The victory of the Russian troops
| V. S. Zavoyko | David Price † Frederic Nicholson Fevrier De Pointes |
Peter and Paul Defense- protection by Russian troops of the city of Petropavlovsk (now Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky) and the territory of the Kamchatka Peninsula during the Crimean War.
The entire population of the city and its environs (about 1600 people) also joined in the preparation for the defense. Work on the construction of seven coastal batteries and the installation of guns was carried out for almost two months around the clock, day and night. The defenders of Petropavlovsk erected fortifications, cut out platforms for batteries in the rocks, impregnable for amphibious assault, removed guns from ships, manually dragged them along the steep slopes of the hills and installed them on the shore.
Batteries covered Petropavlovsk with a horseshoe. At its right end, in the rocky tip of Cape Signalny, there was a battery (No. 1), which protected the entrance to the inner roadstead. Also on the right, on the isthmus between Signal Cape and Nikolskaya Sopka, another battery (No. 3) was placed. At the northern end of Nikolskaya Sopka, on the very shore, a battery was built to prevent landings in the rear and attempts to capture the port from the north (No. 7). Another battery was erected on the fold of an imaginary horseshoe (No. 6). She had to keep the defile under fire and the road between Nikolskaya Sopka and Kultushnoye Lake, if the enemy managed to suppress the resistance of the coastal battery. Then there were two batteries (No. 5, No. 4 - Krasny Yar) - they lay down on the left along the coast on both sides of the main battery on the sandy spit Koshka (No. 2).
fighting
At noon on August 17 (29), 1854, forward posts on lighthouses discovered a squadron of six ships. A combat alarm sounded in Petropavlovsk. A three-masted steamer separated from the squadron and began to measure the depths on the approaches to Cape Signalny and the entrance to the harbor. When the boat left the port, the ship retreated at full speed.
The main blow of the enemy was directed at two batteries - No. 3 (on the isthmus) and No. 7 (at the northern tip of Nikolskaya Sopka).
From an article by K. Mrovinsky:
“The enemy divided his squadron into two halves and, placing one half against one battery, and the other against the other, opened fire on them simultaneously. Batteries bombarded with cannonballs and bombs, having only 10 guns, could not resist 113 guns, most of which were bombing (cannonballs weighing 85 British pounds were found on the shore), and after three hours of resistance, almost all of the guns were damaged, and servants with Batteries were forced to retreat.
The detachments of M. Gubarev, D. Mikhailov, E. Ankudinov, N. Fesun, K. Pilkin were ordered to “knock the enemy down the mountain”, at the same time a detachment of A. Arbuzov was sent, three more small detachments from battery teams No. 2, 3, 7. All units totaled a little over 300 people. Taking up position in the ditch of battery No. 6 and in the surrounding bush, the detachments opened aimed fire at the approaching Anglo-French, and then knocked them over in a bayonet charge.
The battle went on for more than two hours and ended on Nikolskaya Sopka with the defeat of the British and French. Their detachments were defeated individually and suffered heavy losses during the retreat, which turned into a stampede. Having lost 50 people killed, 4 prisoners and about 150 wounded, the landing force returned to the ships. As trophies, the Russians got a banner, 7 officer's sabers and 56 guns.
After a two-day lull, the Anglo-French squadron sailed on August 26 (September 7), satisfied with the schooner Anadyr and the commercial ship of the Russian-American company Sitka intercepted at the exit from Avacha Bay. "Anadyr" was burned, and "Sitka" was taken as a prize.
Victory and results
Chapel in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in memory of the defense of 1854
After the attempt of the Anglo-French allies to capture Petropavlovsk ended in complete failure,
Sovre, 1854, No. 4, sec. III, p. 23–26.
T, Soch, 1880, v. 1, p. 328–332.
Published according to the text: T, Soch, 1880.
“There is no arguing about Tyutchev; who does not feel it, thereby proves that he does not feel poetry, ”Turgenev argued in a letter to A. A. Fet on December 27, 1858 (January 8, 1859). These words define his attitude to Tyutchev's poetry throughout the writer's life and career. For Turgenev, Tyutchev was always a poet of not only feelings, but also thoughts, a “wise man” (letter to Fet dated July 16 (28), 1860), a poet with a “bright and sensitive mind” (letter to Ya. P. Polonsky dated 21 February (March 5), 1873). Having a negative attitude towards Slavophilism, Turgenev in a letter to Fet dated August 21 (September 2), 1873, deeply regretting the death of Tyutchev, noted that the poet "was a Slavophil - but not in his poems." According to Turgenev, a convinced Westerner, in Tyutchev "the most essential essence of his<…>- this is Western, akin to Goethe ... ”(Fet, part II, p. 278).
Both in Turgenev's works ("Faust", 1856; "Memoirs of Belinsky", 1869), and in his letters, lines from Tyutchev's poems are often quoted, which the writer knew and loved well (see, for example, letters to Fet dated 16 ( 28) July and October 3 (15), 1860, letter to V. V. Stasov dated August 6 (18), 1875; letter to Zh. A. Polonskaya dated December 2 (14), 1882).
Turgenev's article on Tyutchev's poems reflected the general attitude of the Sovremennik editors towards the poet's work. Back in 1850, Nekrasov published an extensive article "Russian Minor Poets" (Sovr, 1850, No. 1), devoted mainly to Tyutchev's poetry and containing a very high assessment of it. In 1854, 92 poems by the poet were published in the third book of the magazine; in the fifth, 19 more poems appeared. In May 1854, the first separate edition of Tyutchev's poems was published, initiated and edited by Turgenev. For Turgenev's work as an editor of Tyutchev's poems, see: Blagoy D. D. Turgenev - Tyutchev's editor. - In the book: T and his time, p. 142–163. Compare: Pigarev K. V. The fate of the literary heritage of F. I. Tyutchev. — Lit Nasl, vol. 19–21, p. 371–418..
In connection with the publication of Tyutchev's poems in Sovremennik, Fet testifies that they were met "in our circle with all the enthusiasm that this capital phenomenon deserved" (Fet, part 1, p. 134). Fet’s testimony that writers close to Sovremennik were fond of Tyutchev’s poetry is also confirmed by the following words of L. N. Tolstoy, recorded by A. V. Zhirkevich: “Once Turgenev, Nekrasov and company could hardly persuade me to read Tyutchev . But when I read it, I simply froze from the magnitude of his creative talent ”(L.N. Tolstoy in the memoirs of his contemporaries. M., 1960. Vol. 1, p. 484).
