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Dobrolyubov N. A Ray of light in the dark kingdom (Thunderstorm. Drama in five acts by A. N. Ostrovsky, St. Petersburg, 1860) In the development of the drama, there must be observed strict unity and consistency; the denouement should flow naturally and necessarily from the tie; every scene must

Bykova N. G. Drama by A. N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm” “Thunderstorm” is a drama written by A. N. Ostrovsky in 1859. The play was created on the eve of the abolition of serfdom. The action takes place in the small merchant town of Kalinov on the Volga. Life there is slow, sleepy, boring.Home

Victims of the "dark kingdom" in Ostrovsky's drama "Thunderstorm".

The purpose of the lesson: identifying aspects of the life of the victims of the "Dark Kingdom" that did not allow or allowed them to make the right choice in life, analyze individual fragments.

During the classes.

I . Pupils tell prepared messages about Varvara and Kudryash.

Speakers need to pay attention to the following: Barbara does not protest against the foundations of the "dark kingdom", she adapts to it. It has the will and courage, but they are not aimed at fighting the orders of the Kabanikhi. Varvara defines life principles as follows: “But in my opinion: do what you want, if only everything was sewn and covered.” She sympathizes with Katerina, despises her brother’s spinelessness, is indignant at her mother’s heartlessness, but Katerina’s spiritual impulses are incomprehensible to her.

Curly is the opposite of Barbara, he is much smarter than her, the folk principle is stronger in him. This nature is gifted, kind, sensitive, but self-willed. Kudryash contrasts his prowess with mischief to the world of the "dark kingdom", his protest is personal in nature and is expressed in "revelry", smart "daring". Ostrovsky also does not accept such a position in relation to the "dark kingdom".

II .Tikhon is shown in the play as a typical representative of the merchant world, where economic and domestic despotism turns a person into an uncomplaining and submissive victim.

Find Curly's first line about Tikhon in the first act ("Her husband is ... a fool").Can we agree with this assessment?

What is Tikhon's attitude to the world, to everything that happens in the house?

From childhood, Tikhon was accustomed to obey his mother in everything, he got used to the fact that in adulthood he was afraid to act against her will. He resignedly endures all the bullying of Kabanikh, not daring to protest. "Yes, how can I, mother, disobey you!" he says, and then adds: “Yes, mama, I don’t want to live by my own will. Where can I live by my own will!”

What does Tikhon think about Katerina's act "in a little way" and in her own way? (“Here, mother says - she must be buried alive in the ground so that she is executed.” - But I love her, I’m sorry to touch her with my finger. I beat her a little, and even then mother ordered. It’s a pity for me to look at her, understand, Kuligin. she eats her, and she walks like a shadow, unanswered. She only cries and melts like wax. So I'm killing myself looking at her.") Powerless to protect his wife, forced to play the miserable role of a tool in the hands of Kabanikh, Tikhon does not deserve respect , Katerina's spiritual world is incomprehensible to him, a person not only weak-willed, but also limited, rustic.“I won’t understand you, Katya! You won’t get a word from you, let alone affection; otherwise you climb yourself,” he says to her. Nor did he understand the drama brewing in his wife's soul. Tikhon unwittingly becomes one of the culprits of her death, as he refused to support Katerina, pushed her away at the most critical moment.

According to Dobrolyubov, Tikhon is "a living corpse - not one, not an exception, but a whole mass of people subject to the pernicious influence of the Wild and Kabanovs!"

III .Boris - this character, the only one in the play, is not dressed in Russian. This is not only because Boris is more educated than others, not because Kalinov is a slum for him, and he is a stranger here. He understands the savagery and cruelty of the mores of the Kalinovites. But he is powerless, indecisive: material dependence puts pressure on him and turns him into a victim of his uncle-tyrant. "Education took away from him the power to do dirty tricks ... but did not give him the strength to resist the dirty tricks that others do," Dobrolyubov notes.

He lives in the present and does not think much about the moral consequences of his love. (“Has my husband left for a long time? ... Oh, so we’ll take a walk! Time is enough ... No one will know about our love”) Boris, not devoid of spiritual nobility, is distinguished by timidity, passivity and inconsistency of his actions. He is not able to save or pity Katerina. In the scene of the last meeting, Katerina thinks about him, and even during these minutes he cannot overcome his slavish fear. ("They wouldn't have caught us here!", "Time for me, Katya.") Boris - what he is, on the other - created by Katerina's imagination.Dobrolyubov is right, who believed that Katerina fell in love with him "more in the absence of people", in the absence of a more worthy person.

