I have always been inspired and amazed by a system that spans the entire cosmos. In particular, my interest fell on our native and beloved planet. The earth is constantly in a state of rotation around the sun, like a top on a table. But, unlike a top, the angular velocity of the Earth does not depend on the force, because it is constant. But how long does it take for our planet to complete one revolution around a large hot ball?
How long does it take the earth to revolve around the sun
Before answering this question, you should find out:
- The exact trajectory of the Earth's movement.
- The relationship between the rotation of the planet and the seasons.
- Influence of the tilt between the planet and the vertical.
So, our planet is constantly spinning around its axis. But, in addition, it simultaneously rotates around one of the largest and closest stars. The path followed by the Earth during rotation is not a circle, because it is slightly elongated. It follows from this that in twelve months the Earth is at a slightly closer distance, and also at a more distant one exactly twice. (the first case is more attractive to me). Of course, you thought that because of this, the seasons change. But, unfortunately, this is not the case. The main culprit of this phenomenon is the same angle between the center of the Earth and the vertical. The fact is that during the movement of the Earth this "defect" remains.
Change of seasons
Imagine that our planet flies past the Sun, the northern part of which is face to face with a star. The sun responds to this side with its warmth and light. Now there are carefree summer holidays. And the edge intended for the south is practically hidden from the Sun. The cold weather and New Year's mood prevail there now. But the path of our planet is still going on. And now everything is different. South and north change places. The bear, who was in a once warm climate, is forced to carefully prepare for hibernation.
Only one slope allows our planet to approach the Sun at the same distance. This is the time of golden autumn and blooming spring. Accordingly, this phenomenon is followed by another important consequence, namely, a fourfold change in the seasons.
It is spherical, however, it is not a perfect ball. Due to the rotation, the planet is slightly flattened at the poles, such a figure is usually called a spheroid or geoid - "like the earth."
The earth is huge, its size is hard to imagine. The main parameters of our planet are as follows:
- Diameter - 12570 km
- Equator length - 40076 km
- The length of any meridian is 40008 km
- The total surface area of the Earth is 510 million km2
- The radius of the poles - 6357 km
- Equator radius - 6378 km
The earth simultaneously rotates around the sun and around its own axis.
The earth rotates around an inclined axis from west to east. Half of the globe is illuminated by the sun, it is day there at this time, the other half is in the shade, there is night. Due to the rotation of the Earth, there is a change of day and night. The Earth makes one revolution around its axis in 24 hours - a day.
Due to rotation, moving streams (rivers, winds) in the northern hemisphere are deflected to the right, and in the southern hemisphere - to the left.
Rotation of the Earth around the Sun
The Earth revolves around the sun in a circular orbit, a complete revolution takes 1 year. The Earth's axis is not vertical, it is inclined at an angle of 66.5° to the orbit, this angle remains constant during the entire rotation. The main consequence of this rotation is the change of seasons.
Consider the extreme points of rotation of the Earth around the Sun.
- December 22- winter solstice. Closest to the sun (the sun is at its zenith) at this moment is the southern tropic - therefore, summer is in the southern hemisphere, winter is in the northern hemisphere. The nights in the southern hemisphere are short, at the southern polar circle on December 22 the day lasts 24 hours, the night does not come. In the Northern Hemisphere, the opposite is true; in the Arctic Circle, the night lasts 24 hours.
- 22nd of June- the day of the summer solstice. The northern tropic is closest to the sun, in the northern hemisphere it is summer, in the southern hemisphere it is winter. In the southern polar circle, night lasts 24 hours, and in the northern polar circle, night does not come at all.
- March 21, September 23- the days of the spring and autumn equinoxes. The equator is closest to the sun, the day is equal to the night in both hemispheres.
The Earth is a cosmic object involved in the continuous movement of the Universe. It rotates around its axis, overcomes millions of kilometers in orbit around the Sun, together with the entire planetary system, slowly goes around the center of the Milky Way galaxy. The first two movements of the Earth are clearly visible to its inhabitants by the change in daily and seasonal illumination, changes in the temperature regime, and the peculiarities of the seasons. Today, our focus is on the characteristics and period of the Earth's revolution around the Sun, its impact on the life of the planet.