The appearance in the appendix to the third book of Sovremennik in 1854 of ninety-two poems by Tyutchev caused a number of responses in the press. Tyutchev's work was highly critically assessed by the Pantheon reviewer, who wrote that among the poet's poems published in Sovremennik there are "two dozen good, two dozen mediocre, the rest are very bad" (Pantheon, 1854, vol. XIV, book 3, otd IV, p. 17). According to the assumption of K. V. Pigarev, the appearance of this “unfavorable review” may have prompted Turgenev to come up with an article (see: Pigarev K. Life and work of Tyutchev. M., 1962, p. 140). In the next book of Pantheon, a negative review was given of Turgenev's article, which, according to an anonymous reviewer, "contains a lot of strange, erroneous and refined." Dissatisfied with the fact that Turgenev rated Tyutchev too “highly”, the reviewer argued that “criticism was not given to I.S.T., and he left for her in vain the kind of works in which he is so great” (Pantheon, 1854, vol. XIV , book 4, section V, page 31).
That is why we could not - bequeathed to us by Pushkin's greetings and approval - F. I. Tyutchev.- In the appendix to the March book of Sovremennik for 1854, 92 Tyutchev's poems were printed. For the first time, Tyutchev's poetry gained recognition back in 1836, when copies of his poems, through the mediation of P. A. Vyazemsky and V. A. Zhukovsky, were transferred to Pushkin. “Witnesses of that amazement and delight with which Pushkin met the unexpected appearance of these poems, full of depth of thought, brightness of colors, news and power of language, are still alive,” recalled P. A. Pletnev (Educator of the Second Department of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. SPb., 1859. Book V, p. LVII). Yu. F. Samarin also wrote about this: “I was told by eyewitnesses how delighted Pushkin was when he first saw his handwritten collection<Тютчева>poems. He ran around with them for a whole week ... ”(Links, M .; L., 1933. Book 2, p. 259). In Sovremennik (1836, vols. III and IV), 24 Tyutchev's poems were placed under the general title: "Poems sent from Germany", with the signature "F. T." After Pushkin's death and until 1840, Tyutchev's poems continued to be published in Sovremennik, and "with a few exceptions, these were poems selected, apparently, by Pushkin himself" (see the article by K. V. Pigarev in the book. : Tyutchev F. I. Poems. Letters. M., 1957, p. 7).
... to the captivating, although somewhat monotonous, grace of Fet ...- Fet became close to a number of St. Petersburg writers, especially Turgenev, in 1853. From then on, for many years, Fet's poems were submitted to the court of Turgenev, who was the first literary adviser and leader of the poet, until they appeared in print. Since 1854, Fet's poems began to appear systematically in Sovremennik, and in 1855, with the participation of Turgenev and other employees of this journal, a collection of Fet's poems was prepared for publication, which was published in 1856. Nikolsky Yu. Materials on Fet. 1. Turgenev's corrections of Fet's "Poems", 1850 (Russian Thought, Sofia, 1921, August-September, pp. 211-227, October - December, pp. 245-263); Blagoy D. From the Past of Russian Literature. Turgenev - editor of Fet (Print and Revolution, 1923, book 3, pp. 45–64); Buchshtab B. The fate of the literary heritage of A. A. Fet (Lit Nasl, vol. 22–24, pp. 561–600).
During these years, Turgenev highly appreciated Fet's poetry. In the article “Notes of a rifle hunter of the Orenburg province. S. A-va ”the name of Fet was named by him next to the name of Tyutchev (nast, volume, p. 521). Lines from Fet's poems were also quoted by Turgenev in works of art ("Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky district", 1849; "Correspondence", 1854).
... energetic - Nekrasov's passion ...- Nekrasov's poems in the late 1840s and throughout the 1850s aroused Turgenev's interest not only due to their purely poetic merits, but also due to their clearly expressed social orientation. This is confirmed by Turgenev's letters to Nekrasov himself. “Your poems to *** are just Pushkin’s good - I immediately learned them from memory,” Turgenev writes to the author on July 10 (22), 1855 about the poem “Long ago rejected by you.” Comparisons of Nekrasov's poems with Pushkin's (the highest praise in the mouth of Turgenev) are also found in his other letters. So, on November 18 and 23 (November 30 and December 6), 1852, analyzing the original text of Nekrasov's poem "Muse", Turgenev writes to the author (and I. I. Panaev): "... the first 12 verses are excellent and resemble Pushkin's texture." When the poet’s collection of poems was published, Turgenev, in a letter to E. Ya. Kolbasin dated December 14 (26), 1856, again emphasized the social significance of his work: “And Nekrasov’s poems, collected in one focus, burn” For Turgenev's attitude to Nekrasov's poetry, see Skvortsov B. I. S. Turgenev on contemporary poets. - Uch. app. Kazan State un-ta im. V. I. Ulyanov-Lenin. 1929, book. 2, p. 389–392; Evgeniev-Maximov B. Life and work of N. A. Nekrasov. M.; L., 1950. T. II, p. 329..
... to the correct, sometimes cold painting of Maykov ...- The poetry of A. N. Maikov, whose first collection of poems was published in St. Petersburg in 1842, apparently left Turgenev rather indifferent. Neither quotations from Maikov's poems nor reviews of his work can be found in Turgenev's letters of the 1850s. The opinion about Maykov's poetry, expressed in Turgenev's article, is close to what V. G. Belinsky wrote about him (see: Belinsky, vol. 10, p. 83).
... they all seem to be written - Goethe wanted ...- Turgenev has in mind the following idea of Goethe, given in the book by I.-P. Eckerman “Conversations with Goethe in the last years of his life” (recorded on September 18, 1823): “All my poems are“ poems about “(just in case), they are inspired by reality, they have soil and foundation in it.”
... according to the beautiful expression of Vauvenargues ... - Vauvenargues(Vauvenargues) Luc Clapier (1715-1747) - the famous French moralist, author of the work "Paradoxes, mélés de Réflexions et de Maximes" (1746). Turgenev cites saying XXV from the second book of this work.
... to build a five-act fantasy about some Italian painter - third-rate galleries ...- I mean "Giulio Mosti", a dramatic fantasy in verse by N. V. Kukolnik, in four parts with an interlude, written in 1832-1833, and his own dramatic fantasy in verse "Domenichino", in two parts. In both works, the main characters are Italian artists. For Turgenev's sharply negative attitude towards Kukolnik's dramaturgy, see also his article "Lieutenant General Patkul" (present ed., Works, vol. 1, pp. 251–276).
