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Exam preparation. Student research what I learned about riddles Essay template for part C of the Unified State Examination

Exam preparation. Student research what I learned about riddles Essay template for part C of the Unified State Examination

19.06.2019

Who invents modern riddles?

Hypothesis

I think modern riddles are invented by writers.

Questions that concern me

What is a riddle and how is it built?
What are the riddles?
When and in connection with what did the riddles appear?
Who composed riddles in the old days, and who composes them now?

My actions

Everyone loves riddles: both adults and children. What is a riddle? This is a special and interesting world. It is the world, since riddles contain knowledge and information about the people, as well as about the world around them. The very word "mystery" derived from the word "guess", which meant "think", "to ponder".

Mystery- this is a brief description of the implied object or phenomenon according to the initial or hinting signs of another object or phenomenon. When constructing a riddle, a variety of artistic means are often used: description, comparison, opposition, denial, hyperbole, epithets. Here, for example, is a riddle constructed with the help of epithets:

Guess easily and quickly:

Soft, lush And fragrant,
They black, They white,
And sometimes burnt.

But more often than not, the "soul" of the riddle is a metaphor. She is always unique and fantastic. It turns the ordinary idea of the world upside down.

Riddles are different: children's and adults, mathematical and logical, funny and tricky, riddles, rebuses and historical. They teach us to be attentive and active, develop our imagination and curiosity, train our memory and just have fun.

Riddles are one of the oldest genres of oral folk poetry. Many scientists believe that riddles arose as a phenomenon of allegorical secret speech. It was used by our distant ancestors in military, diplomatic affairs, as well as in everyday economic life. Ancient man endowed nature with the ability to feel and influence the fate of a person, and therefore believed that with the help of allegorical speech one can deceive animals or plants, avert misfortune from oneself. A folk riddle is connected with these "dummy" words, in which an unnamed object or phenomenon was described by pointing to some signs, for example: -tavta, snoring-ottoman would have eaten me "(" I went for a horse, took a dog with me and met a bear). Also, according to scientists, in ancient times, riddles were a means of teaching young people "secret" words. Many centuries ago, people used riddles and just to communicate, if they didn’t want others to know what they were talking about. In more recent times, riddles have been used to test wisdom and wit, ingenuity and resourcefulness. Riddles were often used in ancient Russian fairy tales and were considered a kind of test, the passage of which led to the fulfillment of desires.

Nowadays, riddles have not lost their popularity. They attract the attention of many children's poets who compose riddles following folk patterns. Author's riddles are easier to guess, and the best of them become real folk riddles, sometimes adapting for oral guessing. Here, for example, is a riddle about a saw:

"Ela, ate, oak, oak, broke a tooth, a tooth"

everyone knows and perceives it as folk. But it was composed by the famous children's writer S.Ya. Marshak. And although most of them arose long ago, many are perceived as modern. And many modern author's riddles are perceived by us as folk.

Conclusion

While working on this project, I learned that riddles originated in antiquity as a language of "secret" speech. Then riddles were used to test the ingenuity of young people, to communicate, or to have an interesting pastime. Thus, I came to the conclusion that all the riddles were composed by the people themselves and passed them on to each other from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation. In the twentieth century, riddles appeared that writers and poets wrote specifically for children, the so-called author's riddles. Currently, many modern author's riddles are perceived by us as folk, as many do not remember or simply do not know that these riddles have an author. And although most of the mysteries arose long ago, many of them are perceived as modern.

Each new era not only gives birth to new mysteries, but also loses them. Who invents riddles now? Studying children's magazines and pages on the Internet, I came to the conclusion that they are written by both writers and ordinary people, that is, the people. The popularity of riddles is due to the fact that they allow us to test ourselves, as well as simply entertain us. I also tried to come up with my own riddles:

In zoo,
Believe, don't believe
resides
Miracle beast.
He has a hand in his forehead
It looks like a pipe! (Elephant)

Redhead, with a fluffy tail,

Lives in the forest under a bush. (Fox)

Speech cliches:

1. To formulate the topic (problem) of the source text:

1) In the text proposed for analysis (indicate the author) raises (affects) the problem ...

3) This text is devoted to the topic (problem) ...

4) The text presents a point of view (indicate the author) on the problem ...

5) In the text proposed for analysis (we indicate the author) it concerns the following issues ... (stops on the following problems ...)