IV .Speaking of Kuligin, let's analyze the character's main lines:

How does Kuligin appear to us at the first meeting? ( Id., 1 yavl.)

What is Kuligin's attitude to the mores of the city of Kalinov?

What is the meaning of the monologue "Here is such, sir, we have a little town ..."? ( IIId., 3 rev.)

Why did Kuligin need to ask Dikiy for money? How does he want to spend them? ( IVd., 2 rev.)

How does Kuligin feel about the Kabanov family drama? ( Vd., 2 rev.)

What is Kuligin's attitude to Katerina's suicide? ( Vd, 8 sp.)

How is it different from the inhabitants of the city of Kuligin?

An educated person, a self-taught mechanic - the surname resembles the surname Kulibin. Feel the beauty of nature. Wants to improve the city, tries to persuade Wild to give money for a sundial, for a lightning rod. He tries to influence the inhabitants, to educate them, explaining the thunderstorm as a natural phenomenon. Kuligin personifies the best part of the city's inhabitants, but he is lonely, which is why he is considered an eccentric.

V .Summary of the lesson: Tikhon and Boris failed to protect and save Katerina. And the "dark kingdom", which turned them into weak-willed, downtrodden people, doomed both of them to "live and suffer." But even such weak, weak-willed, resigned to life, driven to the extreme, people like the inhabitants of Kalinov are able to condemn the despotism of petty tyrants. The death of Katerina prompted Kudryash and Varvara to search for another life, for the first time forced Kuligin to turn to petty tyrants with bitter reproach. Even the unfortunate Tikhon comes out of unconditional submission to his mother, regrets that he did not die with his wife: “It’s good for you, Katya! But why did I stay in the world and suffer!” Of course, the protest of Varvara, Kudryash, Kuligin, Tikhon has a different character than that of Katerina. But Ostrovsky showed that the "dark kingdom" was beginning to loosen up, and Dikoi and Kabanikha were showing signs of fear of new phenomena that they did not understand in the life around them.

Homework : select quotes to describe Katerina.

Home building for the lesson

1. Collect material to characterize Varvara, Kudryash, Boris, Tikhon, Kuligin.
2. Be able to give an oral description.

One of the particular manifestations of the play's conflict is the clash of characters. Of course, the antithesis is found in the characters of Katerina and her mother-in-law, but we will talk about this a little later. The characters of Katerina and Tikhon are also contrasting.

Tikhon

Exercise

Describe Tikhon.

Answer

Close-minded, spineless, weak-willed, kind; overwhelmed by the despotism of the mother; the tragic death of Katerina causes a timid protest.

Exercise

Give evidence from the text.

Answer

Tikhon appears in the play with the words: “But how can I, mother, disobey you!” D.I, yavl. V. Page 231 (quote all the words of Kabanov).

Conclusion

Everything human is crushed in him by the despotism of his mother, he becomes a submissive executor of her will, in him we see the living embodiment of the goal towards which the rulers of the "dark kingdom" are striving. They would be completely calm if they made all people the same downtrodden and weak-willed. Thanks to the efforts of "mother" Tikhon is so saturated with fear and humility that he does not even dare to think about living his mind and his will. "Yes, mother, I don't want to live by my own will. How can I live by my own will!" he assures his mother.

His resignation is underlined by the name. He is unable to truly comprehend the measure of his wife's suffering and aspirations, unable to penetrate into her spiritual world. Moreover, he cannot help her.

Question

Does the character of Tikhon correspond to his surname Kabanov?

Answer

Tikhon is a good person by nature. He is kind, sympathetic, sincerely loves and pities Katerina, and is alien to any selfish aspirations. There is in him both the ability for sound judgment, and the desire to break free from the vice in which he found himself.

Exercise

Give evidence from the text

D.V, yavl.I, p.275 (I went to Moscow ...)

And only in the finale this bruised, but internally contradictory person rises to an open condemnation of the tyranny of his mother.

D.V, yavl. VI, pp. 282–283, 284

The tragedy of Katerina makes even the humble Tikhon raise his voice of protest. If the first words of Tikhon in the play are: “But how can I, mother, disobey you!”, then at the end of it he desperately throws a passionate, angry accusation into his mother’s face: “You ruined her! You! You!”

Boris

To no lesser extent, the character of the recalcitrant Katerina is opposed by Boris. The unbearable life under the yoke of Kabanova, the longing for freedom, the desire for love and devotion - all this, which did not find a response in Tikhon, was the reason for the emergence of Katerina's feelings for Boris.

