Polish last names alphabetically. Formation of male and female forms in Polish surnames

The Polish surname (nazwisko) first appeared and took root in the circles of the wealthy Polish nobility - the gentry. The origin of Polish surnames is attributed to the period of the XV-XVII centuries, which was the heyday of this noble military class.

In order to understand the prerequisites for the emergence of such a distinctive feature as a surname in Poland, it is important to know the peculiarities of the way of life of the Polish people of that time. Poland of that era did not have its own troops, and the need to protect their property existed. In order to realize it, the nobility came up with the idea of ​​organizing the gentry itself - a special military stratum designed to represent the interests of the rich in power disputes and conflicts.

A distinctive feature of the gentry was an honest and noble attitude towards each other, regardless of the degree of wealth - equality. The structure of the Polish gentry was formed as follows: a titled noble representative of the nobility was chosen in a certain territorial area. The prerequisite was that he had land. The gentry had a statute, their own laws and privileges, approved by the royal court.

The first Polish surnames of the gentry were determined by two branches: by the name assigned to the military clan, and the name of the area where the land of the noble representative was. For example, Vasily Zbarazhsky of the coat of arms of Korbut, Prince Stanislav Alexandrovich of the coat of arms of Vitold, etc.

Depending on the name of the emblems, a dictionary of Polish surnames of that time was formed.

Family forms could contain such names as Elita, Zlotovonzh, Abdank, Bellina, Boncha, Bozhezlarzh, Brokhvich, Holeva, Doliva, Drogomir, Yanina, Yasenchik, Vulture, Drzhevitsa, Godzemba, Geralt. Later, the design of two parts on the letter began to be made through a hyphen: Korbut-Zbarazhsky, Vitold-Alexandrovich, Brodzits-Bunin, and subsequently one part was discarded: Zbarazhsky, Alexandrovich.

Distinctive features of Polish surnames

Since the 17th century, surnames have become widespread, first among the townspeople, and by the end of the 19th century, among the rural population of Poland. Of course, the simple unpretentious Polish people did not get noble Polish surnames such as Wisniewiecki, Voitsekhovsky, Boguslavsky. For peasants and hard workers, simpler family forms were selected, like those of other Slavic peoples. These were derivatives either from the name or from the profession, less often from the place of residence or the names of objects and living creatures: Mazur, Konopka, Plow, Hook, Kovalchik, Kravchik, Zinkevich, Zareba, Cherry.

But the creative vein did not allow Poles with such simple surnames to sleep peacefully, and in the 19th century there was a short time fragment when especially creative representatives of the people began to add nicknames to their surnames. This is how unusual surnames were formed: Bur-Kowalsky, Bonch-Bruevich, Rydz-Smigly, Yungvald-Khilkevich.

Traditionally, surnames in Poland are passed down through the line of males - the successors of the clan. Each letter of the alphabet can be the first in a Polish surname, from Avinsky to Yakubovsky.

Polish surnames, like most Slavic ones, have two forms: female (-skaya, -tskaya) and male (-sky, -tsky). Brylska - Brylsky, Vyhovska - Vyhovsky, Stanishevskaya - Stanishevsky, Donovska - Donovsky. Such surnames have the meaning of adjectives, are declined and changed in the same way as adjectives.

Surnames coinciding in forms on a generic basis are also quite common in use: Ozheshko, Gurevich, Wojtek, Tadeusz, Khilkevich, Nemirovich. These family forms change only in the male version, for women they are unchanged.

The Linguistic Dictionary of Polish Surnames notes the differences in their transmission between the official style and the literary artistic style. So, adjective surnames in the first case are recorded with the use of a soft sign (Kaminsky, Zaremsky), and in the literary genre, the soft sign can be omitted (Kaminsky, Zaremsky). In addition, male surnames with the form ending in -ov, -ev are transmitted in two ways: Koval - Kovalev - Kovalyuv.

It was customary for the villagers to modify some surnames for women (on the basis of a married lady or a single girl, marriageable). For example, if a man's last name is Koval, then his wife may be Kovaleva, and his daughter may be Kovalevna. More examples: Plow - Pluzhina (deputy) - Pluzhanka; Madey - Madeeva (deputy) - Madeyuvna.