9) The problem that worries all of us ... raises (we indicate the author).

10) The problem raised (posed) (indicate the author) is ...

11) The problem ... cannot but excite modern man. I thought about it and (indicate the author).

12) What is...? (What is ...? What role does ... play in a person's life?) Raises this important problem (indicate the author).

2. To comment on the problem:

1) The question of ... (we denote the problem in other words than it was in the first paragraph) cannot leave anyone indifferent, it concerns each of us to a greater or lesser extent. (We explain why)

2) The problem put forward (raised, identified, etc.) (indicate the author) is especially relevant (topical, important, essential) today, because ...

3) The narrator does not discuss the issue raised by him in a detached way, his interest in what he writes about is felt. (Referring to the text, we explain how this manifests itself).

4) Arguing over the problem ..., (indicate the author) addresses ... (indicate on what material the author considers the problem: maybe these are memories, dialogues, artistic narration, an excited monologue, citing the thoughts of great people, reasoning, description of paintings nature, etc.). (We transmit the content of the text, not the retelling).

8) The text proves the idea that ...

9) The main idea of the text is that ...

4. To express your opinion

1) I share (do not share) the author's point of view on the problem ...

2) I hold (do not hold) the same opinion on the problem ... as the author.

5. To argue your own position:

Using life experience:

1) How often do you have to deal with ...

2) Have not such phenomena as ... become common (the norm of life)?

3) Who among us did not observe (did not encounter; did not notice (behind himself); did not witness) how ...

4) Unfortunately, often nowadays (among us; around us) ...

From reading experience

1) This problem worried many great Russian writers, in particular...

2) This problem is especially acute in the works of...

From the audience experience

1) The topic is often discussed (discussed) on the Internet (on the pages of newspapers and magazines; in various TV programs) ...

2) It is also noteworthy that (it is no coincidence) that numerous articles and TV shows are devoted to this topic ...

Essay template for part C of the exam.

"..." (the most striking phrase reflecting the ideological content of the text). It seems to me that the text proposed by N (author's name) is about this. It talks about ... (the topic is in a nutshell: about war, about nature, about feelings, etc.). Arguing on this topic, the author tells (narrates, reflects) about ... (brief retelling). Thus, N raises an important, in my opinion, problem ... (and puts the reader to the question: "..?"). In conclusion, the publicist (writer) leads us to the conclusion that: (main idea). This, I think, is the main idea of the text.

I fully agree with the opinion of N: ... (the same conclusion, but in other words). Indeed, the problem raised by the author is relevant at all times and therefore cannot leave us indifferent. Many writers and poets addressed her. N1 (another author) in the story (novel, work) "..." showed (reflected, expressed) how ... (title of the work, names of characters associated with this problem, specific situations from the book). So N notes that (link to the proposed text, reference to the text, short quotation, complex sentence).

... (thesis-conclusion in the form of a statement), because ... (the reader's second argument or his own argument based on personal experience in the form of reflection). N also writes that... (link to the proposed text, reference to the text, short quotation, complex sentence). ... (his reflection).

... (we reflect, we beat the initial phrase, connecting it with the problem of the text, showing the significance of the problem for society, specifically for a certain group of people, referring to the content of the proposed text). Let's summarize.

For entry:

1. Everyone knows that ... Thousands of books have been written about this and hundreds of films have been shot, both inexperienced teenagers and experienced people talk about it ... Probably, this topic interests each of us, therefore the text ... is also dedicated to ...

2. About the need ... everyone knows. Teachers at school talk about it, writers in their books. Problems ... - these are the problems that confront a person constantly. It would seem that everything should have been decided long ago. But how often everything remains only at the level of formal knowledge.

3. (Rhetorical questions). These questions have always troubled mankind. Oh… reflects in his article….

4. (Rhetorical questions). These questions seem simple at first glance. For some people, they are, as it were, not questions, they do not stand before them. The answers to them seem to them for granted.

Some people think that…. Others emphasize ... . But the meaning of this article is somewhat broader than it seems at first glance. The problem that the author poses concerns not only the chosen people, it concerns any of us. …. Why does it happen? The answer to this question can be found in the article ...