... no one will sing now - the supernatural curls of some maiden ...- A hint of V. G. Benediktov and his poem "Curls" (1836).
The poems of Mr. Tyutchev, which he did not draw from his own spring, somehow “Napoleon”, are less liked.- Turgenev means lines 6 - 13 of this poem, inspired by the characterization of Napoleon in H. Heine's journalistic essays "Französische Zustände" ("French Affairs"), which says that Bonaparte was a genius, in whom "eagles of inspiration nested in his head, between how the snakes of calculation writhed in his heart. (Article two, dated January 19, 1832)
... such poems as - God send your joy ...- We are talking about Tyutchev's poem "In July 1850", first published in Sovremennik (1854, No. 3, pp. 33–34).
... in the words of one poet ...- To whom these words belong is not established.
1854 The first separate edition of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev's poems is published, which evoked favorable responses from his contemporaries. The young Leo Tolstoy, having read this collection for the first time, admitted that he was "dimmed" by the size of Tyutchev's talent. Subsequently, Tolstoy, naming him among his favorite poets, said that "one cannot live without him."
I. S. Turgenev, who took an active part in the preparation and publication of the first collection, left a surprisingly subtle description of Tyutchev's poetic talent. He compares the aroma of Tyutchev's poems with the "delicate smell of violets": "Violet does not stink with its smell for twenty steps around: you need to get closer to it to feel its aroma."
Tyutchev is usually called the "singer of nature." In his lyrics, he created excellent "landscapes in verse", imbued with deep philosophical thought.
The poetic world of Tyutchev amazes anyone who at least once opens a volume of his poems.
Type of speech: reasoning. Zachin: preliminary information about the subject of discussion (Tyutchev's first collection is published). The main part: the deployment of the thesis "Tyutchev's poetry is like a violet." Ending: Conclusion.
Russia cannot be understood with the mind,
Do not measure with a common yardstick:
She has a special become -
One can only believe in Russia.
F. I. Tyutchev, 1866
December 5, 2014 marks the 211th anniversary of the birth of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, a Russian poet, Privy Councilor, diplomat, publicist, public figure, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
The poetry of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev belongs to the enduring values of the literature of the past, which today enrich the spiritual culture of man. He wrote about Russia, about Russian nature, but at the same time spent 22 years abroad, rarely spoke Russian, even in Russia, mostly in French and German.
In Europe, where Tyutchev lived, he developed as a poet, as a person and as a translator. As an outstanding poet, Fedor Ivanovich received recognition already from his contemporaries. His personality and work are distinguished by a deep originality, which reflected the most characteristic features of the era.
The poet lived a long life for those times - 70 years (from 1803 to 1873), was a contemporary of many historical events, to which he responded in his letters and articles. Tyutchev was at the center of European civilization. He was distinguished by a wide education, excellent knowledge of European languages, breadth of interests, active work of thought, great creative possibilities, a complex, rich, bizarre world of feelings.
Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev for us is one of the greatest Russian poets. Such an attitude towards him was established, however, only relatively recently, at the beginning of the 20th century. He was poorly understood by his contemporaries; they didn't appreciate him enough. This is due to two reasons: firstly, Tyutchev survived the era when poetry was in the foreground, that is, the Pushkin era, and secondly, he was considered a novelist, a secular person who wrote poetry at his leisure, and, moreover, political ones: lyrical ones were read very little.
Even those who loved his poems did not give him much space in Russian literature; Yes, he himself did not declare any claims against him. He was "a poet for poets." And he would have remained so, if not for the new flowering of Russian poetry.
F. I. Tyutchev is a poet of the fifties and sixties of the 19th century, although in essence he is a poet of the Pushkin era and belonged to the pre-Lermontov generation; he was 11 years older than Lermontov. His friends were Pyotr Andreevich Vyazemsky, Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky.
The poetic heritage of F. I. Tyutchev is small in volume - a little more than 400 poems and translations have survived to this day. Tyutchev himself cared very little about the literary fate of his poems. He was by no means a writer. No wonder he wrote only poetry in Russian. The few articles (always on political topics), like the vast majority of letters, are written in French. And the poems were not so much created as they were created in him. He never talked about them, did not seem to attach any importance to them.
Until 1836, no one had almost no idea that there was such a poet Tyutchev. During two visits to Russia, he renewed relations with some circles of writers. His first poem, written at the age of sixteen, appeared in 1818 in the Proceedings of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. His poems from 1828 to 1835. were published in various editions, in the almanacs "Urania" (1826), "Northern Lyra" (1827), "Galatea" (1829 and 1830), "Rose of Graces", "Orphan", magazines like "Molva ”, then in “Telescope”, “Northern Flowers” (1827-1830). But most of these publications (except the last two) were very little distributed, and the name of Tyutchev in Russia remained almost unknown. Tyutchev's German friends, although they knew that he wrote poetry (the great Heine himself called him a poet in his letters), of course, could not appreciate his poetry due to ignorance of the language.
By that time, the poet had already created such poems as "Who did not eat his tears with bread ...", "Insomnia", "Cicero", "Spring Thunderstorm" and many others.
I love the storm in early May,
When the first spring thunder
As if frolicking and playing,
Rumbles in the blue sky...
("Spring Thunderstorm", 1820)
Chamberlain Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev "scribbled" poems. But for the service it is not important, for life too. It was necessary that a colleague and friend, Prince Ivan Sergeevich Gagarin, became interested in his writing and, together with his closest friends, took care of the fate of the manuscripts.
After the urgent requests of Prince Gagarin, Tyutchev handed over notebooks with poems to the Krudener family, who took his poems to St. Petersburg - through Zhukovsky and Vyazemsky they got to Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, who then published the Sovremennik magazine. Pushkin is said to have been overjoyed when he received copies of the poems of the author who lived and worked at that time in Munich. Pushkin published 24 of them at once in Sovremennik under the title “Poems sent from Germany” and with the inscription F. T. After that, true connoisseurs and admirers of poetry began to look for this inscription on the pages.
For 20 years, the name of this F. T. was known only in the narrowest circle of writers. Fyodor Ivanovich himself called his poetic archive "paper trash."
After that, Tyutchev's poems continued to appear in Pushkin's Sovremennik both during Pushkin's lifetime and after his death until 1840 inclusive, already in the journal, which became Nekrasov's. For 5 years (1836-1840), 39 poems of the poet were published in Sovremennik. But for the same years - not a single printed review.