General information
Our planet moves in the third orbit farthest from the sun. Earth is separated from the Sun by an average of 149.5 million kilometers. The length of the orbit is approximately 940 million km. The planet overcomes this distance in 365 days and 6 hours (one stellar, or sidereal, year is the period of the Earth's revolution around the Sun relative to distant luminaries). Its speed while moving in orbit reaches an average of 30 km / s.
For an earthly observer, the revolution of the planet around the luminary is expressed in a change in the position of the Sun in the sky. It moves one degree per day to the east of the stars.
Orbit of planet Earth
The trajectory of our planet is not a perfect circle. It is an ellipse with the Sun at one of its foci. This form of orbit "forces" the Earth to approach the star, then move away from it. The point at which the distance from the planet to the Sun is minimal is called perihelion. Aphelion - the part of the orbit where the Earth is at its maximum distance from the star. In our time, the first point is reached by the planet around January 3, and the second on July 4. At the same time, the Earth does not move around the Sun at a constant speed: after passing through aphelion, it accelerates and slows down, overcoming perihelion.
The minimum distance separating two space bodies in January is 147 million km, the maximum is 152 million km.
Satellite
The Moon moves around the Sun along with the Earth. When viewed from the north pole, the satellite moves counterclockwise. The orbit of the Earth and the orbit of the Moon lie in different planes. The angle between them is approximately 5º. This mismatch significantly reduces the number of lunar and solar eclipses. If the planes of the orbits were identical, then one of these phenomena would happen once every two weeks.
The orbit of the Earth and are arranged in such a way that both objects revolve around a common center of mass with a period of approximately 27.3 days. At the same time, the tidal forces of the satellite gradually slow down the movement of our planet around its axis, thereby slightly increasing the length of the day.
Consequences
The axis of our planet is not perpendicular to the plane of its orbit. This tilt, as well as movement around the star, lead to certain changes in climate during the year. The sun rises higher above the territory of our country at a time when the north pole of the planet is tilted towards it. The days are getting longer, the temperature is rising. When it deviates from the luminary, heat is replaced by cold. Similar climate changes are characteristic of the southern hemisphere.
The change of seasons occurs at the equinoxes and solstices, which characterize a certain position of the earth's axis relative to the orbit. Let's dwell on this in more detail.
The longest and shortest day
The solstice is the moment in time when the planetary axis is maximally inclined towards the star or in the opposite direction. The Earth's orbit around the Sun has two such segments. In middle latitudes, the point at which the luminary appears at noon rises higher every day. This continues until the summer solstice, which falls on June 21 in the northern hemisphere. Then the place of the midday stay of the luminary begins to decline until December 21-22. These days are the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere. In the middle latitudes, the shortest day comes, and then it begins to arrive. In the southern hemisphere, the tilt of the axis is opposite, so it falls here in June, and summer - in December.
Day equals night
An equinox is the moment when the planet's axis becomes perpendicular to the plane of its orbit. At this time, the terminator, the border between the illuminated and dark half, runs strictly along the poles, that is, the day is equal to the night. There are also two such points in the orbit. The spring equinox falls on March 20, the autumn equinox on September 23. These dates are valid for the northern hemisphere. In the south, like the solstices, the equinoxes change places: March is autumn, and September is spring.
Where is warmer?
The circular orbit of the Earth - its features in combination with the tilt of the axis - has another consequence. At that moment, when the planet passes closest to the Sun, the south pole looks in its direction. In the corresponding hemisphere, it is summer at this time. The planet at the time of passage of perihelion receives 6.9% more energy than when it overcomes aphelion. This difference is in the southern hemisphere. During the year, it receives a little more solar heat than the north. However, this difference is insignificant, since a significant part of the "additional" energy falls on the water expanses of the southern hemisphere and is absorbed by them.
Tropical and sidereal year
The period of revolution of the Earth around the Sun relative to the stars, as already mentioned, is approximately 365 days 6 hours 9 minutes. This is a sidereal year. It is logical to assume that the change of seasons fits into this segment. However, this is not entirely true: the time of the Earth's revolution around the Sun does not coincide with the full period of the change of seasons. It is the so-called tropical year, lasting 365 days 5 hours and 51 minutes. It is measured most often from one spring equinox to another. The reason for the twenty-minute difference between the duration of the two periods is the precession of the earth's axis.
calendar year
For convenience, it is customary to assume that there are 365 days in a year. The remaining six and a half hours add up to a day for four revolutions of the Earth around the Sun. To compensate for this, and in order to prevent an increase in the difference between the calendar and sidereal years, an "extra" day, February 29, is introduced.