5. Start with a quote that contains the main idea of the text. (Reception "Thread") "(Statement)," - this is how the article begins .... Already in the first sentence, the main theme of the text is clearly expressed. Oh… a lot of talking and writing. The importance of this topic can hardly be overestimated: not all people understand ... (Define the problem in the form of a question).

6. One of the most exciting mysteries that have always troubled human thought was the question related to .... (Rhetorical questions).

7. (Rhetorical question). This question arises before each new generation, because a person does not want to be content with the old answers and seeks to find his own truth.

8. Reception "Keyword". a) Determine the topic of the text. b) Highlight the key concept. c) Explain the meaning of this concept.

9. Reception "Allegory". It is necessary to illustrate the importance of the problem posed by some concrete example.

10. Reception "Quote". "...," - wrote the famous .... These words sound... Really, …

11. (Questions). These questions are in the article .... The author raises a problem, the relevance of which no one doubts.

12. People often think about what ... . (The fact that ..., people thought both in ancient times and in modern times).

13. What do we know about ...? (every one of us sometime...). Most often, our knowledge about ... is limited to the most general ideas: ...

14. (Questions). These questions are very important because they make us think about the essence of … . Some people think that…. Somebody … .

15. "...," - in these words, it seems to me, the main idea of the text is expressed ....

Let's think about the meaning of this supposedly "textbook" and understandable phrase? (Questions. Then you need to reveal the complexity of the questions posed). If you ask any of us ..., then probably we will answer this question in the affirmative. We know that…

For conclusion:

1. Reception "Response". The signal of this technique is the adverbial construction “Having read this text…”:

After reading this text, it becomes clear (you understand) that ... .

2. Using a quote that expresses the main idea of the text:

"...!" - this statement reflects the main idea of the text. (Uncover the meaning expressed in this statement).

4. (Using a quote) "...," - wrote .... These words express the idea of ... . The author of the text also believes that ... .

6. After reading this text, you understand how .... It is no coincidence that the author writes in the final part of his article that "...".

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It would seem that our world has been studied far and wide, and science will certainly have an answer to any question that interests us. However, no matter how. Until now, there are many mysterious things and phenomena that have no rational explanation.

website collected for you 10 questions that scientists are not able to answer.

cat purr

Everyone knows that cats always purr when they feel good. However, no one knows how they do it. There is no special organ in the throat of cats to make such sounds. Interestingly, during the purr, you cannot listen to the heart or lungs of cats, and the purr itself is continuous, on inhalation and exhalation.

Scientists believe that cats use their vocal cords to make vibrating sounds that we hear as purrs. Also, in the course of research, it turned out that the frequency of purring is in the range necessary to accelerate regeneration and wound healing. Therefore, your cat is probably an excellent doctor.

Appearance of views out of nowhere

Scientists have been struggling with this riddle for many years. The fact is that many species of animals and plants on our planet simply appeared out of nowhere. They had no ancestors from which they could evolve, and this baffles science.

So it was, for example, with amphibians: the stage at which the fish gave birth to amphibians is not exactly known. And the very first land animals appeared already with developed limbs and a well-defined head. And there are dozens of different types. Then, after the alleged cataclysm (about 65 million years ago), which led to the extinction of dinosaurs, several different groups of mammals appear at once.

Magnetic compass in cows

You probably didn't even think about it. In general, no one thought before the advent of Google Earth. It was this service that allowed us to study thousands of pictures of grazing cows (don't ask why) and discover one strange pattern. About 70% of cows, when eating or drinking, turn their heads due north or south. Moreover, this is observed on all continents, regardless of the terrain, weather and other factors.

What is dark matter made of?

About 27% of the entire universe is dark matter. This is such a thing that does not emit electromagnetic radiation and does not directly interact with it. That is, dark matter does not emit light at all. This property makes it impossible to directly observe it.

The first theories about dark matter appeared about 60 years ago, but scientists still cannot provide direct evidence of its existence, although everything indicates that it is.

How many planets are in our solar system?

Since scientists officially excluded Pluto from the club of planets, it is believed that there are 8 of them left in our solar system. But no matter how. Most of our solar system is still unexplored. The region between Mercury and the Sun is too bright, and the region beyond Uranus is too dark.

By the way, right in the outskirts of our solar system, beyond Pluto, is the so-called Kuiper belt, which consists of icy objects. There, scientists discover hundreds of thousands of objects every day, the size of Pluto, and even more.