Below is a list of ten Polish surnames, the most common in the statistics of surnames of Polish origin:

• Novak - more than 200 thousand bearers of the surname.
• Kovalsky - about 135 thousand happy owners.
• Wuytsik - about 100 thousand people.
• Vishnevsky - about the same, 100 thousand people.
• Kovalchuk - a little more than 95 thousand Polish residents.
• Lewandowski - about 91 thousand owners.
• Zelinsky - about 90 thousand Poles.
• Kaminsky - about 90 thousand people.
• Shimansky - about 85 thousand people.
• Wozniak - almost 80 thousand citizens.

The data is taken from the statistics of 2004, so slight discrepancies are possible.
Common Polish surnames are a little behind: Kozlovsky, Grabovsky, Dombrovsky, Kaczmarek, Petrovsky, Yankovsky.

Foreign roots of Polish surnames

The history of the Polish Principality is closely intertwined with the stories of neighboring and not only powers: Ukraine, Hungary, Lithuania, Russia, Germany. Over the centuries, there has been a coexistence of peoples, sometimes peaceful, sometimes warlike, thanks to which more than one culture has changed and improved.

Each people borrowed from others some particles of traditions, cultures, language, giving their own in return, and the formation of surnames also underwent changes under the influence of foreign cultures.

Here are some of them:

• Shervinsky - from German: Shirvindt (a town in Prussia);
• Kokhovsky - from Czech: Kochna (name);
• Sudovsky - from Old Russian: "court" (dishes);
• Berezovsky - from Russian: birch;
• Grzhibovsky - from Hebrew: "grzhib" (mushroom);
• Zholondzevsky - from Hebrew: "zholondz" (acorn).

Taken from Ukrainian everyday life:

• Bachinsky - “bachiti” (to see);
• Dovgalevsky - "dovgy" (long);
• Poplavsky - "float" (flooded meadow);
• Vishnevsky - "cherry";
• Remigovsky - "remiga" (cautious);
• Shvidkovsky - "Shvidky" (fast);
• Kotlyarsky - "kotlyar" (manufacturer of boilers).

There are surnames borrowed from the Lithuanian foreign language. They came into use without any morphological changes: Vaganas (“hawk”), Korsak (“steppe fox”), Ruksha (“smoky”), Bryl (“hat”), Miksha (“sleepy”), etc.

The history of the formation of Polish surnames should be considered in the context of the histories of the surnames of all Slavic peoples in general. Only in this version will it be correctly interpreted and conveyed to posterity.

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Names of Lithuanian origin

Adam Miscavige

In addition, a number of names of Lithuanian origin are quite common in Poland: Olgerd (Polish. Olgierd- lit. Algirdas), Witold (Polish. Witold- lit. Vytautas) or Grazhyna (Polish. Grazyna- lit. Grazina).

It is interesting to note that if the first two names are primordially Lithuanian, and their use by the Poles is probably the result of a long Polish-Lithuanian union, then the situation with the name "Grazyna" is somewhat more complicated. Having a Lithuanian basis (lit. gražus - “beautiful, beautiful”), the name “Grazyna” was coined by Adam Mickiewicz for the main character of the poem of the same name. Thus, this name, which is Lithuanian in form, was originally used in Poland, and only then - in Lithuania.

Name and Christian tradition

Usually the name is given to the child during the rite of baptism. Along with the names accepted in the Catholic tradition, pre-Christian Slavic names can also be used, however, in this case, the priest may ask the parents to choose an additional Christian name for the child. In the past, at baptism, a child was given two names, so he had two patron saints. Now it is more a tribute to tradition: the middle name is rarely used in everyday life, its use in everyday life looks rather pretentious. At confirmation, a Catholic usually receives another (second or third) Christian name, but it is almost never used outside the church.

In Poland, as in many other Catholic countries, the practice of celebrating name days (Polish. imienny) - the day of their patron saint, although in Poland it is more customary to celebrate a birthday. In Eastern Poland, a birthday celebration is a family, closed celebration, as often only relatives and closest friends know the date of birth of a person. In contrast, name days are often celebrated in a wide circle of acquaintances, with work colleagues, etc. Information on which day certain name days fall on is published in many Polish calendars, on the Internet, etc.