Meanwhile, in 1848-1849. Tyutchev created such poems: “When in the circle of murderous worries ...”, “Tears of people, oh tears of people ...”, “Like a smoky pillar brightens in the sky”, “Russian woman”, while the poet did not make any attempts to their publications.
Far from the sun and nature
Far from light and art
Far away from life and love
Your younger years will flash,
Feelings that are alive will die,
Your dreams will be shattered....
And your life will pass unseen
In a land deserted, nameless,
On unseen land,
How the cloud of smoke disappears
In the sky dim and misty,
In the endless autumn haze...
(“Russian Woman”, late 1840s)
In 1850, Nekrasov, who greatly praised the poet and called his lyrics one of the "few brilliant phenomena" of Russian poetry, wrote an article in Sovremennik: "Russian Minor Poets" - Tyutchev was among the authors. By the way, Nekrasov's publication of this article prompted Tyutchev to publish a number of poems in the Moskvityanin magazine.
In 1851-1854. the well-known Moscow publisher Nikolai Vasilyevich Sushkov (son-in-law of Tyutchev) published the collection "Raut" for charitable purposes. In 1851, Tyutchev's translation of Schiller's choral song "Victory Celebration" was first published in it. In 1852, five of Tyutchev's poems were published in Raut.
In a well-known article by Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol from Correspondence with Friends, Tyutchev stands next to young authors. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky, Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov, Ivan Andreevich Krylov and Alexei Vasilyevich Koltsov were considered famous then.
Despite Fyodor Ivanovich's skepticism about the release of the first collection of his poems, Turgenev nevertheless persuaded him, and in April 1854, 92 poems of the poet were published in the supplement to the 44th issue of the Sovremennik magazine. Ivan Sergeevich in the "Criticism" section of this issue published his article "A few words about the poems of F. I. Tyutchev." In it, following Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, he introduced the reader to "one of our wonderful poets, as if bequeathed to us by Pushkin's greetings and approval."
Another 19 poems were published additionally in the next, 45th issue of the magazine. In the same year, these poems were published as a separate book.
In 1854, the first collection of Tyutchev's poems was published. The work of collecting, and partly editing, fell to Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. To prepare the first poetry collection of Tyutchev, Nikolai Vasilyevich Sushkov, who kept a literary salon, made a lot of efforts.
Tyutchev himself did not take any part in the publication, as if these were not his poems. Anyway, the book is out. She finally attracted the most famous people of the time to Tyutchev. This was the second discovery of F.I. Tyutchev - lyrics in his homeland, and this time the success was great.
Don't argue, don't bother...
Madness seeks, stupidity judges;
Treat daytime wounds with sleep,
And tomorrow be what will be.
Living, be able to survive everything:
Sorrow, and joy, and anxiety.
What to wish, what to grieve?
The day survived - and thank God.
(1851)
Leo Tolstoy believed that without a volume of Tyutchev's poems "one cannot live" and put it "higher than Pushkin". Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet, Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov, Apollon Grigoriev - all admired his poems.
The 1854 edition became one of the main sources in the formation of the "Complete Works" of the poet in 1912.
In 1861, in Munich, translations of Tyutchev's poems into German were published as a separate publication.
In May 1868, the second and last lifetime edition of Tyutchev's poems was published, prepared by Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov (husband of Tyutchev's eldest daughter Anna) and the poet's younger son Ivan. They were assisted by the wife and daughters of the poet.
Not all of Tyutchev's lyrical heritage has come down to us; some of the poems were burned by him, by an unfortunate mistake or negligence, when parsing papers or lost. They say about Tyutchev that after writing a new poem on some piece of paper, he crumpled this piece of paper and threw it under the table. Ivan Aksakov reports that for the 1868 edition it was not possible to get the originals by the writer himself. But still, this collection was published.
The collections published during the poet's lifetime are not an expression of his author's will, since, as already mentioned, he himself did not take a direct part in preparing them for publication. We do not know how Tyutchev reacted to the first of these publications. As for the second, it met with sharp condemnation from the poet. “He does not joke with the muse,” said Leo Tolstoy about Tyutchev. Not everything written in poetic form, according to F.I. Tyutchev, was worthy of printing, and even more so of reprinting.
Here is an ugly list of my poems -
Without looking into it, I give them you,
I could not bow my idle laziness,
So that she would at least casually take care of him.
In our age, poems live for two or three moments,
Born in the morning, dead in the evening...
So what's the deal here? The hand of oblivion
Fix everything in a few minutes.
(1868)
The poet was wrong. Such poems as Tyutchev's poems do not live "two or three moments." He forgot what Turgenev wrote about him back in 1854: "Tyutchev can tell himself that he created speeches that are not destined to die."
The subsequent collection and publication of the literary heritage of the poet was carried out by his widow, children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren. In 1886, “Works of F.I. Tyutchev. Poems and political articles. This edition was prepared by the poet's widow Ernestina Fedorovna Tyutcheva and Apollon Nikolaevich Maikov. The next collected works came out fourteen years later. Its initiators and authors of the preface were Daria Fedorovna and Ivan Fedorovich Tyutchev, the daughter and son of the poet.
The most common at the beginning of the 20th century, which reached the “Russian hinterland”, was a collection of works published as an appendix to the mass magazine Niva with an essay by Valery Yakovlevich Bryusov about the life and work of Tyutchev.
The Regional Scientific Pushkin Library can be proud that the collection of the Rare Books Department includes publications associated with the name of F. I. Tyutchev. This book collection can be regarded as a historical monument of national culture, which allows you to find out what book works of the poet the library has.
From the poetic heritage of F. I. Tyutchev, including lifetime editions preserved in the library funds, two collections published in St. Petersburg are of interest: "Tyutchev's Poems" (1854). One of them is a reprint from the Sovremennik magazine with an introductory article by I. S. Turgenev, “A few words about the poems of F. I. Tyutchev.” The following edition has been preserved in the library fund: “F. I. Tyutchev. Biographical sketch of I. S. Aksakov. The book, published in Moscow in 1874, with a photograph of F.I. Tyutchev, has a dedicatory inscription: “D. V. Polenov from the author”, as well as the ex-libris of Dmitry Vasilyevich Polenov himself, a historian and diplomat.
Of interest is the publication "Tyutchev F. I. Complete Works" (supplement to the magazine "Niva"), edition of 1913.
