Hope Lichman
GCD "Food chains in the forest" (preparatory group)
Target. To give children an idea of the relationships that exist in nature, about food chains.
Tasks.
To expand children's knowledge about the relationship of plants and animals, their food dependence on each other;
To form the ability to make food chains, to justify them;
To develop the speech of children, answering the questions of the teacher; enrich the dictionary with new words: relationship in nature, link, chain, food chain.
Develop children's attention, logical thinking.
Contribute to the education of interest in nature, curiosity.
Methods and techniques:
Visual;
Verbal;
Practical;
Problem-search.
Forms of work: conversation, task, explanation, didactic game.
Educational Development Areas: cognitive development, speech development, social and communicative development.
Material: bibabo grandmother toy, owl toy, illustrations of plants and animals (clover, mouse, owl, grass, hare, wolf, cards of plants and animals (leaf, caterpillar, bird, spikelets, mouse, fox, clock, balloon, meadow layout, emblems green and red according to the number of children.
Reflection.
Children sit on chairs in a semicircle. Knock on the door. Grandma (bibabo doll) comes to visit.
Hello guys! I came to visit you. I want to tell you a story that happened in our village. We live near the forest. The inhabitants of our village tend cows in the meadow, which is located between the village and the forest. Our cows ate clover and gave a lot of milk. At the edge of the forest, in the hollow of an old large tree, lived an owl that slept during the day, and at night flew to hunt and hooted loudly. The cry of the owl prevented the villagers from sleeping, and they drove her away. The owl got offended and flew away. And suddenly, after a while, the cows began to lose weight and give very little milk, since there was little clover, but there were many mice. We cannot understand why this happened. Help us get everything back!
Goal setting.
Guys, do you think we can help the grandmother and the villagers? (children's answers)
How can we help the villagers? (children's answers)
Joint activities of children and teacher.
Why did it happen that the cows began to give little milk?
(There was not enough clover.) The teacher lays out a picture of clover on the table.
Why is there not enough clover?
(Mice gnawed.) The teacher lays out a picture of a mouse.
Why are there so many mice? (The owl flew away.)
Who hunted mice?
(There is no one to hunt, the owl has flown away.) A picture of an owl is laid out.
Guys, we have a chain: clover - mouse - owl.
Do you know what other chains are?
The teacher shows a chain decoration, a door chain, a picture of a dog on a chain.
What is a chain? What does it consist of? (children's answers)
From links.
If one link in the chain breaks, what will happen to the chain?
(The chain will break, break.)
Right. Let's look at our chain: clover - mouse - owl. Such a chain is called a food chain. Why do you think? Clover is food for mice, mice are food for owls. Therefore, the chain is called the food chain. Clover, mouse, owl are the links of this chain. Think about it, is it possible to remove a link from our food chain?
No, the chain will break.
Let's remove the clover from our chain. What will happen to the mice?
They will have nothing to eat.
If the mice disappear?
If an owl flies away?
What mistake did the villagers make?
They destroyed the food chain.
Right. What conclusion do we draw?
It turns out that in nature all plants and animals are interconnected. They cannot do without each other. What needs to be done so that the cows again give a lot of milk?
Bring back the owl, restore the food chain. The children call the owl, the owl returns to the hollow of the old big tree.
So we helped the grandmother and all the villagers, returned everything back.
And now you and your grandmother and I will play the didactic game “Who eats whom?”, We will practice and train our grandmother in compiling food chains.
But first, let's remember who lives in the forest?
Animals, insects, birds.
What are the names of animals and birds that eat plants?
Herbivores.
What are the names of animals and birds that eat other animals?
What are the names of animals and birds that eat both plants and other animals?
Omnivorous.
Here are pictures of animals, birds. On the pictures depicting animals and birds, circles of different colors are pasted. Predatory animals and birds are marked with a red circle.
Herbivores and birds are marked with a green circle.
Omnivorous - blue circle.
Children have sets of pictures of birds, animals, insects and cards with a yellow circle on their tables.
Listen to the rules of the game. Each player has his own field, the presenter shows a picture and names the animal, you must make the correct food chain, who eats whom:
1 cell - these are plants, a card with a yellow circle;
2 cells are animals that eat plants (herbivores - with a green circle, omnivores - with a blue circle);
3 cells are animals that feed on animals (predators - with a red circle; omnivores - in blue). Dash cards complete your chain.
The winner is the one who correctly assembles the chain, it can be long or short.
Independent activity of children.
Plants - mouse - owl.
Birch - hare - fox.
Pine seeds - squirrel - marten - hawk.
Grass - elk - bear.
Grass - hare - marten - eagle owl.