Legislative restrictions

According to Polish law, a personal name must clearly reflect the gender of its bearer. Almost all female names in Poland (as well as Russian female names) have the ending -A. However, there are also a number of male names on -A: for example, Polish. Barnaba- Barnabas. Unlike Russian traditions, the name "Maria" (Polish. Maria) in Poland can be worn by both a woman and a man; however, the use of this name as a masculine one is extremely rare and applies almost exclusively to second names.

Name and fashion

The use of one name or another depends largely on fashion. Many parents name their children after the national heroes of Poland, famous personalities, characters in books, films, etc. Despite this, most of the names used in modern Poland have been used since the Middle Ages. According to statistics, in 2003 the most popular Polish female names were: Anna(Anna), Maria(Maria) and Katarzyna(Katazhina); male - Piotr(Peter), Jan(Jan) and Andrzej(Andrzej).

Pet names

In everyday life, diminutive forms of names are very popular, which are most often used when referring to children or in the family, but sometimes enter into official use (like Leszek at full Lech- cf. Lech Walesa and Leszek Balcerowicz). Like other Slavic languages, Polish has the widest possibilities for creating a variety of diminutive names. Most of them are based on the use of suffixes, often with truncation of the stem of the name ( Bolesław → Bolek) or with its distortion, sometimes beyond recognition ( Karol → Karolek → Lolek).

The most characteristic diminutive suffixes -ek and more affected - (u)ś (corresponding female names end in -ka/-cia And - (u)sia): Piotr → Piotrek, Piotruś; Ewa → Ewka, Ewcia, Ewusia. Sometimes both suffixes are put at the same time: Jan → Janusiek. For female names, other extensions are also used: - (u)nia, -dzia (Jadwiga → Jadwinia, Jadzia).

It should be noted that some Polish male names initially end in -ek(For example, Marek, Franciszek- Mark, Francis) in this case, this form is not a diminutive name, but only similar in sound to it.

Nicknames

As in many world cultures, nicknames are often used in Poland (Polish. przezwisko, ksywa) - as an addition or alternative to a personal name, which, however, are not official names, but are used among relatives, friends or colleagues.

Surname

Polish surnames, as in most European traditions, are usually passed down through the male line: that is, the surname of the created family becomes the husband's surname, and it is the name of the children born in this marriage.

A married woman in Poland usually takes her husband's surname. However, according to Polish law, this is optional. A woman can keep her maiden name (Polish. nazwisko panieńskie) or add your husband's surname to your maiden name, thus creating a double surname (Polish. nazwisko złożone). Modern Polish law, however, establishes that a surname cannot consist of more than two parts; thus, if a woman already had a double surname before marriage and wants to add her husband's surname to it, she will have to give up one part of her maiden name. In turn, a man can also take his wife's surname or add it to his own.

Citizens of Poland have the right to change their surname if:

Male and female forms of surnames

Polish surnames have male and female forms, differing from each other in endings and (or) suffixes. Surnames that coincide in male and female forms are also not uncommon. This system, similar to that in other Slavic languages, usually does not require special explanation for people who speak Russian.

• Surnames on -ski/-cki/-dzki And -ska/-cka/-dzka(For example, Kowalski, m. - Kovalska, and. r.), which are adjectives in form and declension.

• Surnames-adjectives with other endings (for example, Smigly, m. - Smigla, and. R.). Unlike Russian, in Polish, masculine borrowed and foreign surnames are also inclined as adjectives. -i/-y/-ie: them. P. Kennedy, genus. P. Kennedyego, date P. Kennedyemu... etc. It should be noted that in the same way in the Polish language men's names ending in -i/-y/-ie: them. P. freddie, genus. P. Freddiego etc.

• Surnames on -ów/-owa, -in/-ina etc. (for example, Romanow, m. - Romanowa, and. r.), formed as short possessive adjectives and inflected accordingly. Short adjectives are not characteristic of the Polish language proper, so that such surnames are in most cases of a foreign language origin; however, they are unambiguously identified by Poles as Slavic. The feminine form for such surnames is formed in the same way as in Russian. In the suffix of a male surname, according to the general rule of Polish phonetics, in the nominative case, the sound [o] turns into [u] (graphically - ó ), while in the female it always remains unchanged.