Exercise

Let's characterize this character.

Answer

Boris is not like the other inhabitants of Kalinov. He is mentally soft and delicate, simple and modest, besides, thanks to his appearance, education, manners, speech, he seems like a person from another world. Like Katerina, he is also oppressed, and this makes the young woman hope to find in him a kindred spirit who can respond to her ardent feeling.

Question

Does Boris love Katerina?

Answer

Loves. D.III, scene I, yavl.III, p.2. D.III, scene II, yavl.II, pp. 260–261.

D.III, scene II, yavl.III, pp. 262–263 (read by roles).

Question

Do you think Katerina really found a kindred spirit?

Answer

Katerina was bitterly deceived in Boris. This is a weak-willed person who is in slavish dependence on his uncle.

Question

Analyze his behavior during parting with Katerina.

Answer

D.V, yavl. III, p. 279.

Even during his last meeting with Katerina, when he clearly sees that the woman he loves is dying, Boris cannot get rid of the cowardly thought: "We shouldn't have been found here!" This prudent caution completely reveals the insignificance of Boris.

Question

Who do you think looks more emotionally attractive in the play, Boris or Tikhon?

Answer

Boris only outwardly seems better than Tikhon, but in reality he is worse than him. Like Tikhon, Boris has no will of his own and resignedly submits to all the whims of the Wild. But if Tikhon has been downtrodden since childhood and does not suspect the possibility of another life, then Boris, who has received an education and lived in a cultural environment, deliberately submits himself to tyranny for the sake of a faint hope of receiving at least an insignificant share of the inheritance due to him. Selfish calculation makes Boris endure humiliation, is the reason for his cowardice. He, like Tikhon, actually becomes an accomplice of tyrants, an accomplice in their crimes; but this is more unforgivable to Boris, since he understands the whole criminality of despotism.

barbarian

The story of Katerina's tragic love is shown next to Varvara's "festival" drawn in parallel.

Question

What is this character?

Answer

Barbara in Greek means "rough". Bold and determined. She is not superstitious, she is not afraid of thunderstorms, unlike Katerina. Does not consider obligatory strict observance of established customs.

D.I, yavl.VI-VII, p.234, yavl. X, p.239.

D.II, yavl. II, p. 243

The exceptionally truthful Katerina is opposed by the moral unpretentiousness of Barbara. Brought up on a deceitful, ostentatious morality, Varvara adheres to the rule: "Do what you want, as long as it is sewn and covered." She sympathizes with Katerina, despises her brother's spinelessness, and resents her mother's heartlessness. But Katerina's spiritual impulses are incomprehensible to her.

Exercise

Find the pages dedicated to the date of Varvara and Curly. Analyze the behavior of lovers.

Answer

D.III, yavl.IV, P.265

With bright poetry, quivering sublimity, emotional experiences of Katerina in the scene of a night meeting, the too earthy, monotonously tired, rudely erotic, somewhat insincere meeting between Varvara and her dashing clerk Kudryash contrasts. They kiss "coldly" and at the same time yawn repeatedly.

Question

Does Barbara belong to the "dark kingdom"? What is its relationship with its representatives?

Barbara adapted to the laws of the "dark kingdom". Due to her position, she cannot openly defend her rights and is forced to cheat and deceive. To Katerina’s words that she doesn’t know how to hide anything, Varvara replies: “Well, you can’t do without it! Remember where you live! Our house rests on that. And I was not a liar, but I learned when became necessary."

The escape of Varvara, which Tikhon mentions (p. 277), is contrasted with the finale of Katerina's fate.

Curly

Exercise

Describe Curly.

Answer

He grew up in Kalinov's environment. Like other Kalinovites, he does not understand Kuligin's admiration for the beauty of nature. In terms of its cultural level, it does not differ from the inhabitants of the city.

Question

Do you think Curly is a victim or a master of life?

Answer

He knows the customs of the merchant environment well. (pp. 227–228). Freedom-loving. He not only condemns the despotism of the Wild and Boar, but also knows how to stand up for himself. No matter how tyrannical Wild is, Kudryash has defended an independent position for himself. “We don’t have enough guys like me, otherwise we would wean him to be naughty.” (p. 224). He is more of a master of life than a victim.

Exercise

Watch Kudryash's remarks when he finds out about Katerina's connection with Boris.

Answer

(D.III, scene II, yavl.II, pp. 260–261)

Question

How does he feel about Barbara?