Nuts - chipmunk - lynx.
Acorns - boar - bear.
Cereal grain - mouse vole - ferret - owl.
Grass - grasshopper - frog - snake - falcon.
Nuts - squirrel - marten.
Reflection.
Did you like our communication with you?
What did you like?
What new did you learn?
Who remembers what a food chain is?
Is it important to keep it?
In nature, everything is interconnected, and it is very important that this relationship be preserved. All inhabitants of the forest are important and valuable members of the forest brotherhood. It is very important that a person does not interfere with nature, does not litter the environment and takes care of animals and flora.
Literature:
The main educational program of preschool education From birth to school, edited by N. E. Veraksa, T. S. Komarova, M. A. Vasilyeva. Mosaic - Synthesis. Moscow, 2015.
Kolomina N.V. Education of the fundamentals of ecological culture in kindergarten. M: TC Sphere, 2003.
Nikolaeva S. N. Methods of ecological education of preschool children. M, 1999.
Nikolaeva S.N. We learn nature - we prepare for school. M. : Education, 2009.
Salimova M. I. Classes in ecology. Minsk: Amalfeya, 2004.
There are many holidays in the country,
But Women's Day is given to Spring,
After all, only women are subject to
Create a spring holiday - caress.
I wholeheartedly congratulate everyone
Happy International Women's Day !
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All living creatures of our planet are interconnected by one of the strongest bonds - food. That is, someone is food for someone or, in scientific terms, a food base. Herbivores eat plants, the herbivores themselves are eaten by predators, which in turn can also be eaten by other, larger and stronger predators. These peculiar food connections in biology are commonly called food chains. Understanding how the ecosystem of the food chain works gives biologists an idea of the various nuances of living organisms, helps to explain the behavior of some animals, to understand where the legs grow from certain habits of our four-legged friends.
Types of food chains
In general, two main types of food chains are distinguished: the grazing chain (it is also a pasture food chain) and the detrital food chain, which is also called the decomposition chain.
pasture food chain
The pasture food chain is generally simple and understandable, its essence is briefly described at the beginning of the article: plants serve as food for herbivores and are called producers in scientific terminology. Herbivores that eat plants are called consumers (from Latin this word is translated as "consumers") of the first order. Small predators are consumers of the second order, and larger ones are already of the third. In nature, there are also longer food chains, with five or more links, such are found mainly in the oceans, where larger (and voracious) fish eat smaller ones, which in turn eat even smaller ones, and so on down to algae. Closes the links of the food chain is a special happy link, which no longer serves as food for anyone. Usually this is a person, of course, provided that he is careful and does not try to swim with sharks or walk with lions)). But seriously, such a closing link in biology is called a decomposer.
Detrital food chain
But here everything happens a little the other way around, namely, the energy flow of the food chain goes in the opposite direction: large animals, whether they are predators or herbivores, die and decompose, smaller animals feed on their remains, various scavengers (for example, hyenas), which in their turn also die and decompose, and their mortal remains likewise serve as food, either for even smaller lovers of carrion (for example, some species of ants), or for various special microorganisms. Microorganisms, processing the remains, secrete a special substance called detritus, hence the name of this food chain.
A more visual diagram of the power circuit is shown in the picture.
What is the length of the power chain
The study of the length of the food chain provides scientists with answers to many questions, for example, about how favorable the environment for animals is. The more favorable the habitat, the longer the natural food chain will be due to the abundance of various animals that serve as food for each other. But the longest food chain is in fish and other inhabitants of the ocean depths.
What is at the heart of the food chain
At the heart of any food chain are food connections and energy, which is transferred from eating one representative of the fauna (or flora) to others. Thanks to the energy received, consumers can continue their livelihoods, but in turn also become dependent on their food (food base). For example, when the famous migration of lemmings takes place, serving as food for various Arctic predators: foxes, owls, there is a reduction in the population of not only the lemmings themselves (who die en masse during these very migrations), but also predators that feed on lemmings, and some of them even migrate along with them.
Food chains, video film
And in addition, we offer you an educational video about the importance of food chains in biology.
The main condition for the existence of an ecosystem is the maintenance of the circulation of substances and the transformation of energy. It is provided thanks to trophic (food) relationships between species belonging to different functional groups. It is on the basis of these bonds that organic substances synthesized by producers from mineral substances with the absorption of solar energy are transferred to consumers and undergo chemical transformations. As a result of the vital activity of predominantly decomposers, the atoms of the main biogenic chemical elements pass from organic substances to inorganic substances (CO 2, NH 3, H 2 S, H 2 O). Then inorganic substances are used by producers to create new organic substances from them. And they are again involved in the cycle with the help of producers. If these substances were not used repeatedly, life on Earth would be impossible. After all, the reserves of substances absorbed by producers are not unlimited in nature. To implement a full-fledged cycle of substances in an ecosystem, all three functional groups of organisms must be available. And between them there must be constant interaction in the form of trophic links with the formation of trophic (food) chains, or food chains.