• Other Polish surnames (for example, Kowal, Kowalewicz or Kowalczyk) are grammatically nouns and have coinciding masculine and feminine forms, and the feminine form, as in Russian, is not declined (except for most surnames-nouns in -a, declining equally in both genders: im. P. Waterba, genus. P. Waterby, date P. Waterbie etc.; surnames do not inflect -a after vowels, except -ia). Unlike the Russian language, in Polish, male surnames are inclined to -o: them. P. Orzeszko, genus. P. Orzeszki, date P. Orzeszkowi…; surnames on -i/-y are declined as adjectives (see above).

• In archaic or colloquial speech (the latter is especially typical for rural residents) from male nouns of this type ( etc.) special female forms are built, for example: pani Kowalowa(his wife) - panna Kowalowna(his daughter). Below is a table of the formation of female forms from such surnames.

¹ The last consonant before these suffixes softens or becomes sibilant.

The emergence of surnames

For the first time, the use of "family names" in Poland was recorded around the 15th century, and only among the Polish nobility - the gentry (Polish. szlachta). It should, however, be borne in mind that initially the Polish gentry in its structure differed significantly from the Western European nobility: formally, the representatives of the gentry were equal to each other; the differences were related only to the degree of prosperity. The features of the Polish system of nobility left their mark on the development of the system of Polish surnames.

Emblem "Elite"

In fact, the Polish gentry was a privileged military class. Owning land, the gentry were obliged to take part in the militia during the wars, since since the death of Prince Boleslav Wrymouth in 1138, there was no regular princely army in Poland. In wartime, each Polish region gathered its own militia (pol. pospolite ruszenie), which brought under the command of the king.

The gentry united in military "clans", somewhat reminiscent of the Celtic, but not on the principles of kinship, but on a territorial basis. Each such association had its own name and coat of arms of the same name, belonging to all members of the "clan". The same name was part of the complex surname of each of the members of the association. People belonging to the same "clan" were called the gentry of the same coat of arms (Polish. herbowni, klejnotni, współherbowni ). Another part of the Polish gentry surname reflected the name of the area (usually a village or a farm), the owner of which was this gentry. The full name was built according to the following pattern: the given name, personal surname and the name of the coat of arms - for example: Jan Zamoyski of the Elita coat of arms (Polish. Jan Zamoyski herbu Jelita).

General Tadeusz Bur-Komorowski

During the XV-XVII centuries, Polish gentry names were brought to the classical “three names” scheme adopted by the Roman patricians: personal name (lat. praenomen), genus name (lat. nomen gentile) and surname (lat. cognomen). For example: Jan Elita Zamoyski (Polish. Jan Jelita Zamoyski). Later, the “armorial” and personal surnames began to be linked in writing with a hyphen.

After the First and Second World Wars, many especially active participants in the battles added their military nicknames to their surnames. This tradition has become another reason for the existence of a significant number of double surnames in Poland. Examples of such surnames are Rydz-Smigly (Polish. Rydz-Śmigly), Nowak-Jeziorański (Polish. Nowak-Jezioranski), Bur-Komorowski (Polish. Bor-Komorowski). Some artists, such as Tadeusz Boy-Zielenski (Polish. Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński), also added their stage names to their main surnames.

There is an idea that all Polish surnames ending in -th. Indeed, many surnames of the Polish gentry have such an ending, associated either with the name of the family estate or the coat of arms (for example, Vishnevetsky - Polish. Wiśniowiecki- family estate Vyshnevets; Kazanovsky - Polish. Kazanowski, Sklodowski - Polish. Skłodowski, Chodetsky - Polish. Chodecki). However, similar endings also have later surnames of commoners, formed from personal names, nicknames and job titles (Wojciechowski - Polish. Wojciechowski, Kwiatkowski - Polish. Kwiatkowski, Kozlovsky - Polish. Kozlowski, Kowalski - Polish. Kowalski etc.), as well as the names of Polish Jews (Vilensky - Polish. Wilenski, Belotserkovsky - Polish. Bialocerkiewski and so on.).

The use of surnames gradually spread to other socio-ethnic groups: to townspeople (at the end of the 17th century), then to peasants and - in the middle of the 19th century - to Jews.