By the way, they noticed a big gap in the Kuiper belt. This suggests that there is another planet the size of Earth or Mars, which has attracted all these stones around. So scientists will have to rewrite textbooks many times to explain how many planets there are in our solar system.

Why are people divided into left-handers and right-handers?

Scientists have studied well why most people use their right hand more than their left. However, they still cannot understand what mechanisms work in this case.

It is believed that the majority (from 70 to 95%) are right-handed, a minority (from 5 to 30%) are left-handed. And there is also a percentage of ambidexters in which both hands are equally developed. Although scientists disagree here.

It has been proven that left-handedness and right-handedness are influenced by genes, but the exact “left-handed gene” has not yet been identified. There is also evidence that environment can also influence dominant hand selection. So, for example, teachers retrained children to use their right hand more often than their left hand.

Extinction of the megafauna

The common name for giant animals that once walked the Earth is megafauna. Megafauna disappeared about 10 thousand years ago. And scientists haven't been able to figure out why.

Some believe that the megafauna became extinct due to climate change, but there is little hard evidence for this. Another theory is that they simply did not have enough food. However, everything is not so simple here either. Scientists in Alaska sometimes find perfectly preserved ones, in the stomachs and even in the mouths of which undigested greens were found. This suggests that the animals died literally at the dinner table, and all at once. Why this happened, scientists do not know.

Why do we dream

Some people believe that dreams are just random images and brain impulses, while others are sure that they carry deep meaning, these are subconscious desires, problems and experiences. But one way or another, no one will give you an exact answer.

Read the text and do tasks 1-3.

(1) For the Antarctic voyage under the command of Bellingshausen, the Admiralty equipped two ships: the Mirny and Vostok sloops, which turned out to be not the best choice and negatively affected the expedition plans. (2) If Mirny, designed by Russian engineers Kolodkin and Kurepanov and fortified by Captain Lazarev before the start of the expedition, brilliantly proved itself in the ice campaign, then Vostok, designed by British engineers, was qualitatively inferior to Mirny and turned out to be so weak for navigation in the polar ice, that by the end of the expedition the condition of the sloop was unsatisfactory. (3) .... prompted Bellingshausen to think about early termination of the expedition, and then forced him to decide to return.

1. Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The Mirny sloop, designed by Russian engineers, turned out to be much stronger than the Vostok, which was designed by the British.

2) For the Antarctic expedition of Bellingshausen, the Admiralty chose ships built according to different projects and at different shipyards.

3) Not the most successful choice of ships for Bellingshausen's Antarctic expedition was the reason for its early end: the Vostok sloop was too weak to sail in the ice.

4) The commander of the Russian Antarctic expedition, Captain Bellingshausen, had at his disposal two ships of different seaworthiness: the Mirny and Vostok sloops.

5) Bellingshausen was forced to terminate the Antarctic expedition ahead of schedule due to the fact that one of the selected ships was weak for sailing in the polar ice.

2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

however

That's why

This

because

Although

3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word PLAN. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the first (1) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

PLAN, -a, husband.

1) A drawing depicting some kind of plane on a plane. area, building. P. city. P. building (its image in a horizontal section).

2) A pre-planned system of activities, providing for the order, sequence and timing of the work.

Production item. Work according to the plan. Strategic p. Calendar p.

3) The mutual arrangement of parts, a brief program of some. presentation. P. report.

4) Place, location of some. subject in perspective. Front, rear p. Push something. to the first paragraph (also trans.: to give something important, essential importance).

5) The scale of the image of someone-something. Give faces close-up (in the frame of a movie or TV movie: in the foreground, closer to the viewer).

6) The area of manifestation of something. or way of looking at something, point of view

(book). The action in the play develops in two plans. In theoretical terms.

4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.

overtook´

busy

bark´st

makes it easier

poured in

5. In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

Look what nails GROWN, little hand!

Many parents seek to SHIELD their children from material problems.

It is a pity for people: they found themselves in the most distressful situation.

On Sunday there will be a CHARITY concert. The funds from it will be used to support the activities of the Vera Foundation.

Hard work does not go well with a COMFORTABLE lifestyle, this is worth realizing.