A food chain (food chain) is a sequence of organisms in which there is a gradual transfer of matter and energy from a source (previous link) to a consumer (next link).
In this case, one organism can eat another, eat its dead remains or waste products. Depending on the type of initial source of matter and energy, food chains are divided into two types: pasture (grazing chains) and detrital (decomposition chains).
Pasture chains (grazing chains)- food chains that start with producers and include consumers of different orders. In general, a pasture chain can be shown by the following diagram:
Producers -> Consumers of the 1st order -> Consumers of the 2nd order -> Consumers of the 3rd order
For example: 1) meadow food chain: meadow clover - butterfly - frog - snake; 2) the food chain of the reservoir: chlamydomonas - daphnia - gudgeon - pike perch. The arrows in the diagram show the direction of the transfer of matter and energy in the food chain.
Each organism in the food chain belongs to a specific trophic level.
Trophic level - a set of organisms that, depending on the way they eat and the type of food, make up a certain link in the food chain.
Trophic levels are usually numbered. The first trophic level is made up of autotrophic organisms - plants (producers), at the second trophic level there are herbivorous animals (consumers of the first order), at the third and subsequent levels - carnivores (consumers of the second, third, etc. orders).
In nature, almost all organisms feed on not one, but several types of food. Therefore, any organism can be at different trophic levels in the same food chain, depending on the nature of the food. For example, a hawk, eating mice, occupies the third trophic level, and eating snakes - the fourth. In addition, the same organism can be a link in different food chains, linking them together. So, a hawk can eat a lizard, a hare or a snake, which are part of different food chains.
In nature, pasture chains in their pure form are not found. They are interconnected by common food links and form food web, or power network. Its presence in the ecosystem contributes to the survival of organisms with a lack of a certain type of food due to the ability to use other food. And the wider the species diversity of individuals in the ecosystem, the more food chains in the food web and the more stable the ecosystem. The loss of one link from the food chain will not disrupt the entire ecosystem, as food sources from other food chains can be used.
Detritus chains (decomposition chains)- food chains that begin with detritus, include detritus feeders and decomposers, and end with minerals. In detrital chains, the substance and energy of detritus are transferred between detritophages and decomposers through the products of their vital activity.
For example: a dead bird - fly larvae - mold fungi - bacteria - minerals. If detritus does not require mechanical destruction, then it immediately turns into humus with subsequent mineralization.
Thanks to detrital chains, the cycle of substances is closed in nature. Dead organic substances in detrital chains are converted into minerals, which enter the environment, and from it are absorbed by plants (producers).
Pasture chains are predominantly located in the above-ground, and decomposition chains - in the underground tiers of ecosystems. The relationship between pasture chains and detrital chains is carried out through detritus that enters the soil. Detrital chains are connected with pasture chains through mineral substances extracted from the soil by producers. Due to the interconnection of pasture and detrital chains, a complex food web is formed in the ecosystem, which ensures the constancy of the processes of transformation of matter and energy.
Ecological pyramids
The process of transformation of matter and energy in pasture chains has certain regularities. At each trophic level of the pasture chain, not all of the eaten biomass is used to form the biomass of consumers of this level. A significant part of it is spent on the vital processes of organisms: movement, reproduction, maintaining body temperature, etc. In addition, part of the feed is not absorbed and enters the environment in the form of waste products. In other words, most of the matter and the energy contained in it is lost when moving from one trophic level to another. The percentage of digestibility varies greatly and depends on the composition of the food and the biological characteristics of the organisms. Numerous studies have shown that at each trophic level of the food chain, on average, about 90% of energy is lost, and only 10% goes to the next level. The American ecologist R. Lindeman in 1942 formulated this pattern as 10% rule. Using this rule, you can calculate the amount of energy at any trophic level of the food chain, if its rate is known at one of them. With some degree of assumption, this rule is also used to determine the transition of biomass between trophic levels.
If at each trophic level of the food chain to determine the number of individuals, or their biomass, or the amount of energy contained in it, then it becomes obvious that these values decrease as we move towards the end of the food chain. This pattern was first established by the English ecologist C. Elton in 1927. He called it ecological pyramid rule and offered to express graphically. If any of the above characteristics of trophic levels are depicted as rectangles with the same scale and placed one above the other, then we get ecological pyramid.