The most common surnames

As of December 2004, the list of the 20 most common Polish surnames was as follows (male and female variants were considered one surname):

Features of Russian transcription of Polish names and surnames

Names

• Many Polish names are not transcribed according to the general rules, but are transmitted traditionally: Augustyn→ Augustine (not "Augustyn"), Eugenia→ Eugenia (not "Eugenia"), etc.
• After consonants final -i/-y Polish male names (mostly of classical origin) are transmitted as -y, and not through -i/-s: Anthony→ Anthony, Ignacy→ Ignatius (or, according to the traditional transmission, Ignatius), Walenty→ Valenty and others.
• At all y after consonants in names is usually transmitted through And, not through s, as it would be according to the general rules: Benedikt→ Benedict, Henryk→ Henrik (according to the traditional transmission - Heinrich), Ryszard→ Richard, Krystyna→ Christina and others
• In female names, the final -ja after consonants it is transcribed as -iya: Felicia→ Felicia.
• When restored from the Polish spelling of the names of classical characters, the final -(i)usz most often corresponds to the Russian form on - (i) th, and the final -asz/-iasz/-jasz- Russian form on - (and) i, -a: Claudiusz→ Claudius, Amadeusz→ Amadeus, Jeremiasz→ Jeremiah... But if a Pole has such a name, the final w saved: Klaudiusz, Amadeusz, Jeremias...
• final in Polish -ek in given names and surnames it declines with a vowel dropped e, but this cannot be done in the transcribed form (i.e., in this case, the school rule about distinguishing between the suffixes -ik and -ek is not applicable): Jacek - Jacek - Jacek ..., although in the original Jacek - Jacka - Jackowi...; surname: Gerek - Gerek - Gerek ... ( Gierek - Gierka - Gierkowi...).

Surnames

• In adjective surnames, the final -ski/-cki/-dzki (-ska/-cka/-dzka) is transmitted via -sky / -sky / -dsky(or -dzy), in the feminine - respectively with -and I (Kovalsky - Kovalskaya). Polish last names -ński/-ńska in Russian are traditionally transmitted in two ways: in the official exact style - with a soft sign ( Oginsky, Oginsky), but in fiction and in general in the case when it comes to a long and widely known person - without such ( Oginsky, Oginsky).
• Surnames-adjectives of other models (like Smigly - Smigla) when officially transmitted in Russian, they retain a short ending -s/-s in men's and -and I in the feminine gender and usually do not decline in Russian. In fiction, however, there is an addition of endings to -th / -th, -th / -th, especially with transparent etymology ( Bujny→ Violent, Buyna→ Violent).
• The masculine form of species surnames Romanow - Romanowa transmitted in two ways: official-accurate transcription with -uv/-suv, and Russified (usually in fiction) -ov/-ev (-yov only in monosyllabic surnames - because otherwise the stress would be on the penultimate syllable - and when restoring the Russian form of recognizable surnames, like Kowalow→ Kovalev); for female surnames in both situations -ova/-eva.
• Surnames of the species Kowal, Kilian, Zaręba, Wiśnia, Nowak, Sienkiewicz etc. are transcribed according to general rules, without any special features. The inclination of the result is determined by the general rules of the Russian language.
• Special female forms of surnames ( pani Kowalowa, panna Kowalowna) formed from the main form ( Pan Kowal), are officially transcribed with the restoration of the masculine form (

Polish origin is easy to recognize by the name of its bearer. Polish surnames have a deep history and identity. The fifteenth century is considered the period of formation and assignment of Polish surnames. Initially, it was customary to give them exclusively to persons of noble origin, that is, the gentry.

Where did the surnames come from (list of the most famous)

A significant role in the formation of noble initials was played by the appearance of the gentry, which originally denoted the military class. Then all the gentry had equal rights, and differed only in the level of income. In 1138, there was a need for an army, because there was no regular army then. In this regard, the gentry from one locality decided to unite in societies with an individual name and their own coat of arms. The coat of arms became the property of each of the members of the community, and the name of the clan was included in the surname. The names of the coats of arms were very different, for example, klejnotni, współherbowni, herbowni. They became components of the surnames of many genera, which led to the emergence of the concept of "armorial kinship". Among the most popular are the names of Lewandowski and Allan-Orekhovsky.

How simple Polish surnames appeared (list)

Only in the seventeenth century did ordinary Poles get the opportunity to bear a surname. Those who did not belong to a noble family received their initials depending on their personal name, place of residence or type of activity. Initially, urban residents came to this, and only then rural ones. It was most often the basis for its appropriation.