6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

over eight hundred rubles

five KILOGRAM

grandmother's boots

from NINETEEN HUNDRED THIRTY-Seven

eight KILOGRAMS

7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

A) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover

B) incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech

C) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover

D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

E) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

OFFERS

1) The notary said that I need the original documents, and you brought copies. Now I have to bring him the originals.

2) It is quite difficult to follow the life of penguins: they are shy, especially emperor ones.

3) The globalization of the modern world, contrary to expectations and forecasts, has aggravated social and political contradictions in the world.

4) Neither the plant nor the factory started working last year.

5) Rooms furnished with palace furniture and decorated with sculptures, antique bronzes and paintings tell about the owners of the estate.

6) Sources of dust in the atmosphere are very diverse: soil and sea water salts that enter the air, volcanic emissions, fires.

7) It has been noticed that those who in childhood spent more time not at home, but in the open, less often become short-sighted.

8) Upon returning from a business trip, father always asked us about school news.

9) When making ice cream at home, the process is usually entrusted to an electric ice cream maker.

8. Determine the word in which the unstressed checked vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

m ... kat

tv ... rhenium

fantastic... stic

el...ment

par...dox

9. Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words out with the missing letter.

ra ... walk, in ... invigorate

pr...breathing, pr...serving

be ... causally, be ... grumbling

to... to search, o... to swim

pr ... acquired, pr ... cut

10. Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the gap.

scant ... wat

caricature ... vy

lily of the valley ... out

fear ... in

calcium ...

11. Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the gap.

hated ... who

breathe...sh

glued ...

rumble ... sh

gathering

12. Define a sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.

Batyushkov had a difficult fate, which (not) spared his youth and talent.

I would (not) want to see him in my house more.

The power of Athens (not) gave rest to their neighbors, other Greek policies.

In 1809, the Russian navigator V. M. Golovin reached Vanuata on a (not) large sailing ship.

F. M. Dostoevsky always repelled (not) from feelings or sensations, but from an idea.

13. Define a sentence in which both highlighted words are spelled ONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.

Nobody travels ON (THIS) path, BECAUSE (THAT) the road here is in disrepair.

(FOR) THE MEETING we were late, although (FROM) DUE TO the snowfall we left the house an hour earlier.

AND(SO), (C)CLOSING let me thank you for your cooperation.

(B) DUE TO the unstable political situation, the trip to Egypt, which we (IN) HURRY planned, had to be postponed.

(B) GAVE from civilization you AS (IF) are aware of all the imperfection of our modern world.

14. Indicate all the numbers in the place of which HH is written.

The shop sold old (1) dishes and kitchen (2) utensils: silver (3) cutlery, glass (4) dishes, honey (5) jugs and washstands.

15. Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.

1. Our ability to think about the consequences of our actions and deeds is what distinguishes us from animals.

2. Man is able to think about the consequences of his actions and deeds, and this distinguishes us from animals.

3. A person is able to think over the consequences of his actions and decisions, and this distinguishes us from animals.

4. The ability to think about the consequences and distinguishes us from animals.

5. What distinguishes us from animals is the ability to think about the consequences of our actions, actions and decisions.

16. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers where commas should be in the sentence.

Mother N. A. Nekrasov (1) quiet and meek (2) was a well-educated woman (3) who spoke French (4) and played music beautifully.

17. Put in all the missing punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should (s) be a comma (s).

I couldn't tell anyone (1)

The sacred words "father" and "mother".

Of course (2) you wanted (3) old man (4)

So that I wean in the monastery (5)

From these sweet names -

In vain: their sound was born

With me. (M.Yu. Lermontov)

18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers where commas should be in the sentence.

When he expressed a useless thought aloud (1), his comrade suddenly became nervous again and began to say irritably (2) that he did not understand the careless Russian people (3) who (4) not only does not put his life in anything, but also on others spit.

19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers where commas should be in the sentence.

It is generally accepted (1) that (2) the closer the current position of the site to the required one (3) the higher the site's efficiency indicator, and (4) if the required position is reached, then the efficiency indicator has a maximum value.

20. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write out this word.

(1) The accelerated pace of the modern world, the material wealth accumulated in it, cars, crazy speeds, overpopulated cities with their new architecture, continuous movement, finally, the power of television and cinema - all this sometimes creates a feeling of substituting true beauty, replacing the essence of beauty and in the real world, and in person. (2) Sometimes it seems to us that we have learned everything that nothing will surprise us with. (H) Sunset in the span of the street is unlikely to make us stop for a moment. (4) The starry sky no longer seems to us a secret of secrets.