"F. I. Tyutchev. Poems ”is a publication of the war years (1945) with an introductory article and comments by K. P. Pigarev. The text of the collection basically repeats the text of the complete collection of Tyutchev's poems, published in the large series "Poet's Library" (Leningrad, 1939). This edition includes a little more than half of Tyutchev's entire poetic heritage.
In total, the rare book department contains about 15 editions of the works of F. I. Tyutchev of different years.
Such was the result of the poetic path of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, who in our time has become one of the most read and most quoted poets of the 19th century - the century of classical Russian poetry.
Like a pillar of smoke brightens in the sky!
How the shadow below glides elusively! ..
"This is our life," she said.
you to me, -
Not light smoke, shining in the moonlight,
And this shadow running from the smoke ... "
(1849)
He wrote very little, but everything he wrote bears the stamp of a true and beautiful talent, often original, always graceful, full of thought and genuine feeling.
There are two forces - two fatal forces,
All our lives we are at their fingertips,
From lullaby days to the grave,
One is Death, the other is the Human Judgment...
(1869)
they could hardly persuade me to read Tyutchev. But when I read it, I simply froze from the magnitude of his creative talent ”(L.N. Tolstoy in the memoirs of his contemporaries. M., 1960. Vol. 1, p. 484).
The appearance in the appendix to the third book of Sovremennik in 1854 of ninety-two poems by Tyutchev caused a number of responses in the press. Tyutchev's work was highly critically assessed by the Pantheon reviewer, who wrote that among the poet's poems published in Sovremennik there are "two dozen good, two dozen mediocre, the rest are very bad" (Pantheon, 1854, vol. XIV, book 3, otd IV, p. 17). According to the assumption of K. V. Pigarev, the appearance of this “unfavorable review” may have prompted Turgenev to come up with an article (see: Pigarev K. Life and work of Tyutchev. M., 1962, p. 140). In the next book of Pantheon, a negative review was given of Turgenev's article, which, according to an anonymous reviewer, "contains a lot of strange, erroneous and refined." Dissatisfied with the fact that Turgenev rated Tyutchev too “highly”, the reviewer argued that “criticism was not given to I.S.T., and he left for her in vain the kind of works in which he is so great” (Pantheon, 1854, vol. XIV , book 4, section V, page 31).
Tyutchev and German culture
With such a universal position, everyone knows that the bills could not pass. So they are. could they establish a principle contrary to their own intention? Also, if they intended to establish the principle that wherever Congress controls, the people should do what they see fit for slavery, why did they not allow the people of D.C., in their acceptance, to abolish slavery within these limits? If they were then establishing a principle to allow people to do what they liked with slavery, why didn't they apply that principle to these people?
Page 524. That is why we could not ~ bequeathed to us by Pushkin's greetings and approval- F. I. Tyutcheva.- In the appendix to the March book of Sovremennik for 1854, 92 Tyutchev's poems were printed. For the first time, Tyutchev's poetry gained recognition back in 1836, when copies of his poems, through the mediation of P. A. Vyazemsky and V. A. Zhukovsky, were transferred to Pushkin. “Witnesses of that amazement and delight with which Pushkin met the unexpected appearance of these poems, full of depth of thought, brightness of colors, news and power of language, are still alive,” recalled P. A. Pletnev (Educator of the Second Department of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. SPb., 1859. Book V, p. LVII). Yu. F. Samarin also wrote about this: “Eyewitnesses told me how delighted Pushkin was when he first saw a collection of his handwritten poems. He rushed about with them for a whole week ... ”(Links, M .; L., 1933. Book 2, p. 259). In Sovremennik (1836, vols. III and IV), 24 Tyutchev's poems were placed under the general title: "Poems sent from Germany", with the signature "F. T." After Pushkin's death and until 1840, Tyutchev's poems continued to be published in Sovremennik, and "with a few exceptions, these were poems selected, apparently, by Pushkin himself" (see the article by K. V. Pigarev in the book. : Tyutchev F. I. Poems. Letters. M., 1957, p. 7).
All the people are living witnesses that this was the only thing that was their opinion. When we make new acquaintances, we will, as before, try to control them in some way. And now, in turn, let me ask you a few questions. If the Missouri Compromise was overturned on any or all of these issues, why didn't the team listen before?
This argument strikes me as remarkable. It is as if one could argue that whites and blacks are not different from each other. He admits, however, that there is a literal change in the bill; and that he made changes in respect for other senators who would not support the bill.
...to the captivating, though somewhat monotonous, grace of Fet...- Fet became close to a number of St. Petersburg writers, especially Turgenev, in 1853. From then on, for many years, Fet's poems were submitted to the court of Turgenev, who was the first literary adviser and leader of the poet, until they appeared in print. Since 1854, Fet's poems began to appear systematically in Sovremennik, and in 1855, with the participation of Turgenev and other employees of this journal, there was
This proves that these other senators considered the change essential; and that the judge thought their opinion was worth setting aside. There was a disagreement between advocates and opponents of slavery regarding its creation in the country that we bought from France. The south, and then the best part of the purchase, was already in a state of slaves. The disputes were settled by granting Missouri as a slave state; but with the agreement that in all the remainder of the purchase, north of a certain line, there should never be slavery.
As to what was to be done with the remainder south of the line, nothing was said; but perhaps the just consequence was that it must come into bondage if it so desired. The southern part, with the exception of the portion mentioned above, subsequently entered into slavery as the state of Arkansas. Finally, settlements began in it. Over time, Iowa became a free state, and Minnesota was granted territorial government without lifting restrictions on slavery.
a collection of poems by Fet, published in 1856, was prepared for publication. 2
During these years, Turgenev highly appreciated Fet's poetry. In the article “Notes of a rifle hunter of the Orenburg province. S. A-va ”the name of Fet was named by him next to the name of Tyutchev (nast, volume, p. 521). Lines from Fet's poems were also quoted by Turgenev in works of art ("Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky district", 1849; "Correspondence", 1854).
Finally, the only remaining part, north of the line, Kansas and Nebraska, was to be organized; and it is proposed and carried to cross out the old dividing line of thirty-four years and open this whole country to the introduction of slavery. Now this, in my opinion, is clearly unfair. After an angry and dangerous dispute, the parties became friends, sharing the backbone of contention. One party first appropriates its share, beyond any power to be violated in the possession of it; and then grabs the other party's share.