The list of simple surnames usually includes the surname Kowalski formed from the profession. That is, the person who forged is now a blacksmith. As for people born in Vilna, they were provided with the name Vilna. Speaking about double Polish surnames, the list of which is not very diverse today, it is worth noting that they were especially popular several centuries ago. For example, Boy-Zhelensky is a double surname, the first part of which is the nickname of its bearer.

When the basis of the surname is borrowed

The history of the development of the Polish principality is closely intertwined with the fate of neighboring and distant powers. Polish surnames (an alphabetical list is presented below), borrowed from the Ukrainian people, most often mean a profession or character trait of its bearer. These include: Bachinsky, Vishnevsky, Dovgalevsky, Kotlyarsky, Poplavsky, Remigovsky, Shvidkovsky. Polish surnames borrowed from the Lithuanian people (alphabetical list): Bryl, Vaganas, Korsak, Miksha, Ruksha.

In addition, there are those who appeared under the influence of other nationalities. Shervinsky is a surname that came from the German language and is directly related to the town of Shirvindt. From Czech came Kochovsky, and from Russian - Berezovsky. The Old Russian language became the progenitor of the Sudovsky surname. The relationship with the Jews brought its own notes to the Polish lexicon (Grzybowski and Zholondzewski). The study of the history of the origin of Polish surnames must be carried out together with the history of the Slavic peoples. This is the only way to get reliable data.

Polish surnames for girls (list)

Women's initials in Poland have one unique feature. Their ending directly depends on whether the girl is married or not. If the lady is married, then the ending for her surname is -ówna or -(i)anka, otherwise a single girl gets a surname with the ending -owa or -ina, -yna. The most beautiful Polish surnames for girls (list): Sheviola, Sudnika, Vishnevskaya, Zavadskaya, Karel, Kovalskaya, Matseng. For married ladies: Novakova, Kobina, Pukhalina. Typical unmarried: Kordziakuvna, Moravianka.

Famous Poles

Polish female beauty captivates and disarms many men. The most beautiful bearer of a Polish surname is considered. Despite the fact that the actress was born in Germany, her father is an ethnic Pole, originally from Sopot. She became especially popular with a photograph in which her naked body is wrapped around a python. The second place in the ranking of the most famous and beautiful bearers of Polish surnames is occupied by Barbara Brylska. The Polish actress is familiar to many for the role of Nadia in the New Year's Eve film "The Irony of Fate, or Enjoy Your Bath!".

The inimitable Apolonia, or Paul Raksa, recognized as the most popular Polish actress, completes the top three. She starred in various films of Polish and Soviet production. Raksa gained fame after the release of the film "Four Tankers and a Dog". But do not forget about no less charming and talented Poles: (Polish actress), Rozalia Mantsevich (Miss Poland 2010), (Polish model and actress), Barbara Karska (actress), Olga Savitskaya (Polish ballerina, actress, choreographer).

About Polish men

The male half of the inhabited country also has numerous beautiful Polish surnames. The list of them is huge, and the most memorable, of course, belong to famous personalities. A seductive look, a slight unshaven, an aristocratic stature, a speaking surname - this is all Mikhail Zhebrovsky. Born in Warsaw, the theater and film actor starred in the well-known films The Witcher and The Pianist.

The owner of the most mysterious look, the Polish actor Maciej Zakoszelny is one of the three most beautiful Polish men. One look from him makes the girls lose their heads. A young handsome Mateusz Damentsky is the owner of a difficult, but at the same time very attractive surname. He graduated from the theater academy in Warsaw and glorified his name throughout the country with roles in the films Black, Russian Riot, Love and Dance. Actors Malashinski, Janusz Gaios, Anthony Pawlicki have no less beautiful and original surnames.

Name change

As we can see, Polish surnames are very diverse. A list of those who have undergone changes can also be compiled. Any resident of Poland, if desired, can apply for a change of surname. Most often, these are cases when the surname is dissonant when pronounced or does not have Polish roots. It happens when the surname is identical to the name, then it is also changed. The corresponding service would definitely not refuse to change the surname to persons whose initials complete the words: Meloch, Zapadlovsky, Zayaitsky, Vynka, Zaremba, Skorupko. Also, Poles often change their surnames in order to give it sonority and relevance in different countries. This reason is especially popular for show business stars. So, one well-known Polish actress, having a real name Kizyuk, decided that she was not sonorous enough and changed her to Karel. Among the Polish stars who believe that their surname is inappropriate for a star is Zofia Soretok with a real surname Taubwursel.