(5) In the everyday life of everyday worries, in the rapid rhythm of life, in the noise, bustle, we slide past the beautiful. (6) We are sure: the truths are in our palm, they seem to be so clearly visible, so familiar that we are tired of them. (7) And in the end we deceive ourselves. (8) No matter how exact science dominates the earth, the world and man in it are still a mystery that we have just touched. (9) But if someone omniscient appeared on earth and suddenly revealed all the mysteries of the universe, it would give people little. (10) For everyone is destined to go a long way of knowledge, and the role of human memory on this path is huge.

(11) After all, human memory, as you know, is associated with a complex of associations. (12) A small push from the outside - and whole historical pictures, characters, phenomena arise in our excited mind. (13) Memory can explain something, it can even be a research tool. (14) For some people, memory is given as a punishment, for others as a responsibility. (15) A person cannot force himself not to think, not to remember, not to generalize.

(16) The process of cognition begins from the past, it cannot be separated from the present and localized. (17) And I think that Mikhail Sholokhov, Leonid Leonov, and Alexei Tolstoy were endowed with such a memory-responsibility and memory of knowledge when they wrote their most famous novels in the thirties. (18) It was the deepest penetration into the past, and therefore, a discovery that never lost its novelty. (19) The twenties, as well as the thirties, were thus comprehensively studied by Soviet literature.

(20) I think that now in our art the time has come for a thorough study of the forties and fifties. (21) A rich life and spiritual experience associated with this era has been accumulated. (22) This is a study of the heroic and tragic, a study of the courage of the people and their character.

(23) Everything related to morality is a subject of art, and everything related to morality lies in the social sphere. (24) Literature cannot be non-social!

(According to Yu.V. Bondarev*)

* Yuri Vasilyevich Bondarev (born in 1924) - Russian writer, screenwriter, author of numerous works about the Great Patriotic War.

21. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.

1) Due to the hustle and bustle of everyday life, we often do not notice the beauty in life.

2) The process of cognition begins with the past and proceeds autonomously, regardless of the present.

3) Despite the rapid development of the exact sciences, the world and man in it have not yet been studied.

4) Even if all the mysteries of the Universe are solved, each person will have to go his own way of knowledge.

5) A person, if necessary, can force himself not to think, not to remember, not to generalize.

22. Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Sentence 8 presents the narrative.

2) Proposition 12 explains the judgment expressed in sentence 11.

3) Sentences 17-18 confirm the judgment made in sentence 16.

4) Sentences 20-24 contain reasoning.

5) The predominant type of text is narrative.

23. Write out antonyms from sentences 16-18.

24. Among sentences 13–19, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).

25. Read the review fragment. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“Calling the reasons that, in his opinion, distract people from true beauty, Yuri Bondarev uses the syntactic means of expression - (A) _____ (in sentence 1). Speaking about the main value in our world, the writer uses the trope - (B) _____ (“truth in our palm” in sentence 6). To characterize the role of the literature of the thirties, Y. Bondarev is helped by the trope - (B) _____ (“rich experience” in sentence 21), as well as the syntactic means of expression - (D) _____ (sentence 24) ".

List of terms:

1) rhetorical appeal

2) exclamatory sentence

3) rows of homogeneous members

4) contextual synonyms

5) contextual antonyms

6) metaphor

7) parceling

8) epithet

9) dialectism

Let's start with the definition of this concept: in short, a problem is a question that the author asks.
The surest way to identify the problem in the text is to find the position of the author. If there is an author's position, there must certainly be a problem on which this position is expressed. It is best to take the main problem of the text, but indirect checkers, as a rule, are loyal.

In an effort to make the reader his ally, the author claims that ...

In an effort to make the reader think about the problem, the author ...

In an effort to show the topicality of the topic he is considering, the author ...

Trying to understand why....

It's interesting to write about old problems...

Inviting to talk about the difficult problems of our life, the author ...

Ironically (sarcastically, indignantly) narrating about the heroes and events, the author ...

It's troubling to say that...

Trying to explain why...

Encourage, seek the truth...

Give new life to old problems...

positive

negative

sarcastic,

ironic

condemning.

ambiguous,

dual,

not indifferent,

skeptical

humorous.

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