Answer

Kudryash passionately and sincerely loves Varvara: "I'm for mine ... and I don't know what I'll do! I'll cut my throat!" (D.III, scene II, yavl.II, p. 259).

And, unlike Boris, he does not stop before running away with Varvara from Kalinov and starting a new life.

Kuligin

Question

How is it different from the inhabitants of the city of Kuligin?

Answer

An educated person, a self-taught mechanic - the surname resembles the surname Kulibin. Feel the beauty of nature. Aesthetically, he stands above other heroes: he sings songs, quotes Lomonosov. He advocates for the improvement of the city, trying to persuade Wild to give money for a sundial, for a lightning rod. He tries to influence the inhabitants, to educate them, explaining the thunderstorm as a natural phenomenon. Thus, Kuligin personifies the best part of the city's inhabitants, but he is alone in his aspirations, which is why he is considered an eccentric. (The eternal motive of grief from the mind.)

Question

With which of the characters can you relate Kuligin?

Answer

With Katerina. Both of them enrich the lyrical beginning of the play. Kuligin, like Katerina, personifies in the "dark kingdom" "a different life, with different beginnings." (Dobrolyubov).

Question

What is the difference in the actions of Katerina and Kuligin?

Answer

Unlike the recalcitrant Katerina, Kuligin is a supporter of mitigating the contradictions between predators and their victims, a preacher of patience and humility.

Exercise

Illustrate this idea with examples from the play.

Answer

In response to drastic measures against Dikoi proposed by Kudryash, Kuligin objects: “Let’s take an example from him! Better be patient." And to the growl of the Wild, he reacts like this: “There is nothing to do, we must submit!” He does not see an active way to resist the unbridled tyrants.

In revealing the characters of the play, Ostrovsky applied the principle of contrast. In this way he succeeded in showing their complexity in relief, in highlighting their essential features, and in bringing all the characters of his drama together.

Homework

Write a letter about life in the city of Kalinov on behalf of Boris (at the lesson as a test, finish at home).

If Dikoy and Kabanikha can be called petty tyrants, then Tikhon Kabanov, in fairness, is called a downtrodden and humiliated person.
He has no will of his own and no thought of his own. “But how can I, mother, disobey you!” “Yes, mother, I don’t want to live by my own will!” - only this kind of speech is heard from him by his mother. She, of course, approves of him for this; but, as is usually the case with such people, she does not respect him herself. She calls him a fool; she contemptuously tells him: "Why are you pretending to be an orphan! Why are you dissolving a nurse? Well, what kind of husband are you? Look at yourself!"

And his sister Varvara does not respect him. Tikhon is a kind man and in essence not bad: he loves his wife in his own way, he trusts her; he does not want his wife to be afraid of him. But in his soul there is not enough love to protect the poor woman from insults, and he himself inflicts insults on her by order of his mother. His own will and the opportunity to go on a spree in freedom, without supervision, is the most precious thing for him. He reproaches his wife for the fact that his mother sharpened him with reproaches; he frankly tells Katerina that he is glad to get out of the house, that he and his mother “hit him”. He himself, stupidly and blindly, destroys his wife, and himself, and the possibility of his happiness. Katerina, afraid of her impulses, asks him to take her with him, but refuses. “Have you really fallen out of love with me?” asks the poor woman.
- “Yes, I didn’t stop loving,” he answers, “but with such bondage, you will run away from whatever beautiful wife you want! Think about it: whatever it is, but I, after all, am a man; live like this all your life, as you see, you will also run away from your wife. Yes, how do I know now that there will be no thunderstorm over me for two weeks, there are no shackles on my legs, so am I up to my wife?
“How can I love you when you say such words?” Katerina exclaims mournfully.

Tikhon has a heart; when Katerina begins to repent in front of her mother-in-law, tells her misdeed, he tries to stop her in order to hide the case from her merciless mother. He then sympathizes with the torment of his wife ... But he still does what his mother orders: he beats Katerina at her command. Not having his own thoughts, he, drunk with grief, deliberately sets himself up for hostile feelings, in accordance with the views of his mother. A man of conscience and feelings defeats his blindly obedient son only when Katerina commits suicide. “Mama, you ruined her! You, you, you...” But this is already a late protest and unnecessary; yeah, it's hardly durable. Maybe Kabanikha is right, saying with confidence in response to him: “Well, I’ll talk to you at home!”
Such is one element of life, depicted in The Thunderstorm - the element of the selfish oppression of the strong over the weak, the humiliating and shameful humiliation of the weak.