As if two starving people shared their only bread; he hurriedly swallowed his half, and then grabbed the other half just as he put it to his mouth! It is argued that slavery will not go to Kansas and Nebraska anyway. This is a palliation - a lullaby.
...energetic ~ Nekrasov's passion...- Nekrasov's poems in the late 1840s and throughout the 1850s aroused Turgenev's interest not only due to their purely poetic merits, but also due to their clearly expressed social orientation. This is confirmed by Turgenev's letters to Nekrasov himself. “Your poems to *** are just Pushkin’s good - I immediately learned them from memory,” Turgenev writes to the author on July 10 (22), 1855 about the poem “Long ago rejected by you.” Comparisons of Nekrasov's poems with Pushkin's (the highest praise in the mouth of Turgenev) are also found in his other letters. So, on November 18 and 23 (November 30 and December 6), 1852, analyzing the original text of Nekrasov's poem "Muse", Turgenev writes to the author (and I. I. Panaev): "... the first 12 verses are excellent and resemble Pushkin's texture ". When the poet's collection of poems was published, Turgenev, in a letter to E. Ya. Kolbasin dated December 14 (26), 1856, again emphasized the social significance of his work: “And Nekrasov’s poems, collected in one focus, burn” 3.
I have some hope that this will not happen; but let's not be too sure. Therefore, it is not a climate that will leave slavery in these territories. Is there something special in the country? Missouri adjoins these territories along its entire western border, and slavery is already found in each of its western counties. Slavery leaned entirely against the old western frontier of the state, and when quite recently part of that frontier, in the northwest, was moved a little farther westward, slavery followed a completely new line.
Now that the restriction has been removed, what should prevent it from moving forward? There will be no peculiarity of the country - there will be nothing in nature. Will this people be prevented? The coming scenes are all in favor of the expansion. The Yankees who are against him may be more numerous; but in military phrase the battlefield is too far from their base of operations. But it is said that in Nebraska there is now no law on the subject of slavery; and that in such a case, by taking a slave there, his freedom operates. This is a good book law; but is not a rule of real practice.
...to the correct, sometimes cold painting of Maykov...- The poetry of A. N. Maikov, whose first collection of poems was published in St. Petersburg in 1842, apparently left Turgenev rather indifferent. Neither quotations from Maikov's poems nor reviews of his work can be found in Turgenev's letters of the 1850s. The opinion about Maykov's poetry, expressed in Turgenev's article, is close to what V. G. Belinsky wrote about him (see: Belinsky, vol. 10, p. 83).
Wherever there was slavery, it was first introduced without law. The oldest laws we find concerning this are not the laws introducing it; but regulating it as if it already exists. Now the white man takes his slave to Nebraska; who will inform the Negro that he is free? Who will take him before the court to test the question of his freedom? Out of ignorance of his legal emancipation, he continues to cut, split and plow. Others bring and move in the same track. Finally, if the time ever comes for a vote, then on the question of slavery the institution already exists in the country and cannot be removed.
Page 525. ... they all seem to have been painted ~ Goethe wanted ...- Turgenev has in mind the following idea of Goethe, given in the book by I.-P. Eckerman “Conversations with Goethe in the last years of his life” (recorded on September 18, 1823): “All my poems are“ poems about “(just in case), they are inspired by reality, they have soil and foundation in it.”
2 Nikolsky Yu. Materials on Fet. 1. Turgenev's corrections of Fet's "Poems", 1850 (Russian Thought, Sofia, 1921, August-September, pp. 211 - 227, October - December, pp. 245 - 263); Blagoy D. From the Past of Russian Literature. Turgenev - editor of Fet (Print and Revolution, 1923, book 3, pp. 45 - 64); Bukhshtab B. The fate of the literary heritage of A. A. Fet (Lit Nasl, vol. 22 - 24, p. 561-600).
The facts of his presence and the difficulty of removing him will have a say in their favor. Hold it until a vote is taken, and a vote in favor of it cannot be obtained in any of the forty thousand people on earth who have been gathered by the usual motives of emigration and settlement. To get slaves into the country at the same time as whites, in the early stages of settlement, is the exact stake that Nebraska played and won in this measure.
We have some experience with this practical difference. Despite the "87" Ordinance, a few Negroes were brought to Illinois and kept in a state of quasi-equal slavery, however not enough to vote the people in favor of the institution when they came to the constitution.
3 On Turgenev's attitude to Nekrasov's poetry, see Skvortsov B. I. S. Turgenev on contemporary poets. - Uch. app. Kazan State un-ta im. V. I. Ulyanov-Lenin. 1929, book. 2, p. 389 - 392; Evgeniev-Maximov B. Life and work of N. A. Nekrasov. M.; L., 1950. T. II, p. 329.
Page 526. ... according to the beautiful expression of Vauvenargues ...- Vauvenarg(Vauvenargues) Luc Clapier (1715 - 1747) - the famous French moralist, author of the work "Paradoxes, mélés de Réflexions et de Maximes" (1746). Turgenev cites saying XXV from the second book of this work.
But in the neighboring country of Missouri, where there was no ordinance of 87 - there were no restrictions - they were held ten times, a hundred times, just as quickly, and in fact made a slave of the state. If so, the opening of new countries to the establishment, the increase in demand and increase in the price of slaves, and thus in fact makes free people slaves, forcing them to be brought from Africa and sold into slavery.
It is said that fair justice in the south requires us to agree to the expansion of slavery in new countries. It is kindly granted that of all those who come into the world, only a small percentage are natural tyrants. This percentage is no greater in slave states than in free states. The vast majority, both in the south and in the north, have human sympathies, from which they can no longer separate, than they can, from their sensitivity to physical pain. These sympathies in the breasts of the southern people are manifested in many ways, their feeling of being wrong in slavery and their consciousness that, after all, there is humanity in the Negroes.
... to build a five-act fantasy about some Italian painter ~ third-rate galleries ...- This refers to "Giulio Mosti", a dramatic fantasy in verse by N.V. Kukolnik, in four parts with an interlude, written in 1832 - 1833, and his own dramatic fantasy in verse "Domenichino", in two parts. In both works, the main characters are Italian artists. For Turgenev's sharply negative attitude towards Kukolnik's dramaturgy, see also his article "Lieutenant General Patkul" (this ed., Works, vol. 1, pp. 251 - 276).