Formation of Polish-Jewish surnames

Polish Jews received their surnames according to various Polish words. Also, many of them appeared on behalf of the father or mother, the region of residence. Most often they have an ending -sky or -ivic. One of the most common surnames of Polish-Jewish origin is Grzybowski.

Previously, it was important for Jews to have several variants of surnames. One, for example Pozner, they used when communicating with Jews, while in conversation with the Poles the name Poznansky was pronounced. Surnames based on the name of the city of residence are absolutely typical, and they were most often used by Polish Jews.

Surnames, the list of which is huge, have some of the most common. Among them are Warsaw, Krakow, Lobzovsky, Patsanovsky. After the division of Poland, the Austrian and Prussian authorities began to give surnames to Jews. It was they who began to ridicule the Jews and give them unflattering surnames (for example, Volgerukh - means "incense"; or Ohtsenschwants - "oxtail"). The Polish authorities did not allow themselves this at that time, although by the nineteenth century they introduced such surnames as Inventazh ("inventory") or Wyodek ("toilet"). Of course, these are less offensive surnames, but still no one wants to be their bearer.

Only 5-6 centuries ago, Polish surnames appeared. A lot of people around the world have beautiful and sonorous data in their passports. The origin of surnames stretched over many years. It remains to understand how they arose. Onomastics is the study of these facts.

Polish names and surnames

The roots of Polish names and surnames date back to the 15th-17th centuries, when people received names - mostly from the names of estates and lands. The very first consisted of the name of the military coat of arms, the property of a person and the name of his possession. From this came the common variations that can be heard now. Basically they are written with a hyphen. For example, Bonch-Osmolovsky, Korbut-Zbarazhsky, Vishnevsky.

Over time, for many heirs, these data were modified, changed, and something was completely lost. So, the same variations, previously characteristic of the gentry (noble) families, began to appear among other peoples. However, the loss of roots, family estates, coats of arms is not the reason for the disappearance of memory. To this day, Polish features exist, becoming more common.

Men's

All Polish male surnames differ from female ones in that they have different endings and suffixes. The rule is that the stresses are placed on the penultimate syllable, which is unique to Poland. A common ending is -sky-, -sky-. These endings belonged to a noble family, they sound aristocratic and beautiful. The famous suffixes -ovich-, -evich- are very common. A number of surnames familiar to all that are heard on every corner:

• Mitskevich;
• Pavlovich;
• Ivashkevich;
• Globolevich.

Women's

Often, Polish female surnames sound no less beautiful. They differ from male ones only in endings - because of the form of the genus. Previously, this was not the case, since it was necessary to distinguish data solely by suffixes. Only in this way it was possible to understand whether the girl was married or not. So, for example, those who have never been married had -anka/-yanka-, -uvna- in the endings, could mean their position. Married ladies could be identified by these endings: -ova-, -nya / -yna-.

Gradually, the history of traditions began to fade away; it is extremely rare to meet such features. Here are the most common female data - a list of Polish surnames:

• Kovalskaya;
• Novak;
• Moravian;
• Shimanskaya.

Polish Jews - surnames

Many local Jews also had similar Polish surnames, where the endings and suffixes remained the same. Many of them were formed from the name of a Pole father or mother, from the names of common cities in Poland and from populated regions. There are also special Polish words from which these meanings could be formed. Here are the most common and most common endings: -sky- and -ivic-. For example, there are still Polish Jews - surnames such as Krivich, Kovsky, Leskivych, Kovalevsky.

Beautiful Polish surnames

Beautiful noble Polish surnames are diverse and aesthetic, which are easy to find. The name of a Pole is a man, a woman has a pleasant sound, historical origin. Often they are ideal for each patronymic and surname. The list of the most beautiful European ones in alphabetical order is small, but very colorful:

• Brylska;
• Kinsky;
• Raksa;
• Mantsevich;
• Meltsazh;
• Gaios;
• Delong;
• Damentsky.