Some influence on this process is exerted by the only satellite of the Earth - the Moon. It is expressed, as noted earlier, in the deceleration of the planet's rotation. Every hundred years, the length of a day increases by about one thousandth.
Gregorian calendar
The usual count of days was introduced in 1582. unlike the Julian, for a long time allows the "civil" year to correspond to the full cycle of the change of seasons. According to it, the months, days of the week and dates are exactly repeated every four hundred years. In terms of duration, the year in the Gregorian calendar is very close to the tropical one.
The goal of the reform was to return the spring equinox to its usual place - March 21. The fact is that from the first century AD to the sixteenth, the real date, when the day is equal to the night, moved to March 10th. The main motivation for the revision of the calendar was the need to correctly calculate the day of Easter. For this, it was important to keep March 21 as a day close to the real equinox. The Gregorian calendar copes with this task very well. The shift of the date of the vernal equinox by one day will occur no earlier than in 10,000 years.
If we compare the calendar and then more significant changes are possible. As a result of the peculiarities of the Earth's motion and the factors influencing it, in about 3200 years, a discrepancy will accumulate with a change of seasons one day long. If at this time it is important to maintain the approximate equality of the tropical and calendar years, then a reform similar to that carried out in the 16th century will again be required.
The period of revolution of the Earth around the Sun, therefore, correlates with the concepts of the calendar, sidereal and tropical year. Methods for determining their duration have been improved since antiquity. New data on the interaction of objects in outer space allow us to make assumptions about the relevance of the modern understanding of the term "year" in two, three and even ten thousand years. The time of the Earth's revolution around the Sun and its connection with the change of seasons and the calendar is a good example of the influence of global astronomical processes on human social life, as well as the dependencies of individual elements within the global system of the Universe.
The mysterious and magical world of astronomy has attracted the attention of mankind since ancient times. People raised their heads up to the starry sky and asked eternal questions about why the stars change their position, why day and night come, why somewhere a blizzard howls, and somewhere in the desert plus 50 ...
The movement of the luminaries and calendars
Most of the planets in the solar system revolve around themselves. At the same time, they all make revolutions around the Sun. Some do it quickly and swiftly, others slowly and solemnly. Planet Earth is no exception, it is constantly moving in outer space. Even in ancient times, people, not knowing the causes and mechanism of this movement, noticed a certain general pattern and began to draw up calendars. Even then, mankind was interested in the question of what is the speed of the Earth's revolution around the Sun.
The sun rises at sunrise
The movement of the Earth around its axis is the Earth's day. And the full passage of our planet in an ellipsoidal orbit around the star is a calendar year.
If you stand on the North Pole and draw an imaginary axis through the Earth to the South Pole, it turns out that our planet moves from west to east. Remember, even in the "Word of Igor's Campaign" it is said that "The sun rises at sunrise"? The east always meets the sun's rays before the west. That is why the new year in the Far East comes earlier than in Moscow.
At the same time, scientists determined that only two points on our planet are in a static position relative to the North and South Poles.
crazy speed
All other places on the planet are in perpetual motion. What is the speed of the Earth's revolution around the Sun? At the equator, it is the highest and reaches 1670 km per hour. Closer to the middle latitudes, for example, in Italy, the speed is already much lower - 1200 km per hour. And the closer to the poles, the smaller and smaller it is.
Equals 24 hours. That's what scientists say. We call it easier - a day.
How fast does the earth revolve around the sun?
350 times faster than a racing car
In addition to rotating around its axis, the Earth also makes an ellipsoidal movement around a star called the Sun. How fast does the earth revolve around the sun? Scientists have long calculated this indicator using complex formulas and calculations. The speed of the Earth around the Sun is 107 thousand kilometers per hour.
It's hard to even imagine these crazy, unrealistic numbers. For example, even the most racing car - 300 kilometers per hour - is 356 times less than the speed of the Earth in orbit.
It seems to us that this Sun rises and rises, that the Earth is motionless, and the luminary makes a circle in the sky. For a very long time, humanity thought just that, until scientists proved that everything happens the other way around. Today, even a schoolboy knows what is happening in the world: the planets smoothly and solemnly move around the Sun, and not vice versa. The Earth revolves around the Sun, and not at all in the way that ancient people previously believed.