Three types of ecological pyramids are known. Pyramid of numbers reflects the number of individuals in each link in the food chain. However, in the ecosystem, the second trophic level ( consumers of the 1st order) can be numerically richer than the first trophic level ( producers). In this case, an inverted pyramid of numbers is obtained. This is due to the participation in such pyramids of individuals that are not equivalent in size. An example is a pyramid of numbers, consisting of a deciduous tree, leaf-eating insects, small insectivores and large birds of prey. biomass pyramid reflects the amount of organic matter accumulated at each trophic level of the food chain. The pyramid of biomass in terrestrial ecosystems is correct. And in the biomass pyramid for aquatic ecosystems, the biomass of the second trophic level, as a rule, is greater than the biomass of the first when it is determined at a particular moment. But since aquatic producers (phytoplankton) have a high rate of product formation, in the end, their biomass per season will still be greater than the biomass of first-order consumers. And this means that the rule of the ecological pyramid is also observed in aquatic ecosystems. energy pyramid reflects patterns of energy expenditure at different trophic levels.
Thus, the stock of matter and energy accumulated by plants in pasture food chains is quickly consumed (eaten away), so these chains cannot be long. They usually include three to five trophic levels.
In the ecosystem, producers, consumers and decomposers are connected by trophic relationships and form food chains: pasture and detrital. In pasture chains, the 10% rule and the ecological pyramid rule apply. Three types of ecological pyramids can be built: numbers, biomass and energy.
Who eats what
Make a food chain that tells about the heroes of the song "A grasshopper sat in the grass"
Animals that eat plant foods are called herbivores. Those animals that eat insects are called insectivores. Larger prey is hunted by predatory animals, or predators. Insects that eat other insects are also considered predators. Finally, there are omnivorous animals (they eat both plant and animal food).
Into what groups can animals be divided according to the way they feed? Complete the chart.
Food chains
Living things are interconnected in the food chain. For example: Aspens grow in the forest. Hares feed on their bark. A hare can be caught and eaten by a wolf. It turns out such a food chain: aspen - hare - wolf.
Make and write food chains.
a) spider, starling, fly
Answer: fly - spider - starling
b) stork, fly, frog
Answer: fly - frog - stork
c) mouse, grain, owl
Answer: grain - mouse - owl
d) slug, mushroom, frog
Answer: mushroom - slug - frog
e) hawk, chipmunk, bump
Answer: bump - chipmunk - hawk
Read short texts about animals from the book With Love to Nature. Identify and write down the type of animal food.
In autumn, the badger begins to prepare for winter. He eats and gets very fat. Everything that comes across serves as food for him: beetles, slugs, lizards, frogs, mice, and sometimes even small hares. He eats both forest berries and fruits.
Answer: omnivorous badger
In winter, the fox catches mice under the snow, sometimes partridges. Sometimes she hunts hares. But hares run faster than a fox and can run away from it. In winter, foxes come close to human settlements and attack poultry.
Answer: carnivorous fox
In late summer and autumn, the squirrel collects mushrooms. She pricks them on tree branches to dry the mushrooms. And the squirrel stuffs nuts and acorns into hollows and crevices. All this will come in handy for her in the winter starvation.
Answer: herbivorous squirrel
The wolf is a dangerous animal. In summer, he attacks various animals. It also eats mice, frogs, lizards. It destroys bird nests on the ground, eats eggs, chicks, birds.
Answer: carnivorous wolf
The bear breaks open rotten stumps and looks for fat larvae of lumberjack beetles and other insects that feed on wood. He eats everything: he catches frogs, lizards, in a word, whatever he comes across. Digs bulbs and tubers of plants from the ground. You can often meet a bear in the berry fields, where he greedily eats berries. Sometimes a hungry bear attacks moose, deer.
Answer: omnivorous bear
According to the texts from the previous task, compose and write down several food chains.
1. strawberry - slug - badger
2. tree bark - hare - fox
3. grain - bird - wolf
4. wood - beetle larvae - lumberjack - bear
5. young shoots of trees - deer - bear
Make a food chain using the pictures.
Food or trophic chain called the relationship between different groups of organisms (plants, fungi, animals and microbes), in which energy is transported as a result of eating some individuals by others. Energy transfer is the basis for the normal functioning of an ecosystem. Surely these concepts are familiar to you from the 9th grade of the school from the general biology course.
Individuals of the next link eat the organisms of the previous link, and this is how matter and energy are transported along the chain. This sequence of processes underlies the living cycle of substances in nature. It is worth saying that a huge part of the potential energy (about 85%) is lost during the transfer from one link to another, it dissipates, that is, it is dissipated in the form of heat. This factor is limiting in relation to the length of food chains, which in nature usually have 4-5 links.
