he is both quick-witted and cunning, knows how to turn people's weaknesses and vices to his advantage.
Until the 11th chapter, where Chichikov's biography is given, his character is not completely defined. After all, with each new person he meets on his way, he looks different: with young Mani - very courtesy and complacency, with I [healthy adventurer, with Sobakevich - a zealous owner. He knows how to find an approach to everyone, he selects the right elephant for everyone. As a "genuine devil", Chichikov has the ability to penetrate into the most secret corners of people's minds. i but it is necessary for him to successfully complete his terrible “business” - the purchase of “dead carcasses”. That is why something diabolical sometimes peeps through in the guise of Chichikov: psi. the hunt for dead souls is primordial (annihilation of the devil. No wonder the city gossip, among other things, called him Lnshchrist, and something apocalyptic looms in the behavior of officials, which is reinforced by the picture of the death of the prosecutor.
But let's remember Gogol's unrealized plan, according to which from the first volume, embodying the "Hell" of Russian reality,
Pechorin is the main character in M. Yu. Lermontov's novel "A Hero of Our Time". The author himself points out that he embodied in his hero a collective image in which all the vices of the generation were embodied. But the fate of Pechorin is tragic to some extent, sometimes you sincerely want to feel sorry for the hero. To understand the meaning of the work, it is important to appreciate the tragedy of Pechorin's fate.
Hero character
Pechorin is a very controversial character. He is endowed with a lot of positive qualities. Everything is with him: he is handsome and rich, well-mannered and educated. Gregory carefully monitors his neatness, he is not rude to anyone, he is not rude. It would seem that all the positive qualities of a well-mannered secular person indicate that he can be happy. He is confident in himself and does not doubt his actions and deeds. But the worst thing about this character is the lack of the ability to feel. This character is a cynic and an egoist. He does not feel responsible for the fates and lives of other people, he is able, for his own whim, to play with the fates of those who treat him well.
The hero is incapable of love. He himself constantly feels bored, understands the power of his egoism, calls himself a "moral cripple." But he doesn't feel guilty about it. Knowing that his soul has hardened, he does nothing to correct the situation. He is prone to introspection, but this does not justify him. Pechorin cannot be called a happy person. He is constantly bored. In order to satisfy this feeling, he neglects the feelings of other people, but he himself is not at all capable of experiencing them. Probably, the tragedy of the whole generation lies in this - the inability to experience real feelings, because this is a real gift that is inherent only to man. This can be called both a personal tragedy, because such a person is simply a pity, and a tragedy for others, because it is they who suffer from the cynicism and selfishness of people like Pechorin.
The tragedy of a generation
But the problem lies not only in the very nature of Pechorin. It is not for nothing that the novel bears such a name, because it reflects the tragedy of a whole generation. Lermontov noted that he had met people similar to Pechorin more than once in his life, and perhaps he himself was one of them. They have a lot of opportunities, but do not feel happy. They live in a period of changing eras, when the old has already outlived itself, and the new is not yet clear. That is why the problem of the generation is global boredom, restlessness, callousness.
"Moral cripple"
When Pechorin starts a conversation with someone about himself, he constantly makes it clear that he knows how insensitive he is and suffers from it himself. When talking with Maxim Maksimych, he mentions that he is very bored, and you can feel sorry for him. Talking to Mary, he says that society has made him so, not accepting good feelings, seeing only evil and negativity in him. That is why he became a "moral cripple."