So, we found out that the speed of rotation of the earth around its axis and the Sun are respectively 1670 km per hour (at the equator) and 107 thousand kilometers per hour, respectively. Wow, we're flying!
solar and sidereal year
A full circle, or rather, an elliptical oval, the planet Earth goes around the Sun in 356 days 5 hours 48 minutes 46 seconds. Astronomers call these numbers the "astrological year". Therefore, to the question "What is the frequency of the Earth's revolution around the Sun?" we answer simply and concisely: "Year". This indicator remains unchanged, but for some reason, every four years we have a leap year in which there is one more day.
It's just that astronomers have long agreed that the extra 5 and a half hours are not counted every year, but have chosen the number of the astronomical year, a multiple of days. Thus, the year is 365 days. But so that over time there is no failure, so that natural rhythms do not shift in time, every four years a single extra day appears in the calendar in February. These quarter days for 4 years are "gathered" into a full day - and we celebrate a leap year. Thus, answering the question of what is the frequency of the Earth's revolution around the Sun, feel free to say that one year.
In the scientific world, there are concepts of "solar year" and "stellar (sidereal) year". The difference between them is about 20 minutes and it occurs due to the fact that our planet orbits faster than the Sun returns to the place that astronomers have identified as the vernal equinox. We already know the speed of the Earth's revolution around the Sun, and the total period of the Earth's revolution around the Sun is 1 year.
Days and years on other planets
The nine planets of the solar system have their own "concepts" about speed, about what a day is and what an astronomical year is.
The planet Venus, for example, revolves around itself for 243 Earth days. Can you imagine how much you can do there in one day? And how long is the night!
But on Jupiter, the opposite is true. This planet spins around its axis at a gigantic speed and manages to complete a 360-degree rotation in 9.92 hours.
The speed of the passage of the Earth in orbit around the Sun is a year (365 days), but Mercury is only 58.6 Earth days. On Mars, the planet closest to Earth, a day lasts almost as long as on Earth - 24 and a half hours, but a year is almost twice as long - 687 days.
The revolution of the Earth around the Sun is 365 days. Now let's multiply this figure by 247.7 and get one year on the planet Pluto. We have a millennium, and on the most distant planet in the solar system - only four years.
Here are such paradoxical values and figures frightening in their scale.
Mysterious ellipse
To understand why the seasons periodically change on planet Earth, why it is hot in summer and cold in winter in our middle lane, it is important not only to answer the question of how fast the Earth rotates around the Sun, and in what way. You also need to understand how she does it.
And she does this not in a circle, but in an ellipse. If we draw around the Sun, we will see that it is closest to the luminary in January, and farthest - in July. The closest point of the Earth's position in orbit is called perihelion, and the farthest point is called aphelion.
Since the earth's axis is not in a strictly vertical position, but is deviated by about 23.4 degrees, and with respect to the ellipsoidal orbit, the angle of inclination increases to 66.3 degrees, it turns out that in different positions the Earth exposes different sides to the Sun.
Due to the tilt of the orbit, the Earth turns to the star in different hemispheres, hence the change in weather. When winter rages in the Northern Hemisphere, hot summers bloom in the Southern Hemisphere. Six months will pass - and the situation will change exactly the opposite.
Spin, earthly luminary!
Does the sun revolve around something? Of course! There are no absolutely motionless objects in space. All the planets, all their satellites, all comets and asteroids spin like clockwork. Of course, different celestial bodies have different speeds of rotation, and the angle of inclination of the axis, but still they are always in motion. And the Sun, which is a star, is no exception.
The solar system is not an independent closed space. It enters a huge one called the Milky Way. It, in turn, includes as many as 200 billion more stars. The sun moves in a circle around the center of this galaxy. The speed of rotation of the Sun around its axis and the Milky Way galaxy, scientists also calculated using long-term observations and mathematical formulas.
Today there is such data. The Sun completes its full cycle of circular motion around the Milky Way in 226 million years. In astronomical science, this figure is called the "galactic year". Moreover, if we imagine the surface of the galaxy as flat, then our luminary makes small fluctuations up and down, ending up alternately in the Northern and Southern hemispheres of the Milky Way. The frequency of such fluctuations is 30-35 million years.
Scientists believe that the Sun during the existence of the Galaxy managed to make 30 complete revolutions around the Milky Way. Thus, the Sun has lived only 30 galactic years so far. At least that's what scientists say.