Types of food relationships
Within ecosystems, organic matter is produced by autotrophs (producers). Plants, in turn, are eaten by herbivorous animals (first-order consumers), which are then eaten by carnivores (second-order consumers). This 3-link food chain is an example of a proper food chain.
Distinguish:
pasture chains
Trophic chains begin with auto- or chemotrophs (producers) and include heterotrophs in the form of consumers of various orders. Such food chains are widely distributed in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. They can be drawn and compiled in the form of a diagram:
Producers —> Consumers of the 1st order —> Consumers of the 1st order —> Consumers of the 3rd order.
A typical example is the meadow food chain (this can be both a forest zone and a desert, in which case only the biological species of various participants in the food chain and the branching of the network of food interactions will differ).
So, with the help of the energy of the Sun, a flower produces nutrients for itself, that is, it is a producer and the first link in the chain. A butterfly that feeds on the nectar of this flower is a consumer of the first order and the second link. The frog, which also lives in the meadow and is an insectivorous animal, eats a butterfly - the third link in the chain, a consumer of the second order. A frog is swallowed already - the fourth link and consumer of the III order, a hawk is eaten by a hawk - a consumer of the IV order and the fifth, as a rule, the last link in the food chain. A person can also be present in this chain as a consumer.
In the waters of the World Ocean, autotrophs, represented by unicellular algae, can exist only as long as sunlight is able to penetrate through the water column. This is a depth of 150-200 meters. Heterotrophs can also live in deeper layers, rising to the surface at night to feed on algae, and in the morning again leaving to the usual depth, while making vertical migrations up to 1 km per day. In turn, heterotrophs, which are consumers of subsequent orders, living even deeper, in the morning rise to the level of habitation of consumers of the first order in order to feed on them.
Thus, we see that in deep water bodies, as a rule, seas and oceans, there is such a thing as a “food ladder”. Its meaning lies in the fact that organic substances that are created by algae in the surface layers of the earth are transferred along the food chain to the very bottom. Given this fact, the opinion of some ecologists that the entire reservoir can be considered a single biogeocenosis can be considered reasonable.
Detrital trophic relationships
To understand what a detrital food chain is, you need to start with the very concept of “detritus”. Detritus is a collection of the remains of dead plants, corpses and end products of animal metabolism.
Detritus chains are typical for communities of inland waters, the bottom of lakes with great depth, and oceans, many of whose representatives feed on detritus formed by the remains of dead organisms from the upper layers or accidentally falling into a reservoir from ecological systems located on land, in the form, for example , leaf litter.
The bottom ecological systems of the oceans and seas, where there are no producers due to the lack of sunlight, can only exist at the expense of detritus, the total mass of which in the World Ocean for a calendar year can reach hundreds of millions of tons.
Also, detrital chains are common in forests, where a considerable part of the annual increase in the biomass of producers cannot be eaten directly by the first link of consumers. Therefore, it dies off, forming litter, which, in turn, is decomposed by saprotrophs, and then mineralized by decomposers. Fungi play an important role in the formation of detritus in forest communities.
Heterotrophs that feed directly on detritus are detritivores. In terrestrial ecological systems, detritivores include some types of arthropods, in particular insects, as well as annelids. Large detritus feeders among birds (vultures, crows) and mammals (hyenas) are usually called scavengers.
In the ecological systems of waters, the bulk of detritus feeders are aquatic insects and their larvae, as well as some representatives of crustaceans. Detritophages can serve as food for larger heterotrophs, which, in turn, can later become food for higher-order consumers.
The links in the food chain are also called trophic levels. By definition, this is a group of organisms that occupies a specific place in the food chain and represents a source of energy for each of the subsequent levels - food.
organisms I trophic level in pasture food chains are primary producers, autotrophs, that is, plants, and chemotrophs - bacteria that use the energy of chemical reactions to synthesize organic substances. In detrital systems, autotrophs are absent, and trophic level I of the detrital trophic chain forms detritus itself.
Last, V trophic level represented by organisms that consume dead organic matter and end products of decay. These organisms are called destructors or decomposers. Decomposers are mainly represented by invertebrates that are necro-, sapro- and coprophages, using remains, waste and dead organic matter as food. This group also includes saprophage plants that decompose leaf litter.
The level of destructors also includes heterotrophic microorganisms capable of converting organic substances into inorganic (mineral) ones, forming the final products - carbon dioxide and water, which return to the ecological system and re-enter the natural cycle of substances.
The Importance of Nutritional Relationships