If they deny it, let me ask them some simple questions. If you didn't feel it was wrong, why did you join in making men depend on it? The practice was nothing more than bringing wild blacks from Africa, selling them, for example, buying them. But you never thought of hanging men to catch and sell wild horses, wild buffalo or wild bears. If you can't help, you sell to him; but if you can help, you will get him out of your door.
You won't recognize him as a friend or even as an honest person. Your children should not play with it; They can freely ride with small blacks, but not with the children of the “slave trader”. If you are required to deal with it, you are trying to get the job done without touching it. team up with the men you meet, but with the slave trader you avoid the ceremony - you instinctively shrink from serpentine contact. If he becomes rich and leaves the business, you still remember him and continue to observe the ban, terror on him and his family.
YEAR OF THE TIGER They say that those born in this year are characterized by ardor, passion, enthusiasm, recklessness
FORM AND CONTENT ARE CHANGING
In order to strengthen the officer corps, the terms of service in non-commissioned officer ranks for promotion to officers have been halved for all categories of volunteers.
It is allowed to accept young nobles into regiments as volunteers (as junkers), who, after training directly in the regiment, receive officer ranks. This order is established only for wartime.
For the first time, officer galloon epaulettes appeared on a marching overcoat with one clearance for chief officers, two for the headquarters of officers and zigzags for generals with asterisks in rank.
The recruitment set is divided into three types: ordinary (age 22-35, height not less than 2 arshins 4 inches), reinforced (age not determined, growth not less than 2 arshins 3.5 inches), extraordinary (growth not less than 2 arshins 3 inches).
You are not a person who deals in corn, cattle or tobacco. How is it that this huge amount of property will work without owners? We don't see free horses or free cattle running in large numbers.
And now, why would you ask us to deny the humanity of a slave? and evaluate it only as an equal hog? Why ask us to do something that you won't do yourself? Why ask us to do anything that two hundred million dollars couldn't get you to do?
But one big argument for repealing the Missouri Compromise is still ahead. This argument is the "sacred right of self-government". It seems our esteemed senator has found great difficulty in getting his antagonists, even in the Senate, to meet him fairly on this argument," said a poet.
TELEGRAPHS MULTIPLE
Conducted electromagnetic telegraphs between St. Petersburg on the one hand and Kronstadt, Warsaw and Moscow on the other.
LIGHT FINANCIAL STRESS
Measures have been taken to limit the exchange of credit notes for silver.
DO NOT FORGET ABOUT FAITH
On the right bull of the Blagoveshchensky bridge in St. Petersburg, in the gap between the wings of the drawbridge, the chapel of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker was built according to the project of the architect A.I. STAKSHNEIDER. Next year the bridge will be renamed into Nikolaevsky.
"Fools rush where angels fear to tread." My belief that each person should do what they please with everything that is exclusively their own is at the core of my sense of justice. The doctrine of self-government is correct—absolutely and eternally correct—but it has no application, as has been tried here. If he is not a man, why in this case one who is a man can, as a matter of self-government, do what pleases him. But if a Negro is a person, is it not so, the complete destruction of self -government, to say that he should not control himself either?
The Exaltation of the Cross Community of Sisters of Mercy was founded to care for the wounded on the battlefield. The Grand Duchess ELENA PAVLOVNA, Baroness E. F. RADEN and N. I. PIROGOV actively contributed to its creation. He will stand at the head of the community during the Sevastopol defense. The lady-in-waiting of Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna EDITA FYODOROVNA RADEN, born in 1825, was in charge of all organizational work. She will die in 1885.
When the white man governs himself, which is self-government; but when he governs himself and also governs another person, that is, more than self-government, this is despotism. If the Negro is a man, then why does my ancient faith teach me that "all men are created equal"; and that there can be no moral right in connection with the fact that one person makes a slave of another. Judge Douglas often, with bitter irony and sarcasm, paraphrases our argument by saying, "The white people of Nebraska are good enough to govern themselves, but they are not good enough to govern a few unfortunate Negroes."
RUSSIAN FLEET
A. I. BUTAKOV moved the Aral shipyard to Fort No. 1 (Kazalinsk).
SEX LIFE OF STATE STALLIONS
For 10 years, 225,295 mares happened to state stallions, of which 81,769 belonged to landowners, 40,208 to people of different ranks, and 102,718 to peasants.
WALK IN MOSCOW
In front of the Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge in Moscow there is a booth, near which the watchman walks around. With the onset of night, the watchman calls out to passers-by with the words: “Who is coming?” To this you must answer: “People!” If there is no answer, the peace officer has the right to stop the silencer and interrogate who he is and where he directs the path. Such cases usually end in a good way - with the delivery of a five-altyn or two-kopeck piece by the offender. On solemn days, the watchman puts on a full dress uniform - a half-coat made of gray soldier's cloth and the same trousers, a huge shako - and picks up a halberd.
Our Declaration of Independence reads. We take these truths for granted: that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The master not only governs the slave without his consent; but he governs them by a set of rules quite different from those he prescribes for himself. In support of his application of the doctrine of self-government, Senator Douglas tried to help him find the opinions and examples of our revolutionary fathers.
I like the feelings of those old people; and gladly follow their opinions. That is the question; and we'll let the fathers themselves answer that. It is about discrimination between them and him. But there is no basis for his assertion that their opinions - their example - their authority - are on his side in this dispute. Again, this is not Nebraska, but a territory, part of us? And if we give up control of it, won't we give up the right to self-government? What is the use of the government when there is nothing left for it?
ON THE WORLD ARENA...
GREAT BRITAIN. In March, the Manchester Chartist Convention (Workers' Parliament) was opened.
SPAIN. The revolution has begun. It will last until 1856.
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES. Treaties between Japan and Western powers are concluded. This process will continue for four years.
Having achieved the conclusion of the Shimoda treaty, Japan entered into joint possession of Sakhalin with Russia.
WAR. In March, England and France, having entered their squadrons into the Black Sea, declared war on Russia and openly came out on the side of Turkey.
In August, the superior forces of the Anglo-French fleet twice tried to land troops in Petropavlovsk, but were repulsed with heavy losses.
In September, more than 60,000 Allied troops, including British, French and Turkish troops, landed near Evpatoria. The commander-in-chief of the Russian army, the aged prince A. S. MENSHIKOV, concentrated his troops in the Bakhchisaray region in order to maintain contact with the country's interior provinces. Only the garrison of the fortress remained in Sevastopol (about 45 thousand soldiers and officers). The defense was led by admirals VLADIMIR ALEKSEEVICH KORNILOV, PAVEL STEPANOVITCH NAKHIMOV, VLADIMIR IVANOVICH ISTOMIN, who died on the Sevastopol bastions. The military engineer E. I. TOTLEBEN was engaged in the construction of fortifications. Part of the Russian fleet was flooded at the entrance to the Sevastopol Bay, the naval guns were removed and placed on the fortifications, the sailors joined the garrison of the fortress. The siege began in October.