Most scientists believe that life on Earth began 252 million years ago. Thus, it can be argued that the first living organisms on Earth appeared when the Sun made its 29th revolution around the Milky Way, that is, in the 29th year of its galactic life.
Body and gases move at different speeds
We learned a lot of interesting facts. We already know the rate of rotation of the Earth around the Sun, we found out what the astronomical and galactic year is, how fast the Earth and the Sun move in their orbits, and now we will determine how fast the Sun rotates around the axis.
The fact that the Sun rotates was noticed by ancient researchers. Similar spots periodically appeared and disappeared on it, which made it possible to conclude that it rotates around its axis. But at what speed? Scientists, having the most modern methods of research, argued about this for a very long time.
After all, our luminary has a very complex composition. His body is solid. Inside is a solid core, around which is located a hot liquid mantle. Above it is a hard bark. In addition to all this, the surface of the Sun is shrouded in hot gas, which is constantly burning. It is a heavy gas that consists mainly of hydrogen.
So, the body of the Sun itself rotates slowly, and this burning gas - quickly.
25 days and 22 years
The outer shell of the Sun makes a complete rotation around its axis in 27 and a half days. Astronomers have been able to determine this by observing sunspots. But this is an average. For example, sunspots at the equator rotate faster and rotate around their axis in 25 days. At the poles, sunspots move at a rate of 31 to 36 days.
The body of the star itself rotates around its axis in 22.14 years. In general, in a hundred years of earthly life, the Sun will turn around its axis only four and a half times.
Why do scientists study the speed of rotation of our star so accurately?
Because it gives answers to many questions of evolution. After all, the star Sun is the source of life for all life on Earth. It is because of the flares on the Sun, according to many researchers, life appeared on Earth (252 million years ago). And it was because of the behavior of the Sun that dinosaurs and other reptiles died in ancient times.
Shine brightly on us, Sun!
People are constantly wondering if the Sun will exhaust its energy, will it go out? Of course, it will go out - there is nothing eternal in the world. And for such massive stars there is a time of birth, activity and decay. But so far the Sun is in the middle of the evolutionary cycle and it has enough energy. By the way, at the very beginning this star was less bright. Astronomers have determined that in the earliest stages of development, the brightness of the Sun was 70 percent lower than it is now.
The place where the sun goes down
Sunrise and sunset is a truly majestic picture. In all its beauty, it unfolds in open space - outside the city, in the field and especially on the sea. The part of the horizon where the sun rises and sets turns crimson…
This amazing planet got its name in honor of the god revered by the Romans, who patronizes trade. The god Mercury was swift. The name of the planet was not chosen by chance, because it moves faster than other planets across the sky. Mercury belongs ...
The Earth, like other planets, revolves around the Sun. This path of the Earth is called the orbit (lat. Orbita - track, road). Evidence of the orbital motion of the Earth are the phenomena of aberration of the light of stars and their parallactic displacement, which are inherent in a periodic nature. The periodicity is equal to one year, which corresponds to the time of revolution of the Earth around the Sun.
The movement of the Sun along the ecliptic is a reflection of the movement of the Earth in its orbit. The ecliptic is a large circle of the celestial sphere, formed when its orbital plane intersects it. The plane of the ecliptic is inclined to the plane of the celestial equator and intersects with it at an angle of 23°27". vice versa.
Earth orbit- an ellipse close to a circle, in one of the focuses of which is the Sun. The distance from the Earth to the Sun varies throughout the year from 147 million km at perihelion (January 2) to 152 million km at aphelion (July 5). The length of the orbit is over 930 million km. The Earth (more precisely, the barycenter) moves along its orbit from west to east, coinciding with the direction of its axial rotation, with an average speed of about 29.8 km/s and travels all the way in 365 days. 6 h 9 min 9 s. This period of time is called a stellar (sidereal) year.
tropical year- the time interval between two successive passages of the Sun through the vernal equinox. It is 20 minutes shorter than the sidereal year and is equal to 365 days. 5 h 48 min 46 s, since the vernal equinox slowly shifts in the direction of the Earth's orbital motion (towards the apparent annual motion of the Sun) at an angle of 50 "per year and the equinox occurs before the Sun passes 360 ° along the ecliptic. This phenomenon was called precession of the equinoxes, and it is caused by precession. Precession- slow cone-shaped rotation of the earth's axis around a perpendicular to the plane of the orbit with a vertex at the center of the earth. The period of its complete rotation is about 26 thousand years. The precession is caused by the attraction of the Earth's equatorial bulge by the Sun and Moon and their tendency to turn the earth's axis into a perpendicular position to the plane of the orbit in order to align the planes of the celestial equator and the ecliptic. But the Earth, like any rotating body, counteracts these forces, which causes a cone-shaped rotation of its axis around the poles (like the axis of a rotating top). Due to the change in the position of the earth's axis and the axis of the world, the position in space of the earth's and celestial equator and, accordingly, the points of the spring and autumn equinoxes change.