USA. Two new states were formed - Kansas and Nebraska. The question of the spread of slavery in them is left to the discretion of the inhabitants of the states. A civil war began under the leadership of J. Brown, J. Montgomery, that is, the Missouri Compromise was canceled. On this occasion, the Republican Party was created.
REBELLION. Eureka Rebellion - gold diggers rebelled in the gold mines in Ballarat (Victoria colony).
MEANWHILE...
Anuchin DMITRY entered the second grade of the Larinsky gymnasium.
BUKHAREV ALEXANDER MATVEYEVICH, born in 1824, was born in the family of a deacon in Tver province, after graduating from the Tver Seminary he entered the Moscow Theological Academy, from which he graduated at the age of 22. Shortly before graduating from the Academy, Bukharev became a monk - not without hesitation. At the Moscow Theological Academy, Bukharev was a professor (in the department of Holy Scripture), but from that year he took the chair of dogmatics at the Kazan Academy and at the same time became an inspector of the Academy.
BER. The BERA expedition visited Sarepta, Kamyshin, Astrakhan, Novopetrovsky, the islands and the mouth of the Ural River, went again to Astrakhan, then to the western coast of the Caspian Sea, the Black Market at the mouth of the Terek and the Astrakhan salt lakes.
V. I. VASILCHIKOV, born in 1820 since October he has been acting chief of staff of the Sevastopol garrison.
Dobrolyubov N. A., born in 1836, at the end of the year became the head of a circle of students, where foreign publications are read, newspapers and magazines are bought together, and the handwritten newspaper Rumors is published. Next year he will write in his diary: "I seem to have been summoned by fate on purpose to the great cause of the revolution! .."
KERN FEDOR SERGEEVICH, captain of the 2nd rank, in command of the frigate "Kulevcha".
KROPOTKIN. Two of his wife's sisters moved into the KROPOTKIN family. They had a house and a vineyard in Sevastopol, because of the Crimean War they were left homeless and without property. When the allies landed in the Crimea, the inhabitants of Sevastopol were told that there was nothing to fear, but after the defeat at the Black River they were told to leave as soon as possible. There were not enough horses, and the roads were choked with troops moving south. The youngest of the sisters, a thirty-year-old girl, smokes cigarettes one after another and picturesquely tells about the horrors of the road.
MAKSIMOVICH K.I. has been studying the scientifically unknown Amur Region and Ussuri Territory since July. This year he traveled along the coast of the Tatar Strait to the mouth of the Amur (Nikolaevsk) - Mariinsk - Lake Kizi.
N. P. SMIRNOV graduated from the university as the second candidate (the first was B. N. CHICHERIN, who would become a professor at Moscow University) and entered the Civil Chamber as a scribe for seven rubles a month.
Tolstoy L. N. On June 15, he writes in his diary: “Exactly three months of idleness and a life with which I cannot be satisfied ... For the last time I say to myself: if three days pass, during which I do nothing for the benefit of people, I will kill myself."
TYUTCHEV. The poems of F. I. TYUTCHEV, previously published (in 1826) and left almost unnoticed, were published as an addition to Sovremennik and aroused enthusiastic praise from critics. In the future, Tyutchev will enjoy fame as a poet of a predominantly Slavophile camp.
USHINSKY KONSTANTIN DMITRIEVICH, born in 1824, from this year got the opportunity to return to teaching as a teacher at the Gatchina Orphan Institute. In 1859 he was appointed inspector of the Smolny Institute.
KHRULEV S. A., born in 1807, has been at the disposal of Prince A. S. MENSHIKOV since December. Will be chairman of the committee for testing new bullets.
P. E. CHEKHOV married YEVGENIA YAKOVLEVNA MOROZOVA. He will have six children: ALEXANDER, NIKOLAI, ANTON, IVAN, MARIA AND MIKHAIL.
THIS YEAR WILL APPEAR:
DOROVATOVSKY SERGEY PAVLOVICH, future public agronomist, publisher. He will die in 1921;
ELPATIEVSKY SERGEY YAKOVLEVICH, future writer and doctor. He will die in 1933;
IGNATOV VASILY NIKOLAEVICH, future populist. He will die in 1885;
LAUR ALEXANDER ALEKSEEVICH, future homeopathic doctor, playwright and journalist. He will die in 1901;
MATTERN EMILY EMILYEVICH, future Moscow magistrate and translator of dramatic works. He will die in 1938;
future novelist-humorist and playwright MYASNITSKY. He will die in 1911;
PAVLOV ALEXEY PETROVICH, in Moscow in the family of Lieutenant P. A. Pavlov, future geologist, academician, professor at Moscow University, founder of the Moscow school of geologists. He will die in 1929;
PREOBRAZHENSKY ALEXANDER LAVRENTIEVICH, in the Tula province in the family of a priest, the future Metropolitan of Yarolava and Rostov Agafangel. He will die in 1928;
SAVINA MARIA GAVRILOVNA, future actress. She will perform on stage from the age of eight, become one of the organizers and chairmen of the Russian Theater Society and die in 1915;
SERGEENKO PETER ALEKSEEVICH, future novelist and publicist. He will die in 1930;
CHERTKOV Vladimir Grigoryevich. He will die in 1936.
DIE THIS YEAR:
GOLUBINSKY FEDOR ALEKSANDROVICH, born in 1797, teacher of philosophy at the Moscow Theological Academy, priest;
KARAMZIN ANDREY NIKOLAEVICH, born in 1814 The cavalry detachment under his command fell into the Turkish outpost and was completely exterminated;
KORNILOV VLADIMIR ALEKSEEVICH, born in 1806, Vice Admiral, who led the defense of Sevastopol. On October 5, he was mortally wounded by a cannonball on Malakhov Hill on a battery of nine guns.
LAVAL EKATERINA IVANOVNA, born in 1800, in Siberia, wife of Prince Sergei Petrovich Trubetskoy, sentenced to hard labor, countess, who followed her husband;
PROKHOROV TIMOFEY, a manufacturer who brought worldwide fame to Trekhgorka, one of the calico kings of Russia.