Due to the prelude of the equinoxes, the beginning of all seasons of the year is gradually shifted to earlier dates. After 13 thousand years, the dates of the spring and autumn equinoxes will change places, the summer of the northern hemisphere will fall on December, January and February, and the winter will fall on June, July and August.
The consequence of precession is also the movement of the poles of the world among the stars. If now the nearby star to the North Pole of the World (P) is the Polar Star in the constellation Ursa Minor, then in 13 thousand years, the polar star Vega in the constellation Lyra will be in its place and become.
In the modern era, the axis of rotation of the Earth is inclined to the plane of the orbit at an angle of 66.5 ° and moves during the year in space parallel to itself. This leads to the change of seasons and the inequality of day and night - the most important consequences of the revolution of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun.
If the earth's axis were perpendicular to the plane of the orbit, then the light-separating plane and Terminator(a light-dividing line on the surface of the Earth) would pass through both poles and would divide all the parallels in half, the day would always be equal to the night, and the sun's rays at the equator at noon would always fall vertically. As you move away from the equator, the angle of their incidence would decrease and at the poles would become equal to zero. Under these conditions, the heating of the earth's surface during the year would decrease from the equator to the poles and there would be no change of seasons.
The inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of the orbit and the preservation of its orientation in space cause a different angle of incidence of the sun's rays and, accordingly, differences in the flow of heat to the earth's surface in different seasons of the year, as well as unequal lengths of day and night throughout the year at all latitudes, except for the equator, where day and night are always equal to 12 hours.
22nd of June the earth's axis with its northern end is facing the sun. On this day - summer solstice- the sun's rays at noon fall vertically on the parallel of 23.5 ° N. sh. - this is the Northern Tropic (Greek tropikas - turning circle). All parallels north of the equator up to 66.5°N. sh. most of the day is illuminated - at these latitudes, the day is longer than the night. North of 66.5° N. sh. on the day of the summer solstice, the territory is completely illuminated by the Sun - there is a polar day. Parallel 66.5° N sh. is the boundary from which the polar day begins - this is the Arctic Circle. On the same day, at all parallels south of the equator to 66.5 ° S. sh. day is shorter than night. South of 66.5°S sh. the territory is not illuminated at all - there is a polar night. Parallel 66.5°S sh. - South polar circle. June 22 - the beginning of astronomical summer in the northern hemisphere and astronomical winter in the southern hemisphere.
December 22 the earth's axis with its southern end is facing the sun. On this day - winter solstice- the sun's rays at noon fall vertically on the parallel 23.5 ° S. sh. - Southern Tropic. On all parallels south of the equator up to 66.5 ° S. sh. the day is longer than the night. Starting from the Antarctic Circle, the polar day is established. On this day, on all parallels north of the equator up to 66.5 ° N. sh. day is shorter than night. Beyond the Arctic Circle is the polar night. December 22 - the beginning of astronomical summer in the southern hemisphere and astronomical winter in the northern hemisphere.
21 March- V day of spring equinox- And 23 September- V autumnal equinox- the terminator passes through both poles of the Earth and divides all the parallels in half. The northern and southern hemispheres are equally illuminated these days, day everywhere on Earth is equal to night. The sun is at its zenith above the equator at noon. On Earth, March 21 and September 23 are the beginning of astronomical spring and astronomical autumn in the respective hemispheres.
Seasonal rhythm in nature is associated with the change of seasons. It manifests itself in changes in temperature, air humidity and other meteorological indicators, in the regime of water bodies, in the life of plants, animals, etc.
Literature.
- Lyubushkina S.G. General geography: Proc. allowance for university students enrolled in special. "Geography" / S.G. Lyubushkina, K.V. pashkang, A.V. Chernov; Ed. A.V. Chernov. - M. : Education, 2004. - 288 p.
